GIFT  OF 


Of  the  1913  edition  of  the 
Book  of  Standards  this  is 
copy  No. «/&  J  V 


Book  of  Standards 


Containing  Tables  and  Useful 
Information  Pertaining  to  Tubular 
Goods  as  Manufactured  by 

National  Tube  Company 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


Price,  Two  Dollars 


NATIONAL    TUBE    COMPANY 

Pittsburgh,  Pa.          Nineteen  Hundred  and  Thirteen 


0  3  3  £.1 


Copyright,  1913, 

By 

NATIONAL  TUBE  COMPANY 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


AMERICAN  BANK  NOTE  COMPANY,   NEW  YORK  AND  PITTSBURGH 


National  Tube  Company 

Manufacturers  of 

Black  and  Galvanized  Wrought  Pipe 

In  sizes  from  J/s  inch  to  30  inches 

Boiler  Tubes 

Lap- welded,  Spellerized  Steel — Shelby  Cold  Drawn 
and    Hot    Rolled    Open    Hearth   Seamless  Steel 

Casing,  Tubing,  Drive  Pipe, 
Drill  Pipe,  Gas  and  Oil  Line 
Pipe,  Working  Barrels,  Etc. 

Water  and  Gas  Mains 

Converse  and  Matheson  Lead  Joint  Pipe 
for  Water  and  Gas  Mains 

Cylinders 

Lap-welded  and  Seamless  for  Anhydrous 
Ammonia,  Compressed  Air,  Carbonic 
Acid  Gas,  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Etc. 

Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Mechanical  Tubing 
and  Miscellaneous  Forgings 

A  Complete  Line  of  Malleable,  Cast  Iron 
and  Brass  Fittings  and  Valves 


ICKJ  iXJU  J    Hi! 


B  ^DERi 
*^;-  «T-      : 


National  Tube  Company 


General  Offices 
Frick  Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

District  Sales  Offices 

Atlanta,  Ga.  Boston,  Mass.  Chicago,  111. 

Denver,  Colo.  New  Orleans,  La. 
New  York,  N.  Y.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa.  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 


Pacific  Coast  Representatives 
U.  S.  Steel  Products  Company 

Los  Angeles,  Cal.  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Portland,  Ore.  Seattle,  Wash. 


Export  Representatives 
U.  S.  Steel  Products  Company 

New  York  City 

264203 


tBqrrio  J  3OJ 


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.III  to 


8  ,2  .U 


• 


FOR    1913    EDITION 

NATIONAL   TUBE   COMPANY 
BOOK  OF  STANDARDS 


This   correction  sheet  embraces  and  supersedes  all  previous 
correction  sheets. 

Items   marked   with   an   asterisk  (*)  have  not  been  included 
in  previous  sheets. 

Please   make    notation    of    changes  in  Book   and   insert   this 
sheet  in  tape  in  back  of  Book  of  Standards. 


NOTE 

Our  records  indicate    that   1913   Edition  Book  of  Standards 


No.          O/  was  mailed  to 

Co  m  p  any 

City 


Street  Address  ._  __  State 

Person  Addressed  _  __ 


This  correction  sheet  is  being  mailed  to  same  address.     We 
should  be  notified  of  any  change  of  address. 


T33H3    HOH 


ere 

38UT    JAMOITAH 
1O 


*Page  35. — South  Penn  Casing  5TV'  size  17  pounds, 
coupling  data  reads  as  follows : 

Diameter  6. 050* 
Length  4#" 
Weight  6. 759  pounds 

This  should  be  changed  to  read  as  follows: 

Diameter  6.1 55" 
Length  5V8" 
Weight  8.849  pounds 

*South  Penn  Casing  6^//r  size  20   pounds,    coupling 
data  reads  as  follows: 

Diameter  7. 642" 

Length  5}£" 

Weight  11.133  pounds 

This  should  be  changed  to  read  as  follows: 

Diameter  7.699" 

Length  6V8" 

Weight  14.458  pounds 


NATIONAL  TUBE   COMPANY 

FRICK  BLDG.,     PITTSBURGH,  PA. 


DISTRICT  SALES  OFFICES 

ATLANTA  KANSAS  CITY  PITTSBURGH 

BOSTON  NEW  ORLEANS  ST.    LOUIS 

CHICAGO  NEW  YORK  ST.    PAUL 

DENVER  PHILADELPHIA  SALT  LAKE 

CITY 

PACIFIC  COAST  REPRESENTATIVES 

U.   S.   STEEL  PRODUCTS  CO. 
SAN  FRANCISCO,    LOS  ANGELES,   PORTLAND,   SEATTLE 


EXPORT  REPRESENTATIVES 
U.   S.   STEEL  PRODUCTS  CO.,   NEW  YORK  CITY 


PREFACE 

IN  this  edition  of  our  handbook,  which  is  much  larger  than  those 
preceding,  it  has  been  our  aim  to  give  all  the  dimensions  and  data 
pertaining  to  tubular  goods  as  manufactured  by  National  Tube  Com- 
pany, at  this  date. 

We  have  incorporated  in  the  book  certain  subjects,  closely  related  to 
the  uses  of  pipe  and  tubes  and  have  given  such  general  information  and 
engineering  data  as  pertains  to  the  same.  In  compiling  the  engineering 
data  we  have  relied  entirely  on  the  engineering  authorities  as  quoted  in 
the  text.  We  have  also  added  a  glossary  of  terms  relating  to  the  pipe 
and  fittings  trade  which  will,  no  doubt,  be  found  of  much  value  to  the 
users  of  pipe  and  fittings. 


STANDARD  PROCESSES  AND  MATERIALS 

USED   IN   THE   MANUFACTURE 

OF  TUBULAR   GOODS 

INTRODUCTION 

To  many  users  of  tubular  goods  the  processes  of  manufacture,  prop- 
erties and  characteristics  of  the  metal,  and  indeed,  the  possibilities  of 
modem  welded  tubes  and  pipe  are  more  or  less  unknown.  We,  there- 
fore, present  in  this  chapter  information  on  these  subjects,  in  a  style  as 
free  from  technical  detail  as  possible,  so  that  the  consumer  may  know 
more  about  the  material  he  is  using,  and  benefit  by  the  experience  and 
practice  of  others.  In  order  to  limit  this  chapter  to  reasonable  space, 
it  is  necessary  to  confine  ourselves  to  an  outline  of  the  more  important 
methods  and  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  tubular  goods  of 
to-day. 

The  development  of  the  steel-pipe  industry  has  been  phenomenal 
during  the  past  nine  years,  as  evidenced  by  the  increase  in  the  output 
of  the  National  Tube  Company  from  416  064  tons  in  1900  to  i  013  071 
tons  for  the  year  1909.  The  main  factor  in  this  great  expansion  has  been 
the  development  of  a  satisfactory  quality  of  soft  weldable  steel  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  wrought  iron;  the  grade  of  steel  made  exclusively  for  this  pur- 
pose by  us  to-day  has  been  proved,  in  all  points,  superior  to  the  wrought 
iron  of  days  gone  by.  By  comparing  the  properties  and  characteristics 
of  wrought  iron  with  those  of  pipe  steel,  as  made  under  our  process, 
we  believe  the  reader  will  readily  understand  why  this  steel  has  become 
the  standard  material  for  the  manufacture  of  welded  tubes  and  pipe. 

All  tubular  goods  are  manufactured  by  one  of  two  general  processes: 
either  by  shaping  sheets  of  metal,  termed  skelp,  into  tubes  and  welding 
the  edges  together;  or  by  forming  or  drawing  the  tubes  from  solid  billets 
or  plates  of  metal.  The  products  of  the  various  processes  are  termed 
respectively  " welded "  or  "seamless." 

WELDED  TUBES  AND  PIPE 

Welded  tubular  goods  are  made  either  by  the  lap-  or  butt-weld  process. 

Lap-weld  Process.    The  skelp  used  in  making  lap-welded  tubes  is 

rolled  to  the  necessary  width  and  gage  for  the  size  tubes  to  be  made,  the 

7 


8  Lap-weld  Process 


edges  being  scarfed  and  overlapped  when  the  skelp  is  bent  into  shape, 
thus  giving  a  comparatively  large  welding  surface,  compared  with  the 
thickness  of  the  plate  (see  Fig.  i).  As  a  result  of  the  work  done  in 
forging  down  the  metal  at  the  weld,  tubes  made  in  this  way  will  probably 
be  stronger  at  the  weld  than  at  any  other  place. 

The  skelp  is  first  heated  to  redness  in  a 
"bending  furnace,"  and  then  drawn  from 
the  front  of  the  furnace  through  a  die,  the 
inside  of  which  gradually  assumes  a  circu- 
lar shape,  so  that  the  skelp  when  drawn 
through  is  bent  into  the  form  of  a  tube 
with  the  edges  overlapping  as  shown  in 
Fig.  i. 

In   the  next  operation    the    skelp    so 
formed  is  heated  evenly  to  the  welding 
temperature   in  a   regenerative   furnace. 
Fig.  i.    Lap-weld  When  the  proper  temperature  is  obtained, 

the  skelp  is  pushed  through  an  opening  in 

the  front  of  this  furnace  into  the  welding  rolls,  passing  between  two  rolls 
set  one  above  the  other,  each  having  a  semicircular  groove,  so  that  the 
two  together  form  a  circular  pass.  Between  these  rolls  a  mandrel  is  held 
in  position  inside  the  tube,  the  lapped  edges  of  the  skelp  being  firmly 
pressed  together  at  a  welding  heat  between  the  mandrel  and  the  rolls. 
The  tube  then  enters  a  similarly  shaped  pass  to  correct  any  irregularities 
and  to  give  the  outside  diameter  required.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
outside  diameter  is  fixed  by  these  rolls;  any  variation  in  gage,  therefore, 
makes  a  proportional  variation  in  the  internal  diameter.  This  also  ap- 
plies to  butt-weld  pipe.  Finally,  the  tube  is  passed  to  the  straighten- 
ing, or  cross  rolls,  consisting  of  two  rolls  set  with  their  axes  askew. 
The  surfaces  of  these  rolls  are  so  curved  that  the  tube  is  in  contact  with 
each  for  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  roll,  and  is  passed  forward  and 
rapidly  rotated  when  the  rolls  are  revolved.  The  tube  is  made  practi- 
cally straight  by  the  cross  rolls,  and  is  also  given  a  clean  finish  with  a 
thin,  firmly  adhering  scale. 

After  this  last  operation  the  tube  is  rolled  up  an  inclined  cooling 
table,  so  that  the  metal  will  cool  off  slowly  and  uniformly  without  in- 
ternal strain.  When  cool  enough  the  rough  ends  are  removed  by  cold 
saws  or  in  a  cutting-off  machine,  after  which  the  tube  is  ready  for  inspec- 
tion and  testing. 

In  the  case  of  some  sizes  of  double-extra-strong  pipe  (3  in.  to  8  in.) 
made  by  the  lap- weld  process,  the  pipes  are  first  made  to  such  sizes  as 
will  telescope  one  within  the  other,  the  respective  welds  being  placed 
opposite  each  other;  these  are  then  returned  to  the  furnace,  brought 
to  the  proper  heat,  and  given  a  pass  through  the  welding  rolls.  While 
a  pipe  made  in  this  way  is,  in  respect  to  its  resistance  to  internal  pres- 
sure, as  strong  or  stronger  than  when  made  from  one  piece  of  skelp, 
it  is  not  necessarily  welded  at  all  points  between  the  two  tubular  sur- 
faces; however,  each  piece  is  first  thoroughly  welded  at  the  seam  before 
telescoping. 


Properties  of  Materials  9 


Butt-weld  Process.  Skelp  used  in  making  butt-welded  pipe  comes 
from  the  rolling  department  of  the  steel  mills  with  a  specified  length, 
width,  and  gage,  according  to  the  size  pipe  for  which  it  is  ordered.  The 
edges  are  slightly  beveled  with  the  face  of  the  skelp,  so  that  the  surface  of 
the  plate  which  is  to  become  the  inside  of  the  pipe  is  not  quite  as  wide 
as  that  which  forms  the  outside;  thus  when  the  edges  are  brought  to- 
gether they  meet  squarely,  as  indicated  in  Fig.  2. 

The  skelp  for  all  butt-welded  pipe  is  heated  uniformly  to  the  welding 
temperature,  in  furnaces  similar  in  general  construction  to  those  used  in 
lap-welding.  The  strips  of  steel  when 
properly  heated  are  seized  by  their  ends 
with  tongs  and  drawn  from  the  furnaces 
through  bell-shaped  dies,  or  rings.  The 
inside  of  these  dies  is  so  shaped  that  the 
plate  is  gradually  turned  around  into  the 
shape  of  a  tube,  the  edges  being  forced 
squarely  together  and  welded.  For  some 
sizes  the  pipes  are  drawn  through  two 
rings  consecutively  at  one  heat,  one  ring 
being  just  behind  the  other,  the  second 

one  being  of  smaller  diameter  than  the 

grst  Fig.  2.     Butt-weld 

The  pipes  are  then  run  through  sizing 

and  cross  rolls  similar  to  those  used  in  the  lap-weld  process,  obtaining 
thereby  the  correct  outside  diameter  and  finish. 

The  pull  required  to  draw  double-extra-strong  (hydraulic)  pipe  by 
this  process  is  so  great,  on  account  of  the  thickness  of  the  skelp, 
that  it  is  found  necessary  to  weld  a  strong  bar  on  the  end  of  the 
skelp,  thereby  more  evenly  distributing  the  strain.  With  this  bar  the 
skelp  is  drawn  through  several  dies  of  decreasing  size,  and  is  reheated 
between  each  draw  until  the  seam  is  thoroughly  welded.  It  is  evident 
that  the  skelp  is  put  to  a  severe  test  in  this  operation,  and,  unless 
the  metal  is  sound  and  homogeneous,  the  ends  will  almost  always  be 
pulled  off. 

Properties  of  Materials.  Experience  has  developed  a  grade  of  soft 
steel  (which  would  more  properly  be  called  highly  refined  iron)  especially 
adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  welded  pipe.  Uniformity  and  homo- 
geneity of  composition  mean  satisfactory  welding  practice  and  small 
scrap  losses  in  manufacture,  as  well  as  a  better  quality  of  product  for 
all  purposes.  This  has  been  our  aim  for  years,  to  accomplish  which  it 
has  been  found  absolutely  essential  to  control  the  manufacture  of  the 
metal  from  the  ore  to  the  finished  tube  or  pipe.  The  practice  of  the 
National  Tube  Company  is  to  make  tube  and  pipe  steel  exclusively; 
thus  by  concentrating  the  attention  of  a  highly  trained  force  of  men  on 
this  one  grade  of  metal,  the  best  results  can  be  attained.  This  steel  is 
made  by  the  Bessemer  or  Basic  Open-hearth  process,  according  to  the 
use  to  which  it  is  to  be  put,  and  will  average  in  chemical  and  physical 
properties  as  follows: 


10 


Welding  and  Annealing 


Chemical  analysis 

Physical  pulling 
tests 

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Pounds 

Pounds 

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Bessemer  pipe  steel  .  . 
Open-hearth  pipe  steel 

.07 
.09 

.30 
.40 

.045 
•  035 

.IOO 
.025 

36  ooo 
33  ooo 

58  ooo 
53  ooo 

22 

25 

II 

In  ductility  this  steel  excels  any  material  heretofore  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  pipe.  For  bending  into  coils,  or  the  various  shapes  required 
in  electric  conduit  work,  steel  pipe  is  especially  adapted.  In  this  work 
it  has  given  most  satisfactory  results;  similarly,  for  boiler  tubes  or 
other  purposes,  where  the  metal  has  to  stand  cold  flanging  or  other 
severe  manipulation. 

Welding  and  Annealing.  Good  welding  quality  is  of  prime  impor- 
tance in  pipe  steel,  and  is  sought  after  and  maintained  by  a  system  of 
careful  inspection.  This  not  only  is  an  assurance  that  the  seam  will  be 
strong  and  reliable,  but  is  a  quality  highly  desired  in  the  shop  where  tubes 
or  pipes  have  to  be  welded  to  each  other,  or  to  other  material. 

The  welding  heat  naturally  produces  a  larger  grain  in  the  metal.  This 
does  not  necessarily  mean  loss  of  ductility,  but,  where  a  large  margin  of 
safety  against  failure  by  shock  is  desired,  the  grain  may  be  refined  by 
annealing.  The  method  giving  best  results,  is  to  heat  the  steel  to  a 
bright  orange  color  in  shop  light  (1750°  F.)  for  a  few  minutes,  allowing 
the  piece  to  cool  in  the  air  —  very  slow  cooling  is  not  necessary.  .So 
treated,  the  fracture  of  the  metal  should  show  a  fine  silky  texture  with- 
out any  trace  of  crystallization. 

Threading.  To  insure  a  good  threaded  joint  between  a  pipe  and  a 
fitting,  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  clean,  smoothly  cut  thread.  To  cut  this 
kind  of  a  thread,  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  good  die,  which  consists  of  a 
frame  or  holder  and  a  set  of  chasers  made  with  proper  consideration  for 
the  following  points:  —  lip,  clearance,  chip  space,  lead,  and  number  of 
chasers. 

Lip,  which  is  also  known  as  hook  or  rake,  is  the  inclination  of  the 
cutting  edge  of  the  chaser  to  the  surface  of  the  pipe,  as  shown  in  Fig.  3. 
This  lip  may  be  secured  by  milling  the  cutting  face  of  the  chaser,  as 
shown  by  the  full  lines,  or  by  inclining  the  chaser,  as  shown  by  the  dotted 
lines.  This  lip  angle  should  be  from  15°  to  25°,  depending  upon  the  style 
and  condition  of  the  chasers  and  chaser  holders. 

Clearance.  Clearance  is  the  angle  between  the  thread  of  the  chasers 
and  the  threads  of  the  pipe.  This  clearance  may  be  secured  in  various 
ways,  depending  upon  the  position  in  which  the  chasers  are  held  in  the 
frame.  The  position  of  the  cutting  edge  of  the  chaser  in  relation  to  the 
center  line  of  the  pipe  while  working,  determines  whether  the  chasers 


Threading 


11 


shall  be  set  "in"  or  "out"  while  the  teeth  are  being  machined,  as  shown 
in  Figs.  3  and  4. 

Chip  Space.  This  is  the  space  required  in  the  holder  in  front  of 
the  chaser  to  allow  room  for  the  accumulation  of  chips,  and  also  to  pro- 
vide means  for  lubricating  the  chasers.  This  space  should  be  secured  as 


7 


iHIP  SPACE  IN  HOLDER 
IN  CHASER 


Fig.  3 


Fig.  4 


indicated  in  Fig.  3,  which  shows  the  chip  space  in  front  of  the  chaser, 
the  back  of  which  should  be  well  supported.  This  is  a  very  important 
point  and  one  which  is  often  overlooked.  A  lack  of  chip  space  will 
cause  the  chips  to  clog  and  tear  the  threads. 

Lead.  Lead  is  the  angle  which  is  machined  or  ground  on  the  front  of 
each  chaser  to  enable  the  die  to  start  on  the  pipe,  and  also  to  distribute 
the  work  of  cutting  over  a  number  of  threads.  The  lead  may  be  machined 
on,  or,  as  is  more  frequent,  it  may  be  ground  on  after  the  chasers  are 
tempered.  To  secure  a  good  thread,  the  lead  should  cover  the  first  three 
threads.  As  the  heaviest  cutting  is  done  by  the  lead,  it  should  have  a 
slightly  greater  clearance  angle  than  the  rest  of  the  threads  on  the  chaser. 
When  regrinding  a  chaser  that  has  become  dull  on  the  lead,  care  should 
be  taken  to  give  each  chaser  the  same  length  of  lead,  as  otherwise  the 
work  will  be  unevenly  distributed  between  the  chasers. 

Number  of  Chasers.  To  get  good  results  in  threading  at  one  cut,  experi- 
ence shows  that  a  die  should  have  a  suitable  number  of  chasers,  the 
number  being  determined  by  the  size  of  the  die.  Our  experience  shows 
that  dies  up  to  i*4  inches  should  have  four  (4)  chasers. 

inches  to    4  inches  should  have  approximately  six  chasers. 


4  inches 
7  inches 
10  inches 
12  inches 
14  inches 
1 8  inches 


to  7  inches 
to  10  inches 
to  12  inches 
to  14  inches 
to  1 8  inches 
to  20  inches 


eight  chasers, 
ten  chasers, 
twelve  chasers, 
fourteen  chasers, 
sixteen  chasers, 
eighteen  chasers. 


Lubrication.  Good  lard  or  crude  cottonseed  oil  should  be  used  in 
liberal  quantities.  The  best  die  made  will  not  produce  good  results  with 
poor  oil. 


12  Corrosion 


Corrosion.  The  use  of  steel  for  welded  pipe  was  made  possible,  in 
the  first  place,  through  the  manufacture  by  the  National  Tube  Company 
of  a  special  grade  of  low-carbon  steel,  equal  in  welding  quality  to  the 
wrought  iron  which  had  formerly  been  exclusively  used  for  this  pur- 
pose. Steel  pipe  has  in  later  years  superseded  wrought-iron  pipe  by 
proving  its  superiority  in  strength,  ductility,  and  finally,  as  made  under 
modern  processes,  by  its  superior  durability.  As  manufacturers  of  both 
wrought-iron  and  steel  pipe  for  many  years,  we  have  had  a  special  in- 
terest in  this  question  of  durability,  about  which  there  has  been  so  much 
debate,  and  with  our  dual  interest  have  had  exceptional  opportunities 
to  make  comparison  of  these  materials  under  all  manner  of  service. 
Moreover,  we  have  always  shipped  a  wrought-iron  coupling  on  steel 
pipe,  so  that  in  case  there  was  any  outside  corrosion,  a  comparison  of 
the  two  materials  could  be  readily  made  under  the  same  conditions.  As 
a  result  of  an  extended  study  of  this  question  in  the  laboratory  and  in 
the  field,  and  with  the  experience  of  many  large  consumers  of  pipe,  who 
have  made  careful  observations  from  cases  where  both  iron  and  steel 
pipe  were  used  under  the  same  conditions,  there  was  no  further  room 
for  doubt  as  to  the  advantage  of  steel  pipe,  made  under  our  methods  of 
manufacture,  in  respect  to  its  resistance  to  corrosion,  particularly  as  to 
pitting;  hence  we  abandoned  the  manufacture  of  charcoal  and  puddled 
iron  for  welded  tubes  and  pipe  after  January,  1909. 

For  the  information  of  those  wishing  to  follow  up  the  discussion  of 
this  subject,  and  obtain  data  regarding  the  tests  and  experiments  which 
have  been  made  on  the  relative  corrosion  of  iron  and  steel,  we  give  a  list 
of  publications  below  to  which  reference  may  be  made:  * 

Proceedings  of  Engineers'  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  1907. 

T.  N.  Thomson,  two  reports,  1908-10,  American  Society  of  Heating 
and  Ventilating  Engineers. 

American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  1906,  1908  (Howe). 

"Corrosion  of  Iron,"  A.  Sang  (McGraw-Hill  Publishing  Company). 
(Extensive  bibliographs.) 

"Corrosion  and  Preservation  of  Iron  and  Steel,"  A.  S.  Cushman  and 
Hy.  A.  Gardner  (McGraw-Hill  Publishing  Company). 

"Metallurgy  of  Iron  and  Steel,"  Bradley  Stoughton. 

"Electrolytic  Theory  of  the  Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Its  Applications," 
Wm.  H.  Walker  (Journal  Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  1909). 

"Function  of  Oxygen  in  the  Corrosion  of  Metals,"  Wm.  H.  Walker 
(Transactions  American  Electrochemical  Society,  Vol.  14,  p.  175). 

"Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel,"  by  J.  N.  Friend,  1911  (Longmans, 
Green  and  Company). 

"  Corrosion  of  Boiler  Tubes/'  Jour.  Am.  Soc.  Nav.  Engrs.,  May,  1904. 

National  Tube  Co.  bulletins  are  published  from  time  to  time  giving 
results  of  experience  on  this  subject. 

Cause  of  Corrosion.  There  is  hardly  space  here  to  go  very  deeply  into 
the  question  of  corrosion  in  all  its  phases,  about  which  there  is  still  some 

*  An  additional  list  of  references  will  be  found  in  appendix.  (See  index  for 
page  number.) 


Mill  Inspection  and  Tests  13 


difference  of  opinion,  but  a  few  underlying  facts  which  have  recently  been 
well  established  by  experiments  may  be  useful  to  those  interested  in 
protecting  the  metal. 

It  has  been  noticed  by  many  who  have  worked  on  the  problem  of 
corrosion,  that  differences  of  electrolytic  potential  between  two  adja- 
cent places  on  the  surface  of  the  metal  causes  local  pitting.  This  differ- 
ence may  be  due  to  lack  of  homogeneity  in  the  metal,  but  more  often  is 
caused  by  foreign  matter,  electro-negative  to  iron,  attached  to  the  sur- 
face; such  as  mill  scale,  carbon,  or  rust  itself.  Without  going  into  a 
discussion  as  to  the  fundamental  causes,  it  has  been  clearly  established 
that  corrosion  consists  of  two  main  reactions,  viz.:  the  solution  of  a 
small  portion  of  the  iron  in  water,  and  the  subsequent  oxidation  of  the 
ferrous  iron  in  solution  to  ferric  hydroxide,  which  is  then  precipitated 
out  as  "  rust. "  The  amount  of  the  corrosion  is  still  further  increased  by 
the  combination  of  free  oxygen  with  the  hydrogen,  which  was  deposited 
on  the  surface  of  the  metal  when  iron  went  into  solution.  This  cycle  of 
reactions  is  repeated,  and  the  rust  continues  to  accumulate  so  long  as  both 
water  and  air  are  present.  Other  agencies  may  accelerate  the  process 
of  corrosion,  but  in  the  absence  of  either  one  of  these  elements  no  cor- 
rosion can  take  place.  Steel  will  remain  clean  and  bright  for  an  indefi- 
nite time  in  dry  air,  and  also  in  water  that  is  free  from  air.  Hence 
the  necessity  to  see  to  it  that,  as  far  as  possible,  oxygen  and  other  cor- 
rosive gases  are  removed  from  water,  and  that  iron  and  steel  exposed 
to  moist  air  are  protected  by  impervious  and  durable  coatings. 

We  invite  correspondence  on  this  subject  with  our  research  department. 

MU1  Inspection  and  Tests.  Every  piece  of  pipe  made  in  National 
Tube  Company's  mills  is  inspected  for  surface  defects,  and  must  stand 
an  internal  hydrostatic  pressure  test,  without  leaking,  before  shipment. 
Machines  for  applying  this  test  are  installed  at  convenient  places  through- 
out the  mill.  The  amount  of  pressure  applied  depends  on  the  use  to 
which  the  pipe  or  tube  is  to  be  put,  but  in  no  case  is  it  deemed  advisable 
to  test  the  finished  pipe  to  more  than  one-half  the  elastic  limit  of  the 
material,  this  being,  however,  as  a  rule,  considerably  above  the  actual 
working  pressure.  All  boiler  tubes  and  lap-weld  pipe  for  certain  purposes 
are  subject  to  a  flattening  -test  made  on  the  crop  ends  cut  from  each 
piece  of  pipe.  This  is  done  to  insure  strong  welds  and  sound  material. 

(For  list  of  test  pressures  see  pp.  68-76.) 

Besides  the  regular  internal  pressure  tests  described  above,  lap-welded 
boiler  tubes  for  locomotive  service  are  given  individual  inspection  and 
tests  at  the  mill  as  follows: 

1.  Inspection  of  external  and  internal  surface  (the  latter  by  the  aid 
of  reflected  light). 

2.  The  ends  on  being  cut  off  are  placed  in  a  flanging  press,  designed 
by  us  especially  for  this  purpose.     The  rough  end  is  first  pressed  flat  by 
a  horizontal  hydraulic  press,  then  a  die  attached  to  a  vertical  plunger 
comes  down  and  turns  over  a  flange  on  the  cut  end  of  the  sample,  this 
combines  a  flattening,  crushing-down,  and  flange  test  in  one.     As  this 
test  is  made  on  each  end  of  every  locomotive  boiler  tube,  the  customer 


14  Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubes 


has  the  utmost  assurance  that  the  material  is  of  uniformly  satisfactory 
quality.  Tubes  which  fail  to  stand  this  test,  on  account  of  imperfect 
welding,  are  given  another  run  through  the  furnace  and  rewelded,  and 
are  again  subjected  to  the  same  test  on  the  ends.  Other  physical  tests 
are  described  in  Standard  Specifications  for  Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes, 
given  on  pages  99  to  102. 

3.  Our  research  department  is  continually  testing  and  experimenting 
with  the  material  for  locomotive  boiler  tubes;  this  being  the  most  severe 
service  to  which  tubes  are  put,  it  is  naturally  the  branch  of  the  business 
to  which  we  give  most  attention.  To  this  end,  tests  of  the  safe  ending 
quality  are  made  on  each  lot;  roller  expander  tests  in  the  flue  sheet,  to 
determine  the  power  of  the  material  to  withstand  repeated  working  in 
the  flue  sheet  without  developing  brittleness,  are  also  made  from  time 
to  time.  Improvements  in  this  line  are  reflected  in  the  product  designed 
for  other  purposes,  where  the  demands  of  service  are  not  so  rigorous. 


SHELBY  SEAMLESS  STEEL  TUBES 

Methods  of  Manufacture.    The  process  employed  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubes  in  our  mill  may  be  classified  as  follows: 

***  fi,nish' 
(b)  Cold  finish. 


A.   Tubes  made  from  solid  round  billets  .....  j 

( 


B.    Tubes  made  from  steel  plates  .  .  .  .  j  <?>  ?°1t,fi,ni.sh/ 

(  (b)  Cold  finish. 

Class  A  includes  by  far  the  larger  percentage  of  seamless  tubes. 

The  preliminary  operations  are  the  same  for  hot  and  cold-finished 
tubes  made  from  solid  round  billets.  The  steel,  of  a  special  quality, 
made  by  the  basic  open-hearth  process,  is  rolled  into  rounds  approxi- 
mating in  diameter  that  of  the  finished  tube;  these  are  cut  to  suitable 
length  to  contain  sufficient  steel  for  a  required  length  tube,  then  heated 
to  a  soft  plastic  state  and  pierced.  Before  heating  these  billets  a  hole 
is  drilled  in  the  center  of  one  end,  so  that  the  piercing  point  may  be 
started  accurately  in  the  center  of  the  billet,  thereby  minimizing,  so  far 
as  possible,  the  variations  of  thickness  in  the  wall.  There  results  from 
this  operation  a  rather  rough,  thick-walled  seamless  tube,  retaining  on  its 
surface  evidence  of  the  manipulation  required  to  work  the  hot  billet  into 
this  shape.  The  roughly  pierced  tube  is  now  transferred,  without  loss 
of  time  and  without  reheating,  to  a  rolling  mill,  where  it  is  passed  between 
rolls  having  semicircular  grooves  between  which  various  sizes  of  mandrels 
are  placed,  and  are  supported  in  this  position  on  the  ends  of  stiff  bars. 
By  repeatedly  passing  the  rough  tube  through  these  rolls  and  over  man- 
drels, the  steel  is  gradually  elongated  and  the  walls  proportionately 
reduced  in  gage. 

Hot-finished  Tubes  are  taken  direct  from  the  rolling  mill  while  still 
retaining  sufficient  heat,  and  passed  through  a  reeling  machine  of  special 
design,  which  further  slightly  reduces  the  gage.  The  tube  is  straight- 
ened and  given  a  burnished  finish  by  this  last  operation. 


Materials  15 


Cold-finished  Tubes.  Where  cold  finish  is  required,  the  ends  of  the 
tubes  after  they  leave  the  rolling  mill  are  reduced,  so  that  they  may  be 
firmly  caught  by  the  heavy  tongs  of  the  drawbench.  They  are  first 
immersed  in  hot  dilute  acid  to  remove  all  scale  outside  and  inside, 
so  that  a  smooth,  even  surface  may  result  from  the  cold  drawing 
which  follows.  A  mandrel  is  held  in  position  by  a  long  bar  which  lies 
inside  the  tube,  and  holds  the  mandrel  just  even  with  the  die  while  the 
tube  is  being  drawn.  All  tubes,  except  those  having  an  inside  diameter 
smaller  than  six-tenths  of  the  outside  diameter  or  smaller  than  l/2  inch, 
are  drawn  over  mandrels  varying  in  diameter  until  the  required  diameter 
and  thickness  are  obtained.  The  drawing  operation  hardens  the  steel, 
so  that  it  is  usually  necessary  to  anneal  the  tube  after  each  pass  to  restore 
its  ductility,  after  which  it  is  necessary  to  again  put  it  through  the 
acid  pickling  bath  to  remove  the  oxide-of-iron  scale  from  the  surface. 

After  the  last  drawing  operation  the  hammered  points  are  cut  off,  and 
the  tube  is  ready  for  testing  and  final  inspection. 

Tubes  Made  from  Steel  Plates.  As  in  the  case  of  tubes  made  from 
round  billets,  these  may  be  hot  or  cold  finished,  according  to  require- 
ments. Hot-finished  tubes  are  not  as  smooth  as  those  cold  drawn,  hence, 
when  it  is  necessary  to  produce  a  tube  with  smooth  walls,  it  is  given  two 
or  three  cold  passes,  each  operation  being  preceded  by  annealing  and 
pickling. 

The  "cupping"  process  is  used  in  making  seamless  tubes  over  $¥2  inches 
outside  diameter.  Plates  of  the  best-quality  basic  open-hearth  steel  of 
the  required  thickness  are  trimmed  into  circular  shape  and  heated  to  a 
bright  redness,  then  pressed  roughly  into  the  shape  of  a  cup.  This  is  re- 
peated three  or  four  times,  reheating  between  each  operation,  and  using 
smaller  dies  and  punches  as  the  process  proceeds,  until  the  cup  has  the 
shape  of  a  cylinder  closed  at  one  end. 

The  piece  is  then  taken  to  the  drawbench,  where  it  is  further  elongated 
and  reduced  in  gage  by  forcing  through  dies  of  successively  decreasing 
diameter. 

Where  a  number  of  drawings  are  required,  the  piece  is  reheated  before 
each  draw.  Finally  the  closed  end,  or  head,  is  cut  off  and  the  tube  cut 
to  length. 

Carbonic  Acid  Cylinders.  These  are  made  from  specially  selected 
steel  plates  (see  cylinder  specifications).  The  preliminary  operations  in 
the  making  of  these  cylinders  are  as  above  described,  except  that  the 
head  is  not  cut  off,  and  the  other  or  open  end  is  swaged  down  to  receive 
a  head. 

Materials.  Three  principal  classes  of  material  are  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  seamless  steel  tubes,  namely: 

.17%-carbon  open-hearth  steel, 
•  35%-carbon      ' 
3V2%-nickel       " 

all  of  which  are  of  special  quality  as  before  stated.     In  addition  to  these 
standard  materials,  tubes  for  special  purposes  are  made  from  special 


16        Physical  Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubes 


materials,  such  as  chrome- vanadium  steels,  higher-carbon  steels,  etc.  The 
physical  qualities  of  all  these  materials  vary  with  the  heat  treatment, 
especially  after  the  cold-drawing  operation,  which  hardens  the  tube. 

The  .17%-carbon  steel  tubes  are  suitable  for  boiler  tubes  and  other 
purposes  requiring  great  ductility;  the  .35%-carbon  steel  tubes  are  suit- 
able for  purposes  in  which  higher  elastic  limits  and  ultimate  strengths 
are  required;  and  the  sV2%  nickel-steel  tubes  are  suitable  for  purposes 
requiring  ductility  combined  with  high  elastic  limits  and  ultimate 
strengths. 

Hot-finished  tubes  are  not  given  any  further  heat  treatment  after  leav- 
ing the  hot  mills.  Cold-drawn  tubes,  however,  are  given  regular  heat 
treatments,  which  consist  of  either  a  soft  anneal  or  a  hard  (finish)  anneal, 
while  for  special  purposes  the  heat  treatment  is  varied  to  give  properties 
suited  to  the  purpose  for  which  the  tubes  are  to  be  used. 

The  average  chemical  and  physical  qualities  of  the  three  main  classes 
of  materials,  when  same  are  given  the  regular  heat  treatments  after  the 
final  cold  drawing,  are  shown  in  the  following  table. 

Physical  Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubes 

.17  Per  Cent  Carbon  Steel. 
Chemical  Analysis: 

Carbon.      14    to  .  19  per  cent. 

Manganese 40    to  .60  per  cent. 

Sulphur 015  to  .040  per  cent. 

Phosphorus oio  to  .035  per  cent 

Temper  5.     Physical  Properties:  (Unannealed) 

Elastic  limit 60  ooo  to  70  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 6s  ooo  to  80  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          12  to  1 8  per  cent. 
Elongation  in  8  inches. . .  3  to  7  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 20  to  30  per  cent. 

*  Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  6.97. 

(Material  of  this  temper  is  of  the  maximum  strength,  with  but  slight  ductility. 
The  surface  is  bright  and  free  from  scale.  Material  of  this  temper  is  usually 
furnished  for  hose  poles,  cream  separator  bowls,  etc.) 

*  The  impact  test  is  made  on  a  machine  of  special  design,  constructed  as 
follows:  A  pendulum  with  a  light  rigid  frame  system  and  a  heavy  lower  part  is 
hung  on  roller  bearings;  these  are  supported  in  a  frame  of  sheet  iron,  attached 
to  a  heavy  cast  iron  base.  The  pendulum  is  always  dropped  from  a  fixed 
height;  in  swinging,  it  moves  before  it  a  pointer  which  records  the  maximum 
height  to  which  the  pendulum  swung.  In  making  a  test,  the  specimen  to  be 
tested  is  clamped  firmly  in  the  base  of  the  machine;  it  is  placed  so  that  it  will 
be  struck  by  the  pendulum  at  the  lowest  point  in  the  swing.  The  test  piece  is 
&/IQ  inch  X  S/IQ  inch  X  2^4  inches  long,  with  a  60°  notch  cut  Vie  inch  deep, 
i%  inches  from  the  end  of  the  piece.  When  the  test  piece  is  firmly  clamped  in 
the  base,  the  pendulum  is  suddenly  released  and,  when  striking  the  test  piece, 
it  is  checked  a  certain  amount  depending  on  the  toughness  of  the  test  piece. 
The  height  of  the  swing  after  hitting  the  test  piece  is  recorded  by  the  pointer. 
Knowing  the  weight  of  the  pendulum,  the  height  of  the  free  swing  and  the 
height  of  the  swing  after  striking  the  test  piece,  it  is  possible  to  calculate  the 
foot-poands  energy  absorbed  by  the  test  piece. 


Physical  Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubes        17 


.17  Per  Cent  Carbon  Steel  (Continued). 

Finish  Anneal 
Temper  T.     Physical  Properties: 

Elastic  limit 50  ooo  to  65  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 60  ooo  to  75  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          1 8  to  25  per  cent. 
Elongation  in  8  inches. . .          10  to  16  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 35  to  45  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  7.07. 

(This  temper  is  furnished  for  general  mechanical  purposes.  It  is  slightly 
softer  and  considerably  more  ductile  than  Temper  S.  The  surface  is  not  bright, 
but  free  from  scale.) 

Temper  U.    Physical  Properties:  (Special  Anneal) 

Elastic  limit 40  ooo  to  54  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 53  ooo  to  65  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          35  to  45  per  cent. 

Elongation  in  8  inches. . .          15  to  20  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 40  to  50  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  8.70. 

(Material  of  this  temper  will  stand  a  moderate  amount  of  cold  forming,  such  as 
is  necessary  in  the  manufacture  of  bedsteads,  etc.  The  surface  is  very  slightly 
scaled.) 

Temper  V.    Physical  Properties:   (Medium  Anneal) 

Elastic  limit 35  ooo  to  48  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 52  ooo  to  65  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          50  to  60  per  cent. 

Elongation  in  8  inches. . .          22  to  28  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 50  to  60  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  9.67. 

(Material  of  this  temper  has  lost  all  traces  of  the  effect  of  cold  drawing,  and  is 
in  excellent  shape  for  machining.  However,  the  tools  must  have  about  30  degrees 
top  rake  as  the  material  comes  away  in  long  tough  chips.) 

Soft  Anneal 
Temper  W.     Physical  Properties: 

Elastic  limit 27  ooo  to  35  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 47  ooo  to  55  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          55  to  65  per  cent. 
Elongation  in  8  inches. . .          28  to  33  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 52  to  62  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  9.73. 

(This  temper  is  suitable  for  boiler  tubes  for  all  purposes.  The  material  is  soft 
and  ductile  and  will  stand  considerable  cold  forming.  The  surface  is  slightly 
scaled.) 

Temper  X.     Physical  Properties:  (Special  Anneal) 

Elastic  limit 30  ooo  to  35  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 50  ooo  to  56  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          55  to  65  per  cent. 

Elongation  in  8  inches. . .          28  to  3^  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 55  to  65  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  9.42. 

(This  temper  is  suitable  for  all  purposes  requiring  high  ductility  and  resistance  to 
shock,  combined  with  highest  tensile  strength  consistent  with  its  ductility.  Stay 
bolts  are  always  furnished  of  this  temper.  The  surface  is  considerably  scaled.) 


18       Physical  Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubes 


.17  Per  Cent  Carbon  Steel  (Continued). 

Temper  F.    Physical  Properties:  (Retort  Anneal) 

Elastic  limit 22  ooo  to  28  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 45  ooo  to  52  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          60  to  70  per  cent. 
Elongation  in  8  inches. . .          30  to  40  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 60  to  70  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  9.25. 

(This  temper  is  suitable  for  cold  forming  operations  requiring  maximum  duc- 
tility. Sizes  smaller  than  \\'z  inches  outside  diameter  can  be  furnished  retort 
annealed  if  so  specified.  The  surface  of  these  tubes  will  be  free  from  scale. 
Sizes  larger  than  i^  inches  outside  diameter  will  be  annealed  in  the  open  furnace 
and  the  surface  slightly  scaled.) 
Temper  Z.: 

(Material  of  this  temper  is  hot  rolled  and  the  physical  properties  will  vary 
with  the  wall  thickness  of  the  tubes.  For  wall  thicknesses  %e  mch  and  lighter, 
the  physical  properties  will  correspond  very  closely  to  Temper  U.  For  heavier 
walls,  the  physical  properties  will  correspond  very  closely  to  Temper  W.) 

.30  to  .40  Per  Cent  Carbon  Steel. 
Chemical  Analysis: 

Carbon 30    to  .40  per  cent. 

Manganese 40    to  .60  per  cent. 

Phosphorus oio  to  .035  per  cent. 

Sulphur 015  to  .040  per  cent. 

Temper  S.    Physical  Properties:  (Unannealed) 

Elastic  limit 75  ooo  to    90  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 85  ooo  to  100  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          10  to  15  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 12  to  1 8  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  2.22. 

(Material  of  this  temper  is  hard  and  the  surface  bright.  It  has  the  maximum 
strength,  but  little  ductility.  It  should  not  be  used  where  it  will  be  subjected  to 
shock.  Material  which  is  to  be  heated  above  500°  C.  during  subsequent  manu- 
facture should  be  furnished  of  this  temper.) 

Finish^  Anneal 
Temper  T.    Physical  Properties: 

Elastic  limit 70  ooo  to  85  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 80  ooo  to  95  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          20  to  30  per  cent. 
Elongation  in  8  inches. . .          12  to  1 8  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 25  to  32  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  3.55. 

(This  temper  is  usually  furnished  for  automobile  purposes  requiring  high- 
carbon  steel.) 

Medium  Anneal 
Temper  U.    Physical  Properties: 

Elastic  limit 50  ooo  to  65  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 65  ooo  to  80  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          35  to  45  per  cent. 
Elongation  in  8  inches. . .          20  to  30  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 35  to  42  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  5.55. 

(This  temper  is  suitable  for  purposes  requiring  high-tensile  strength,  good 
ductility  and  shock-resisting  power.) 


Physical  Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubes       19 


31/2  Per  Cent  Nickel  Steel. 
Chemical  Analysis: 

Carbon 20    to    .30  per  cent. 

Nickel 3 .00    to  4.00  per  cent. 

Manganese 40    to    .60  per  cent. 

Phosphorus oio  to  .030  per  cent. 

Sulphur 015  to  .040  per  cent. 

Temper  S.     Physical  Properties: 

Elastic  limit 85  coo  to  100  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 95  coo  to  no  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          10  to  18  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 22  to  32  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  2.60. 

(Material  which  is  to  be  subsequently  heat  treated  or  heated  above  500°  C. 
in  manufacturing  processes  should  be  furnished  of  this  temper.) 

Finish  Anneal 
Temper  W.    Physical  Properties: 

Elastic  limit 75  ooo  to    90  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 85  ooo  to  105  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          15  to  25  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 25  to  35  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  4.76. 

(This  temper  is  ideal  for  auto  axles  and  all  work  requiring  material  of  high- 
tensile  strength  and  shock-resisting  power.) 

Medium  Anneal 
Temper  U.    Physical  Properties: 

Elastic  limit 45  ooo  to  60  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 70  ooo  to  85  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  2  inches. . .          40  to  50  per  cent. 
Elongation  in  8  inches. . .          20  to  28  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area 45  to  50  per  cent. 

Foot-pounds  Energy  Absorbed  under  Impact,  9.18. 

(Material  of  this  temper  is  very  ductile,  has  high  shock-resisting  power  and  is 
of  relatively  high  tensile  strength.  It  should  find  many  uses  where  safety  in 
construction  is  an  important  factor.) 

Hot-finished  boiler  tubes  have  a  slightly  higher  elastic  limit  and  ulti- 
mate strength  than  the  annealed  cold-drawn,  a  fair  average  of  their 
physical  qualities  being  as  follows: 

Yield  point 42  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength 62  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  8  in 22  per  cent. 

Reduction  in  area 48  per  cent.' 

To  suit  the  requirements  of  various  customers,  special  treatments  are 
given  tubes,  which  produce  a  wide  range  in  their  physical  qualities. 
Typical  results  obtained  for  two  special  treatments  of  ,17%-carbon  steel 
tubes  are: 

(i)  (2) 

Yield  point 23  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch    34  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Ultimate  strength .  48  ooo  pou  nds  per  squ  are  inch    5  5  ooo  pounds  per  squ  are  inch . 
Elongation  in  8  in.         35  per  cent  28  per  cent. 

Reduction  of  area .         60  per  cent  53  per  cent. 


20  Tests  and  Mill  Inspection 


All  three  of  the  main  classes  of  material  will  case-harden,  and  this  fact 
is  taken  advantage  of  by  many  users  of  case-hardened  goods. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that,  with  the  variety  of  materials  used  for  making 
tube  and  the  various  treatments  afforded,  almost  any  reasonable  speci- 
fication may  be  met,  and  the  wants  of  a  great  variety  of  users  may  be 
satisfied. 

Tests  and  Mill  Inspection.  For  the  purpose  of  obtaining  tubes  of 
highest  quality,  a  system  of  inspections  and  tests,  that  will  eliminate  de- 
fective material,  is  regularly  used.  The  inspections  start  with  the  bloom 
from  which  the  round  billets  are  made.  Each  bloom  is  laid  on  an  inspec- 
tion table  and  examined  on  all  sides  for  defects.  Blooms  appearing  defec- 
tive are  rejected.  The  next  inspection  takes  place  after  tubes  leave  the 
hot  mills.  This  inspection  is  for  the  purpose  of  eliminating  surface 
defects.  A  final  inspection  for  surface  and  gage  is  given  the  tubes 
after  finishing,  and  just  before  packing  or  loading,  to  insure  that  material 
comes  up  to  specifications. 

Tests.  Annealing  operations  are  conducted  in  furnaces  of  special 
construction,  equipped  with  pyrometers.  Tests  are  made  regularly  to 
insure  uniformity  in  the  work. 

All  boiler  tubes,  both  hot-finished  and  cold-drawn,  are  tested  to  1000 
pounds  per  square  inch,  hydrostatic  pressure.  Other  tests  applied  to 
boiler  tubes  are  given  under  the  subject,  "Specifications  for  Boiler 
Tubes." 

It  is  advisable  that  the  purpose  for  which  the  tubes  are  to  be  used 
be  made  known  to  the  manufacturer,  that  the  order  may  be  executed 
intelligently,  and  that  the  limitations  and  difficulties  of  the  process  of 
manufacture  be  known  in  a  general  way  by  the  purchaser,  so  that  he 
may  bear  these  things  in  mind  in  drawing  up  his  specification.  Our 
engineers  will  be  pleased  to  comment  on  proposed  specifications,  and 
discuss  details  with  those  interested.  A  free  discussion  of  such  matters 
will,  we  believe,  be  of  considerable  benefit  to  all  concerned. 

MARKING 

To  readily  identify  "  National  "  material,  and  as  protection  to  manu- 
facturer and  consumer  alike,  the  practice  of  the  National  Tube  Company 
is  to  roll  in  raised  letters  of  good  size  on  each  few  feet  of  every  length 
of  welded  pipe  the  name  "  NATIONAL  "  (except  on  the  smaller  butt- 
welded  sizes,  on  which  this  is  not  mechanically  feasible). 


General  Notes  21 


GENERAL  NOTES 

1 .  All  weights  are  figured  on  the  basis  of  one  cubic  inch 
of  steel  weighing  .2833  pound  and  iron  2  per  cent  less. 

2.  All  material  will  be  cut  to  length  when  so  ordered, 
with  extreme  variation  not  exceeding  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
over  or  under,  unless  otherwise  arranged. 

3.  All  pipe  threaded  to  Briggs  standard  gages  as  made 
by  Pratt  and  Whitney  Company,  Hartford,  Conn. 

4.  In  ordering  designate  weight  or  thickness  desired, 
but  not  both. 

5.  All  weights  given  in  the  tables  are  limited  to  three 
decimal  places. 

6.  All  weights  given  in  the  tables  are  for  black  pipe  and 
couplings;   galvanized  pipe  and  couplings  will  be  slightly 
heavier. 

7.  The  outside  diameter  of  all  classes  of  pipe,  casing, 
tubing,  tubes,  etc.,  heavier  than  standard  is  the  same  out- 
side diameter  as  standard,  the  extra  thickness  always  being 
on  the  inside. 

8.  Pipe  and  tubing  are  known  and  spoken  of  by  their 
nominal  inside  diameters  from  K  inch  to  15  inches,  inclusive. 
Casing  is  known  by  its  inside  diameter. 

9.  Above  15  inches  inside  diameter,  pipe  and  tubing  are 
always  known  and  spoken  of  by  their  outside  diameters,  and 
when  ordering,  thickness  desired  must  be  specified. 

10.  Square  and  Rectangular  Pipe  are  known  by  their 
outside  dimensions. 

1 1 .  All  sizes  of  Converse,  Matheson  and  Kimberley  Joint 
Pipe  and  Bedstead  Tubing  are  known  by  their  outside 
diameters. 

12.  All  Boiler  Tubes  are  known  by  their  outside  diameters. 

13.  All  dimensions  of  tubular  goods  are  subject  to  change 
without  notice. 

14.  For  illustrations  showing  joints  see  pages  77  to  84. 

15.  For  lists  of  test  pressures  see  pages  68  to  76. 


22                                       Standard  Pipe 

Standard  Pipe  —  Black  and  Galvanized 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Diameters 

1 

Weight  per  foot 

1 

Couplings 

Size 

•3 

1 

.y 

g 

!   a 

I 

s 

^ 

5 

| 

s 

£ 

H 

a 

ilHi 

g 

1 

g 

bO 

'S 

X 

ts 

& 

H      o 

H 

Q 

3 

* 

% 

•  405 

.269 

.068 

.244 

.245 

27 

.562 

7/8 

.029 

•V4 

•  540 

.364 

.088 

.424 

.425 

18 

.685 

I 

.043 

% 

.675 

•  493 

.091 

.567 

.568 

18 

.848 

^ 

.070 

% 

.840 

.622 

.109 

.850 

.852 

14 

1.024 

.116 

% 

1.050 

.824 

.113 

I.I30 

1.  134 

14 

1.281 

1% 

.209 

i 

I.3I5 

1.049 

.133 

1.678 

1.684 

11% 

1.576 

1% 

.343 

i^4 

I.  660 

1.380 

.140 

2.272 

2.281 

n% 

i.95o 

2% 

.535 

i% 

1.900 

1.610 

.145 

2.717 

2.731 

11% 

2.218 

2% 

•  743 

2 

2.375 

2.067 

.154 

v  3.652 

3.678 

n% 

2.760 

2% 

1.  208 

2% 

2.875 

2.469 

.203 

5-793 

5-819 

8 

3.276 

2% 

1.720 

3 

3-500 

3.068 

.216 

7-575 

7.616 

8 

3.948 

2.498 

3% 

4.000 

3.548 

.226 

9.109 

9.202 

8 

4-591 

3% 

4.241 

4 

4.500 

4.026 

.237 

10.790 

10.889 

8 

5.091 

3% 

4-741 

4% 

S.ooo 

4.5o6 

.247 

12.538 

12.642 

8 

5-591 

3% 

5.241 

5 

5.563 

5-047 

.258 

14.617 

14.810 

8 

6.296 

41/8 

8.091 

6 

6.625 

6.065 

.280 

18.974 

19-185 

8 

7-358 

9-554 

7 

7.625 

7-023 

.301 

23-544 

23.769 

8 

8.358 

4% 

10.932 

8 

8.625 

8.071 

.277 

24.696 

25.000 

8 

9-358 

4% 

13.905 

8 

8.625 

7.98i 

.322 

28.554 

28.809 

8 

9-358 

45/8 

13.905 

9 

9-625 

8.941 

•  342 

33.907 

34.188 

8 

10.358 

m 

17.236 

10 

10.750 

0.192 

.279 

31  .  201 

32.000 

8 

11.721 

6% 

29-877 

10 

io.75o 

0.136 

•  307 

34.240 

35.000 

8 

11.721 

.<*% 

29.877 

10 

io.75o 

O.O2O 

.365 

40.483 

41.132 

8 

11.721 

6% 

29.877 

II 

11.750 

1.  000 

•  375 

45-557 

46.247 

8 

12.721 

61/8 

32.550 

12 

12.750 

2.090 

•  330 

43-773 

45.000 

8 

13.958 

6% 

43.098 

12 

12.750 

2.0OO 

•  375 

49.562 

50.706 

8 

13.958 

!&% 

43.098 

13 

14.000 

3.250 

.375 

54.568 

55.824 

8 

15.208 

6% 

47.152 

14 

15.000 

14.250 

.375 

58-573 

6o.375 

8 

16.446 

m 

59-493 

15 

16.000 

15.250 

.375 

62.579 

64.500 

8 

17.446 

6% 

63.294 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 

ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 
The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length  ot 

20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 

average  less  than  20  feet. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  68.    For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  77. 

Line  Pipe                                           23 

Line  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Diameters 

| 

Weight  per  foot 

•s 

Couplings 

Size 

_ 

_, 

| 

•a 

w    "a 

i 

jh 

^ 

a 

1 

a 

g 

rtT-j.S 

*G5 

i 

•a 

43 

bfl 

**  s*s< 

s 

§ 

'S 

m 

| 

1 

43  ™  & 

H     8 

H 

rt 

Q 

ij 

y* 

.405 

.269 

.068 

.244 

.246 

27 

.582 

m 

.043 

V± 

.540 

.364 

.088 

•  424 

.426 

18 

.724 

i% 

.069 

% 

.675 

.493 

.091 

.567 

•  571 

18 

.898 

!% 

.126 

% 

.840 

.622 

.109 

.850 

.856 

14 

1.085 

1% 

.205 

% 

1.050 

.824 

.113 

1.130 

1.138 

14 

1.316 

2% 

.316 

i 

1.315 

1.049 

.133 

1.678 

1.688 

11% 

1.575 

28/8 

.445 

!^4 

i.  660 

1.380 

.140 

2.272 

2.300 

11% 

2.054 

2% 

•  974 

i% 

1.900 

I.6io 

.145 

2.717 

2.748 

n% 

2.294 

2% 

1.103 

2 

2.375 

2.067 

.154 

3.652 

3  7i6 

11% 

2.841 

3% 

2.146 

2% 

2.875 

2.469 

.203 

5-793 

5.88i 

8 

3.389 

4% 

3.387 

3 

3-Soo 

3.o68 

.216 

7-575 

7.675 

8 

4.014 

4% 

4.076 

4.000 

3.548 

.226 

9.109 

9.261 

8 

4.628 

m 

5-Sio 

4 

4-500 

4.026 

.237 

10.790 

10.980 

8 

5-233 

4% 

6.673 

4% 

5.000 

4.5o6 

.247 

12.538 

12.742 

8 

5-733 

4% 

7-379 

5 

5.563 

5-047 

.258 

14.617 

14.966 

8 

6.420 

m 

H-730 

6 

6.625 

6.065 

.280 

18.974 

19.367 

8 

7.482 

m 

13.869 

7 

7.625 

7-023 

.301 

23-544 

23-975 

8 

8.482 

5Vs 

15.883 

8 

8.625 

8.071 

•  277 

24.696 

25.414 

8 

9.596 

6y8 

24.130 

8 

8.625 

7.981 

.322 

28.554 

29.213 

8 

9.596 

6^8 

24.130 

9 

9-625 

8.941 

•  342 

33-907 

34-612 

8 

10.596 

6^8 

26.838 

10 

10.750 

10  .  192 

.279 

31.201 

32.515 

8 

11-958 

6^/8 

39-772 

10 

10.750 

10.136 

.307 

34-240 

35.504 

8 

11.958 

6% 

39-772 

10 

10.750 

10.  O20 

.365 

40.483 

41.644 

8 

11-958 

6% 

39-772 

II 

H.750 

11.000 

•  375 

45-557 

46.805 

8 

12.958 

6% 

43.326 

12 

12.750 

12.090 

•  330 

43-773 

45-217 

8 

13.958 

6% 

46.898 

12 

12.750 

12.000 

•  375 

49.562 

50.916 

8 

13.958 

6% 

46.898 

13 

14.000 

13.250 

-375 

54.568 

56.649 

8 

15.446 

7% 

65.506 

14 

15.000 

14.250 

•  375 

58.573 

60.802 

8 

16.446 

7% 

70.031 

15 

16.000 

15.250 

.375 

62.579 

64.955 

8 

17.446 

7% 

74-555 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 

ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length  of 

20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 

average  less  than  20  feet.     All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given 

in  inches. 

On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  68.     For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  77. 

24 


Drive  Pipe 

Drive  Pipe 
All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Size 


Diameters 


Weight  per  foot 


Couplings 


4 
4% 

6 
8 


. 

iSO.D. 
2oO.D. 


2.875 
3.5oo 
4.000 

4-500 
5.000 
5.563 
6.625 

7-625 
8.625 
8.625 
8.625 

9.625 
0.750 
0.750 
0.750 

1.750 
2.750 
12.750 
14.000 

15.000 
16.000 
17.000 
18.000 

20.000 


2.067 
2.469 
3.068 
3.548 

4.026 
4.506 
5-047 
6.065 

7.023 
8.071 
7.981 
7.917 

8.941 
0.192 
0.136 
O.O2O 


1. 000 
2.O90 
2.000 
3.250 

14.250 
15.250 
I6.2I4 
17.182 
I9.I82 


.154 
.203 
.216 
.226 

.237 

.247 
.258 
.280 

.301 
.277 
.322 
.354 

.342 
.279 

•  307 
.365 

.375 
.330 

•  375 
.375 

.375 

•  375 
.393 
1409 
.409 


3-652 
5-793 
7-575 
9-109 

10.790 
12.538 
14.617 
18.974 

23-544 
24.696 
28.554 
31.270 

33.907 
31.201 

34.240 
40.483 

45-557 
43.773 
49.562 
54.568 

58.573 
62.579 
69.704 
76.840 
85-577 


3-730 
5.906 
7.705 
9-294 

10.995 
12.758 
14.989 
19.408 

24.021 
25-495 
29.303 
32.334 

34-711 
32.631 
35.628 
41.785 

46.953 
45.358 
51.067 
56.849 

61.005 
65 . 161 
73-000 
81.000 
90.000 


2.923 
3.486 
4. in 
4.723 

5-223 
5-723 
6.410 
7-473 

8.474 
9-588 
9-588 
9.882 

10.588 
11.950 
11.950 
H.950 

12.950 
13.950 
13.950 
15.438 

16.438 
17.438 
18.675 
19.913 
21.913 


4Vs 

4Vs 
SVs 

5% 


61/8 


7% 

7% 
7% 


2.380 
3.748 
4-493 
5-973 

6  740 
7-439 
11.871 
13.956 

15-955 
24-343 
24-343 
31 -320 

27.035 
40.108 
40.108 
40.108 

43.664 

47-220 

47 • 220 
66.024 

70.533 
75.043 
91.746 

109 . 669 
121.298 


The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  from  2  inches  to  5  inches,  and  9ie  inch  from  6  inches 
to  20  inches. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length  of 
20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 
average  less  than  20  feet. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  69. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  77. 


Extra  Strong  Pipe  —  Double  Extra  Strong  Pipe          25 

Extra  Strong  Pipe  —  Black  and  Galvanized 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Size 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight  per  foot 
plain  ends 

External 

Internal 

Vs 

.405 

.215 

.095 

.314 

y± 

•  540 

.302 

.119 

•  535 

% 

.675 

.423 

.126 

.738 

y2 

.840 

.546 

.147 

1.087 

% 

1.050 

.742 

.154 

1.473 

i 

I.3I5 

•  957 

.179 

2.171 

1% 

i.  660 

1.278 

.191 

2.996 

i% 

1.900 

1.500 

.200 

3.631 

2 

2.375 

1-939 

.218 

5-022 

2Y2 

2.875 

2.323 

.276 

7.661 

3 

3-500 

2.900 

.300 

10.252 

3V2 

4.000 

3.364 

^.318 

12.505 

4 

4.5oo 

3.826 

'.337 

14.983 

4V2 

5.000 

4.290 

•  355 

17.611 

5 

5.563 

4.813 

.375 

20.778 

6 

6.625 

5.761 

.432 

28.573 

7 

7.625 

6.625 

.500 

38.048 

8 

8.625 

7-625 

.500 

43-388 

9 

9.625 

8.625 

.500 

48.728 

10 

10.750 

9-750 

.500 

54-735 

II 

n.750 

10.750 

.500 

60.075 

12 

12.750 

11.750 

.500 

65.415 

13 

14.000 

13.000 

.500 

72.091 

14 

15.000 

14.000 

.500 

77-431 

15 

16.000 

15.000 

.500 

82.771 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Double  Extra  Strong  Pipe  —  Black  and  Galvanized 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Size 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight  per  foot 
plain  ends 

External 

Internal 

% 

.840 

.252 

.294 

1.714 

8/4 

1.050 

.434 

.308 

2.440 

I 

I.3I5 

•  599 

•  358 

3.659 

34 

i.  660 

.896 

.382 

5-214 

iV2 

1.900 

1.  100 

.400 

6.408 

2 

2.375 

1.503 

.436 

9.029 

zVz 

2.875 

1.771 

•  552 

13-695 

3 

3.5oo 

2.300 

.600 

18.583 

3V2 

4.000 

2.728 

.636 

22  .  850 

4 

4.500 

3.152 

.674 

27.541 

4V6 

5.000 

3.58o 

.710 

32.530 

5 

5.563 

4.063 

•  750 

38.552 

6 

6.625 

4.897 

.864 

53.160 

7 

7-625 

5.875 

.875 

63.079 

8 

8.625 

6.875 

.875 

72  .  424 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  10  per  cent  above  and  10  per  cent  below. 

The  following  notes  apply  to  both  tables. 

Furnished  with  plain  ends  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

All  weights  given'  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in  inches.    For  general 

notes  see  page  21.    For  test  pressures  see  page  69. 

26                              Standard  Boston  Casing 

Standard  Boston  Casing 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Diameters 

% 

Weight  per  foot 

Couplings 

Size 

13 

g 

^ 
o 

w 

•S 

§ 

%       & 
S'gJ! 

•8*8 

s.§ 

r!   fci 

1 

1 

§ 

X 

H 

1 

g 

1 

as! 

&& 

3 

j 

i 

2 

2.250 

2.050 

.100 

2.296 

2.340 

14 

2.714 

2% 

1.361 

2*4 

2.500 

2.284 

.108 

2.759 

2.820 

14 

2.964 

2% 

1.499 

2% 

2.750 

2.524 

.113 

3.182 

3.250 

14 

3.214 

2% 

1.804 

2% 

3.000 

2.768 

.116 

3-572 

3.650 

14 

3.464 

2% 

1.957 

3 

3.250 

3.010 

.120 

4.  on 

4  loo 

14 

3.771 

3Vs 

2.612 

3V4 

3.500 

3.250 

•125 

4.505 

4.600 

14 

4.021 

3% 

2.799 

m 

3-750 

3.492 

.129 

4.988 

5.100 

14 

4.271 

3Vs 

2.987 

3% 

4.000 

3.732 

.134 

5.532 

5.650 

14 

4.521 

3% 

3.174 

4 

4.250 

3.974 

.138 

6.060 

6.200 

14 

4.771 

3% 

3.923 

4V4 

4.500 

4.216 

.142 

6.609 

6.750 

14 

5.021 

3% 

4.141 

4V* 

4.500 

4.090 

.205 

9.403 

9.500 

14 

5.021 

3% 

4.141 

4V2 

4.750 

4.460 

.145 

7.131 

7.250 

14 

5.271 

3% 

4.360 

4% 

4-750 

4.364 

.193 

9.393 

9.500 

14 

5.271 

3% 

4.360 

4% 

5.000 

4.696 

.152 

7.870 

8.000 

14 

5.521 

3% 

4.578 

5 

5.250 

4.944 

.153 

8.328 

8.500 

14 

5.828 

4¥s 

5.929 

5 

5.250 

4.886 

.182 

9.851 

10.000 

14 

5.828 

4Vs 

5.929 

5 

5.250 

4.886 

.182 

9.851 

10.000 

H% 

5.800 

4Vs 

5.742 

5 

5.250 

4.768 

.241 

12.892 

13.000 

11% 

5.800 

4Vs 

5.742 

5 

5.250 

4.648 

.301 

15.909 

16.000 

n% 

5.800 

4% 

5.742 

58/16 

5.500 

5.192 

.154 

8.792 

9.000 

14 

6.078 

4% 

6.200 

5% 

6.000 

5.672 

.164 

IO.222 

10.500 

14 

6.664 

m 

7.729 

5% 

6.000 

5.620 

.190 

11.789 

12.000 

n% 

6.636 

Ws 

7.516 

5% 

6.000 

5-552 

.224 

I3.8l8 

14.000 

n% 

6.636 

4Vs 

7.516 

5% 

6.000 

5-450 

•  275 

I6.8I4 

17.000 

11% 

6.636 

4% 

7.516 

6V4 

6.625 

6.287 

.169 

11.652 

I2.0OO 

14 

7.308 

9.825 

6Vi 

6.625 

6.255 

.185 

12.724 

13.000 

14 

7.308 

4% 

9.825 

6% 

7.000 

6.652 

.174 

12.685 

13.000 

14 

7.692 

4% 

10.497 

6% 

7.000 

6.538 

.231 

16.699 

17.000 

11% 

7.664 

4% 

10.225 

7% 

7-625 

7.263 

.181 

14.390 

14.750 

14 

8.317 

4% 

11.401 

7% 

8.000 

7.628 

.186 

15.522 

16.000 

H% 

8.788 

5% 

15.308 

7% 

8.000 

7.528 

.236 

19.569 

20.000 

ii% 

8.788 

5% 

15.308 

81/4 

8.625 

8.249 

.188 

16.940 

17.500 

«% 

9.413 

m 

16.461 

8V4 

8.625 

8.191 

.217 

19.486 

20.000 

n% 

9.413 

16.461 

8% 

8.625 

8.097 

.264 

23-574 

24.000 

11% 

9.413 

sVs 

16.461 

8% 

9.000 

8.608 

.196 

18.429 

19.000 

11% 

9.788 

5% 

I7-I53 

9% 

10.000 

9.582 

.209 

21.855 

22.750 

n% 

0.911 

6% 

26.136 

10% 

II.OOO 

10.552 

.224 

25.780 

26.750 

11% 

1.911 

6% 

28.536 

n% 

I2.00O 

H.5I4 

.243 

30.512 

31.500 

n% 

2.911 

6Vs 

31.051 

12% 

13.000 

12.482 

.259 

35.243 

36.500 

11% 

4.025 

m 

37-499 

I3V2 

14.000 

13.448 

.276 

40.454 

42.000 

11% 

5.139 

6Vs 

44-495 

I4V2 

15.000 

14.418 

.291 

45.714 

47.500 

n% 

16.263 

m 

52.401 

is% 

16.000 

15.396 

.302 

50.632 

52.500 

11% 

17.263 

6% 

55-779 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 

ordered.    Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

Thickness  of  walls  make  it  impracticable  to  cut  threads  of  coarser  pitch  than 

shown  on  table.     The  weight  per  foot  of  casing  with  threads  and  couplings  is 

based  on  a  length  of  20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small 

sizes  will  usually  average  less  than  20  feet.     All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All 

dimensions  given  in  inches. 

On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight  or  thread,  weight  and  number  of  threads 

desired  must  be  specified.     For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  70.    For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  78. 

Inserted  Joint  Casing                                 27 

Inserted  Joint  Casing 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Diameters 

Joint 

Weight 

Size 

External 

Internal 

Thick- 
ness 

per  foot 
plain 
ends 

Threads 
per  inch 

Length 
of  Joint 

Diam- 
eter of 

—  "L" 

J?'DM 

2 

2.250 

2.050 

.100 

2.296 

14 

.967 

2.340 

2*4 

2.500 

2.284 

.108 

2.759 

14 

.992 

2.606 

2% 

2.750 

2.524 

.113 

3.182 

14 

.017 

2.866 

2% 

3.000 

2.768 

.116 

3-572 

14 

.042 

3.122 

3 

3.250 

3.010 

.120 

4.  on 

14 

.067 

3.38o 

3-500 

3.250 

•  125 

4.505 

14 

.092 

3-640 

$1/2 

3-750 

3.492 

.129 

4.988 

14 

.117 

3-898 

38/4 

4.000 

3.732 

•134 

5-532 

14 

.142 

4.158 

4 

4.250 

3-974 

.138 

6.060 

14 

.167 

4.416 

4% 

4.5oo 

4.216 

.142 

6.609 

14 

.192 

4  674 

4y2 

4-750 

4.460 

.145 

7.I3I 

14 

.217 

4-930 

4% 

5.000 

4.696 

.152 

7.870 

14 

.242 

5-194 

5 

5.250 

4-944 

.153 

8.328 

14 

.267 

5.446 

58/16 

5.5oo 

5.192 

.154 

8.792 

14 

.292 

5-698 

5% 

6.000 

5.672 

.164 

10.222 

14 

.342 

6.218 

5% 

6.000 

5.620 

.190 

11.789 

•373 

6.246 

6y* 

6.625 

6.287 

.169 

11.652 

14 

.405 

6.853 

6% 

7.000 

6.652 

.174 

12.685 

14 

.442 

7.238 

?y4 

7.625 

7-263 

.181 

14.390 

14 

.505 

7-877 

7% 

8.000 

7.628 

.186 

15.522 

ny2 

•  573 

8.238 

8U 

8.625 

8.249 

.188 

16.940 

ny2 

.636 

8.867 

8% 

9.000 

8.608 

.196 

•18.429 

11^2 

.673 

9.258 

9% 

IO.OOO 

9.582 

.209 

21.855 

ny2 

.773 

10.284 

105/8 

II.OOO 

10.552 

.224 

25.780 

.873 

11.314 

11% 

I2.0OO 

H.5I4 

.243 

30.512 

11% 

.973 

12.352 

i2y2 

13.000 

12.482 

.259 

35-243 

.073 

13.384 

i3y2 

14.000 

13.448 

.276 

40.454 

11^2 

2.173 

14.418 

I4^2 

15.000 

14.418 

.291 

45.714 

n% 

2.273 

15.448 

151,2 

16.000 

15.396 

.302 

50.632 

ny2 

2.373 

16.470 

1 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

Regular  taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes,  but  will 

furnish  H  inch,  %  inch,  or  %  inch  taper  if  so  ordered. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds.    All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight  or  thread,  weight  and  number  of 

threads  desired  must  be  specified. 

Thickness  of  walls  make  it  impracticable  to  cut  threads  of  coarser  pitch  than 

shown  on  table. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  71. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  78. 

28                     Boston  Casing  —  Pacific  Couplings 

Boston  Casing  —  Pacific  Couplings 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Diameters 

| 

Weight  per  foot 

w  rj 

Couplings 

Size 

1 

1 

1 

1 

!        « 

*u  y 

| 

£ 

_rj 

1 

W 

I 

A 

£ 

a 

|1| 

H      o 

$1 

1 

.$ 
Q 

m 

5 

bO 

1 

3% 

4.000 

3.732 

.134 

5-532 

5.678 

14 

4-525 

4Vs 

4.367 

4 

4.250 

3-974 

.138 

6.060 

6.223 

14 

4.828 

4Vs 

4.844 

4V4 

4.500 

4.216 

.142 

6.609 

6.779 

14 

5-078 

4% 

5.H5 

4V4 

4.500 

4.090 

.205 

9.403 

9-547 

14 

5.078 

4% 

5.H5 

4% 

4-750 

4.460 

.145 

7.I3I 

7.309 

14 

5.328 

4% 

5.387 

4V2 

4-750 

4.364 

.193 

9-393 

9-550 

14 

5.328 

4Vs 

5.387 

48/4 

5.000 

4.696 

.152 

7.870 

8.093 

14 

5.664 

4% 

6.456 

5 

5.250 

4-944 

.153 

8.328 

8.562 

14 

5.914 

4% 

6.764 

5 

5.250 

4.886 

.182 

9.851 

10.071 

14 

5-914 

4% 

6.764 

5 

5.250 

4.886 

.182 

9.851 

10.057 

"% 

5.886 

4% 

6.575 

5 

5.250 

4.768 

.241 

12.892 

13.085 

14 

5.914 

4% 

6.764 

5 

5.250 

4.768 

.241 

12.892 

13.072 

n% 

5.886 

4Vs 

6.575 

5 

5.250 

4.648 

•  301 

15.909 

16.062 

"% 

5.886 

4Vs 

6.575 

5% 

6.000 

5.672 

.164 

10.222 

10.528 

14 

6.692 

4% 

9.052 

5% 

6.000 

5.620 

.190 

11.789 

12.063 

11% 

6.664 

4% 

8.814 

5% 

6.000 

5-552 

.224 

I3.8l8 

14.069 

11% 

6.664 

4% 

8.814 

5% 

6.000 

5.450 

•  275 

I6.8I4 

17.033 

11% 

6.664 

4% 

8.814 

6% 

6.625 

6.287 

.169 

11.652 

11.986 

14 

7.317 

4% 

9-955 

6V4 

6.625 

6.255 

.185 

12.724 

13.046 

14 

7.317 

9-955 

61/4 

6.625 

6.255 

.185 

12.724 

13.028 

11% 

7.289 

46/8 

9.696 

6% 

7.000 

6.652 

.174 

12.685 

13.122 

14 

7.816 

4% 

12.274 

6% 

7.000 

6.538 

.231 

16.699 

17.076 

11% 

7.788 

4% 

12.000 

7% 

8.000 

7.628 

.186 

15.522 

16.038 

11% 

8.788 

m 

15.308 

7% 

8.000 

7.528 

.236 

19.569 

20.037 

H% 

8.788 

3% 

15.308 

8% 

9.000 

8.608 

.196 

18.429 

19-123 

«% 

9-9II 

sH 

19.667 

9% 

10.000 

9.582 

.209 

21.855 

22.802 

11% 

11.084 

5% 

25.624 

9% 

10.000 

9-434 

.283 

29.369 

30.250 

H% 

11.084 

5% 

25.624 

10% 

11.000 

10.552 

.224 

25.780 

26.978 

11% 

12.084 

6Vs 

33.764 

11% 

I2.OOO 

H.5I4 

.243 

30.512 

31.872 

«% 

13-139 

6% 

38.477 

I2V2 

13.000 

12.482 

.259 

35-243 

36.685 

11% 

14.139 

6% 

41.568 

I3V2 

14.000 

13.448 

.276 

40.454 

41-975 

IlV2 

15.139 

6% 

44.659 

I4V2 

15.000 

14.418 

.291 

45.714 

48.018 

n% 

16.500 

6V8 

61.800 

151/2 

16.000 

15.396 

.302 

50.632 

53.068 

11% 

17.500 

61/8 

65.758 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 

ordered.    Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  casing  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length 

of  20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 

average  less  than  20  feet.     All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in 

inches.    On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight  or  thread,  weight  and  number  of 

threads  desired  must  be  specified. 

Thickness  of  walls  make  it  impracticable  to  cut  threads  of  coarser  pitch  than 

shown  on  table.     For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  70.     For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  78. 

California  Diamond  BX  Casing 


29 


California  Diamond  BX  Casing 
All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Diameters 

~ 

Weight  per  foot 

1 

Couplings 

Size 

"«j 

s 

JU 

^3 

1 

G 

u 

1 

1 

1 

I 

a 

1 

w 

1 

s§! 

1 

[3 

jjj 

p 

* 

5% 

6.000 

5-352 

.324 

19  .  641 

20.000 

10 

6.765 

7% 

15.748 

6% 

6.625 

6.049 

.288 

19.491 

20.000 

IO 

7.390 

7% 

18.559 

6^4 

6.625 

5.921 

.352 

23.582 

24.000 

10 

7.390 

7% 

18.559 

6H 

6.625 

5.855 

.385 

25.658 

26.000 

10 

7.390 

7% 

18.559 

614 

6.625 

5-791 

.417 

27.648 

28.000 

10 

7.390 

7% 

18.559 

6% 

7.000 

6.456 

.272 

19-544 

20.000 

10 

7.698 

7% 

17-943 

6^/8 

7.000 

6.276 

.362 

25-663 

26.000 

IO 

7.698 

7% 

17-943 

65/8 

7.000 

6.214 

•  393 

27.731 

28.000 

10 

7.698 

7% 

17-943 

6% 

7.000 

6.154 

.423 

29.712 

30.000 

10 

7.698 

7% 

17.943 

7% 

8.000 

7-386 

•  307 

25.223 

26.000 

IO 

8.888 

8% 

27.410 

8% 

8.625 

8.017 

•  304 

27.016 

28.000 

10 

9.627 

33.096 

8% 

8.625 

7-921 

•  352 

31  .  101 

32.000 

10 

9.627 

sy8 

33.096 

sy4 

8.625 

7.825 

.400 

35-137 

36.000 

IO 

9.627 

sy8 

33.096 

314 

8.625 

7-775 

•  425 

37-220 

38.000 

10 

9.627 

33.096 

814 

8.625 

7-651 

.487 

42.327 

43.000 

IO 

9.627 

8-^B 

33.096 

9% 

IO.OOO 

9.384 

.308 

31.881 

33-000 

10 

11.002 

8y8 

38.162 

10 

10.750 

10.054 

•  348 

38.661 

40.000 

IO 

n.866 

sy8 

45.365 

10 

10.750 

9.960 

•  395 

43.684 

45-000 

10 

11.866 

45.365 

10 

10.750 

9.902 

.424 

46.760 

48.000 

10 

11.866 

8^ 

45.365 

IO 

10.750 

9.784 

.483 

52.962 

54-000 

10 

11.866 

sy8 

45.365 

11% 

I2.0OO 

11.384 

.308 

38.460 

40.000 

10 

13.116 

81/8 

50.445 

i2y2 

13.000 

12.438 

.281 

38.171 

40.000 

10 

14.116 

8^ 

54.508 

12% 

13-000 

12.360 

.320 

43.335 

45.000 

10 

14.116 

81-8 

54.5o8 

i2y2 

13.000 

12.282 

•  359 

48.467 

50.000 

IO 

14.116 

sy8 

54.508 

i3y2 

I4.OOO 

13-344 

.328 

47.894 

50.000 

IO 

15.151 

9y8 

67.912 

isy2 

l6.000 

15.198 

.401 

66.806 

70.000 

10 

17-477 

9% 

98.140 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  casing  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length 
of  20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 
average  less  than  20  feet. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

This  casing  not  furnished  in  lighter  weights,  but  can  be  made  heavier  than 
shown  above. 

When  one  size  of  casing  is  intended  to  telescope  with  another,  it  should  always 
be  specified  when  ordering. 

On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21.     For  test  pressures  see  page  71. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  82. 


30 


Tubing 

Oil  Well  Tubing 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Diameters 

I 

Weight  per  foot 

I 

Couplings 

Size 

1 

1 

I 

.y 

11 

-3    1 

11 

O) 

H 

'3 

i 

| 

H 

pt  <u 

H      g 

F 

3 

a 

IV4 

i.  660 

1.380 

.140 

2.272 

2.300 

n% 

2.054 

2% 

•  974 

1.900 

1.610 

.145 

2.717 

2.748 

n% 

2.294 

2% 

1  .  103 

2 

2.375 

2.041 

.167 

3.938 

4.000 

n% 

2.841 

3% 

2.146 

2 

2.375 

1-995 

.190 

4.433 

4.500 

2.841 

3% 

2.146 

2% 

2.875 

2.469 

.203 

5.793 

5.897 

n% 

3-449 

3.636 

2% 

2.875 

2.441 

.217 

6.160 

6.250 

n% 

3-449 

4Vs 

3.636 

3 

3-500 

3.068 

.216 

7.575 

7.694 

n% 

4.074 

4% 

4.366 

3 

3-500 

3.018 

.241 

8.388 

8.500 

11% 

4.074 

4Vs 

4-366 

3 

3-500 

2.922 

.289 

9.910 

10.000 

4-074 

4% 

4.366 

3% 

4.000 

3.548 

.226 

9.109 

9.261 

8 

4.628 

5-510 

4 

4.500 

4.026 

.237 

10.790 

10.980 

8 

5.233 

4^8 

6.673 

4 

4-500 

3-990 

.255 

11.561 

11.750 

8 

5-233 

4Vs 

6.673 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  3/4  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  tubing  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length 
of  20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 
average  less  than  20  feet. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21.     For  test  pressures  see  page  69. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  81. 


California  Special  External  Upset  Tubing 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Diameters 

1 

Weight  per  foot 

I 

Couplings 

Size 

1 

1 

1 

•AM 

*&        W) 
P3T3.S 

•8-S 

OJ.S 

1 

0) 

1) 

bO 

<u 

2^  9*3. 

jU.rt 

g 

ef 

w 

g 

H 

PM  § 

H    8 

rd 

H 

§ 

Q 

1 

1 

3 

3.500 

3.018 

.241 

8.388 

8.627 

IO 

4.504 

5% 

7.627 

4 

4.500 

3.958 

.271 

12.240 

12.500 

10 

5-349 

-61/8 

9-5II 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  tubing  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length  of 
20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  will  usually  average  less  than 
20  feet. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21.     For  test  pressures  see  page  76. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  82. 


California  Drive  Pipe  —  Bedstead 

Tubing 

31 

California  Diamond  BX  Drive  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Diameters 

Weight  per  foot 

a 

Couplings 

Size 

1 

13 

a 

| 

"O 

g 

o 

1 

"d 

1 

H 

bO 

W 

1 

H 

I 

P   J 

aJ 
1 

1 

8 

1 

'53 

41£ 

4-750 

4.082 

•  334 

15.752 

I6.0OO 

10 

5.357 

6% 

10.  112 

4^> 

5.000 

4.506 

.247 

12.538 

12.850 

IO 

5.686 

10.734 

4V2 

5.000 

4-424 

.288 

14-493 

15.000 

10 

5.923 

6Vs 

14.299 

The  permissible  variation  in 

weight  is 

5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random 

lengths  unless  otherwise 

ordered 

Taper  of  threads  is  s/ 

§  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for 

all  size 

s. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe 

with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a 

length 

of  20  feet,  including  the  couplin 

g,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will 

usually 

average 

less  than  20  feet.     All 

weights  given  in  pounds 

All  dimensions  given 

in  inches.   On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  76.     For  illustration  showing  joint  s 

ee  page  82. 

Bedstead  Tubing 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight  per  foot 
plain  ends 

External 

Internal 

.375 

245 

.065 

.215 

.500 

370 

.065 

.301 

.625 

487 

.069 

.409 

.750 

594 

.078 

.559 

.840 

684 

.078 

.634 

.875 

.719 

.078 

.663 

i 

.000 

844 

.078 

.768 

i 

.050 

894 

.078 

.809 

i 

.250 

i. 

072 

.089 

1.103 

i 

.315 

i. 

137 

.089 

1.165 

i 

.500 

i. 

3io 

.095 

1.425 

i 

.660 

i. 

470 

•  095 

I.S87 

i 

.900 

i. 

682 

.109 

2.084 

2 

.000 

i. 

782 

.109 

2.201 

2 

.000 

1.760 

.120 

2.409 

2 

.375 

2. 

H5 

.130 

3-II7 

2 

•  375 

2. 

107 

.134 

3-207 

2 

.500 

2. 

232 

.134 

3-386 

2 

.875 

2. 

509 

.183 

5.261 

3 

ooo 

2.67O 

.165 

4-995 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

This  tubing  furnished  with  plain  ends  pointed  tool  cut,  with  surface  cleaned  for 

enameling  purposes,  and  cut  to  any  length  that  may  be  desired.    Bedstead  Tubing 

is  not  subjected 

to  hydraulic 

test.     All  weights  given 

in  pounds.     All 

dimen- 

sions  given  in  inches.     On  sizes  made  in 

more  than  one  weight,  weight  or  thick- 

ness  desired  must  be  specified. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

32                                 Flush  Joint  Tubing 

Flush  Joint  Tubing 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Size 

Diameters 

Thick- 
ness 

Weight 
per  foot 
plain 
ends 

Threads 
per  inch 

Length 
of  joint 

External 

Internal 

3 

3-500 

3.068 

.216 

7-575 

14 

1% 

3>V2 

4.000 

3.548 

.226 

9.109 

14 

1% 

4 

4-500 

4.026 

.237 

10.790 

«y2 

I»/4 

4Y2 

5.000 

4.506 

.247 

12.538 

11% 

1% 

5 

5.563 

5-047 

.258 

14.617 

«% 

2 

6.000 

5-440 

.280 

17.105 

ii% 

2 

6 

6.625 

6.065 

.280 

18.974 

ii% 

2 

7.000 

6.398 

.301 

21.535 

«% 

2 

7 

7.625 

7.023 

.301 

23-544 

"% 

2 

8.000 

7.356 

.322 

26.404 

10 

2 

8 

8.625 

7.98i 

.322 

28.554 

10 

2 

9.000 

8.316 

.342 

31.624 

10 

2 

9 

9.625 

8.941 

•  342 

33.907 

10 

2 

IO.OOO 

9.270 

.365 

37-559 

10 

2V4 

10 

10.750 

IO.O2O 

.365 

40.483 

IO 

2V4 

I2.OOO 

11.250 

.375 

46.558 

10 

m 

12 

12.750 

12.000 

.375 

49.562 

10 

2V4 

13 

14.000 

13.124 

.438 

63.441 

8 

2y2 

14 

15-000 

14.124 

.438 

68.119 

8 

2% 

IS 

I6.OOO 

I5.OOO 

.500 

82.771 

8 

*£ 

18    1 
O.D./ 

I8.OOO 

17.000 

.500 

93.451 

8 

2% 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

^Taper  of  threads  is  8/i&  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes,  unless  other- 

wise specified. 

Weights  lighter  than  those  given  in  above  table  are  not  suitable  for  flush  joints. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  75. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  80. 

Allison  Vanishing 

Thread 

Tubing                       33 

Allison  Vanishing  Thread  Tubing 

—  Ends  Upset 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Diameters 

Weight  per  foot 

JM 

1 

Couplings 

Size 

1 

1 

•^ 

1 

it 

J 

I 

?3 

3 

H 

^ 

1 

d 

H 

£ 

1 

*8 

H 

d 
p 

3 

3 

'53 

2 

2.375 

2 

.067 

.154 

3.652 

3 

-731 

n% 

2% 

„ 

3.057 

3% 

2.484 

afc 

2.875 

2 

.469 

.203 

5.793 

5 

.903 

8 

3Vi 

rt 

3.616 

4Vs 

3-845 

3 

3-500 

3.068 

.216 

7.575 

7 

.699 

8 

3H 

4.237 

4% 

4-557 

3% 

4.000 

3 

.548 

.226 

9.109 

9 

.287 

8 

4% 

6 

4.848 

6.036 

4 

4-500 

4 

.026 

.237 

10.790 

10.984 

8 

|ii 

ie 

5.345 

4% 

6.768 

4% 

5-000 

4 

.506 

.247 

12.538 

12 

•  744 

8 

5%6 

5.842 

4% 

7.426 

5 

5.563 

5 

.047 

.258 

i 

4.617 

14 

.962 

8 

5% 

6.509 

5Vs 

11.821 

6 

6.625 

6.065 

.280 

18.974 

19 

•  359 

8 

6% 

7.627 

SVs 

13.931 

7 

7.625 

7 

.023 

.301 

23  544 

23  957 

8 

7% 

8.621 

5Vs 

15.778 

8 

8.625 

7 

.981 

.322 

2 

8.554 

29 

.196 

8 

8% 

9.729 

6% 

24.119 

Allison  Vanishing  Thread  Tubing  —  Not 

Upset 

All 

Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Diameters 

Weight  per  foot 

g 

Couplings 

Size 

13 
1 

1 

J9 

." 

1 

<L> 

g 

Hd§ 

i 

i 

1 
1 

H 

to 

W 

a 

£ 

ft 

1 

1 

114 

i.  660 

1.38 

3      .I4O 

2.272 

2.303 

n% 

2.070 

27/8 

1.052 

i% 

1.900 

1.61 

3    .145 

2.717 

2 

75i 

n% 

2  309 

2% 

1.188 

2 

2.37 

5 

2.06 

7    -154 

3.^ 

52 

3 

723 

n% 

2.870 

3% 

2.315 

2% 

2.875 

2.46 

9    .203 

5-793 

5 

893 

8 

3.429 

3.625 

3 

3-500 

3.o6 

8    .216 

7-575 

7-689 

8 

4.050 

4Vs 

4.338 

3% 

4.oc 

0 

3-54 

8    .226 

9-1 

00 

9 

276 

8 

4.661 

5.782 

4 

4-500 

4.02 

6    .237 

10.790 

10.973 

8 

5.158 

4^& 

6.512 

4% 

S.ooo 

4-50 

6    .247 

12.538 

12 

733 

8 

5.655 

4Vs 

7.171 

5 

5.563 

5.04 

7     .258 

14.617 

14 

946 

8 

6.322 

5% 

11.456 

6 

6.625 

6.06 

5     .280 

18.974 

19 

338 

8 

7-377 

SVs 

13.446 

7 

7.62 

5 

7.02 

3    -301 

23-5 

44 

23 

936 

8 

8.371 

15.296 

8 

8.625 

7-98 

i     -322 

28.554 

29 

167 

8 

9-479 

6% 

23.465 

The  following  notes  apply  to  both  tables. 

The  permissible  variation  in 

weight  is  5  per  cent  above 

and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and 

couplings  and  in  random 

lengths  unless  otherwise 

ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  3/4  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  tubing  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length 

of  20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 

average  less  than  20  feet. 

All  weights 

given  in  pounds.      All  dimensions  f 

nven  in 

inches. 

For  general 

notes  see  page  21.     For  test 

pressures  see  page  75. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  81. 

34                                 Special  Rotary  Pipe 

Special  Rotary  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Size 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight  per  foot 

Threads 
per  inch 

Couplings 

External 

a 

Plain  ends 

H 

Diameter 

1 

I 

1 

2% 

4 
4 

5 
5 
6 
6 

2.875 
2.875 
4-Soo 
4-500 

S.ooo 
5.000 
5.563 
5.563 

6.625 
6.625 

2.323 

2.143 
3.958 
3-826 

4.388 
4.290 
4-955 
4.813 

5-937 
5.761 

.276 
.366 
.271 
.337 
.306 
•  355 
•  304 
.375 

•  344 
•  432 

7.661 
9.807 

12  .  240 
14.983 

15-340 
I7.6II 
17.074 
20.778 

23.076 
28.573 

7-830 

IO.OOO 

12.500 
15.000 

15.500 
18.000 

17.500 

2I.OOO 

23.500 
29.000 

8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8 
8 
8 

8 

8 

3-603 
3.693 
5.228 
5.240 

5.604 
5-740 
6.373 
6.272 

7-435 
7-334 

5Vs 
5% 
5% 
6% 

SVs 
6% 
6% 
7% 

7% 

5.888 
7-316 
8.901 
11.720 

8.270 
12.950 
14.620 
16.442 

17-254 
19-451 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 
Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered.     Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 
The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length  of 
20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 
average  less  than  20  feet.     All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in 
inches.     On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 
For  general  notes  see  page  21.     For  test  pressures  see  page  76. 
For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  79. 

Special  Upset  Rotary  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Size 

Diameters 

1 

Weight  per  foot 

Threads 
per  inch 

Couplings 

External 

Internal 

a 

s 

Threads 
and 
couplings 

Diameter 

! 

u 

1 

2V2 

2% 

4 
4 

f 

6 

2.875 
2.875 
4.5oo 
4.500 

5.563 
5.563 
6.625 
6.625 

2.323 
2.143 
3-958 
3.826 

4-975 
4.859 
6.065 
5.76i 

.276 
.366 
.271 
•  337 

.294 
.352 
.280 
.432 

7.661 
9.807 

12.240 
14.983 

16.544 
19.590 
18.974 

28.  573 

7-841 

IO.OOO 

12.632 

15.323 

17.000 
20.000 

19.551 
28.948 

8 
8 
8 
8 

8 
8 
8 
8 

3.564 
3.678 
5.256 
5.256 

6.303 
6.303 
7-350 
7-350 

6V8 

7% 
7% 

81/8 

8$ 
8% 

6.743 
7.844 
14.296 
14.296 

18.472 
18.472 
22.994 
22.994 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 
Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered.    Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 
The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length 
of  20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 
average  less  than  20  feet.     All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in 
inches.    On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 
For  general  notes  see  page  21.     For  test  pressures  see  page  76. 
For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  79. 

South  Penn  Casing  —  Reamed  and  Drifted  Pipe          35 


South  Penn  Casing 
All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Diameters 

1 

Weight  per  foot 

T£^ 

Couplings 

Size 

1 

| 

^4 
o 

| 

$  I 

d»d.S 

T3  o 

1 

t> 

4.) 

,C 

ti 

W 

1 

g 

.S 

'3 

£ 

fl3  a  ^ 

jirf 

H     8 

II 

.3 
Q 

M 

5 

bo 

1 

•58/i6 

5-500 

5-044 

.228 

12.837 

13.000 

nVs 

6.050 

4% 

6.759 

58/46 

5-500 

4.892 

•  304 

16.870 

17.000 

ny2 

6.050 

4% 

6.759 

6V4 

6.625 

6.257 

.184 

12.657 

13.000 

«MS 

7.280 

SVs 

10  .  630 

6% 

6.625 

6.135 

.245 

16.694 

17.000 

ny2 

7.280 

SVs 

10.630 

6% 

7.000 

6.538 

.231 

16.699 

17.000 

10 

7.642 

SVs 

H.I33 

6% 

7.000 

6.450 

.275 

I9-75I 

20.000 

IO 

7.642 

SVs 

II.  133 

6% 

7.000 

6.334 

.333 

23.7H 

24.000 

10 

7.699 

6% 

14.458 

8V4 

8.625 

8.097 

.264 

23-574 

24.000 

8 

9.358 

6y8 

18.577 

8*4 

8.625 

8.003 

.311 

27.615 

28.000 

8 

9.358 

61/8 

18.577 

10 

10.750 

10.192 

.279 

31-201 

32.515 

8 

11.958 

6% 

39-772 

10 

10.750 

10.146 

.302 

33.699 

35-000 

8 

11.958 

6% 

39-772 

121/2 

13.000 

12  .  278 

.361 

48  .  730 

50.000 

8 

14.085 

7Vs 

46.464 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered.  Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes, 
except  the  8H  inch,  10  inch,  and  12^5  inch  which  are  %  inch  taper. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  casing  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length  of  20 
feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually  average 
less  than  20  feet.  All  weights  given  in  pounds.  All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21.     For  test  pressures  see  page  71. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  83. 

Reamed  and  Drifted  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Size 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight  per  foot 

Thread's 
per  inch 

Couplings 

External 

Internal 

Plain  ends 

Threads 
and 
couplings 

LJ 

1 

a 
1 

I 

s 
$ 

2 
2 

2% 

3 
3% 

4 
4% 

2.375 
2.375 
2.875 
3-500 
4.000 
4.5oo 
S.ooo 
5.563 
6.625 

2.067 
2.041 
2.469 
3-068 
3.548 
4.026 
4.5o6 
5-047 
6.065 

.154 
.167 
.203 
.216 
.226 
.237 
.247 
.258 
.280 

3.652 
3-938 
5.793 
7-575 
9.109 
10.790 
12.538 
14.617 
18.974 

3.697 
4.000 
5.843 
7.675 
9.261 
10.980 
12.742 
14.966 
19.367 

v?Jx!N 

M  M  00  00  00  00  00  00  00 

2.773 
2.773 
3.265 
4.014 
4.628 
5.233 
5-733 
6.420 
7.482 

3% 
3% 
4% 
41/8 
4% 
4% 
4% 
SVs 

M 

i.  806 
i.  806 
2.625 
4.076 
5.510 
6.673 
7.379 
11.730 
13.869 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths,  20  feet  and 
shorter,  unless  otherwise  ordered.  Taper  of  threads  is  s/4  inch  diameter  per  foot 
length  for  all  sizes.  The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe  with  threads  and  couplings  is 
based  on  a  length  of  20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small 
sizes  will  usually  average  less  than  20  feet.  On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one 
weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified.  All  weights  given  in  pounds.  All 
dimensions  given  in  inches.  For  general  notes  see  page  21.  For  test  pressures 
see  page  73.  For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  79. 


36 


Air  Line  Pipe  — Full  Weight  Drill  Pipe 


Air  Line  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Diameters 

jj 

Weight  per  foot 

O 

.5 

Couplings 

Size 

13 

13 

5 

o 

% 

»d      ^ 

a 

S 

Jj 

£ 

u 

0> 

§" 

% 

-a 

£H 

1 

S  g"a 

i 

a 

0) 

&.  ' 

& 

M 

H      8 

H 

s 

^ 

i% 

1.900 

1.582 

•159 

2.956 

3.oo 

n% 

2.387 

2l%6 

1.364 

2 

2.375 

2.043 

.166 

3.916 

4.00 

2.976 

3% 

2.416 

2% 

2.875 

2.423 

.226 

6.393 

6.50 

8 

3-544 

4 

3.772 

3 

3-500 

2.990 

.255 

8.837 

9.00 

8 

4.272 

4% 

5.899 

4 

4.5oo 

3.996 

.252 

H.433 

H.75 

8 

5-500 

4^2 

9.124 

5 

5.563 

4-977 

.293 

16.491 

17.00 

8 

6.652 

6 

16  .  720 

6 

6.625 

6.025 

.300 

20.265 

21.  OO 

8 

7.833 

6 

21.826 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered. 

The  above  pipe  is  fitted  with  special  air  line  couplings  recessed  for  lead  calking. 

Taper  of  threads  is  94  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length 
of  20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 
average  less  than  20  feet.  All  weights  given  in  pounds.  All  dimensions  given 
in  inches.  For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  73.     For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  80. 

Full  Weight  Drill  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Diameters 

w 
w 

Weight  per  foot 

1 

Couplings 

Size 

1 

1 

1 

1 

w 

•9 

a 

1,1 

1 

1 

| 

5 

o3 

S 

a 
(—  i 

H 

1 

H      8 

1 

S 

1 

1 

4 

4.5oo 

4.026 

.237 

10.790 

11.055 

8 

5.228 

M 

8.901 

4 

4.500 

3-990 

.255 

11.561 

11.815 

8 

5.228 

SVs 

8.901 

4% 

5.000 

4.506 

.247 

12.538 

12.744 

8 

5.604 

5Vn 

8.270 

5 

5.563 

5-047 

.258 

14.617 

15.055 

8 

6.373 

14.620 

6 

6.625 

6.065 

.280 

18.974 

19.463 

8 

7-435 

6% 

17.254 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered.  Taper  of  threads  is  SA  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length 
of  20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 
average  less  than  20  feet.  All  weights  given  in  pounds.  All  dimensions  given 
in  inches.  On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be 
specified.  For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  76.    For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  80. 


Dry  Kiln  Pipe— Tuyere  Pipe 


37 


Dry  Kiln  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Diameters 

i 

Weight  per  foot 

1 

Couplings 

Size 

External 

Internal 

• 

^ 
o 

•g 

Plain  ends 

Threads 
and 
couplings 

Threads  pe 

Diameter 

X 
-5 

a 

1 

5 
M 

1 

i 

I.3IS 

1.049 

.133 

1.678 

1.697 

11% 

1.700 

2% 

.702 

34 

i.  660 

1.380 

.140 

2.272 

2.304 

n% 

2.  121 

2% 

1.  134 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  threads  and  couplings  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise 
ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

The  weight  per  foot  of  pipe  with  threads  and  couplings  is  based  on  a  length  of 
20  feet,  including  the  coupling,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually 
average  less  than  20  feet. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds.    All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  76. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  83. 


Tuyere  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 


Size 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight  per  foot, 
plain  ends 

External 

Internal 

i 

1% 

I.3IS 
i.  660 

•  957 
1.278 

.179 
.191 

2.171 
2.996 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  with  plain  ends  and  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

This  pipe  is  made  in  random  lengths  up  to  40  feet. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

For  test  pressures  see  page  76. 


38                   Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes  —  Seamless 

Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes  —  Seamless  —  Open  Hearth  Steel 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

(For  test  pressures  see  page  102.) 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight 

Length  of  tube 
per  square  foot 

Square  foot  of 
surface  per 
lineal  foot 

Exter- 
nal 

Inter- 
nal 

Inches 

B.W.G. 

foot 

Exter- 
nal 
surface 

Inter- 
nal 
surface 

Exter- 
nal 
surface 

Inter- 
nal 
surface 

i% 

1.310 

.095 

13 

1.425 

2.546 

2.9IS 

•  392 

.342 

IV2 

1.282 

.109 

12 

1.619 

2.546 

2.979 

.392 

•  335 

1% 

1.280 

.no 

1.632 

2.546 

2.984 

.392 

.335 

1% 

1.260 

.120 

ii 

1.768 

2.546 

3-031 

•  392 

.329 

*H 

1.250 

.125 

1.835 

2.546 

3.055 

.392 

.327 

i% 

1.232 

•134 

10 

1-954 

2.546 

3.100 

•  392 

.322 

iy2 

1.230 

.135 

1.968 

2.546 

3.105 

.392 

.322 

i% 

1.204 

.148 

9 

2.137 

2.546 

3.172 

.392 

.315 

i% 

i.  200 

.ISO 

2.162 

2.546 

3.183 

.392 

.314 

I8/4 

1.560 

.095 

13 

1.679 

2.182 

2.448 

.458 

.408 

1% 

1-532 

.109 

12 

1.910 

2.182 

2.493 

•  458 

.401 

1% 

1.530 

.110 

1.926 

2.182 

2.496 

.458 

.400 

1% 

1.510 

.120 

II 

2.089 

2.182 

2.529 

•  458   , 

.395 

1% 

1.500 

•  125 

2.169 

2.182 

2.546 

.458 

•  392 

1% 

1.482 

.134 

10 

2.312 

2.182 

2-577 

.458 

.387 

i8/i 

1.480 

.135 

2.328 

2.182 

2.580 

.458 

•  387 

1% 

1-454 

.148 

9 

2.532 

2.182 

2.627 

.458 

.380 

i% 

1.450 

.150 

2.563 

2.182 

2.634 

.458 

.379 

i% 

1.685 

.095 

13 

1.  806 

2.037 

2.266 

.490 

.441 

1% 

1.657 

.109 

12 

2.055 

2.037 

2.305 

.490 

•  433 

I7/8 

1.655 

.110 

2.073 

2.037 

2.307 

.490 

•  433 

1% 

1.635 

.120 

II 

2.249 

2.037 

2.336 

.490 

.428 

1% 

1.625 

.125 

2.336 

2.037 

2.350 

.490 

.425 

1% 

1.607 

134 

10 

2.491 

2.037 

2.376 

.490 

.420 

1% 

1.605 

.135 

2.508 

2.037 

2  379 

.490 

.420 

1% 

1.579 

.148 

9 

2.729 

2.037 

2.419 

.490 

-413 

j7/8 

1-575 

.ISO 

2.763 

2.037 

2.425 

.490 

.412 

2 

1.810 

.095 

13 

1.932 

.909 

2.  no 

.523 

.473 

2 

1.782 

.109 

12 

2.2OI 

.909 

2.143 

.523 

.466 

2 

1.780 

.no 

2.22O 

.909 

2.145 

.523 

.466 

2 

1.760 

.120 

II 

2.409 

•  909 

2.170 

.523 

.460 

2 

I-75O 

.125 

2.5O3 

.909 

2.182 

.523 

.458 

2 

I  732 

.134 

IO 

2.670 

•  909 

2.205 

•  523 

•  453 

Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes  —  Seamless                   39 

Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes  —  Seamless  —  Open  Hearth  Steel  (Concluded) 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

(For  test  pressures  see  page  102.) 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight 

Length  of  tube 
per  square  foot 

Square  foot  of 
surface  per 
lineal  foot 

S 

Exter- 
nal 

Inter- 
nal 

Inches 

B.W.G. 

toot 

Exter- 
nal 
surface 

Inter- 
nal 
surface 

Exter- 
nal 
surface 

Inter- 
nal 
surface 

2 

1.730 

.135 

2.688 

1.909 

2.207 

.523 

.452 

2 

1.704 

.148 

9 

2.927 

1.909 

2.241 

.523 

•  t^ 
.446 

2 

1.700 

.150 

2.963 

1.909 

2.246 

.523 

.445 

21/4 

2.060 

.095 

13 

2.186 

1.697 

.854 

.589 

•  539 

2.032 

.109 

12 

2.492 

1.697 

.879 

.589 

•  531 

2H 

2.030 

.110 

2.514 

1.697 

.881 

.589 

.531 

21/4 

2.OIO 

.120 

n 

2.729 

1.697 

.900 

.589 

.526 

2% 

2.00O 

.125 

2.836 

1.697 

.909 

.589 

•  523 

a$$ 

1.982 

.134 

10 

3-028 

1.697 

.927 

.589 

.518 

2H 

1.980 

•  135 

3-049 

1.697 

.929 

.589 

.518 

2^4 

1.954 

.148 

9 

3.322 

1.697 

•  954 

.589 

.511 

1.950 

.I5O 

3.364 

1.697 

•  958 

.589 

.510 

2l/2 

2.310 

•095 

13 

2.440 

1.527 

.653 

.654 

.604 

2^/2 

2.282 

.109 

12 

2.783 

1.527 

.673 

.654 

'   -597 

2% 

2.280 

.no 

2.807 

1.527 

.675 

.654 

.596 

2% 

2.260 

.120 

II 

3.050 

1.527 

.690 

.654 

•  591 

2V2 

2.250 

.125 

3.170 

1.527 

.697 

.654 

•  589 

2M> 

2.232 

.134 

IO 

3.386 

1.527 

.711 

.654 

.584 

2l/2 

2.230 

•  135 

3.409 

1.527 

.712 

.654 

.583 

2.204 

.148 

9 

3.717 

1.527 

.654 

.577 

2.200 

.150 

3.764 

1.527 

.654 

•  575 

3 

2.810 

.095 

13 

2.947 

1.273 

•  359 

.785 

.735 

3 

2.782 

.109 

12 

3.365 

1.273 

•  373 

.785 

.728 

3 

2.780 

.no 

3-395 

1.273 

•  374 

.785 

•  727 

3 

2.760 

.120 

n 

3.691 

1.273 

.383 

.785 

.722 

3 

2.750 

.125 

3.838 

1.273 

.388 

•  785 

.719 

3 

2.732 

.134 

10 

4.101 

1.273 

•  398 

.785 

.715 

3 

2.730 

.135 

4.130 

1.273 

.399 

.785 

.714 

3 

2.704 

.148 

9 

4.5o8 

1.273 

.412 

.785 

.707 

3 

2.700 

.150 

4.565 

1.273 

.414 

•  785 

.706 

40                Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes  —  Lap  Welded 

Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes  —  Lap  Welded  —  Open  Hearth  Steel 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 
(For  test  pressures  see  page  72.) 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight 
per 
foot 

Length  of  tube 
per  square  foot 

Square  foot  of 
surface  per 
lineal  foot 

Exter- 
nal 

Inter- 
nal 

Inches 

B.W.G. 

Exter- 
nal 
surface 

Inter- 
nal 
surface 

Exter- 
nal 
surface 

Inter- 
nal 
surface 

i% 

i% 
i% 
i% 

i% 
i% 
i% 
i% 

i% 

2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2l4 
2>4 

2y4 
2y4 
2y4 

2% 

2y4 
2y4 
a% 

2y2 

2y2 

2y2 
2y2 
2y2 

2y2 
2y2 
2y2 
2y2 

3 
3 
3 
3 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

.560 
•  532 
•  530 
.510 

.500 

.482 
.480 
•  454 

•  450 
.810 
.782 
.780 

.760 
.750 
.732 
•  730 

.704 
.700 
.060 
.032 

.030 
.010 
.000 
.982 

.980 
•  954 
•  950 
.310 

2.282 
2.280 
2.260 
2.250 

2.232 
2.230 
2.204 

2.200 

2.810 
2.782 
2.780 
2.760 

2.750 
2.732 
2.730 
2.704 
2.700 

.095 
.109 

.110 

.120 

.125 
.134 
.135 

.148 

.150 
.095 
.109 

.110 
.120 

.125 
.134 
.135 
.148 
-ISO 
.095 
.109 

.110 
.120 
.125 

.134 

.135 
.148 
.150 
.095 
.109 

.110 
.120 
•125 

.134 
.135 
.148 
.150 

.095 
.109 

.110 
.120 

.125 

.134 
.135 
.148 
.150 

13 

12 
II 

10 

9 
••  —  •• 

12 

1.679 
1.910 
1.926 
2.089 

2.169 
2.312 
2.328 
2.532 

2.563 
1.932 

2.201 
2.22O 

2.409 
2.503 
2.670 

2.688 

2.927 
2.963 
2.186 
2.492 

2.514 

2.729 
2.836 
3.028 

3-049 
3-322 
3.364 
2.440 

2.783 
2.807 
3.050 
3-170 
3-386 
3.409 
3.717 
3.764 

2.947 
3.365 
3-395 
3.691 

3.838 
4.101 
4.130 
4.508 
4.565 

2.182 
2.182 
2.182 
2.182 

2.182 
2.182 
2.182 
2.182 

2.182 
•  909 
•  909 
.909 

.909 
.909 
.909 
•  909 

.909 
.909 
.697 
.697 

.697 
.697 
-697 
.697 

.697 
.697 
.697 
.527 

.527 
.527 
.527 
.527 

.527 

.527 
.527 
.527 

.273 
.273 
.273 
.273 

.273 
.273 
.273 
•  273 
.273 

2.448 
2.493 
2.496 
2.529 
2.546 
2.577 
2.580 
2.627 

2.634 

2.  IIO 
2.143 
2.  145 
2.170 
2.182 
2.205 
2.207 

2.241 
.246 
.854 
.879 
.881 
.900 
.909 
.927 

.929 
.954 
.958 
.653 

.673 

.675 
.690 
.697 

.711 
.712 
.733 
.736 

.359 
.373 
.374 
.383 
.388 
.398 
.399 
.412 
.414 

.458 
.458 
.458 
.458 

.458 
•  458 
•  458 
•  458 

.458 
.523 
.523 
.523 

.523 
.523 
.523 
.523 

•  523 
.523 
.589  , 
.589 

.589 
.589 
.589 
.589 

.589 
.589 
.589 
.654 

.654 
.654 
.654 
.654 

.654 
.654 
.654 
.654 

.785 
.785 
•  785 
.785 

.785 
.785 
.785 
.785 
.785 

.408 
.401 
.400 
.395 
.392 
.387 
.387 
.380 

-379 
•  473 
.466 
.466 

.460 
.458 
.453 
•  452 

.446 
.445 
•  539 
•  531 

.531 
.526 
.523 
.518 

.518 
.511 
•  510 
.604 

.597 
.596 
.591 
.589 

.584 
.583 
.577 
.575 

.735 
.728 
.727 
.722 

.719 
•  715 
.714 
.707 
.706 

II 

10 

9 
13 

12 

II 

IO 

9 

13 

12 
II 

10 

9 

13 

12 

II 

10 

9 

Standard  Boiler  Tubes  and  Flues—  Lap  Welded         41 

Standard  Boiler  Tubes  and  Flues  —  Lap  Welded 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

(For  test  pressures  see  page  72.) 

Diameters 

Thickness 

Weight 

Length  of  tube 
per  square  foot 

Square  feet  of 
surface  per 
lineal  foot 

Exter- 
nal 

Inter- 
nal 

Inches 

B.W.G. 

foot 

Exter- 
nal 

surface 

Inter- 
nal 
surface 

Exter- 
nal 
surface 

Inter- 
nal 
surface 

i3/i 

1.560 

.095 

13 

1.679 

2.182 

2.448 

.458 

.408 

2 

1.810 

.095 

13 

1.932 

•  909 

.no 

.523 

.473 

21/4 

2.060 

.095 

13 

2.186 

.697 

.854 

.589 

•  539 

2% 

2.282 

.109 

12 

2.783 

.527 

.673 

.654 

•  597 

23/4 

2.532 

.109 

12 

3-074 

.388 

.508 

.719 

.662 

3 

2.782 

.109 

12 

3.365 

.273 

.373 

.785 

.728 

314 

3.010 

.120 

II 

4.011 

.175 

.269 

.850 

.788 

3V2 

3.260 

.120 

II 

4-331 

.091 

.171 

.916 

.853 

33/4 

3-510 

.120 

II 

4.652 

I.oiS 

.088 

.981 

.918 

4 

3-732 

.134 

10 

5-532 

.954 

.023 

1.047 

.977 

4V2 

4.232 

.134 

IO 

6.248 

.848 

.902 

1.178 

1.107 

5 

4.704 

.148 

9 

7.669 

.763 

.812 

1.308 

1.231 

6 

5.670 

.165 

8 

10.282 

.636 

.673 

1.570 

1.484 

7 

6.670 

.165 

8 

12.044 

.545 

•  572 

1.832 

1.746 

8 

7.670 

.165 

8 

13.807 

•  477 

.498 

2.094 

2.008 

9 

8.640 

.180 

7 

16.955 

.424 

.442 

2.356 

2.261 

10 

9-594 

.203 

6 

21  .  24O 

.381 

.398 

2.617 

2.511 

n 

10.560 

.220 

5 

25.329 

•  347 

.361 

2.879 

2.764 

12 

11.542 

.229 

28.788 

.318 

.330 

3-I4I 

3.021 

13 

12.524 

.238 

'4 

32.439 

.293 

•  304 

3.403 

3.278 

14 

13.504 

.248 

36.424 

.272 

.282 

3.665 

3.535 

15 

14.482 

.259 

3 

40.775 

.254 

.263 

3.926 

3-791 

16 

I5.46o 

.270 

45-359 

.238 

.247 

4.188 

4.047 

42                                 Matheson  Joint  Pipe 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Outside 

Weight  per  foot 

External 
diameter 

Thickness 

diameter 
of  rein- 
forcing 
ring  —  D 

Length  of 
joint  —  L 

Weight  of 
lead  per 
joint 

Plain 
ends 

Complete 

2.OO 

.095 

2.966 

2.16 

1-932 

1-952 

I.OO 

3.00 

.109 

4-034 

2.26 

3.365 

3-392 

1-75 

4.00 

.128 

5.236 

2.32 

5-293 

5-339 

2.75 

S.oo 

.134 

6.268 

2.38 

6.963 

7.019 

3-50 

6.00 

.140 

7.446 

2.50 

8.762 

8.872 

4-75 

7.00 

.149 

8.484 

2.58 

10.902 

11.028 

5-50 

8.00 

.158 

9.646 

2.73 

13.233 

13.405 

6.75 

8  oo 

.185 

9.700 

2.78 

15.441 

15.614 

6.75 

9.00 

.167 

10.684 

2.73 

15-754 

15-945 

8.25 

9.00 

.196 

10.742 

2.90 

18.429 

18.621 

8.50 

9.00 

.250 

10.850 

3-07 

23.362 

23-557 

9.00 

IO.OO 

.175 

11.846 

2.82 

18,363 

18.610 

9-50 

10.  OO 

.208 

11.912 

2.85 

21.752 

22.001 

9-75 

10.00 

.270 

12.036 

3.06 

28.057 

28  .  309 

IO.OO 

II.  OO 

.185 

12.886 

2.91 

21.368 

21  .  638 

II.  OO 

11.00 

.220 

12.956 

2.93 

25-329 

25.6OO 

II.  OO 

II.  OO 

.290 

13.096 

3-17 

33.171 

33-445 

12.50 

12.00 

.194 

14.048 

3.00 

24.461 

24.880 

13.25 

12.  OO 

.244 

14.148 

3-40 

30.635 

31.057 

14.25 

12.00 

.310 

14.280 

3-76 

38.703 

39-129 

16.50 

I3.OO 

.202 

15.084 

3-07 

27.610 

28.060 

15.25 

13-00 

.247 

15.174 

3-40 

33.642 

34-095 

15.50 

13-00 

.310 

15.300 

3.76 

42.014 

42.472 

18.00 

14.00 

.2IO 

16.370 

3-15 

30.928 

31.536 

17.25 

I4.OO 

.250 

16.450 

3-53 

36.713 

37.324 

19.25 

14.00 

.310 

16.570 

3.84 

45.325 

45-941   • 

20.75 

15-00 

.222 

17-394 

3-24 

35.038 

35-686 

19.25 

15-00 

.260 

17.470 

3-53 

40.930 

41.581 

20.25 

I5.OO 

.320 

17.590 

3.84 

50.171 

50.826 

22.25 

16.00 

.234 

18.438 

3-32 

39-401 

40.089 

22.00 

16.00 

.270 

18.510 

3-62 

45-359 

46.050 

23.25 

16.00 

•  330 

18.630 

3-75 

55-228 

55.923 

24.25 

17.00 

.240 

19.470 

3-41 

42.959 

43.687 

23-75 

18.00 

.245 

20.730 

3-50 

46.458 

47.384 

25-75 

18.00 

.310 

20.860 

3.87 

58.568 

59-501 

28.50 

19.00 

.259 

21  .  778 

3-57 

51.840 

52.815 

29.00 

20.00 

.272 

22.804 

3.64 

57.309 

58.332 

31.00 

20.00 

•  375 

23  .  oio 

4-17 

78.599 

79.631 

35-50 

22.00 

.301 

24.882 

4.06 

69.756 

71.098 

40.25 

22.00 

.400 

25  .  080 

4.65 

92.276 

93-629 

45-50 

24.00 

.330 

26.980 

4.26     , 

83.423  , 

84.882 

48.00 

26.00 

.362 

29.064 

4-40 

99-122 

100.697 

55-25 

28.00 

.396 

31  •  672 

4.58 

116.746 

119.021 

65.00 

30.00 

•  432 

33  -  764 

4-75 

136.421 

138.851 

75-00 

The  permissible  variation  in-  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise  ordered.     The  weight  per  foot 

complete  is  based  on  a  length  of  18  feet  of  pipe,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small 

sizes  will  usually  average  less  than  18  feet.   On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight, 

weight  desired  must  be  specified.     Column  marked  weight  complete  includes  the 

ring  but  not  the  lead.     Pipe  furnished  black,  galvanized,  or  dipped.     Lead  not 

furnished.     All  weights  given  in  pounds.     All  dimensions  given  in  inches.     For 

general  notes  see  page  21.     For  list  of  test  pressures  see  page  73.     For  illustra- 

tion showing  joint  see  page  84. 

Converse  Lock-joint  Pipe                             43 

Converse  Lock-joint  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Weight 

Hub  —  cast  iron 

per  foot 

Exter- 
nal di- 
ameter 

Thick- 
ness 

Weight 
per  foot 
plain  ends 

Weight 
of  lead 
for  field 
end 

complete 
including 
hub 
leaded  on 

Diam- 
eter 

Length 

Weight 

D 

mill  end 

2.00 

.095 

1.932 

3% 

3% 

4.25 

1.  00 

2.207 

3.00 

.109 

3.365 

sVs 

3% 

8.50 

2.25 

3-931 

4.00 

.128 

5-293 

6^4 

4 

10.50 

3.00 

5-991 

5.00 

.134 

6.963 

714 

4*4 

15.00 

3-75 

7.932 

6.00 

.140 

8.762 

8*4 

4% 

19.00 

4-50 

9.969 

7.00 

.149 

10.902 

9V2 

4V2 

24.00 

5-50 

12.419 

8.00 

.158 

13.233 

10% 

4% 

28.25 

6.50 

15.008 

8.00 

.185 

I5.44I 

ioV2 

4% 

28.25 

6.50 

17.190 

9.00 

.167 

15-754 

"p 

4% 

34-50 

8.50 

17.958 

9.00 

.196 

18.429 

4% 

34-50 

8.50 

20.602 

9.00 

.250 

23.362 

11% 

34-50 

8.50 

25-477 

IO.OO 

.175 

18.363 

123/4 

5 

39-00 

9.00 

20.801 

10.00 

.208 

21  .  752 

123/4 

5 

39-00 

9.00 

24.148 

10.00 

.270 

28.057 

123/4 

5 

39-00 

9.00 

30.375 

II.  OO 

.185 

21.368 

133/4 

5 

41-50 

IO.OO 

23-963 

11.00 

.220 

25.329 

13% 

5 

41.50 

IO.OO 

27-875 

II.  OO 

.290 

33.171 

13% 

5 

41.50 

IO.OO 

35.619 

12.00 

.194 

24.461 

15 

SV2 

55-00 

II.  OO 

27.795 

12.  OO 

.244 

30.635 

15 

5V2 

55-00 

11.00 

33.885 

12.00 

.310 

38.703 

15 

5% 

55-00 

II.  OO 

41.844 

I3.OO 

.202 

27.610 

16% 

5% 

59-00 

12.00 

31.179 

13.00 

.247 

33.642 

SVa 

59-00 

12.  OO 

37-129 

13.00 

.310 

42.014 

16% 

59-00 

12.00 

45.387 

14.00 

.210 

30.928 

5% 

67.00 

14.50 

35-013 

14.00 

.250 

36.713 

17^8 

5% 

67.00 

14-50 

40.714 

14.00 

.310 

45.325 

171/8 

58/4 

67.00 

14.50 

49.204 

15.00 

.222 

35.038 

183/8 

58/4 

78.00 

15.50 

39-731 

15.00 

.260 

40.930 

183/8 

53/4 

78.00 

15.50 

45.538 

15.00 

.320 

50.171 

5% 

78.00 

15.50 

54.646 

16.00 

.234 

39.401 

19% 

IO2.OO 

25-00 

45.847 

16.00 

.270 

45.359 

198/i 

6V1 

102.  OO 

25.OO 

5L7I3 

16.00 

.330 

55.228 

I93/4 

6V4 

102.  OO 

25.00 

61.428 

17.00 

.240 

42.959 

20% 

6V4 

110.00 

26.OO 

49-850 

18.00 

.245 

46.458 

22^/8 

63/4 

I4O.OO 

3O.OO 

55-123 

18.00 

.310 

58.568 

221/8 

6% 

I4O.OO 

30.00 

67.030 

19.00 

.259 

51.840 

23%6 

63/4 

150.00 

32.00 

61.081 

20.00 

.272 

57.309 

7V4 

iSo.OO 

37-00 

68.337 

20.00 

.375 

78.599 

24%  6 

7V4 

iSo.OO 

37-00 

89.244 

22.00 

.301 

69.756 

26% 

7% 

215.00 

45-00 

82.868 

22.00 

.400 

92.276 

265/8 

73/4 

215.00 

45-00 

104.958 

2*4.00 

•  330 

83.423 

29 

8V4 

275-00 

So.oo 

99.789 

26.00 

.362 

99-122 

31% 

83/4 

360.00 

64.00 

120.555 

28.00 

.396 

116.746 

3315/16 

9V4 

425.00 

77.00 

142.000 

,  30.00 

•  432 

136.421 

10 

525.00 

82.00 

166.828 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise  ordered.     The  weight  per  foot 

complete  is  based  on  a  length  of  18  feet,  including  the  hub,  but  shipping  lengths  of 

small  sizes  will  usually  average  less  than  18  feet.     On  sizes  made  in  more  than 

one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified.     Pipe  furnished  black,  galvanized, 

or  dipped.   Lead  for  field  end  not  furnished.     All  weights  given  in  pounds. 

All  dimensions  given  in  inches.     For  general  notes  see  page  21.     For  list  of 

test  pressures  see  page  74.     For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  84. 

44                               Kimberley  Joint  Pipe 

Kimberley  Joint  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

T?Ytf»r 

Weight  per  foot 

Collar 

Weisht 

exter- 
nal di- 
ameter 

Thick- 
ness 

Plain 
ends 

Complete 
excluding 
lead 

Diam- 
eter 
D 

Length 

Weight 

of  lead 
required 

6.00 

.140 

8.762 

9.623 

7.63 

6 

15.50 

10.  OO 

7.00 

.149 

IO.O02 

11.930 

8.64 

6 

18.50 

13.50 

8.00 

.158 

13.233 

14.371 

9.65 

6 

20.50 

15.50 

8.00 

.185 

I5-44I 

16.579 

9.65 

6 

20.50 

15.50 

9.00 

.167 

15-754 

17-032 

10.65 

6 

23.00 

17.25 

9.00 

.196 

18.429 

19.707 

10.65 

6 

23.00 

17.25 

9.00 

.250 

23.362 

24  .  640 

10.65 

6 

23.00 

17-25 

10.00 

.175 

18.363 

19.779 

11.66 

6 

25.50 

19.00 

10.00 

.208 

21  .  752 

23.169 

11.66 

6 

25.50 

19.00 

10.00 

.270 

28.057 

29.474 

11.66 

6 

25.50 

19.00 

11.00 

.185 

21.368 

22.924 

12.67 

6 

28.00 

23.25      . 

II.  OO 

.220 

25.329 

26.884 

12.67 

6 

28.00 

23.25 

11.00 

.290 

33.171 

34.727 

12.67 

6 

28.00 

23.25 

12.  OO 

.194 

24.461 

26.128 

13.67 

6 

30.00 

25.50 

12.00 

.244 

30.635 

32.302 

13-67 

6 

30.00 

25.50 

12.00 

.310 

38.703 

40.370 

13.67 

6 

30.00 

25.50 

13.00 

.202 

27.610 

29-443 

14.68 

6 

33-00 

27.50 

13-00 

.247 

33.642 

35-475 

14.68 

6 

33-00 

27.50 

I3.OO 

.310 

42.014 

43.848 

14.68 

6 

33-00 

27.50 

14.00 

.210 

30.928 

32.873 

15.68 

6 

35-00 

29.50 

I4.OO 

.250 

36.713 

38.657 

15-68 

6 

35-00 

29.50 

I4.OO 

.310 

45.325 

47.269 

15-68 

6 

35-00 

29.50 

15-00 

.222 

35.038 

37.094 

16.69 

6 

37-00 

3i.5o 

15.00 

.260 

40.930 

42.986 

16.69 

6 

37-00, 

3i.5o 

15  00 

.320 

50.171 

52.226 

16.69 

6 

37-00 

31.50 

16.00 

.234 

39.401 

41.596 

17.70 

6 

39-50 

34.36 

16.00 

.270 

45.359 

47-554 

17.70 

6 

39-50 

34.36 

16.00 

.330 

55.228 

57-422 

17.70 

6 

39-50 

34.36 

17.00 

.240 

42.959 

47-737 

19.06 

9 

86.00 

64.00 

18.00 

.245 

46.458 

51.486 

20.07 

9 

90.50 

69.00 

18.00 

.310 

58.568 

63.596 

20.07 

9 

90.50 

69.00 

19.00 

.259 

51.840 

57.H8 

21.07 

9 

95-00 

72.50 

20.00 

.272 

57.309 

62.865 

22.08 

9 

IOO.OO 

78.00 

20.00 

.375 

78.599 

84.154 

22.08 

9 

100.00 

78.00 

22.00 

.301 

69.756 

75.839 

24.09 

9 

109.50 

89.50 

22.00 

.400 

92.276 

98.359 

24.09 

9 

109.50 

89.50 

24-00 

.330 

83.423 

90.034 

26.11 

9 

119.00 

97.50 

26.0O 

.362 

99-122 

106.260 

28.12 

9 

128.50 

105.50 

28.00 

.396 

116.746 

124.413 

30.13 

9 

138.00 

113.50 

3O.OO 

-432 

136.421 

144.616 

32.14 

9 

147.50 

121.50 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Furnished  in  random  lengths  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

The  weight  per  foot  complete  excluding  lead  is  based  on  a  length  of  18  feet 

of  pipe,  but  shipping  lengths  of  small  sizes  will  usually  average  less  than  18  feet. 

On  sizes  made  in  more  than  one  weight,  weight  desired  must  be  specified. 

Pipe  furnished  black,  galvanized,  or  dipped.    Collars  are  shipped  loose,  to  be  put 

on  in  field.     Weight  of  lead  specified  is  for  a  complete  joint,  both  sides  of  collar. 

Lead  not  furnished.     All  weights  given  in  pounds      All  dimensions  given  in 

inches. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21.    For  list  of  test  pressures  see  page  74. 

For  illustration  showing  joint  see  page  83. 

Square  Pipe  —  Rectangular  Pipe                       45 

Square 

Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Size 

Thickness 

Weight  per  foot 
plain  ends 

External 

Internal 

% 

.607 

.134 

1.46 

i 

.800 

.100 

1.25 

i 

.750 

.125 

1-55 

i 

.624 

.188 

2.  II 

114 

1.  000 

.125 

1.97 

Hi 

.982 

.134 

2.05 

Hi 

•  938 

.156 

2.29 

Hi 

.874 

.188 

2.48 

Hi 

.750 

.250 

3.28 

iy<2 

.250 

. 

.125 

2-33 

1^2 

.220 

.140 

2.55 

H2 

.188 

.156 

2.78 

1^2 

.124 

.188 

3-05 

1% 

.OOO 

.250 

4.00 

ll^lQ 

.407 

.140 

2.76 

I1VlO 

•  375 

.156 

3.00 

jl^Q 

.311 

.188 

3-75 

lliie 

.187 

.250 

4.60 

2 

•  750 

.125 

3-io 

2 

•  732 

.134 

3-18 

2 

.710 

.145 

3-52 

2 

.624 

.188 

4-39 

2 

.500 

.250 

5-40 

2-Vis 

.124 

.188 

5.6o 

3  ~ 

2.6oo 

.200 

7.06 

•-                                Rectangular  Pipe 

All  Weights  and  Dimensions  are  Nominal 

Si  TO. 

ize 

Thickness 

Weight  per  foot 
plain  ends 

External 

Internal 

H4Xi 

.97oX  .720 

.140 

1.67 

i^4  x  i 

.874X    .624 

.188 

2.05 

H^XHi 

.256X1.006 

.122 

2.05 

H£XX% 

.2ioX   .960 

.145 

2.24 

HfcXHi 

.i88X   .938 

.156 

2.40 

i^Xi^i 

.I24X   .874 

.188 

2.85 

HijXi^i 

.oooX   -750 

.250 

3-67 

2    XHi 

.732X   .982 

.134 

2.53 

2    XH'2 

.710X1.210 

.145 

3.oo 

2    XiMj 

.624X1.124 

.188 

3-6i 

2      Xl% 

.500X1.000 

.250 

4.65 

2^5X1% 

.210X1.210 

.145 

3-52 

2^2  XH£ 

.124X1.124 

.188 

4-39 

2-v^xiy* 

.000X1.000 

.250 

5-40 

3     X2 

.624X1.624 

.188 

5.6o 

3     X2 

.600X1.600 

.200 

6.00 

The  following  notes  apply  to  both  tables. 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  and  5  per  cent  below. 

Cut  to  any  length  that  may  be  desired 

All  weight 

5  given  in  pounds.     All 

dimensions  given  in  inches.     For  sections  see  pages  8 

>-88.    On  sizes  made  in 

more  than  one  weight,  weight  or  thickness  desired  must  be  specified. 

For  general  notes  see  page  21. 

46                            Weight  per  Foot  of  Pipe 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Pipe  (Nominal  Inside  Diameter) 

Inside 
diam- 
eter 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

16 

1     15     |     14 

13 

|    „    |    „ 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

.065 

.068 

.072 

.083 

%9 

.09375 

•  095 

.100 

.109 

.120 

% 
.125 

Vs 
I 
% 
% 
% 
I 
1% 

m 

2 

2V2 

3 
3V2 

4 

4V2 

6 

8 
9 
10 
ii 

12 

.236 

.244 

.2  = 
'.IS 

-4< 
.jB 

•  7. 

6 

'9>r 

>3 

^0 
>2 

.285 
.405 
.524 
.671 
.857 

.311 

.446 
.581 
.747 
•  957 

1.222 

1.568 

.314 
•  451 
.588 
•  755 
.968 
1.237 
1.587 
1.831 
2.313 

.325 
.469 
.614 
.790 
.014 
.297 

.666 
.922 
.429 

•  344 
.501 
.658 
.850 
1.095 
1.403 
1.805 
2.084 
2.637 
3.220 
3-947 

.365 
•  538 
.711 
.922 
I.I9I 
I-53I 

1.973 
2.281 
2.890 
3-530 
4-331 

.373 

•  554 
•  734 
•  954 
1.234 
1.588 
2.049 
2.369 
3-003 
3.671 
4.505 
5-173 
5.840 

Inside 
1    diam- 
eter 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

6 

5       |       4 

3        1 

2 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

.203 

%a 

.21875 

.220 

.238 

y± 
.250 

•  259 

%2 

.28125 

.284 

Vs 
y* 
% 
% 
% 
i 

4 

iV2 

2 

2V2 

k 

4 
.    4V2 

6 

8 
9 
10 
ii 

12 

•  730 
1.023 
1.381 
1.836 
2.410 
3.158 
3.679 
4.709 
5-793 
7.148 
8.232 
9.3i6 
10.400 
11.620 
13.923 
16.091 
18.259 
20.427 
22.866 
25-034 

27  .  202 

.750 
1.065 
I.45I 
1.942 
2.561 
3.367 
3.927 
5-037 
6.205 
7-665 
8.834 

10.002 
11.170 
12.485 
14.966 
17.303 
19.639 

21.975 
24.604 
26.940 
29.276 

•751 
1.069 
1.456 
1-950 
2.572 
3.383 
3-947 
5.063 
6.238 
7.706 
8.881 

10  .  056 
11.231 

12.554 
15.049 
17-399 
19.748    : 
22.098    '. 
24.741    : 
27.091    : 
29.440   ; 

1.  110 

1.530 
2.064 
2.737 
3-614 
4.224 
5-431 
6.702 
8.291 
9.562 
[0.833 
[2.104 

[3.535 

[6.234 
[8.776 
21.318 
23.860 
26.720 
29  .  262 
51.803 

1.  134 

1.575 
2.136 
2.843 
3.764 
4.405 
5.673 
7.008 
8.677 

10.012 

11-347 
12.682 
14-185 
17.021 
19.691 

22  .  361 
25.031 
28.035 
30.705 
33-375 

1.150 
1.607 
2.188 
2.921 
3-875 
4-539 
5.853 
7.236 
8.965 
10.348 
11.731 
13.114 
14.671 
17.609 
20.375 
23.141 
25.907 
,  29.019 
31.785 
34.552 

1.678 
2.309 
3-105 
4.141 
4.862 
6.289 
7.791 
9.668 
11.170 
12.672 
14.174 
15-865 
19.055 

22  .  O59 
25.062 
28.066 
31-445 
34-449 
37-453 

1.686 
2,323 
3.127 
4-173 
4.901 
6.342 
7-858 
9-754 
11.271 
12.787 
14.304 
16.012 
19.233 
22.266 
25.299 
28.332 
31-745 
34.778 
37-8II 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Pipe                            47 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Pipe  (Nominal  Inside  Diameter)  (Continued) 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

Inside 

10 

9 

8 

7        1 

diam- 
eter 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

%2 

8/16 

•  134 

.148 

•  ISO 

.  15625 

.165 

.180 

.1875 

.200 

:       i/8 

.387 

.406 

.408 

14 

.581 

.619 

.624 

.640 

.660 

.692 

•  70S 

.726 

% 

•  774 

.833 

.841 

.865 

.898 

•951 

.976 

I.OI4 

1/2 

1.  010 

1.093 

1.105 

1.141 

1.189 

1.268 

1.306 

1.367 

SA 

1.310 

1.425 

1.441 

I.49I 

1-559 

1.672 

1.727 

I.8J5 

1.690 

1.844 

1.866 

1-933 

2.026 

2.181 

2.257 

2.381 

j$i 

2.183 

2.389 

2.419 

2.509 

2.634 

2.845 

2.948 

3.118 

i% 

2.527 

2.769 

2.803 

2.909 

3-057 

3.306 

3.429 

3.631 

2 

3.207 

3-520 

3.564 

3-702 

3.894 

4.219 

4.380 

4.645 

2% 

3.922 

4-310 

4.365 

4.536 

4-775 

5.180 

5.381 

5.713 

3 

4-817 

5.298 

5.366 

5-579 

5.877 

6.382 

6.633 

7.048 

3% 

5-532 

6.088 

6.167 

6.414 

6.758 

7.343 

7.634 

8.116 

4 

6.248 

6.879 

6.968 

7.248 

7.639 

8.304 

8-635 

9.184 

4% 

6.963 

7.669 

7.769 

8.083 

8.520 

9.266 

9.637 

10.252 

5 

7.769 

8.559 

8.671 

9.022 

9-512 

10.348 

10  .  764 

11-455 

6 

10.237 

10.373 

10.794 

11.383 

12.390 

12.891 

13.724 

7 

11.818 

11-975 

12.463 

13.146 

14.312 

14.893 

15.860 

8 

14  132 

14  908 

1  6  234 

1  6  896 

17  996 

9 

16.670 

18.157 

18.898 

20.132 

IO 

20  320 

21    151 

22  535 

II 

23  .  154 

24.671 

12 

26  807 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

Inside 

i 

o 

1 

00         | 

diam- 
eter 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

5/16 

11/32 

% 

.300 

•  3125 

•  340 

•34375 

•  350 

.375 

.380 

.400 

% 

V2 

1-730 

% 

2.403 

2.461 

2.578 

2.592 

2.616 

2.703 

i 

3.252 

3-345 

3-540 

3-565 

3.607 

3.764 

3-794 

1^4 

4-357 

4-497 

4-793 

4-832 

4.896 

5.146 

5-194 

5.382 

•fi 

5.126 

5.298 

5-664 

5.713 

5-793 

6.107 

6.168 

6.408 

2 

6.648 

6.883 

7.389 

7-457 

7.569 

8.010 

8.096 

8.437 

2^5 

8.250 

8.552 

9-205 

9.292 

9.438 

IO.OI2 

10.125 

10.573 

3 

10.252 

10.638 

11.474 

H.587 

n.774 

12.515 

12.662 

13.243 

3^2 

11.854 

12.307 

13.290 

13.423 

13.643 

14.518 

14.691 

15-379 

4 

13-457 

13-975 

15.106 

15.258 

15.512 

16.520 

16.720 

17.515 

4^ 

15.059 

15.644 

16.921 

17.094 

I7.38I 

18.523 

18.750 

19.651 

5 

16.862 

17.523 

18.966 

19.161 

19  .  486 

20.778 

21.034 

22.056 

6 

20.265 

21.068 

22.822 

23.060 

23.456 

25.031 

25-345 

26.593 

7 

23.469 

24.405 

26.453 

26.731 

27.194 

29.036 

29.403 

30.865 

8 

26.673 

27-743 

30.084 

30.402 

30.932 

33.041 

33.462 

35-137 

9 

29.877 

31.080 

33.716 

34-074 

34.670 

37.046 

37-520 

39.409 

10 

33.482 

34.835 

37.8oi 

38.204 

38.875 

41.552 

42.086 

44-215 

II 

36.686 

38.173 

41.432 

41.875 

42.613 

45.557 

46.144 

48.487 

12 

39.890 

4L5IO 

45.o63 

45-547 

46.351 

49.562 

50.203 

52.759 

48 


Weight  per  Foot  of  Pipe 


Weight  per  Foot  of  Pipe  (Nominal  Inside  Diameter)  (Continued) 


Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

Inside 

ooo 

| 

oooo    | 

eter 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

18/32 

Vie 

15/82 

y2 

.40625 

.425 

•  4375 

•  450 

.454 

.46875 

.500 

•  550 

% 

iy* 

5-439 

5.605 

5-712 

5.815 

5.847 

5.963 

6.194 

6.520 

2 

6.481 
8  542 

6.695 

8  851 

6.833 
9  053 

6.968 
9  251 

7.011 

7.165 

7.476 

7-930 

10.711 

II.  120 

11.389 

11.654 

11.738 

12.046 

12.682 

13.657 

3 

13.423 

13.957 

14.309 

14-658 

14.769 

15-175 

16.020 

17.328 

$1/2 

15-592 

16.227 

16.646 

17.061 

17.193 

17.678 

18.690 

20.265 

4 

17.762 

18.496 

18.982 

19.464 

19.618 

20.181 

21.360 

23  .  202 

4% 

19.931 

20.766 

21.318 

21.867 

22.042 

22  .  684 

24.030 

26.139 

5 

22.374 

23.321 

23-949 

24-573 

24.772 

25.503 

27.036 

29.446 

6 

26.982 

28.142 

28.911 

29.677 

29.921 

30.820 

32.707 

35-685 

7 

31.320 

32  .  681 

33.584 

34.483 

34-770 

35.826 

38.048 

41-559 

8 

35.659 

37-220 

38.256 

39-289 

39.6i9 

40.832 

43.388 

47-433 

9 

39.998 

41.759 

42.929 

44-095 

44.468 

45.839 

48.728 

53.307 

10 

44.879 

46.865 

48.185 

49-502 

49.923 

51.471 

54-735 

59.915 

II 

49.218 

51.404 

52.858 

54.308 

54-771 

56.477 

6o.o75 

65.789 

12 

53-557 

55-944 

57-531 

59.H4 

59.620 

61.483 

65.415 

71.663 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Pipe                             49 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Pipe  (Nominal  Inside  Diameter)  (Concluded) 

Inside 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

diam- 

eter 

9/16 

% 

Hie 

% 

.5625 

.600 

.625 

.650 

.6875 

.700 

.750 

1 

i 

iy2 

8,035 

8.330 

8.510 

8.677 

8.902 

2 

10.888 

n.374 

11.681 

11-975 

12.390 

12.522 

13.016 

2^/2 

13.892 

14-578 

15.018 

15.446 

16.061 

16.260 

17.021 

3 

17.647 

18.583 

19.190 

19.784 

20.651 

20.933 

22.027 

3^2 

20.651 

21.787 

22.528 

23.256 

24.322 

24.671 

26.032 

4 

23.654 

24.991 

25.866 

26.727 

27-993 

28.409 

30.037 

4% 

26.658 

28.195 

29.203 

30.198 

31-665 

32.147 

34-043 

5 

30.040 

31-803 

32.961 

34.io6 

35.798 

36.356 

38.552 

6 

36.421 

38.608 

40.050 

41-479 

43.596 

44.295 

47  059 

7 

42.428 

45.016 

46.725 

48.421 

50.939 

5L772 

55.o69 

8 

48.436 

51.424 

53-400 

55.363 

58.281 

59.248 

63.079 

9 

54-443 

57.833 

60.075 

62.305 

65  .  624 

66.724 

71.089 

10 

6l  .  202 

65.042 

67.585 

70.115 

73-885 

75-134 

80.101 

ii 

67.209 

71.450 

74-260 

77-057 

81.227 

82.611 

88.  ill 

12 

73-217 

77.858 

80.935 

83.999 

88.570 

90.087 

96.121 

Inside 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

eter 

18Ae 

7/8 

15/16 

.800 

-8125 

.850 

.875 

.900 

.9375 

I 

% 

3/l 

I 

1% 

2 

13-457 

13.558 

13.844 

14.017 

2^5 

17.729 

17.897 

18.383 

18.690 

3  / 

23.069 

23.321 

24.057 

24-530 

24.991 

25.657 

26.700 

27.341 

27.659 

28.596 

29.203 

29-797 

30.663 

32.040 

4  / 

31.613 

3L998 

33-135 

33.876 

34.603 

35.670 

37.38o 

35.885 

36.337 

37.674 

38.548 

39-409 

40.676 

42.720 

5 

40.695 

41.223 

42.785 

43.810 

44.821 

46.313 

48.733 

6 

49.769 

50.438 

52.426 

53-734 

55-029 

56.946 

60.075 

7 

58.313 

59-116 

61.504 

63.079 

64.641 

66.959 

70.756 

8 

66.857 

67.793 

70.582 

72.424 

74-253 

76.972 

81.436 

9 

75-401 

76.471 

79.66o 

81.769 

83.865 

86.984 

92.116 

10 

85.014 

86.233 

89.873 

92.283 

94.679 

98.249 

104.131 

ii 

93-558 

94-911 

98.951 

101.628 

104.291 

108.261 

114.811 

12 

IO2  .  102 

103.589 

108.029 

110.973 

H3.903 

118.274 

125.491 

•      •••.-•     ••  -     :.  •'•"•'•  •  J\-  • 

50                           Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes  (or  Outside  Diameter  Pipe) 

Outside 
diam- 
eter 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

15 

14 

13 

12 

ii 

10 

9 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

.072 

.083 

8/32 

.09375 

.095 

.100 

.109 

.120 

% 

.125 

.134 

.148 

1.  000 
1.  125 

1.250 
1.  312 
1.375 
1.500 
1.625 
1.750 
1.875 

2.OOO 
2.125 

2.250 
2.500 

2.750 

3.000 
3.250 
3-Soo 
3-750 

4.000 
4.250 
4.5oo 
4-750 

5.000 
5.250 
5-500 

6.000 
7.000 
.     8.000 
9.000 
10.000 

II.OOO 
12.000 

13.000 
14.000 
15.000 
16.000 
17.000 
18.000 
19.000 

20.000 
21.000 
22.0OO 
24.000 

26.000 
28.000 
30.000 

.713 

.812 
.923 
1.034 
1.089 

.907 
1.032 
1.  157 
1.219 
1.282 

.918 
.045 
.171 
.234 
.298 
.425 
•  552 
.679 
.806 

1.932 
2.059 
2.186 
2.440 
2.093 

2.947 

.961 

.094 
.228 
.294 
.361 
•  495 
.628 
.762 
.895 

2.029 
2.162 
2.296 
2.563 
2.830 

3-097 

.037 
.182 
.328 
.400 
•  473 
.619 
.764 
.910 
2.055 

'2.201 
2.346 
2.492 
2.783 
3-074 

3.365 
3.656 
3-947 

.127 

.288 
.448 
•  527 
.608 
.768 
.928 
2.089 
2.249 

2.409 
2.569 
2.729 
3.050 
3-370 

3.691 
4.011 
4-331 
4-652 

.168 

.335 
.501 
:584 
.668 
1.835 

2.002 

2.169 
2.336 

2.503 
2.670 
2.836 
3.170 
3.504 

3.838 
4.171 
4.505 
4.839 

5.173 
5.506 
5.840 

.239 
.418 
•  597 
.685 
•  776 
•  954 
2.133 
2.312 
2.491 

2.670 
2.849 
.3.028 
3-386 
3-743 

4.101 
4-459 
4-817 
5.175 

5-532 
5.890 
6.248 
6.606 

6.963 
7-321 
7.679 

1.346 
1-544 
I.74I 
1.839 
1-939 
2.137 
2.334 
2.532 
2.729 

2.927 
3.124 
3-322 
3.717 
4.112 

4.508 
4.903 
5.298 
5.693 

6.088 
6.483 
6.879 
7-274 

7.669 
8,064 
8.459 

9-250 
10.830 

• 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes                           51 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes  (or  Outside  Diameter  Pipe)  (Continued) 

Outside 
diam- 
eter 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

8 

7 

«    1 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

.150 

%2 

•  15625 

.165 

.180 

%6 

.1875 

.200 

.203 

%2 
.21875 

ooo 

.125 
.250 

.312 
.375 
.500 
.625 
•  750 
.875 

2.  OOO 
2.125 
2.250 
2.500 
2.750 

3.OOO 
3-250 
3-500 
3-750 

4.000 
4.250 
4-500 
4-750 

5.OOO 
5.250 

5-500 

6.  ooo 
7.000 
8.000 
9.000 

10.  OOO 
II.  OOO 
12.000 

13.000 
14.000 
15.000 
16.000 
17.000 
18.000 
19.000 
20.000 

21.000 

22.000 
24.000 
26.000 
28.00O 
3O.OOO 

1.361 
1.561 
1.762 
1.861 
1.962 
2.162 
2.362 
2.563 
2.763 

2.963 
3-163 
3.364 
3.764 
4-165 

4.565 
4.966 
5.366 
5.767 

6.167 
6.568 
6.968 
7.369 

7.769 
8.170 
8.570 

9-371 
10.973 

1.408" 

1.616 
1.825 
1.928 
2.033 
2.242 
2.451 
2.659 
2.868 

3.076 
3.285 
3-493 
3-9II 
4.328 

4-745 
5.162 
5-579 
5-997 

6.414 
6.831 
7.248 
7.665 

8.083 
8.500 
8.917 

9-751 

11.420 
13-089 

1.471 
1.691 
1.912 

2.O2I 
2.132 
2.352 
2.572 

2.793 
3-013 

3-233 
3-453 
3.674 
4-II4 
4-555 

4-995 
5.436 
5.877 
6.317 

6.758 
7.198 
7.639 
8.079 

8.520 
8.960 
9.401 

10  .  282 
12.044 
13.807 
15.569 

1.576 
1.816 
2.056 
2.176 
2.297 
2.537 
2.777 
3.018 
3.258 

3.498 
3-739 
3-979 
4.460 
4-940' 

5-421 

5-901 
6.382 
6.863 

7-343 

7.824 
8.304 
8.785 

9.266 
9.746 
10.227 

11.188 
13.110 
15.033 
16.955 
18.878 

1.627 
1.877 
2.127 
2.251 
2.378 
2.628 
2.878 
3-128 
3-379 

3.629 
3.879 
4.130 
4.630 
5.I3I 

5.632 
6.132 
6.633 
7-134 

7.634 

8.135 
8.635 
9.136 

9.637 
10.137 
10.638 

H.639 
13-642 
15  •  644 
17.647 
19.649 
21.652 

1.708 
1-975 
2.242 
2.375 
2.509 
2.776 
3-043 
3-310 
3-577 

3.844 
4.111 
4.378 
4.912 
5.446 

5.98o 
6.514 
7.048 
7.582 

8.116 
8.650 
9-184 
9.718 

10.252 
10.786 
11.320 

12.388 
14.525 
16.661 
18.797 
20.933 
23.069 
25.205 

1.727 
1.998 

2.269 
2.404 
2.540 
2.811 
3.082 
3.354 
3.625 

3.896 
4.167 
4.438 
4.980 
5.522 

6.064 

6.606 
7.148 
7.690 

8.232 
8.774 
9.316 
9.858 

10.400 
10  .  942 

11.484 

12.568 
14.736 
16.904 
19.072 

21  .  240 
23.408 
25.576 
27-744 

1.825 
2.II7 

2.409 

2.554 
2.701 
2.993 
3.285 
3-577 
3-869 

4.161 

4-453 
4-745 
5.329 
5.913 

6.497 
7.081 
7.665 
8.250 

8.834 
9.418 

10.002 
10.586 

11.170 

11-754 
12.338 

13-506 
15.842 
18.179 
20.515 
22.851 
25.188 
27.524 
29.860 
32.196 

52                           Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes  (or  Outside  Diameter  Pipe)  (Continued) 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

Outside 

5 

4 

3 

2 

I 

diam- 
eter 

_,                   Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

H 

%2 

5/16 

.220 

.238 

.250 

.259 

.28125 

.284 

.300 

•  3125 

I.OOO 

1.832 

1.936 

2.  OO2 

2.049 

2.158 

2.171 

2.242 

2.294 

1.  125 

2.126 

2.254 

2.336 

2.395 

2.534 

2.550 

2.643 

2.7II 

1.250 

2.42O 

2.572 

2.670 

2.741 

2.909 

2.930 

3-043 

3.128 

1.312 

2.565 

2.729 

2.835 

2.912 

3.096 

3.118 

3.242 

3-335 

1.375 

2.713 

2.890 

3-003 

3.087 

3.285 

3.309 

3-444 

3.546 

1.500 

3.007 

3.207 

3-337 

3-432 

3.660 

3.688 

3.844 

3.963 

1.625 

3-301 

3.525 

3.671 

3.778 

4.036 

4.067 

4-245 

4.380 

1.750 

3-594 

3.843 

4.005 

4.124 

4.411 

4.446 

4.645 

4-797 

1.875 

3.888 

4.161 

4.338 

4.470 

4.787 

4.825 

5.046 

5-214 

2.000 

4.182 

4.478 

4.672 

4.815 

5.162 

5.204 

5.446 

5.632 

2.125 

4.476 

4.796 

5.oo6 

5-i6i 

5.538 

5.584 

5.847 

6.049 

2.250 

4-769 

5.H4 

5-340 

5.507 

5.913 

5.963 

6.247 

6.466 

2.5OO 

5-357 

5-749 

6.007 

6.198 

6.664 

6.721 

7.048 

7-300 

2.750 

5-944 

6.385 

6.675 

6.890 

7.415 

7-479 

7.849 

8.135 

3-000 

6.531 

7.020 

7-342 

7.582 

8.166 

8.238 

8.650 

8.969 

3-250 

7.H9 

7.656 

8.010 

8.273 

8.917 

8.996 

9-451 

9.804 

3-500 

7.706 

8.291 

8.677 

8.965 

9.668 

9-754 

10.252 

10.638 

3-750 

8.294 

8.927 

9-345 

9-656 

10.419 

10.512 

H.053 

11.472 

4.000 

8.881 

9.562 

10.012 

10.348 

11.170 

11.271 

11.854 

12.307 

4.250 

9.469 

10.198 

10.680 

11.039 

11.921 

12.029 

12.655 

13.141 

4-500 

10.056 

10.833 

H.347 

11.731 

12.672 

12.787 

13-457 

13-975 

4-750 

10.643 

11.468 

12.015 

12  .  422 

13.423 

13.546 

14.258 

14.810 

5.000 

11.231 

12.104 

12.682 

13.114 

14.174 

14.304 

15.059 

15.644 

5.250 

11.818 

12.739 

13.350 

13-805 

14.925 

15.062 

15.860 

16.479 

5-500 

12.406 

13-375 

14.017 

14-497 

15  •  676 

15.820 

16.661 

17.313 

6.000 

I3.58o 

14.646 

15.352 

15.880 

17.177 

17-337 

18.263 

18.982 

7.000 

15-930 

17.188 

18.022 

18.646 

20.181 

20.370 

21  .  467 

22.319 

8.000 

18.280 

19.730 

20.692 

21.412 

23.185 

23-403 

24.671 

25.657 

9.000 

20.629 

22.271 

23.362 

24.179 

26.189 

26.437 

27.875 

28.994 

IO.OOO 

22.979 

24.813 

26.032 

26.945 

29.193 

29.470 

31.079 

32.332 

11.000 

25.329 

27-355 

28.702 

29.711 

32.196 

32.503 

34.283 

35.670 

I2.OOO 

27.678 

29.897 

31.372 

32.477 

35-200 

35.536 

37.487 

39-007 

13.000 

30.028 

32.439 

34-043 

35.243 

38.204 

38.569 

40.691 

42.345 

14.000 

32.377 

34.981 

36.713 

38.009 

41.208 

41.602 

43.895 

45-682 

15.000 

34.727 

37.523 

39.383 

40.775 

44.212 

44-636 

47.099 

49.020 

16.000 

40  .  065 

42  .  053 

43  .  542 

47.215 

47  .  669 

50  .  303 

52.357 

17.000 

42.606 

44  .  723 

46  .  308 

50.219 

50  .  702 

53  •  507 

55  •  695 

18.000 

47  •  393 

49  .  074 

53  .  223 

53  •  735 

56.711 

59  .  032 

19.000 

51  .  840 

56  .  227 

56.768 

59.915 

62  370 

20.000 

59.231 

59.8oi 

63.119 

65.708 

2I.OOO 

62  .  835 

66  .  323 

69.045 

22.000 

69  .  527 

72.383 

24.000 

26.000 

28.000 

30.000 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes                           53 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes  (or  Outside  Diameter  Pipe)  (Continued) 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

Outside 

°  1 

OO 

000 

diam- 
eter 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

*%2 

% 

18/32 

•  340 

•34375 

•  350 

•  375 

.380 

.400 

.40625 

.425 

.000 

2.396 

2.409 

2.429 

2.503 

.125 

2.850 

2.868 

2.896 

3.003 

cSI.1 

.250 

3-304 

3.327 

3.364 

3.504 

.312 

3.529 

3-554 

3.596 

3-752 

3-782 

•  375 

3.758 

3-786 

3-831 

4.005 

4.038 

4.165 

4-203 

.500 

4.212 

4-244 

4.298 

4.505 

4-545 

4.699 

4-745 

4.879 

.625 

4.666 

4.703 

4.766 

5.006 

5.052 

5-233 

5.287 

5.446 

•  750 

5.120 

5.162 

5-233 

5.506 

5.560 

5.767 

5.830 

6.014 

.875 

5-573 

5.621 

5-700 

6.007 

6.067 

6.301 

6-372 

6.581 

.000 

6.027 

6.080 

6.167 

6.508 

6.574 

6.835 

6.914 

7.149 

.125 

6.481 

6.539 

6.635 

7.008 

7.082 

7.369 

7-457 

7.716 

.250 

6.935 

6.998 

7.102 

7.509 

7.589 

7.903 

7-999 

8.283 

.500 

7.843 

7.916 

8.036 

8.510 

8.603 

8.971 

9.084 

9.418 

•  750 

8.751 

8.834 

8.971 

9-512 

9.618 

10.039 

IO.I69 

10.553 

3.000 

9.659 

9-751 

9-905 

10.513 

10.633 

11.107 

11.253 

11.688 

3.250    10.566 

10.669 

10  .  840 

11.514 

11.647 

12.175 

12.338 

12.822 

3.500    n.474 

H.587 

11.774 

12.515 

12.662 

13.243 

13.423 

13-957 

3-750 

12.382 

12.505 

12.709 

13.517 

13.677 

I4-3II 

14.507 

15.092 

4.000 

13.290 

13.423 

13.643 

14.518 

14.691 

15-379 

15.592 

16.227 

4.250 

14.198 

14.341 

14.578 

15.519 

15.706 

16.447 

16.677 

I7.36i 

4.500 

15.106 

15-258 

15.512 

16.520 

16.720 

17.515 

17.762 

18.496 

4-750 

16.013 

16.176 

16.447 

17.522 

17-735 

18.583 

18.846 

19.631 

5.000 

16.921 

17.094 

I7.38I 

18.523 

18.750 

19.651 

19.931 

20.766 

5.250 

17.829 

18.012 

18.316 

19.524 

19.764 

20.719 

2I.OI6 

21.900 

5-500 

18.737 

18.930 

19.250 

20.525 

20.779 

21.787 

22.IOO 

23.035 

6.000 

20.552 

20.765 

2I.I2O 

22.528 

22.808 

23.923 

24.270 

25.305 

7.000 

24.184 

24-437 

24.858 

26.533 

26.867 

28.195 

28.609 

29.844 

8.000 

27.815 

28.108 

28.596 

30.538 

30.925 

32.467 

32.947 

34.383 

9.000 

3L446 

31-779 

32.334 

34-543 

34.983 

36.739 

37-286 

38.922 

IO.OOO 

35-077 

35-451 

36.072 

38.548 

39-042 

41.011 

41.625 

43.461 

11.000 

38.709 

39-122 

39-810 

42-553 

43-100 

45.283 

45.964 

48.000 

12.000 

42.340 

42.793 

43.548 

46.558 

47-159 

49-555 

50.303 

52.539 

13.000 

45-971 

46.464 

47-286 

50.563 

51.217 

53.827 

54.641 

57.078 

14.000 

49.602 

50.136 

5L024 

54.568 

55.276 

58.100 

58.980 

61.617 

15.000 

53-234 

53.807 

54.762 

58.573 

59-334 

62.372 

63.319 

66.156 

16.000 

56.865 

57.478 

58.500 

62.579 

63.393 

66  .  644 

67.658 

70.695 

17.000 

60.496 

61  .  150 

62.238 

66.584 

67.451 

70.916 

71.997 

75.235 

18.000 

64.127 

64.821 

65.976 

70.589 

7I.5IO 

75-188 

76.336 

79-774 

19.000 

67.759 

68.492 

69.714 

74-594 

75.568 

79.46o 

80.674 

84.313 

20.000 

7L390 

72.164 

73-452 

78.599 

79  .  626 

83.732 

85.013 

88.852 

2I.OOO 

75-021 

75.835 

77.190 

82.604 

83.685 

88.004 

89.352 

93-391 

22.000 

78.652 

79.506 

80.928 

86.609 

87.743 

92.276 

93.691 

97-930 

24.000 

85.915 

86.849 

88.405 

94.619 

95.860 

100.820 

102.368 

107.008 

26.OOO 

IO2  .  629 

103  .  977 

109  .  364 

III.O46 

116.086 

28.00O 

117.908 

119.724 

125.164 

3O.OOO 

54                           Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes  (or  Outside  Diameter  Pipe)  (Continued) 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 

Outside 

oooo 

diam- 

eter 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

7/l6 

15/32 

V2 

9/16 

•  4375 

.450 

.454 

.46875 

.500 

.550 

.5625 

.000 

.125 

.250 

.312 

.375 

.500 

4.964 

5.046 

5-071 

5.162 

5-340 

5.58o 

.625 

5.548 

5.647 

5.677 

5-788 

6.007 

6.314 

•  750 

6.132 

6.247 

6.284 

6.414 

6.675 

7-048 

7-134 

.875 

6.716 

6.848 

6.890 

7.040 

7-342 

7.783 

7-884 

2.000 

7-300 

7-449 

7.496 

7-665 

8.010 

8.517 

8.635 

2.125 

7.884 

8.050 

8.102 

8.291 

8.677 

9-251 

9-386 

2.250 

8.469 

8.650 

8.708 

8.917 

9-345 

9.985 

10.137 

2.5OO 

9.637 

9.852 

9.920 

IO.I69 

10.680 

H.454 

11.639 

2.750 

10.805 

n.053 

11.132 

11.420 

12.015 

12.922 

13.141 

3.000 

n.973 

12.255 

12.345 

12.672 

13.350 

14-391 

14.643 

3.250 

I3.I4I 

13.456 

13-557 

13.923 

14-685 

15.860 

16.145 

3-500 

14.309 

14-658 

14.769 

I5-I75 

16.020 

17.328 

17.647 

3-750 

15-477 

15.860 

I5.98I 

16.427 

17-355 

18.797 

19.149 

4.000 

16.646 

17.061 

17.193 

17.678 

18  .  690 

20.265, 

20.651 

4.250 

17-814 

18.263 

18.406 

18.930 

20.025 

21.734 

22.152 

4-500 

18.982 

19.464 

19.618 

20.181 

21.360 

23  .  202 

23.654 

4-750 

20.150 

20.666 

20.830 

21.433 

22.695 

24.671 

25.156 

5.000 

21.318 

21.867 

22.042 

22.684 

24.030 

26.139 

26.658 

5-250 

22.486 

23.069 

23-254 

23.936 

25.365 

27.6o8 

28.160 

5-Soo 

23.654 

24.270 

24.467 

25.188 

26.700 

29.076 

29  .  662 

6.000 

25.991 

26.673 

26.891 

27.691 

29.370 

32.013 

32.666 

7.000 

30.663 

31-479 

31  •  740 

32.697 

34-710 

37-887 

38.673 

8.000 

35.336 

36.285 

36.588 

37.703 

40.050 

43.761 

44-681 

9.000 

40.008 

41.091 

41-437 

42.710 

45-390 

49.636 

50.689 

10.000 

44.681 

45.897 

46.286 

47.716 

50.730 

55-510 

56.696 

11.000 

49-354 

50.704 

51.135 

52.722 

56.070 

61.384 

62  .  704 

I2.00O 

54.026 

55-510 

55.984 

57-729 

61.410 

67.258 

68.711 

13.000 

58.699 

60.316 

60.832 

62.735 

66.750 

73.132 

74.719 

14.000 

63.371 

65.122 

65.681 

67.741 

72.091 

79.006 

80.726 

15.000 

68.044 

69.928 

70-530 

72.748 

77-431 

84.880 

86.734 

16.000 

72.716 

74-734 

75-379 

77-754 

82.771 

90.754 

92.742 

17.000 

77.389 

79-540 

80.228 

82.760 

88.  in 

96.628 

98.749 

18.000 

82.061 

84.346 

85.076 

87.767 

93-451 

IO2  .  5O2 

104-757 

19.000 

86.734 

89.152 

89.925 

92.773 

98.791 

108.376 

110.764 

20.000 

91.407 

93.958 

94-774 

97-779 

104.131 

114.250 

116.772 

2I.OOO 

96.079 

98.764 

99.623 

102.786 

109.471 

120.125 

122.780 

22.000 

100.752 

103.570 

104.472 

107.792 

114.811 

125.999 

128.787 

24.OOO 

110.097 

113.182 

114.169 

117.805 

125.491 

137.747 

140.802 

26.000 

119.442 

122.795 

123.867 

127.817 

136.172 

149-495 

152.818 

28.00O 

128.787 

132.407 

133.564 

137.830 

146.852 

161.243 

164.833 

3O.OOO 

138.132 

142.019 

143.262 

147.843 

157.532 

172.991 

176.848 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes                           55 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes  (or  Outside  Diameter  Pipe)  (Continued) 

Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

Outside 

diam- 
eter 

% 

His 

% 

.600 

.625 

.650 

.6875 

.700 

•  750 

.800 

.000 

.125 

.250 

.312 

•  375 

.500 

.625 

•  750 

7.369 

7.509 

7.636 

7.801 

.875 

8.170 

8.343 

8.504 

8.719 

2.OOO 

8.971 

9.178 

9-371 

9.637 

2.125 

9-772 

IQ.OI2 

10.239 

10.555 

2.250 

10.573 

10.847 

11.107 

11.472 

H.587 

12.015 

12.388 

2.500 

12.175 

12.515 

12.842 

13.308 

13-457 

14.017 

14.525 

2.750 

13-777 

14.184 

14.578 

15.144 

15.326 

16.020 

16.661 

3.OOO 

15-379 

15.853 

I6.3I3 

16.979 

17-195 

18.022 

18.797 

3.250 

16.981 

17-522 

18.049 

18.815 

19.064 

20.025 

20  933 

3-500 

18.583 

19.190 

19  .  784 

20.651 

20.933 

22.027 

23  069 

3-750 

20.185 

20.859 

21.520 

22.486 

22.802 

24.030 

25.205 

4.OOO 

21.787 

22.528 

23.256 

24.322 

24.671 

26.032 

27.341 

4.250 

23.389 

24.197 

24.991 

26.158 

26.540 

28.035 

29-477 

4-500 

24.991 

25.866 

26.727 

27-993 

28.409 

30.037 

31.613 

4-750 

26.593 

27.534 

28  .  462 

29.829 

30.278 

32.040 

33-749 

5.000 

28.195 

29.203 

30.198 

31.665 

32.147 

34-043 

35.885 

5.250 

29.797 

30.872 

3L933 

33-500 

34.oi6 

36.045 

38.021 

5-500 

31-399 

32.541 

33.669 

35.336 

35-885 

38.048 

40.157 

6.000 

34.603 

35.878 

37.140 

39-007 

39.623 

42.053 

44.429 

7.000 

41.011 

42.553 

44.082 

46.350 

47-099 

50.063 

52.973 

8.000 

47  •  419 

49.228 

51.024 

53.692 

54-575 

58.073 

61.517 

9.000 

53.827 

55.903 

57.966 

61.035 

62.051 

66.083 

70.061 

10.000 

60.236 

62.579 

64.908 

68.378 

69.527 

74-093 

78.605 

11.000 

66.644 

69.254 

71.850 

75  -  720 

77-003 

82.103 

87.150 

12.000 

73.052 

75.929 

78.792 

83.063 

84  .  480 

90.113 

95.694 

13.000 

79.460 

82.604 

85-734 

90.405 

9L956 

98.123 

104.238 

14.000 

85.868 

89.279 

92.677 

97.748 

99-432 

106.134 

112.782 

15.000 

92.276 

95.954 

99.619 

105.091 

106.908 

114.144 

121.326 

16.000 

98.684 

102  .  629 

106.561 

"2.433 

114.384 

122.154 

129.870 

17.000 

105.092 

109.304 

H3.503 

119.776 

121.860 

130.164 

138.414 

18.000 

111.500 

115-979 

120.445 

127.118 

129.336 

138.174 

146.958 

19.000 

117.908 

122.654 

127.387 

I34.46I 

136.812 

146.184 

155.503 

20.000 

124.317 

129.330 

134.329 

141.804 

144.288 

154.194 

164.047 

21.000 

130.725 

136.005 

141.271 

149.146 

151.765 

162.204 

172.591 

22.00O 

137.133 

142.680 

148.213 

156.489 

159-241 

170.215 

181.135 

24.000 

149-949 

156.030 

162.098 

I7I.I74 

174.193 

186.235 

198.223 

26.000 

162.765 

169.380 

175.982 

185.859 

189.145 

202.255 

215.312 

28.000 

175.581 

182.730 

189.866 

200.545 

204.097 

218.275 

3O.OOO 

188.397 

196.081 

203.750 

215.230 

219.050 

234.296 

56                           Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Tubes  (or  Outside  Diameter  Pipe)  (Concluded) 

.  Fractions  and  decimals  of  an  inch 

Outside 

diam- 
eter 

18/16 

7/8 

1%6 

i% 

.8125 

.850 

-875 

.900 

.9375 

I 

1.  125 

.000 

.125 

.250 

.312 

.375 

.500 

.625 

•  750 

.875 

2.000 

2.125 

2.250 

12.474 

12.709 

12.849 

2.500 

14.643 

14.978 

15.185 

2.750 

16.812 

17.248 

17   522 

3.000 

18.982 

19.517 

19.858 

20.185 

20.651 

21.360 

3.250 

21.151 

21.787 

22  .  194 

22  .  588 

23-154 

24.030 

3-500 

23.321 

24-057 

24-530 

24.991 

25.657 

26.700 

3-750 

25.490 

26.326 

26.867 

27-394 

28.160 

29.370 

4.000 

27.659 

28.596 

29.203 

29-797 

30.663 

32.040 

4.250 

29.829 

30.865 

31-539 

32.200 

33.166 

34-710 

4-500 

31.998 

33-135 

33.876 

34.603 

35.670 

37.38o 

4-750 

34.168 

35  •  404 

36.212 

37.006 

38.173 

40.050 

5-000 

36.337 

37.674 

38.548 

39.409 

40.676 

42.720 

5-250 

38.506 

39-943 

40.884 

41.812 

43-179 

45-390 

5-500 

40.676 

42.213 

43-221 

44-215 

45-682 

48.060 

6.000 

45-015 

46.752 

47.893 

49-021 

50.689 

53-400 

7.000 

53.692 

55.830 

57.238 

58.634 

60.701 

64.080 

8.000 

62.370 

64.908 

66.584 

68.246 

70.714 

74-761 

9.000 

71.048 

73.986 

75.929 

77.858 

80.726 

85.441 

10.000 

79.725 

83.064 

85.274 

87.470 

90.739 

96.121 

II.OOO 

88.403 

92.143 

94.619 

97.082 

100.752 

106.801 

I2.0OO 

97.080 

IOI.22I 

103.964 

106.694 

110.764 

117.481 

13.000 

105.758 

110.299 

113.309 

116.306 

120.777 

128.161 

142.680 

14.000 

114.436 

119-377 

122.654 

125.919 

130.790 

138.842 

154.695 

15.000 
16.000 

123.113 
I3I.79I 

128.455 
137-533 

132.000 

141.345 

135.531 
145.143 

140.802 
150.815 

149-522 
160.202 

166.710 

178.725 

17.000 

140  .  469 

I46.6II 

150.690 

154.755 

160.828 

170.882 

190.740 

18.000 

149  .  146 

155.690 

160.035 

164.367 

170.840 

181.562 

202  .  756 

19.000 

157.824 

164.768 

169.380 

173.979 

180.853 

192.242 

214.771 

20.000 

166.502 

173.846 

178.725 

183.591 

190.866 

202.923 

226.786 

21.000 

175.179 

182.924 

22.000 

183-857 

I92.0O2 

24.00O 

201.212 

210.158 

26.OOO 

218.567 

228.315 

28.000 

3O.OOO 

i 

Length  of  Pipe  for  One  Square  Foot  of  Surface         57 

Length  of  Pipe  for  One  Square  Foot  of  Surface 

Size 

g 

« 

•3 
w 

Standard  weight 
pipe 

Extra  strong  pipe 

Double  extra  strong 
pipe 

Thickness 

Length  of 
pipe  in  ft. 
per.sq.  ft.  oi 

Thickness 

Length  of 
pipe  in  ft. 
per  sq.  ft.  of 

Thickness 

Length  of 
pipe  in  ft.  per 
sq.  ft.  of 

External 
surface 

Internal 
surface 

External 
surface 

J| 

External 
surface 

f| 

11 

y 

% 
% 
% 

% 

i 

IV4 
1% 

2 

2% 

3% 

4 

44 

5 
6 

8 
8 
9 

10 
10 
10 

II 

12 
12 
13 

14 
15 

.405 
.540 
.675 
.840 

1.050 
1.315 
1.  660 

1.900 

2.375 

2.875 
3-500 
4.000 

4.5oo 
5.000 
5.563 
6.625 

7.625 
8.625 
8.625 
9.625 

0.750 
0.750 
0.750 
i.75o 

2.750 
2.750 
4.000 
5.000 

6.000 

.068 
.088 
.091 
.109 

.113 
.133 
.140 
.145 

.154 
.203 
.216 
.226 

.237 

.247 
.258 
.280 

.301 

.277 
.322 
•  342 

.279 
.307 
.365 
•  375 

•  330 

.375 
•  375 
.375 

.375 

9-431 
7-073 
5.658 
4-547 

3.637 
2.904 
2.301 

2.010 

1.  608 
1.328 
I.09I 

•  954 

.848 
.763 
.686 
.576 

.500 
•  442 

•  442 
.396 

•  355 
.355 
.355 
.325 

.299 
.299 
.272 
.254 

.238 

14.199 
10.493 
7-747 
6.141 

4.635 
3.641 
2.767 
2.372 

1.847 
1.547 
1.245 
1.076 

.948 
.847 
.756 
.629 

.543 

•  473 
.478 
.427 

.374 
.376 
.381 
.347 

.315 
.318 
.288 
.268 

.250 

.095 
.119 
.126 

.147 

.154 
.179 
.191 

.200 

.218 
.276 
.300 
.318 

.337 
.355 
.375 
.432 

.500 
.500 

9-431 
7-073 
5.658 

4-547 

3.637 
2.904 
2.301 

2.OIO 

I.  608 
1.328 
I.09I 

.954 

.848 
.763 
.686 
.576 

.500 
.442 

17.766 
12.648 
9.030 

6.995 

5-147 
3-991 
2.988 
2.546 

1.969 
1.644 
I.3I7 
1.  135 

.998 
.890 
•  793 
.663 

.576 
.500 

^ 

.294 

.308 
.358 
.382 
.400 

.436 
•552 
.600 
.636 

.674 
.710 
•  750 
.864 

.875 
.875 

4-547 

3.637 
2.904 
2.301 

2.OIO 

1.  608 
1.328 
I.09I 

.954 

.848 
.763 
.686 
.576 

.500 

•  442 

15.157 

8.801 
6.376 
4.263 
3-472 

2.541 
2.156 
i.  660 
1.400 

1.  211 

1.066 
.940 
.780 

.650 

.555 

.500 
.500 

.396 
.355 

.442 
•  391 

.500 
.500 

.325 
.299 

.355 
.325 

.500 
.500 

.500 

.272 
.254 

.238 

.293 
.272 

.254 

58 


Properties  of  Pipe 


Strength  factor  Q  •• 

y 


Properties  of  Pipe 

foot  pounds  _  7      27  OOP      _i_  _  9      7 

1000  y       i  ooo       12      2  O.  D. 

=  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  axis. 


Exter- 
nal 
diam- 
eter 

Thick- 
ness 

Weight 
per 
foot 

Mo- 
ment of 
inertia 

Section 
modu- 
lus 

Area  of 
metal, 
square 
inches 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 

Strength 
factor 

O.D. 

7 

i/y 

A 

R*=I/A 

R 

Q 

.375 

.065 

.215 

0007939 

.004234 

.06330 

.01254 

.1120 

.009526 

.405 

.068 

.244 

001064 

.005252 

.07199 

.01477 

.1215 

.01182 

.405 

.095 

.314 

001216 

.006004 

.09252 

.01314 

.1146 

.01351 

.500 

.065 

.301 

002148 

.008592 

.08883 

.02418 

.1555 

.01933 

.540 

.088 

.424 

003312 

.01227 

.1250 

.02651 

.1628 

.02760 

•  540 

.119 

•  535 

.003766 

.01395 

.1574 

.02393 

•  1547 

.03138 

.625 

.069 

.409 

004729 

.01513 

.1205 

.03924 

.1981 

.03405 

.675 

.091 

.567 

.007291 

.02160 

.1670 

.04367 

.2090 

.04860 

.675 

.126 

.738 

.008619 

.02554 

.2173 

.03966 

.1991 

.05746 

•  750 

.078 

•  559 

.009421 

.02512 

.1647 

.05721 

.2392 

.05652 

.840 

.078 

.634 

.01369 

.03261 

.1867 

.07334 

.2708 

.07336 

.840 

.109 

.850 

.01709 

.04069 

.2503 

.06828 

.2613 

.09156 

.840 

•  147 

1.087 

.02008 

.04780 

.3200 

.06273 

•  2505 

.1076 

.840 

.294 

I.7I4 

.02424 

.05772 

•  5043 

.04807 

.2192 

.1299 

.875 

.078 

.663 

.01566 

.03578 

.1953 

.08016 

.2831 

.08051 

1.  000 

.078 

.768 

.02418 

.04836 

.2259 

.1070 

.3271 

.1088 

I  050 

.078 

.809 

.02831 

.05392 

.2382 

.1189 

.3448 

.1213 

1.050 

.113 

1.130 

.03704 

.07055 

.3326 

.1113 

•  3337 

.1587 

1.050 

.154 

1-473 

.04479 

.08531 

.4335 

.1033 

.3214 

.1919 

1.050 

.308 

2.440 

.05792 

.1103 

.7180 

.08068 

.2840 

.2482 

1.250 

.089 

1.  103 

.05502 

.08803 

.3246 

.1695 

.4117 

.1981 

1.315 

.089 

1.165 

•06474 

.09847 

.3428 

.1889 

.4346 

.2216 

1.315 

•  133 

1.678 

•08734 

.1328 

•  4939 

.1769 

.4205 

.2989 

1.315 

.179 

2.171 

.1056 

.1606 

.6388 

.1653 

.4066 

.3614 

1.315 

.358 

3.659 

.1405 

.2136 

1.076 

.1305 

.3613 

.4807 

1.500 

•  095 

1.425 

.1039 

.1386 

.4193 

.2479 

•  4979 

.3118 

1.500 

.109 

1.619 

.1159 

.1545 

.4763 

.2433 

•  4933 

-3477 

1.500 

.110 

1.632 

.1167 

.1556 

.4803 

.2430 

.4930 

.3502 

1.500 

.120 

1.768 

.1248 

.1664 

.5202 

.2398 

.4897 

•  3743 

1.500 

.125 

1.835 

.1287 

.1716 

.5400 

.2383 

.4881 

.3860 

1.500 

.134 

1-954 

.1354 

.1806 

•  5750 

.2355 

.4^53 

.4063 

1.500 

•  135 

1.968 

.1362 

.1815 

.5789 

.2352 

.4850 

.4085 

1.500 

.148 

2.137 

.1454 

.1938 

.6286 

.2312 

.4809 

.436i 

1.500 

.150 

2.162 

.1467 

.1956 

.6362 

.2306 

.4802 

.4402 

1.660 

.095 

1.587 

•  1435 

.1729 

.4671 

.3073 

•  5543 

.3891 

1.660 

.140 

2.272 

.1947 

.2346 

.6685 

.2913 

•  5397 

.5278 

1.660 

.191 

2.996 

.2418 

.2913 

.8815 

.2743 

•  5237 

.6555 

1.660 

.382 

5-214 

•  3411 

.4110 

1-534 

.2224 

.4716 

.9247 

1.750 

.095 

1.679 

.1697 

.1939 

•  4939 

.3435 

.5861 

.4363 

1.750 

.109 

1.910 

.1900 

.2171 

.5619 

.3381 

.5815 

.4885 

Properties  of  Pipe                                   59 

Properties  of  Pipe  (Continued) 

,   f           „       footpounds      /VX27 
Strength  factor  Q  =  —      =  -  X  — 

DOO  _  i       o      7 

X       —      _   _ 

1000           y       i  ooo       12      2  O.  D. 

y  =  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  axis. 

Exter- 
nal 
diam- 
eter 

Thick- 
ness 

Weight 
foot 

Mo- 
ment of 
inertia 

Section 
modu- 
lus 

Area  of 
metal, 
square 
inches 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 

Strength 
factor 

O.D. 

7 

l/y 

A 

R*=I/A 

7* 

Q 

•  750 

.no 

1.926 

.1914 

.2187 

.5667 

.3377 

.5811 

.4922 

•  750 

.120 

2.089 

.2052 

.2345 

.6145 

•  3339 

-5779 

.5276 

•  750 

.125 

2.169 

.2119 

.2422 

.6381 

.3320 

.5762 

.5448 

•  750 

.134 

2.312 

.2236 

.2555 

.6803 

.3287 

•  5733 

.5750 

•  750 

.135 

2.328 

.2249 

.2570 

.6849 

.3283 

•  5730 

.5782 

-750 

.148 

2.532 

.2410 

•  2754 

•  7449 

.3235 

.5688 

.6197 

•  750 

.150 

2.563 

•  2434 

.2782 

•  7540 

.3228 

.5682 

.6259 

.875 

.095 

i.  806 

.2110 

.2251 

.5312 

.3972 

.6302 

.5064 

.875 

.109 

2.055 

.2367 

.2524 

.6047 

•  3913 

.6256 

.5680 

.875 

.110 

2.073 

.2384 

.2543 

.6099 

•  3909 

.6252 

.5722 

.875 

.120 

2.249 

•2559 

.2730 

.6616 

.3868 

.6219 

.6142 

.875 

•  125 

2.336 

.2644 

.2820 

.6872 

.3848 

.6203 

.6346 

-875 

.134 

2.491 

•  2793 

.2980 

•  7329 

.3811 

.6174 

.6704 

.875 

.135 

2.508 

.2810 

.2997 

.738o 

.3807 

6170 

.6743 

.875 

.148 

2.729 

.3016 

.3217 

.8030 

.3756 

.6128 

.7237 

.875 

.150 

2.763 

.3046 

.3250 

.8129 

•  3748 

.6122 

.7311 

.900 

.109 

2.084 

.2468 

.2598 

•  6l33 

.4024 

.6344 

.5846 

.900 

.145 

2.717 

•  3099 

.3262 

•  7995 

.3876 

.6226 

.7340 

.900 

•  159 

2.956 

•  3322 

•  3497 

.8697 

.3820 

.6181 

.7869 

.900 

.200 

3-631 

•3912 

.4118 

1.068 

.3663 

.6052 

.9265 

1.900 

.400 

6.408 

.5678 

.5977 

1.885 

.3013 

.5489 

1-345 

2.  OOO 

•  095 

1  932 

.2586 

.2586 

.5685 

.4548 

.6744 

.5817 

2.  OOO 

.109 

2.201 

.2904 

.2904 

.6475 

.4485 

.6697 

.6534 

2.  OOO 

.no 

2.22O 

.2926 

.2926 

.6531 

.4480 

.6693 

.6584 

2.  OOO 

.120 

2.409 

.3144 

.3144 

.7087 

.4436 

.6660 

•7074 

2.000 

•125 

2.503 

.3250 

.3250 

.7363 

.4414 

.6644 

-7313 

2.000 

•  134 

2.670 

•  3437 

.3437 

.7855 

.4375 

.6614 

.7732 

2.  OOO 

.135 

2.688 

•  3457 

•  3457 

.7910 

•  4371 

.6611 

•  7778 

2.000 

.148 

2.927 

•  3715 

•  3715 

.8611 

.4315 

.6569 

.8360 

2.  OOO 

.150 

2.963 

•  3754 

.3754 

.8718 

.4306 

.6562 

.8447 

2.250 

.095 

2.186 

.3741 

.3325 

.6432 

.5816 

.7626 

.7482 

2.250 

.100 

2.296 

.3911 

•  3477 

.6754 

•  5791 

.7610 

.7822 

2.250 

.109 

2.492 

.4212 

.3744 

•  7332 

.5745 

.7579 

.8423 

2.250 

.no 

2.5U 

.4245 

•  3773 

•  7395 

•  5740 

.7576 

.8489 

2.250 

.120 

2.729 

.4568 

.4061 

.8030 

.5689 

.7543 

.9137 

2.250 

.125 

2.836 

.4727 

.4201 

.8345 

.5664 

.7526 

•  9453 

2.250 

.134 

3.028 

.5006 

.4449 

.8908 

.5619 

.7496 

1.  001 

2.250 

.135 

3-049 

.5036 

.4476 

.8970 

.5614 

.7493 

1.007 

2.25O 

.148 

3-322 

.5425 

.4822 

•  9773 

.5550 

•  7450 

1.085 

2.250 

.150 

3.364 

.5483 

.4874 

.9896 

.5541 

.7444 

1.097 

60                                   Properties  of  Pipe 

Properties  of  Pipe  (Continued) 

^trrntrth  firtar  O       f°Ot  Pounds       I  ~  2?  °°°  -    x        9       / 

ocrcngtn  idcior  ^/  —                         —     s\              /\       —     ~          » 
1000            y       i  ooo       12      2  O.  D. 

y  =  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  axis. 

Exter- 
nal 
diam- 
eter 

Thick- 
ness 

Weight 
foot 

Mo- 
ment of 
inertia 

Section 
modu- 
lus 

Area  of 
metal, 
square 
inches 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 

Strength 
factor 

O.D. 

/ 

l/y 

A 

R*=I/A 

R 

Q 

2.375 

.130 

3-II7 

.5796 

.4881 

.9169 

.6321 

•  7951 

1.098 

2.375 

.134 

3.207 

•  5943 

.5005 

•  9434 

.6300 

•  7937 

1.126 

2.375 

.154 

3.652 

.6657 

,5606 

.075 

.6196 

.7871 

1.261 

2-375 

.166 

3.916 

.7066 

.5951 

.152 

.6134 

.7832 

1-339 

2-375 

.167 

3.938 

.7100 

•  5979 

.158 

.6129 

.7829 

1.345 

2.375 

.187 

4.380 

•  7748 

.6525 

.285 

.6028 

^.7764 

1.468 

2.375 

.190 

4-433 

.7842 

.6604 

.304 

.6013 

•  7754 

1.486 

2.375 

.218 

5.022 

.8679 

.7309 

.477 

.5875 

.7665 

1.644 

2.375 

.436 

9.029 

I.3H 

1.104 

2.656 

•  4937 

.7027 

2.485 

2.500 

.095 

2.440 

.5198 

.4158 

.7178 

.7241 

.8510 

.9356 

2.500 

.108 

2.759 

.5816 

.4653 

.8116 

.7167 

.8466 

1.047 

2.500 

.109 

2.783 

.5863 

.4690 

.8188 

.7161 

.8462 

1.055 

2.500 

.110 

2.807 

.5910 

.4728 

.8259 

•  7155 

.8459 

1.064 

2.500 

.120 

3.050 

.6369 

.5095 

.8972 

.7098 

.8425 

1.146 

2.500 

.125 

3.170 

.6594 

.5275 

•  9327 

.7070 

.8409 

1.187 

2.500 

.134 

3.386 

.6992 

•  5594 

.9960 

.7020 

.8378 

1.259 

2.500 

.135 

3.409 

.7036 

.5628 

1.003 

•  7014 

.8375 

1.266 

2.500 

.148 

3.717 

•  7592 

.6074 

1.094 

.6942 

.8332 

1.367 

2.500 

.150 

3.764 

.7676 

.6141 

1.107 

.6931 

.8325 

1.382 

2.750 

.109 

3-074 

.7898 

•  5744 

.9044 

.8733 

•  9345 

1.292 

2.750 

.113 

3.182 

.8152 

.5929 

.936i 

.8708 

•  9332 

1.334 

2.875 

.183 

5.261 

1.408 

.9798 

1.548 

.9100 

•  9540 

2.205 

2.875 

.203 

5-793 

1-530 

1.064 

1.704 

.8976 

•  9474 

2-394 

2.875 

.217 

6.160 

i.6n 

1.  121 

i.  812 

.8890 

.9429 

2.521 

2.875 

.226 

6.393 

1.662 

I.I56 

1.881 

.8835 

.9400 

2.601 

2.875 

.276 

7.661 

1.924 

1-339 

2.254 

.8539 

.9241 

3.012 

2.875 

•  552 

13.695 

2.871 

1.997 

4.028 

.7126 

.8442 

4-493 

3.000 

.095 

2-947 

.9156 

.6104 

.8670 

1.056 

1.028 

1-373 

3.ooo 

.109 

3.365 

1.036 

.6905 

.9900 

.046 

.023 

1.554 

3.000 

.no 

3-395 

1.044 

.6961 

.9987 

.046 

.023 

1.566 

3.ooo 

.116 

3-572 

1.094 

.7297 

.051 

.041 

.020 

1.642 

3.000 

.120 

3.691 

1.128 

.7518 

.086 

.039 

.019 

1.691 

3.000 

.125 

3.838 

1.169 

.7791 

.129 

.035 

.017 

1.753 

3.000 

.134 

4.101 

1.241 

.8277 

.207 

.029 

.014 

1.862 

3.000 

.135 

4.130 

1.249 

.8330 

.215 

.028 

.014 

1.874 

3.000 

.148 

4.508 

1.352 

•  9013 

.326 

.019 

.010 

2.028 

3.ooo 

.150 

4.565 

1.367 

.9116 

.343 

.018 

.009 

2.051 

3.ooo 

.165 

4-995 

1.481 

.9876 

.470 

.008 

.004 

2.222 

3.250 

.120 

4.011 

1.447 

.8906 

.180 

.226 

.107 

2.004 

3.500 

.120 

4-331 

1.822 

1.041 

.274 

•  430 

.196 

2.343 

Properties  of  Pipe                                   61 

Properties  of  Pipe  (Continued) 

o         ^  t    „.      ^      f°ot  pounds      /  ^,  27  ooo    ^  i       o      / 
Strength  factor  Q  =  =  -  X  -*  X  —  =  a  • 

1000           y       i  ooo       12      2  0.  D. 

y  =  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  axis. 

Exter- 
nal 
diam- 
eter 

jThick- 
ness 

Weight 
per 
foot 

Mo- 
ment of 
inertia 

Section 
modu- 
lus 

Area  of 
metal, 
square 
inches 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 

Strength 
factor 

O.D. 

/ 

I/y 

A 

R*=I/A 

R 

Q 

3.500 

.125 

4.505 

1.890 

1.080 

1.  325 

1.426 

.194 

2.430 

3-Soo 

.216 

7-575 

3.017 

1.724 

2  228 

I  -354 

.164 

3-879 

3.500 

.218 

7.641 

3.040 

1-737 

2  .  248 

1.352 

.163 

3.908 

3.500 

.241 

8.388 

3.294 

1.882 

2.467 

1-335 

•  155 

4.235 

3.500 

.255 

8.837 

3-443 

1.967 

2.60O 

1.324 

.151 

4.427 

3.500 

.289 

9-910 

3-788 

2.164 

2.915 

1.299 

.140 

4.870 

3.500 

.300 

10.252 

3.894 

2.225 

3.016 

1.291 

.136 

5.007 

3.500 

.600 

18.583 

5-993 

3.424 

5.466 

1.096 

.04? 

7.705 

3-750 

.120 

4.652 

2.257 

1.203 

1.368 

1.649 

.284 

2.708 

3-750 

.129 

4.988 

2.408 

1.284 

1.467 

1.641 

.281 

2.800 

4.000 

.128 

5-293 

2.921 

1.461 

1.557 

1.876 

•  370 

3.286 

4.000 

.134 

5-532 

3.044 

1.522 

1.627 

1.870 

.368 

3.425 

4.000 

.226 

9-109 

4-788 

2.394 

2.68o 

1.787 

•  337 

5-386 

4.000 

.250 

IO.OI2 

5.200 

2.6oo 

2.945 

1.766 

.329 

5.850 

4.000 

.318 

12.505 

6.280 

3-140 

3.678 

1.707 

.307 

7.065 

4.000 

.636 

22.850 

9.848 

4.924 

6.721 

1.465 

.210 

11.08 

4.250 

.138 

6.060 

3-772 

1-775 

1.783 

2.116 

•  455 

3-994 

4.500 

•  134 

6.248 

4-384 

1.948 

1.838 

2.385 

•  544 

4.384 

4.500 

.142 

6.609 

4.620 

2.053 

I  944 

2-377 

•  542 

4.620 

4.5oo 

.205 

9.403 

6.393 

2.841 

2.766 

2.311 

•  520 

6-393 

4.500 

.237 

10.790 

7-233 

3.214 

3-174 

2.279 

.510 

7.233 

4.500 

.250 

11-347 

7.563 

3.36l 

3.33^ 

2.266 

•  505 

7.563 

4.500 

.252 

".433 

7-613 

3.383 

3.363 

2.264 

.505 

7.613 

4.5oo 

•  255 

11.561 

7.688 

3.417 

3-401 

2  .  26l 

.504 

7.688 

4.500 

.271 

12.240 

8.082 

3-592 

3.6oo 

2.245 

-498 

8.082 

4.500 

337 

14-983 

9.610 

4.271 

4.407 

2.181 

•  477 

9.610 

4.500 

.674 

27.541 

15.28 

6.793 

8.101 

1.887 

•  374 

15.28 

4-750 

•  145 

7.I3I 

5.566 

2.344 

2.098 

2.653 

.629 

5-273 

4-750 

•  193 

9-393 

7.185 

3.025 

2.763 

2.600 

.613 

6.807 

4-750 

•  334 

15.752 

11.36 

4.783 

4.634 

2.452 

.566 

10.76 

5.000 

•  134 

6.963 

6.068 

2.427 

2.048 

2.962 

.721 

5.46r 

5.000 

.148 

7.669 

6.645 

2.658 

2.256 

2.945 

.716 

5.98o 

5.000 

.152 

7.870 

6.808 

2.723 

2.315 

2.941 

.715 

6.127 

5.000 

.247 

12.538 

10.44 

4-177 

3-688 

2.832 

.683 

9-399 

5.000 

.250 

12.682 

10.55 

4.220 

3-731 

2.828 

.682 

9.496 

5.000 

.288 

14-493 

11.88 

4-751 

4.263 

2.786 

.669 

10.69 

S.ooo 

.306 

15.340 

12.48 

4-992 

4-512 

2.766 

.663 

11.23 

S.ooo 

•  355 

17.611 

14.05 

5.621 

5.180 

2.712 

.647 

12.65 

S.ooo 

.710 

32.530 

22.62 

9.047 

9.569 

2.364 

.537 

20.35 

5.250 

.153 

8.328 

7-963 

3-034 

2.450 

3.250 

.803 

6.826 

62                                 .Properties  of  Pipe 

Properties  of  Pipe  (Continued) 

,   ,           ~      foot  pounds 
Strength  factor  Q  =  = 

/         27000          I 

_9      / 

=     X           "X 

1000            y       i  ooo       12      2  U.  D. 

y  =  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  axis. 

Exter- 
nal 
diam- 
eter 

Thick- 
ness 

Weight 
per 
foot 

Mo- 
ment of 
inertia 

Section 
modu- 
lus 

Area  of 
metal, 
square 
inches 

•fe-  K'- 

squared      tlon 

Strength 
factor 

O.D. 

7 

i/y 

A 

R*=I/A\       R             Q 

5.250 

.182 

9-851 

9.315 

3.549 

2.898 

3.215 

1.793 

7.985 

5.250 

.241 

12.892 

11.92 

4  542 

3-792 

3-144 

1.773 

10.22 

5.250 

.301 

15.909 

14-38 

5-478 

4.680 

3-073 

1-753  i     12.33 

5-500 

.154 

8.792 

9.248 

3.363 

2  586 

3-575 

1.891  1       7.566 

5.500 

.228 

12.837 

13.14 

4.78o 

3.776 

3  481 

1.866  j     10.75 

5.500 

.304 

16.870 

16.80 

6.  in 

4.962 

3-386 

1.840 

13-75 

5.563 

.258 

14.617 

15.16 

5-451 

4.300 

3.526 

1.878 

12,26 

5.563 

.293 

16.491 

16.89 

6.073 

4-851 

3.482 

1.866 

13-66 

5.563 

.304 

17.074 

17.42 

6.263 

5.023 

3-469 

1.862 

14.09 

5.563 

.375 

20.778 

20.67 

7-431 

6.  112 

3.382 

1.839 

16.72 

5.563 

•  750 

38.552 

33.63 

12.09 

II.34 

2.966 

1.722 

27.21 

6.  ooo 

.140 

8.762 

11.07 

3.690 

2.577 

4-295 

2.072 

8.302 

6.000 

.164 

IO.222 

12.  8l 

4.270 

3.007 

4.261 

2.064 

9-6o8 

6.  ooo 

.165 

10.282 

12.88 

4-294 

3.025 

4  259 

2.064 

9.662 

6.000 

.190 

11.789 

14.65 

4-883 

3.468 

4.224 

2.055 

10.99 

6.  ooo 

.224 

I3.8l8 

16.98 

5.659 

4-065 

4-177 

2.044 

12.73 

6.  ooo 

.275 

I6.8I4 

20.31 

6.770 

4.946 

4.106 

2.026 

15.23 

6.  ooo 

.280 

17.105 

20.63 

6.876 

5.032 

4.100 

2.025 

15-47 

6.  ooo 

.324 

19.641 

23-34 

7.78i 

5-777 

4.040 

2.010 

17.51 

6.625 

.169 

11.652 

17.87 

5-395 

3.428 

5-214 

2.283 

12.14 

6.625 

.184 

12.657 

19.32 

5-834 

3.723 

5.100 

2.278 

13.13 

6.625 

.185 

12.724 

19.42 

5-863 

3-743 

5-188 

2.278 

13.19 

6.625 

.245 

16.694 

25.02 

7-554 

4-9II 

5-096 

2.257 

17.00 

6.625 

.280 

18.974 

28.14 

8.496 

5.581 

5-042 

2.245 

19.12 

6.625 

.281 

19.039 

28.23 

8.522 

5.6oo 

5.041 

2.245 

19.17 

6.625 

.288 

19-491 

28.84 

8.707 

5-734 

5.030 

2.243 

19-59 

6.625 

.300 

20.265 

29.88 

9.020 

5.96i 

5.012 

2.239 

20.29 

6.625 

•  344 

23.076 

33-57 

10.14 

6.788 

4-946 

2.224 

22.80 

6.625 

.385 

25.658 

36.87 

II.  13 

7  547 

4.886 

2.210 

25.05 

6.625 

.417 

27.648 

39.36 

11.88 

8.133 

4.839 

2.200 

26.73 

6.625 

.432 

28.573 

40.49 

12.22 

8.405 

4-817 

2.195 

27.50 

6.625 

.864 

53.l6o 

66.33 

20.02 

15-64 

4.242 

2.060 

45.o6 

7.000 

.149 

10.902 

18.82 

5.378 

3-207 

5-870 

2.423 

12.10 

7.000 

.165 

12.044 

20.70 

5.915 

3-543 

5.843 

2.417 

13  31 

7.000 

.174 

12.685 

21.75 

6.213 

3-731 

5-828 

2.414 

13.98 

7.000 

.231 

16.699 

28.17 

8.048 

4.912 

5-734 

2.395 

i8.il 

7.000 

.272 

19-544 

32.58 

9-310 

5-749 

5-667 

2.381 

20.95 

7.000 

.275 

19.751 

32.90 

9-400 

5-810 

5-662 

2.380 

21.15 

7.000 

.301 

21.535 

35.6i 

IO.I7 

6.335 

5.621 

2.371 

22.89 

7.000 

.333 

23.7H 

38.85 

II.  10 

6.975 

5-570 

2.360 

24-97 

Properties  of  Pipe                                     63 

Properties  of  Pipe  (Continued) 

,    ..           ~       foot  pounds      /  v    27  ooo       i 
Strength  factor  Q  =  =  -  X  -*  X  — 

9      / 

1000            y       i  ooo       12      2  O.  D. 

y  =  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  axis. 

'  Exter- 
nal 
diam- 
eter 

Thick- 
ness 

Weight 
per 
foot 

Mo- 
ment of 
inertia 

Section 
modu- 
lus 

Area  of 
metal, 
square 
inches 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 

Strength 
factor 

O.  D. 

/ 

i/y 

A 

R*=I/A 

R 

Q 

7.000 

.362 

25.663 

41.70 

11.92 

7-549 

5.524 

2.350 

26.81 

7.000 

.393 

27.731 

44.67 

12.76 

8.157 

5.476 

2-340 

28.72 

7.625 

.181 

14.390 

29-34 

7.695 

4.233 

6.931 

2.633 

17.31 

7.625 

.301 

23.544 

46.52 

12.  2O 

6.926 

6.716 

2-592 

27.45 

7.625 

.500 

38.048 

71-37 

18.72 

11.19 

6.377 

2.525 

42.12 

7.625 

,875 

63.079   107.5 

28.18 

18.56 

5-791 

2.406 

63.41 

8.000 

.I5& 

13.233 

29-93 

7.484 

3.893 

7.690 

2-773 

16.84 

8.000 

.165 

13.807 

31.18 

7-795 

4.061 

7.677 

2.771 

17.54 

8.000 

.185 

15.441 

34.69 

8-674 

4-542 

7.639 

2.764 

19.52 

8.000 

.186 

15.522 

34.87 

8-717 

4.566 

7.637 

2.763 

19.61 

8.000 

.236 

19.569 

43-41 

10.85 

5.756 

7-542 

2.746 

24.42 

8.000 

-307 

25.223 

54.98 

13-74 

7-420 

7-410 

2.722 

30.92 

8.000 

.322 

26.404 

57.34 

14.33 

7.767 

7.382 

2.717 

32.25 

8.625 

.188 

16.940 

44.36 

10.29 

4.983 

8.902 

2.984 

23.14 

8.625 

.217 

19.486 

50.69 

11-75 

5-732 

8.843 

2.974 

26.44 

8.625 

.264 

23.574 

60.66 

14.07 

6.934 

8.747 

2.958 

31.65 

8.625 

.277 

24.696 

63.35 

14.69 

7.265 

8.721 

2-953 

33.05 

8.625 

.304 

27.016 

68.87 

15.97 

7-947 

8.666 

2.944 

35-93 

8.625 

.311 

27.615 

70.28 

16.30 

8.123 

8.652 

2.941 

36.67 

8.625 

.322 

28.554 

72.49 

16.81 

8.399 

8.630 

2.938 

37-82 

8.625 

-352 

31  •  ioi 

78.41 

18.18 

9.149 

8.571 

2.928 

40.91 

8.625 

.354 

31.270 

78.80 

18.27 

9.198 

8.567 

2.927 

4I.II 

8.625 

.400 

35-137 

87.61 

20.32 

10.34 

8.476 

2.911 

45-71 

8.625 

•  425 

37.220 

92.27 

21.40 

10.95 

8.428 

2.903 

48.14 

8.625 

.487 

42.327 

103.4 

23-99 

12.45 

8.308 

2.882 

53-97 

8.625 

.500 

43-388 

105.7 

24  51 

12.76 

8.283 

2.878 

55.16 

8.625 

.875 

72.424 

162.0 

37.56 

21.30 

7-604 

2-757 

84.51 

9.000 

.167 

15-754 

45.21 

10.05 

4-634 

9-756 

3.123 

22.61 

9.000 

.180 

16.955 

48.52 

10.78 

4.988 

9.728 

3.H9 

24.26 

9.000 

.196 

18.429 

52.55 

11.68 

5-421 

9.694 

3.H3 

26.27 

9.000 

.250 

23.362 

65.82 

14.63 

6.872 

9.578 

3-095 

32.91 

9.000 

•  342 

31.624 

87.30 

19.40 

9.302 

9.385 

3-063 

43.65 

9.625 

•  342 

33.907 

107.6 

22.35 

9-974 

10.79 

3.284 

50.30 

9.625 

.500 

48.728 

149-6 

31.09 

14-33 

10.44 

3.231 

69.96 

10.  OOO 

•  175 

18.363 

65.20 

13-04 

5.402 

12.07 

3-474 

29-34 

IO.OOO 

.203 

21  .  24O 

74-99 

15.00 

6.248 

12.00 

3.465 

33.75 

IO.OOO 

.208 

21.752 

76.72 

15-34 

6.399 

11.99 

3.463 

34-53 

IO.OOO 

.209 

21.855 

77.07 

15.41 

6.429 

H.99 

3.462 

34.68 

IO.OOO 

.270 

28.057 

97-75 

19.55 

8.253 

11.84 

3-441 

43-99 

10  000 

.283 

29.369 

102.0 

20.41 

8.639 

11.81 

3-437 

45-92 

64 


Properties  of  Pipe 


Strength  factor  Q 


Properties  of  Pipe  (Continued) 
foot  pounds      /  vx  27  ooo 


2-JL. 
2O.  D. 

y  sa  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  axis. 


Exter- 
nal 
diam- 
eter 

Thick- 
ness 

Weight 
per 
foot 

Mo- 
ment of 
inertia 

Section 
modu- 
lus 

Area  of 
metal, 
square 
inches 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 

Strength 
factor 

O.D. 

/ 

i/y 

A 

R*=I/A 

R 

Q 

10.000 

.308 

31.881 

IIO.  2 

22.05 

9.378 

11-75 

3.428 

49.60 

IO.OOO 

.365 

37-559 

128.4 

25.68 

11.05 

11.62 

3.409 

57.78 

10.750 

.279 

31  .  201 

125-9 

23.42 

9.178 

13.71 

3-703 

52.69 

10.750 

.302 

33.699 

135-4 

25.19 

9.913 

13-66 

3.695 

56.67 

10.750 

.307 

34.240 

137-4 

25-57 

10.07 

13-64 

3.694 

57.52 

10.750 

.348 

38.661 

154-0 

28.65 

H.37 

13-54 

3.68o 

64.46 

10.750 

.365 

40.483 

160.7 

29.90 

11.91 

13.50 

3.674 

67.28 

10.750 

.395 

43-684 

172.5 

32.09 

12..  85 

13.42 

3.664 

72.20 

10.750 

.424 

46.760 

183.6 

34.16 

13-75 

13-35 

3.654 

76.87 

10.750 

.483 

52.962 

205-7 

38.28 

15.58 

13.21 

3.634 

86.12 

10.750 

.500 

54-735 

212.0 

39-43 

16.10 

13.16 

3.628 

88.72 

11.000 

,185 

21.368 

91-93 

16.71 

6.286 

14.62 

3.824 

37.6i 

11.000 

.220 

25.329 

108.3 

19.69 

7.451 

14-53 

3.812 

44.29 

11.000 

.224 

25.780 

IIO.  I 

2O.02 

7.583 

14.52 

3.811 

45-05 

11.000 

.290 

33.I7I 

I40.O 

25.46 

9.757 

14-35 

3-788 

57-27 

11.750 

•  375 

45-557 

217.0 

36.93 

13.40 

16.19 

4.024 

83.10 

11.750 

.500 

60.075 

280.1 

47.68 

17.67 

15.85 

3.981 

107-3 

12.000 

.194 

24.461 

125.4 

20.90 

7-195 

17-43 

4-175 

47.02 

12.000 

.229 

28.788 

146.7 

24-45 

8.468 

17.33 

4.162 

55-02 

12.000 

.243 

30.512 

I55-I 

25.86 

8.975 

17.29 

4.158 

58.18 

12.000 

.244 

30.635 

155-7 

25.96 

9.012 

17.28 

4-157 

58.40 

12.000 

.308 

38.460 

193-5 

32.24 

11.31 

17.10 

4-135 

72.55 

12.000 

.310 

38.703 

194-6 

32.44 

11.38 

17.09 

4-134 

72.98 

12.000 

.375 

46.558 

231.6 

38.60 

13.70 

16.91 

4.112 

86.85 

12.750 

.330 

43-773 

248.5 

38.97 

12.88 

19.30 

4-393 

87.69 

12.750 

.375 

49.562 

279-3 

43-82 

14.58 

19.16 

4-377 

98.59 

12.750 

.500 

65.415 

361.5 

56.71 

19.24 

18.79 

4-335 

127.6 

13-000 

.202 

27.610 

166.3 

25.59 

8.122 

20.48 

4-525 

57-57 

13.000 

.238 

32.439 

194-3 

29.90 

9.542 

20.37 

4.513 

67.27 

13.000 

.247 

33.642 

2OI.3 

30.96 

9.896 

20.34 

4.510 

69.67 

13.000 

.259 

35.243 

210.5 

32.38 

10.37 

20.30 

4.506 

72.85 

13-000 

.281 

38.171 

227.2 

34-95 

11.23 

20.23 

4.498 

78.63 

13.000 

.310 

42.014 

248.9 

38.30 

12.36 

20.14 

4.488 

86.17 

13.000 

.320 

43-335 

256.4 

39-44 

12.75 

20.  ii 

4.484 

88.74 

13.000 

.359 

48.467 

285.0 

43.85 

14.26 

19.99 

4-471 

98.65 

13.000 

.361 

48.730 

286.5 

44.07 

14-33 

19.98 

4-470 

99-16   | 

I4.OOO 

.210 

30.928 

216.3 

30.90 

9-098 

23.78 

4.876 

69.53 

14.000 

.248 

36.424 

253.4 

36.20 

10.71 

23.65 

4-863 

81.46 

I4.0OO 

.250 

36.713 

255.3 

36.47 

10.80 

23.64 

4.862 

82.06 

14.000 

.276 

40.454 

280.3 

40.04 

11.90 

23-55 

4.853 

90.09 

Properties  of  Pipe                                    65 

Properties  of  Pipe  (Concluded) 

P.L        ^.i-  t    ^      r\      f°°t  pounds 
Strength  factor  Q  =  = 

7_27ooo_  i       9      / 

lf 

=      A                A        — 

1000            y       i  ooo       12      2  U.  JL>. 

y  =  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  axis. 

Exter- 
nal 
diam- 
eter 

Thick- 
ness 

Weight 
foot 

Mo- 
ment of 
inertia 

Section 
modu- 
lus 

Area  of 
metal, 
square 
inches 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 

Strength 
factor 

O.D. 

.     / 

l/y 

A 

R*=I/A 

R 

Q 

14.000 

.310 

45.325 

312.5 

44.64 

13-33 

23.44 

4.841 

100.4 

14.000 

.328 

47.894 

329-4 

47.05 

14.09 

23.38 

4.835 

105.9 

14.000 

•  375 

54.568 

372.8 

53.25 

16.05 

23.22 

4.819 

119.8 

14.000 

.438 

63.441 

429.5 

61.36 

18.66 

23.01 

4.797 

138.1 

14.000 

.500 

72.091 

483.8 

69.11 

21.21 

22.81 

4.776 

155.5 

15.000 

.222 

35.038 

281.4 

37.52 

10.31 

27.30 

5.225 

84.43 

15.000 

.259 

40.775 

325.9 

43.45 

11.99 

27.17 

5.213 

97-77 

15.000 

.260 

40.930 

327.1 

43.6i 

12.04 

27.17 

5.212 

98.13 

15.000 

.291 

45.714 

363.8 

48.51 

13.45 

27.05 

5.201 

109.1 

15.000 

.320 

50.171 

397-7 

53-03 

14.76 

26.95 

5.I9I 

II9-3 

15.000 

•  375 

58.573 

461.0 

61.46 

17.23 

26.75 

5.172 

138.3 

15.000 

.438 

68.119 

531.6 

70.88 

20.04 

26.53 

5.I5I 

159.5 

15.000 

.500 

77-431 

599-3 

79-91 

22.78 

26.31 

5.130 

179.8 

16.000 

•  234 

39-401 

360.2 

45-02 

11.59 

31.08 

5-575 

101.3 

16.000 

.270 

45-359 

412.8 

51.60 

13-34 

30.94 

5.562 

116.1 

16.000 

.302 

50.632 

458.9 

57.37 

14.89 

30.81 

5.551 

129.1 

16.000 

.330 

55.228 

498.9 

62.36 

16.25 

30.71 

5-541 

140.3 

16.000 

•  375 

62.579 

562.1 

70.26 

18.41 

30.54 

5.526 

158.1 

16.000 

.401 

66.806 

598.1 

74.76 

19.65 

30.44 

5.517 

168.2 

16.000 

.500 

82.771 

731-9 

91.49 

24-35 

30.06 

5.483 

205.9 

17.000 

.240 

42.959 

443-8 

52.21 

12.64 

35.12 

5.926 

«7.5 

17.000 

•  393 

69.704 

707.2 

83.21 

20.50 

34-49 

5.873 

187.2 

18.000 

.245 

46.458 

538.6 

59.85 

13.67 

39-41 

6.278 

134-7 

18.000 

.310 

58.568 

674.1 

74-90 

17.23 

39-13 

6.255 

168.5 

18.000 

.409 

76.840 

874-8 

97-20 

22.60 

38.70 

6.221 

218.7 

18.000 

.500 

93-451 

1053- 

117.0 

27-49 

38.31 

6.190 

263.3 

19.000 

.259 

51-840 

669.6 

70.49 

15.25 

43-91 

6.627 

158.6 

20.000 

.272 

57.309 

820.3 

82.03 

16.86 

48.66 

6.976 

184.6 

20.000 

•  375 

78.599 

III3. 

Hi.  3 

23.12 

48.16 

6.940 

250.5 

20.000 

.409 

85-577 

1208. 

120.8 

25.17 

48.00 

6.928 

271.8 

22.000 

.301 

69.756 

1208. 

109.8 

20.52 

58.87 

7.672 

247-1 

22.0OO 

.400 

92.276 

1584. 

144.0 

27.14 

58.34 

7.638 

323.9 

24.OOO 

.330 

83.423 

1719. 

143.2 

24-54 

70.05 

8.369 

322.3 

26.000 

.362 

99-122 

2396. 

184  3 

29.16 

82.18 

9.065 

414.7 

28.000 

.396 

116.746 

3272. 

233  7 

34-34 

95-27 

9.760 

525.8 

30.000 

•  432 

136.421 

4386. 

292.4 

40.13 

109.3 

10.45 

658.0 

66                     Bending  Properties  of  Square  Pipe 

Bending  Properties  of  Square  Pipe 

Solid 

Solid 

h 

^> 

aJ 

w 

square  bar 

round  bar 

•^  j3 

8 

.2 

IB 

•a 

(steel)  of 

(steel)  of 

11 

"8 

same 

same 

(U    <U 

a 

1 

i 

IZj 

o 

I 

strength 

strength 

Size 

I 

1 

8 

1 

1 

o 

11 

0) 

11 

O  w 

I 

* 

o 

CO 

CO 

Jti 

CO 

'Hit 

a 

K  g, 

CO 

7/8 

.134 

i.46 

.429 

.037 

.085 

13/16 

2.25 

15/16 

2.35 

I3/4 

I 

.100 

1.25 

.367 

.049 

.098 

13/16 

2.25 

I 

2.67 

l8/4 

I 

.125 

1.55 

.455 

.056 

.113 

7/8 

2.60 

ll/lQ 

3.01 

1% 

I 

.188 

2.  II 

.620 

.070 

.141 

15/l6 

2.99 

T-l/S 

3.38 

2 

iy4 

.125 

1.97 

.579 

.120 

.192 

iMe 

3.84 

i*4 

4-17 

2H 

.134 

2.05 

.603 

.125 

.2OI 

ii/iQ 

3.84 

1^4 

4.17 

2V4 

iH 

.156 

2.29 

.673 

.138 

.222 

iys 

4.30 

I5/16 

4.60 

2% 

\\JA 

.188 

2.48 

.729 

•154 

•  247 

iMj 

4.30 

1% 

5-05 

1\A 

.250 

3.28 

.964 

.177 

.283 

I3/16 

4.80 

I7/16 

5-52 

2% 

l\fa 

.125 

2.33 

.685 

.218 

.291 

I3/16 

4.80 

I7/16 

5-52 

2% 

1^2 

.140 

2.55 

•  750 

.237 

.316 

5.31 

6.01 

2% 

iy2 

.156 

2.78 

.817 

.255 

.341 

iy4 

5.31 

m 

6.01 

2% 

iy2 

.188 

3-05 

.897 

.288 

.385 

i5/i6 

5.86 

I9/16 

6.52 

27/8 

iy2 

.250 

4.00 

1.176 

.338 

•  451 

!% 

6.43 

7.60 

3 

.140 

2.76 

.811 

.348 

.412 

1% 

6.43 

J% 

7-05 

27/8 

iHle 

.156 

3-00 

.882 

.377 

•  447 

1% 

6.43 

1% 

7.05 

3 

1% 

.188 

3-75 

1.103 

.428 

.508 

fffa 

7-03 

"? 

8.18 

3y8 

i^Vie 

.250 

4.60 

1.353 

.509 

.604 

I®AQ 

8.30 

;8.77 

3^4 

2 

.125 

3.10 

.911 

.551 

.551 

iy> 

7.65 

1%   8 

8.18 

3-V4 

2 

.134 

.935 

.583 

.583 

i% 

7.65 

8.77 

3^4 

2 

.145 

3-52 

1.035 

.620 

.620 

I9/16 

8.30 

l7/g 

9-39 

3% 

2 

.188 

4.39 

1.291 

.753 

•  753 

1% 

8.98 

2 

10.68 

3% 

2 

.250 

5-40 

1.588 

.911 

Is/4. 

10.41 

2Vs 

12.06 

33/4 

2y2 

.188 

1.647 

1.559 

1  .247 

I15/46 

12.76 

2^/16 

14.28 

3 

.200 

7.06 

2.076 

2.941 

1.961 

& 

17.22 

2% 

20.20 

47/8 

For  sections  see  pages  85  and  86. 

All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds. 

In  calculating  the  moments  of  inertia  and  section  moduli  the  fillets  were  dis- 

regarded. 

The  solid  bars  of  same  strength  are  given  to  the  nearest  merchant  bar  size. 

The  ratio  of  the  flexural  strength  of  steel  to  that  of  timber  is  assumed  as  ten 

to  one. 

Bending  Properties  of  Rectangular  Pipe 


67 


Bending  Properties  of  Rectangular  Pipe 


Solid 

-Solid 

u 

1 

a 
.2 

08 

1 

1 

square  bar 
(steel)  of 

round  bar 
(steel)  of 

In 

1 

Ti 

o 

a 

1 

same 

same 

'**  S 

Size 

§ 

s 

i 

"o 

strength 

strength 

|« 

3 

J3 

° 

a 

§ 

Is 

H 

I 

!  S 

h 

1 

1 

| 

be  O 

1 

|l 

*O  0° 

go 

^g, 

^^ 

CO 

& 

.140 

1.67 

•491 

.108 

.172 

i 

3-40 

18/16 

3-77 

21/8 

iHXi 

.188 

2.05 

.603 

.128 

.204 

iyie 

3.84 

34 

4-17 

a% 

iy2xi}4 

.122 

2.05 

.603 

.185 

.247 

iys 

4-30 

18/8 

5-05 

2y2 

iy2xiy* 

.145 

2.24 

.658 

.209 

.279 

i8A« 

4.80 

I%6 

5.52 

2y2 

1^2X1*4 

.156 

2.40 

.706 

.220 

.294 

18/16 

4-80 

I7/16 

5-52 

2% 

1^X1% 

.188 

2.85 

.838 

.248 

•  330 

M4 

5.31 

iy2 

6.01 

28/4 

iy2xiH 

.250 

3-67 

1.079 

.289 

.385 

I5/16 

5.86 

I9/16 

6.52 

2% 

2  xiy4 

.134 

2.53 

.744 

.408 

.408 

1% 

6.43 

1% 

7-05 

2% 

2  xiy2 

.145 

3.00 

.882 

•  495 

•  495 

17/16 

7-03 

iiy16 

7.60 

3y8 

2  xiy2 

.188 

3-6i 

1.061 

•  598 

.598 

i9/ie 

8.30 

i18Ae 

8.77 

38/8 

2  xiy2 

.250 

4-65 

1.367 

.718 

.718 

i% 

8.98 

i15/4e 

10.02 

3y2 

2y2xiy2 

.145 

3-52 

1.035 

.864 

.691 

i% 

8.98 

H%6 

10.02 

3y2 

2y2xiy2 

.188 

4-39 

1.291 

1.055 

.844 

Utte 

9.68 

2 

10.68 

3% 

2y2xiy2 

.250 

5-40 

1.588 

1.286 

1.029 

I18/16 

11.17 

21/4 

13.52 

4 

3     X2 

.188 

5.6o 

1.647 

2.054 

1.369 

2 

13.60 

2^6 

15.86 

48/8 

3     X2 

.200 

6.00 

1.764 

2.156 

1.437 

2M" 

14.46 

27/16 

15.86 

48/8 

For  sections  see  pages  87  and  88. 

All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds. 

The  sections  are  supposed  to  have  their  greatest  dimensions  in  the  plane  of  the 
loading. 

In  calculating  the  moments  of  inertia  and  section  moduli  the  fillets  were  dis- 
regarded. 

The  solid  bars  of  same  strength  are  given  to  the  nearest  merchant  bar  size. 

The  ratio  of  the  flexurai  strength  of  steel  to  that  of  timber  is  assumed  as  ten 
to  one. 


68                           Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures 
Standard  Pipe  —  Black  and  Galvanized 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
com- 
plete 

Test  pressure  in 
pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
com- 
plete 

Test  pressure  in 
pounds 

Butt 

Lap 

Butt 

Lap 

I 

i 

8/4 

I 

iVi 
i% 

2 

2% 

3» 

4% 
5 

.245 
.425 
-568 
.852 

1.  134 
1.684 
2.281 
2.731 

3.678 
5.8i9 
7.616 
9.202 

10.889 
12.642 
14  810 

700 
700 
700 
700 

700 
700 
700 
700 

700 
800 
800 

IOOO 
1000 

IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 

IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 

6 

8 
8 

9 

10 
10 
10 

ii 

12 
12 

13 

14 
IS 

19-185 
23.769 
25.000 
28.809 

34-188 
32.000 
35-000 
41.132 

46.247 
45-000 
50.706 
55.824 

60.375 
64.500 

IOOO 
IOOO 

800 

IOOO 

900 
600 
800 

900 

800 
600 
800 

700 

700 
600 

Line  Pipe 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
com- 
plete 

Test  pressure  in 
pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
com- 
plete 

Test  pressure  in 
pounds 

...  Butt 

Lap 

Butt 

Lap 

Vs 

V4 
% 
% 

8/4 
I 
1^4 

iy2 

2 

2V2 

|i 

& 

5 

.246 
.426 
•  571 
.856 

1.138 
1.688 
2.300 
2.748 

3.7i6 
5.881 
7.675 
9.261 

10.980 
12.742 
14.966 

700 
700 
700 
700 

700 
700 

1200 
I20O 

1200 
1200 
1200 

1700 

1800 
1800 
1800 
1700 

1600 
1600 
1500 

6 

7 
8 
8 

9 

10 
10 
10 

II 

12 
12 

13 

14 
15 

19-367 
23-975 
25.414 
29.213 

34.6i2 
32.515 
35.504 
41.644 

46.805 
45-217 
50.916 
56.649 

60.802 
64.955 

1500 

1200 
IOOO 
1200 

I2OO 
800 

900 

IOOO 

900 
800 
900 

750 

750 
750 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures                            69 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures  (Continued) 
Drive  Pipe                     Extra-Strong  Pipe  —  Black  and  Galvanized 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test 
pressure 
in 
pounds 

Size 

Weight  per 
foot 
plain  ends 

Test  pressure  in 
pounds 

Butt 

Lap 

2 

2^2 

3 

3*6 

41/2 

5 
6 
7 
8 
8 
8 
9 
10 
10 

IO 

II 

12 
12 
13 
14 

I7O.D. 
iSO.D. 
2oO.D. 

3-730 
5.906 
7-705 
9.294 
10.995 
12.758 
14.989 
19.408 
24.021 
25-495 
29.303 
32.334 
34-711 
32.631 
35.628 
41.785 
46.953 
45-358 
51-067 
56.849 
61.005 
65.161 
73-000 
81.000 
90.000 

750 
750 
750 
75b 
750 
750 
750 
750 
750 
650 
750 
750 
750 
650 
750 
750 
750 
600 
750 
750 
750 
500 
500 
500 
500 

n 
i 

8/4 

I 

IV4 

iy2 

2 

2y2 
3y2 

4 

& 

6 
7 
8 
9 

10 

II 

12 

13 
14 
15 

•  314 
•  535 
.738 
1.087 
1.473 
2.171 
2.996 
3.631 
5.022 
7.661 
10.252 
12.505 
14.983 
17.611 
20.778 
28.573 
38.048 
43.388 
48.728 
54-735 
60.075 
65.415 
72.091 
77-431 
82.771 

700 
700 
700 
700 
700 
700 
1500 
1500 
1500 
1500 
1500 

2500 
2500 

200O 
200O 
2OOO 
2000 
I800 
I800 
I800 
1500 
1500 
1500 
I2OO 
1  100 
IIOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 

Oil-Well  Tubing 

In  addition  to  the  above  test,  on  sizes  Vs" 
to  i"  inclusive,  the  pipe  is  jarred  with  a 
hammer  while  under  pressure. 

Double  Extra-Strong  Pipe  — 
Black  and  Galvanized 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test 
pressure 
in 
pounds 

Size 

Weight  per 
foot 
plain  ends 

Test  pressure  in 
pounds 

Butt 

Lap 

M 

iVa 

2 
2 
21/2 

m 

3 
3 
3 
3$ 

4 
4 

2.300 
2.748 
4.000 
4  5oo 
5.897 
6.250 
7.694 
8.500 

IO.OOO 

9.261 
10.980 
11.750 

1800 
1800 

2200 
2500 
2000 
22OO 
I800 
2OOO 
2200 
1500 
1500 
I800 

y2 
% 

i 

i}4 

iy2 

2 

2y2 
3y2 

4 

4y2 

6 
8 

1.714 

2.440 
3-659 
5.214 
6.408 
9.029 
13.695 
18.583 
22.850 
27.541 
32.530 
38.552 
53.i6o 
63.079 
72.424 

700 
700 
700 

2200 
2200 
220O 
2200 

3000 
3000 
3000 
3000 
2500 
2500 

2000 
2000 
2000 
2OOO 
2000 

70                            Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures  (Continued) 

Standard  Boston  Casing 

Size  . 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

2 

2V4 

2% 
28/4 

2  34 

2  82 

3  25 
3.65 

750 
750 
750 
750 

5% 
5% 
5% 

12.  OO 

14.00 
17  oo 

12.00 

800 
900 

IOOO 

750 

3V4 

3% 
38/i 

4.10 
4.60 
5  10 

750 
750 
75o 
750 

61/4 
65/8 

6% 

7V4 

13.00 
13.00 
17.00 

14.75 

800 
750 
900 
75o 

4V4 

4% 

6.  20 
6.75 
9-50 
7-25 

750 
750 
900 
750 

7% 
7% 

8V4 

16.00 
20.00 
17-50 

20.00 

750 
800 
750 
800 

4% 

48/4 

5 
5 

9-50 
8.00 
8.50 

IO.OO 

900 
750 
750 
800 

8% 
9% 

105/8 

24.00 
19.00 
22.75 

26.75 

800 
750 
750 
750 

5 
5g 

55/86 

13.00 
16.00 
9.00 
10.50 

IOOO 
1200 

750 
750 

H% 
12% 
13% 

14% 

15% 

31.50 
36.50 

42.00 

47.50 
52.50 

500 
500 
500 
500 

500 

Boston  Casing  —  Pacific  Couplings 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

38/4 

4 

4V4 

5.678 
6.223 
6.779 
9-547 

750 
750 
750 
900 

55/8 

6V4 

6V4 

17.033 
11.986 
13.046 
13.028 

IOOO 

750 
800 
800 

4% 
4% 
48/4 
5 

7.309 
9  550 
8.093 
8.562 

75o 
900 
75o 
750 

65/8 

6% 

7% 
7% 

13.122 
17.076 
16.038 
20.037 

750 
900 
75o 
800 

5 
5 
5 
5 

10.071 
10.057 
13-085 
13-072 

800 
800 

IOOO 
IOOO 

85/8 

9% 

9% 

105/8 

19-123 

22  .  802 
30  .  250 
26.978 

750 
750 
900 
750 

5 

5% 
5% 
55/8 

16.062 
10.528 
12.063 
14.069 

I2OO 

750 
800 
900 

12% 

13% 

14% 

31.872 
36.685 
41-975 
48.018 
53-068 

5oo 
500 
500 
5oo 
500 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures                            71 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures  (Continued) 

California  Diamond  BX  Casing 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

5% 

20.00 

1500 

8*4 

38.00 

1300 

6V4 

20.00 

1400 

8V4 

43-00 

1500 

6U 

24.00 

1500 

9% 

33-00 

IOOO 

6V4 

26.00 

1600 

10 

40.00 

800 

61/4 

28.00 

1700 

10 

45.oo 

900 

6% 

20.00 

1  200 

10 

48.00 

IOOO 

6% 

26.00 

1400 

10 

54  oo 

1200 

6% 

28.00 

1500 

11%. 

40.00 

800 

6% 

30.00 

1600 

12% 

40.00 

700 

7% 

26.00 

I2OO 

12% 

45-00 

800 

8% 

28.00 

IOOO 

12% 

50.00 

900 

8-Vi 

32.00 

IIOO 

I3V2 

50.00 

800 

8V4 

36.00 

1200 

15% 

70.00 

800 

South  Penn  Casing 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

58/io 

13.000 

IOOO 

6% 

24.000 

I2OO 

58/16 

17.000 

1  200 

8^4 

24.000 

IOOO 

6V4 

13.000 

800 

8V4 

28.000 

I2OO 

m 

17.000 

IOOO 

IO 

32.515 

800 

6% 

17.000 

900 

10 

35-000 

000 

6% 

20.000 

IOOO 

12% 

50.000 

800 

Inserted  Joint  Casing 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
plain  ends 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
plain  ends 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

2 

2.296 

75o 

5% 

11.789 

800 

2*4 

2.759 

750 

6^4 

11.652 

750 

2% 

3.182 

750 

6% 

12.685 

750 

2% 

3-572 

750 

7U 

14.390 

750 

1% 

4.  on 

4.505 

75o 
750 

1 

15.522 
16.940 

75o 
750 

3% 

4.988 

750 

18.429 

750 

38/4 

5-532 

750 

9% 

21.855 

750 

4 

6.060 

750 

-10% 

25.780 

750 

4V4 

6.609 

750 

11% 

30.512 

500 

4% 

7.131 

750 

12% 

35-243 

500 

4»/4 

7.870 

750 

13% 

40.454 

500 

5 

8.328 

750 

14% 

45-714 

500 

58Ae 

8.792 

750 

15% 

50.632 

500 

5% 

10.222 

750 

72                           Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures  (Continued) 

Standard  Boiler  Tubes  and  Flues  —  Lap  Welded 

External 
diameter 

Weight 
per  foot 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

External 
diameter 

Weight 
per  foot 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

i% 

| 

1.679 
1.932 
2.186 
2.783 

750 
75o 
750 
75o 

6 

8 
9 

10.282 
12.044 
13.807 
16.955 

500 
500 
500 
500 

2% 

3 

3V4 

3V2 

3  074 
3.365 
4.  on 
4.331 

750 
750 
750 
75o 

10 

ii 

12 

13 

21  .  240 
25.329 
28.788 
32.439 

500 
500 
500 
500 

33/4 

4 
4Va 
5 

4.652 
5-532 
6.248 
7.669 

750 
750 
500 
500 

14 
15 
16 

36.424 
40.775 
45-359 

500 
500 
500 

Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes.    Lap  Welded  —  Open-hearth  Steel 

External 
diameter 

Thickness 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

External 
diameter 

Thickness 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

1% 

l8/4 
1% 
1% 

.095 
.109 

.110 
.120 

900 
900 
900 

IOOO 

2V4 
2V4 

2V4 

m 

.134 
.135 
.148 
.150 

IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 

1% 
1% 
1% 
1% 

.125 
.134 
.135 
.148 

IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 

2V2 
2V2 
2V2 

2V2 

.095 
.109 

.110 
.120 

800 
800 
800 
800 

I8/4 
2 
2 
2 

.150 
.095 
.109 
.no 

IOOO 

900 
900 

900 

2V2 
2V2 
*% 

2V2 

.125 
.134 
.135 
.148 

800 

900 
900 

IOOO 

2 
2 
2 
2 

.120 
.125 

.134 
.135 

IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 

2V2 

3 
3 
3 

.150 
.095 
.109 

.110 

IOOO 

750 
750 
750 

2 
2 

2^4 
3% 

.148 
.150 
.095 
.109 

IOOO 
IOOO         •* 

900 

900 

3 
3 
3 
3 

.120 
.125 
.134 
.135 

750 
750 
900 
900 

2V4 

2% 
2V4 

.110 
.120 

.125 

900 

IOOO 
IOOO 

3 
3 

.148 
.150 

IOOO 
IOOO 

. 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures 


73 


Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures  (Continued) 
Matheson  Joint  Pipe 


External 
diameter 


Weight 
per  foot 
complete 


Test  pressure 
in  pounds 


External 
diameter 


Weight 
per  foot 
complete 


Test  pressure 
in  pounds 


9 
9 
9 

10 


12 
12 


13 
13 


1-952 
3-392 
5  339 
7.019 

8.872 
11.028 
13.405 
15.614 

15-945 
18.621 
23-557 
18.610 

22.001 

28.309 

21.638 
25.600 

33.445 
24.880 
31.057 
39.129 

28.060 
34.095 


700 
700 
600 
600 

600 
600 
600 
700 

500 
600 
700 
500 

600 
700 
500 
600 

700 
500 
600 
700 


600 


13 

14 
14 
14 

15 
15 
15 
16 

16 
16 
17 
18 

18 
19 
20 
20 


22 

24 
26 

28 

30 


42.472 
31.536 
37  324 
45  941 

35  686 
41.581 
50.826 
40.089 

46.050 
55.923 
43.687 
47.384 

59-501 
52.815 
58.332 
79.631 

71.098 
93.629 
84.882 
100.697 

119.021 
138.851 


650 
500 
550 
600 

500 
55o 
600 
500 

550 
600 
450 
450 

500 
450 
450 
500 

450 
500 
450 
450 

450 
450 


Reamed  and  Drifted  Pipe 


Size 


Weight 
per  foot 
complete 


Test  pressure  in 
pounds 


Butt 


Lap 


Size 


Weight 
per  foot 
complete 


Test  pressure  in 
pounds 


Butt        Lap 


2 
2 
2% 

3\2 


3.697 
4.OOO 
5.843 
7-675 
9.26l 


1000 
1000 


1500 
1800 
1500 
1500 

IOOO 


10.980 
12.742 
14.966 
19.367 


IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 


Air  Line  Pipe 


Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

iV2 

3.000 

2OOO 

4 

11.750 

1800 

2 

2V2 

4.000 
6.500 

2000 
2OOO 

I 

17.000 

21.000 

1700 
1600 

3 

9.000 

2000 

74                            Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures  (Continued) 

Converse  Lock  Joint  Pipe 

External 
diameter 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

External 
diameter 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

2 

2.207 

700 

13 

45.387 

650 

3 

3-931 

700 

14 

35.013 

Soo 

4 

5-991 

600 

14 

40.714 

55o 

5 

7-932 

600 

14 

49-204 

600 

6 

9.969 

600 

15 

39-731 

Soo 

7 

12.419 

600 

15 

45.538 

550 

8 

15.008 

600 

15 

54.646 

600 

8 

17.190 

700 

16 

45.847 

500 

9 

17.958 

500 

16 

5L7I3 

550 

9 

20.602 

600 

16 

61  .  428 

600 

9 

25  -  477 

700 

17 

49.850 

450 

10 

20.801 

5oo 

18 

55-123 

450 

10 

24.148 

600 

18 

67.030 

5oo 

10 

30.375 

700 

19 

61.081 

450 

II 

23.963 

500 

20 

68.337 

450 

II 

27.875 

600 

20 

89.244 

500 

II 

35  619 

700 

22 

82.868 

45o 

12 

27-795 

500 

22 

104.958 

Soo 

12 

33-885 

600 

24 

99.789 

450 

12 

41-844 

700 

26 

120.555 

450 

13 

3I-I79 

500 

28 

142.000 

450 

13 

37  129 

600 

30 

166.828 

450 

Kimberley  Joint  Pipe 

External 
diameter 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

External 
diameter 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

6 

9.623 

600 

14 

38.657 

550 

7 

11.930 

600 

14 

47.269 

600 

8 

I4-37I 

600 

15 

37-094 

Soo 

8 

16.579 

700 

IS 

42.986 

550 

9 

17.032 

Soo 

15 

52.226 

600 

9 

19.707 

600 

16 

41.596 

500 

9 

24  640 

700 

16 

47-554 

550 

10 

19  779 

500 

16 

57.422 

600 

10 

23.169 

600 

17 

47-737 

450 

IO 

29-474 

700 

18 

51.486 

450 

II 

22.924 

500 

18 

63.596 

500 

II 

26.884 

600 

19 

57-118 

450 

II 

34.727 

700 

20 

62.865 

450 

12 

26.128 

Soo 

20 

84.154 

500 

12 

32.302 

600 

22 

75.839 

450 

12 

40.370 

700 

22 

98.359 

500 

13 

29-443 

500 

24 

90.034 

450 

13 

35  -  475 

600 

26 

106.260 

450 

13 

43.848 

650 

28 

124.413 

450 

14 

32.873 

Soo 

30 

144.616 

450 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures                            75 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures  (Continued) 
Allison  Vanishing  Thread  Tubing  —  Ends  Upset 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

2 

2V2 
336 

4 

3-731 

5.903 
7.699 
9.287 
10.984 

1800 

2100 

1900 
1500 
1500 

4% 

i 

12.744 
14.962 
19-359 
23-957 
29.196 

1500 
1500 
1500 

1200 
I2OO 

Allison  Vanishing  Thread  Tubing  —  Not  Upset 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

&& 

iVu 

2 

2V2 

3 

3VX2 

2.303 
2-751 
3.723 
5.893 

7.689 
9.276 

1200 

1700 
1700 

2OOO 

1800 
1500 

£ 
1 

8 

10.973 
12.733 
14.946 
19.338 

23.936 
29  .  167 

1500 
1500 
1500 
1500 

1200 

1  200 

Flush  Joint  Tubing 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
plain  ends 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
plain  ends 

Test  pressure 
in  pounds 

3% 

41/2 

6O.D. 
6 
?O.D. 

80.D. 
8 

7-575 
9  109 
10  790 
12.538 

14  617 
17.105 
18.974 
21.535 

23-544 
26.404 
28.554 

1000 
IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 

IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 

IOOO 
IOOO 
IOOO 

90.D. 
9 
loO.D. 
10 

I20.D. 

12 

13 
14 

15 
iSO.D. 

31  •  624 
33.907 
37-559 
40.483 

46.558 
49.562 
63.441 
68.119 

82  771 
93  451 

900 
900 
900 
900 

800 
800 
800 
750 

750 
750 

Test  applied  on  pipe  prior  to  threading. 

76                           Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures  (Concluded) 
Dry  Kiln  Pipe                                             Tuyere  Pipe 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
plain  ends 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

i 

1% 

1.697 
2.304 

700 
700 

i 

iU 

2.171 
2.996 

700 
1500 

In  addition  to  the  above  test  the 
pipe  is  jarred  with  a  hammer  while               i 
under  pressure. 

Full  Weight  Drill  Pipe 

California  Diamond  BX  Drive  Pipe 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

4V4 

4V2 
4V2 

16.000 
12.850 
15.000 

1800 
1400 
1700 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

In  addition  to  the  above  test  the 
pipe  is  jarred  with  a  hammer  while 
under  pressure. 

Special  Upset  Rotary  Pipe 

4 

4 

4V2 

11.055 
11.815 
12.744 
15.055 
19.463 

1500 
1500 
1500 
1500 
1500 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

Special  Rotary  Pipe 

2V2 

m 

4 

4 

5 

6 
6 

7.841 

IO.OOO 

12.632 

15.323 

17.000 
20.000 

19.551 
28.948 

2000 
2500 
1800 

2OOO 

I600 
I9OO 
1500 
I800 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

2V2 

2y2 

4 
4 

? 

6 
6 

7.830 

IO.OOO 

12.500 
15.000 

15.500 
18.000 
17.500 

21.000 

23  500 
29.000 

2000 
2500 
I800 
2OOO 

1600 
I800 
I600 
I800 

I5OO 
I800 

California  Special  External 
Upset  Tubing 

Size 

Weight 
per  foot 
complete 

Test  pres- 
sure in 
pounds 

3 

4 

8.627 
12.500 

2000 

1800 

Pipe  Joints 


77 


Fig.  5.     Typical  Section  of  Standard  Pipe  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  22.) 


Fig.  6.     Typical  Section  of  Line  Pipe  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  23.) 


Fig.  7.     Typical  Section  of  Drive  Pipe  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  24.) 


78 


Pipe  Joints 


Fig.  8.     Typical  Section  of  Standard  Boston  Casing  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  26.) 


Fig.  9.     Typical  Section  of  Boston  Casing  —  Pacific  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  28.) 


K---L— H 


Fig.  10.     Typical  Section  of  Inserted  Joint  Casing 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  27.) 


Pipe  Joints 


79 


Fig.  ii.     Typical  Section  of  Special  Rotary  Pipe  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  34.) 


Fig.  12.     Typical  Section  of  Special  Upset  Rotary  Pipe  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  34.) 


Fig.  13.     Typical  Section  of  Reamed  and  Drifted  Pipe  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  35.) 


80 


Pipe  Joints 


Fig.  14.     Typical  Section  of  Flush  Joint  Tubing 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  32.) 


Fig.  15.     Typical  Section  of  Full  Weight  Drill  Pipe  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  36.) 


Fig.  1 6.     Typical  Section  of  Air  Line  Pipe  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  36.) 


Pipe  Joints 


81 


Fig.  17.     Typical  Section  of  Oil  Well  Tubing  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  30.) 


Fig.  1 8.     Typical  Section  of  Allison  Vanishing  Thread  Tubing  Coupling 

and  Joint  —  Not  Upset 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  33.) 


Fig.  19.     Typical  Section  of  Allison  Vanishing  Thread  Tubing  Coupling 

and  Joint  —  Ends  Upset 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  33.) 


82 


Pipe  Joints 


Fig.  20.     Typical  Section  of  California  Diamond  BX  Casing  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  29.) 


Fig.  21.     Typical  Section  of  California  Diamond  BX  Drive  Pipe 

Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  31.) 


Fig.  22.     Typical  Section  of  California  Special  External  Upset  Tubing 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  30.) 


Pipe  Joints 


83 


Fig.  23.     Typical  Section  of  South  Penn  Casing  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  35.) 


Fig.  24.     Typical  Section  of  Dry  Kiln  Pipe  Coupling  and  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  37.) 


L— - 


Fig.  25.     Typical  Section  of  a  Kimberley  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  44.) 


84 


Pipe  Joints 


Fig.  26.     Typical  Section  of  a  Matheson  Joint 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  42.) 


Fig.  27.     Typical  Section  of  a  Converse  Lock  Joint  Hub 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  43.) 


Fig.  28.     Typical  Section  of  a  Converse  Lock  Joint  Hub  and  Pipe 
(For  list  of  sizes,  dimensions  and  weights  see  page  43.) 


Square  Pipe 
Sections  of  Square  Pipe 


85 


Fig.  30 


!« f j 

Fig.  34 
See  table,  page  45,  for  various  thicknesses  and  weights  manufactured. 


86 


Square  Pipe 


Sections  of  Square  Pipe 


— H 


See  table,  page  45,  for  various  thicknesses  and  weights  manufactured. 


Rectangular  Pipe 


87 


Sections  of  Rectangular  Pipe 


n 


— 1--- 

Fig.  37 


I 


Fig.  39 


1 


1 


Fig.  38 


See  table,  page  45,  for  various  thicknesses  and  weights  manufactured. 


88 


Rectangular  Pipe 


Sections  of  Rectangular  Pipe 


i 
Fig.  42 

See  table,  page  45,  for  various  thicknesses  and  weights  manufactured. 


Standard  Specifications  89 


STANDARD   SPECIFICATIONS 

It  is  the  aim,  as  the  reader  will  see  by  the  system  of  testing  and  in- 
spection heretofore  described,  to  ship  nothing  but  first-class  material. 
Most  orders  specify  "Steel  Pipe"  and  rely  on  mill  tests  for  the  necessary 
inspection,  which,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  are  often  more  severe  than  those 
specified  by  customers.  It  sometimes  happens,  however,  that  speci- 
fications contain  requirements  which  are  unreasonable,  in  that  they  in- 
crease the  cost  of  manufacture  without  safeguarding  the  customer's 
interests  by  eliminating  defective  material  —  such  as,  for  example, 
tests  to  be  made  on  the  skelp  before  welding,  which  would  result  in 
some  cases  in  the  rejection  of  good  steel  plates  because  they  happened 
to  be  rolled  a  little  above  or  below  the  customary  temperature,  and 
might,  on  the  other  hand,  allow  defective  plates  to  go  through  to  finished 
pipe.  It  is  evidently  much  better  to  apply  all  tests  after  the  skelp  has 
been  through  the  welding  furnace  and  is  in  the  form  of  finished  pipe, 
for  good  steel  may  be  ruined  by  improper  heating  in  welding. 

For  standard  pipe  (lap  or  butt-welded)  we  suggest  the  following 
specification,  which  will  insure  first-class  material  without  unneces- 
sarily increasing  the  cost  of  manufacture.  These  specifications  illus- 
trate the  method  of  testing  generally  applicable  to  tubes  and  pipe,  in 
order  to  insure  uniformity  and  good  quality  material  and  workmanship. 

We  also  give  our  standard  specifications  for  locomotive  boiler  tubes, 
which  are  fully  as  strict,  if  not  more  so,  than  any  we  are  required  to  work 
to.  It  would  greatly  facilitate  the  work  of  inspection  if  the  tests  required 
on  tubes  and  pipes  were  standardized.  We  trust  that  these  specifications 
will  meet  the  approval  of  engineers,  architects,  and  others  who  wish 
to  protect  their  interests,  as  they  have  been  prepared  after  careful  con- 
sideration with  that  end  in  view. 

The  following  specifications  are  known  as  the  1913  Book  of  Standards 
specifications. 


SPECIFICATION    FOE     STANDARD    WELDED    PIPE 

1.  Material.     Welded  pipe  is  to  be  made  of  uniformly  good  quality 
soft  weldable  steel,  rolled  from  solid  ingots.     Sufficient  crop  shall  be  cut 
from  the  ends  to  insure  sound  material,  and  the  steel  shall  be  given 
the  most  approved  treatment  in  heating  and  rolling. 

2.  Process  of  Manufacture.     All  pipe  shall  be  made  either  by  the 
lap  or  butt-weld  process  as  specified  on  order  according  to  the  best 
methods  and  practice. 

3.  Surface  Inspection.    The  pipe  must  be  reasonably  straight  and 
free  from  blisters,   cracks  or  other  injurious  defects.     Liquor  marks 
incidental  to  the  manufacture  of  lap-welded  pipe  will  not  be  considered 
as  surface  defects.     The  pipe  shall  not  vary  more  than  one  per  cent 
either  way  from  being  perfectly  round  or  true  to  the  standard  outside 
diameter,  except  on  the  small  sizes,  where  a  variation  of  one-sixty-fourth 


90  Standard  Specifications 


of  an  inch  will  be  accepted.     The  pipe  must  not  vary  more  than  five 
per  cent  either  way  from  standard  weight. 

4.  Threading  and  Reaming.    Where  required,  the  pipe  must  have 
a  good  Briggs  standard  thread,  which  will  make  a  tight  joint  when 
tested  by  internal  hydrostatic  pressure  at  the  mill  (paragraph  5).     The 
thread  must  not  vary  more  than  one  and  one-half  turns  either  way  when 
tested  with  a  Pratt  &  Whitney  Briggs  standard  gage.     All  burrs  at  the 
ends  are  to  be  removed. 

5.  Internal  Pressure  Test.    The  following  test  pressures  will  be 
applied  to  the  respective  sizes  of  standard  Butt  and  Lap-weld  pipe  as 
indicated  in  table: 

Method  of  maim-    _    . 
Nominal  size  facture  pressure 

V8  inch  to  2  inches  (inclusive) Butt  Weld  700  pounds 

2^2  inches  and  3  inches Butt  Weld  800  pounds 

Up  to  8  inches Lap  Weld  1000  pounds 

9  and  10  inches. Lap  Weld  900  pounds 

ii  and  12  inches Lap  Weld  800  pounds 

13  and  14  inches Lap  Weld  700  pounds 

15  inches Lap  Weld  600  pounds 

NOTE.  On  8,  10  and  12  inch  sizes  which  have  more  than  one  weight 
as  standard,  we  have  shown  the  hydraulic  test  pressure  for  the  heaviest 
weight. 

6.  Testing  of  Material.    The  steel  from  which  the  pipe  is  made 
must  show  the  following  physical  properties: 

Pipe  Steel 

Tensile  Strength 52  ooo  to  62  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elastic  Limit Not  less  than  30  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  8  Inches Not  less  than  20%. 

Reduction  in  Area Not  less  than  50%. 

A  test  piece  cut  lengthwise  from  the  pipe  and  filed  smooth  on  the 
edges  should  bend  through  180  degrees  with  an  inner  diameter  at  the 
bend  equal  to  the  thickness  of  the  material,  without  fracture. 

7.  Couplings.    The  material  to  be  sound  and  free  from  injurious 
defects.     Threads  must  be  clean  cut,  tapped  straight  through  and  of 
such  pitch  diameter  as  will  make  a  tight  joint.     The  ends  must  be 
countersunk. 

8.  Thread  Protection.    Solid  tapped  rings  or  split  couplings  will 
be  provided  as  thread  protectors  on  all  sizes  4  inches  in  diameter  or 
larger.     Protection  will  be  provided  for  smaller  sizes  when  specifically 
called  for  on  order. 

9.  All  tests  shall  be  made  at  mill. 


Specification  for  Matheson  Joint  Pipe  91 


SPECIFICATION  FOE  MATHESON  JOINT  PIPE 

1.  General  Description  of  Pipe.    The  pipe  shall  be  made  of  uni- 
formly good  quality  soft  welding  steel  rolled  from  solid  ingots.     Suffi- 
cient crop  shall  be  cut  from  the  ends  to  insure  sound  material.     The 
pipe  shall  be  manufactured  by  what  is  known  in  the  trade  as  the  lap-weld 
process  and  each  length  shall  be  fitted  with  Matheson  Joint. 

2.  Design  of   Joint.    The  joint  shall  be  made   according  to  the 
schedule  of  dimensions  and  weights  given  on  page  42,  as  closely  as  it 
is  practicable  to  work,  especial  attention  being  directed  to  having  the 
bell  circular  and  the  diameter  of  the  mouth  of  the  bell   tc  standard 
size,  in  order  to  allow  the  lead  to  flow  and  be  calked  when  a  slight 
deflection  is  made  at  a  joint.     Also  the  depth  of  insertion  must  not  be 
materially  increased,  in  order  to   not   materially  increase  the  length 
required  to  lay  the  line.     In  cases  where  a  greater  thickness  is  specified 
than  shown  in  the  schedule,  the  form  of  the  bell  shall  be  that  for  the 
next  larger  diameter  on  the  schedule  having  about  the  same  thickness. 

3.  Surface  Inspection.     The  pipe  must  be  reasonably  straight  and 
free  from  blisters,   cracks  or  other  injurious  defects.     Liquor  marks 
incidental  to  the  manufacture  of  lap-welded  pipe  will  not  be  considered 
as  surface  defects.     The  pipe  shall  not  vary  more  than  i  per  cent  either 
way  from  the  mean  outside  diameter  specified.     The  pipe  must  not 
vary  more  than  5  per  cent  either  way  from  weight  as  listed;   any  piece 
selected  for  £est  must  be  at  least  eighteen  feet  long.     Shorter  lengths 
may  be  more  than  5  per  cent  over  weight,  but  must  not  be  more  than 
5  per  cent  under  weight. 

4.  Strength  of  Material.    The  steel  used  shall  show  the  following 
physical  properties  on  test  pieces  cut  from  finished  pipe: 

Pipe  Steel 

Tensile  strength 52  ooo  to  62  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elastic  limit Not  less  than  30  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  8  inches Not  less  than  20%. 

Reduction  in  area Not  less  than  50%. 

5.  Internal  Pressure  Test.     Each  piece  of  pipe  shall  be  tested  to  a 
hydrostatic  pressure  not  less  than  that  shown  in  table,  page  73,  with- 
out showing  any  leak  or  injury  to  the  metal. 

6.  Length.     The  lengths  shipped  shall   not  average  less  than  six- 
teen (16)  feet  on  the  whole  order  and  not  more  than  five  per  cent  (5%) 
of  the  lengths  shipped  may  consist  of  short  pieces  joined  together,  and 
no  piece  so  joined  may  be  less  than  five  feet  long,  nor  may  more  than 
one  joint  be  made  in  any  length. 

7.  Protective  Coating.*    After  forming  the  joint  and  applying  the 
rings,  each  pipe  shall  be  thoroughly  cleaned  inside  and  outside  from  all 

*  See  articles  on  Protective  Coatings,  pages  94  and  106.      See  index. 


92  Standard  Specifications 


loose  scale,  dirt,  rust,  etc.,  and  shall  then  be  heated  until  perfectly  dry. 
The  pipes  shall  then  be  transferred  to  the  dip  bath  before  they  become 
chilled,  and  shall  remain  in  the  dip  sufficient  time  for  the  pipe  and  bath 
to  reach  practically  the  same  temperature.  The  immersion  in  the  dip 
bath  shall  be  horizontal  and  the  pipes  shall  be  lifted  out  at  sufficient 
angle  to  allow  the  surplus  coating  to  drain  off  before  it  has  time  to 
harden.  The  bath  shall  be  maintained  at  a  practically  constant  tem- 
perature which  shall  not  be  less  than  the  boiling  point  of  water.  The 
compound  shall  consist  of  a  good  quality  of  refined  coal  tar  pitch  free 
from  water  and  the  lighter  oils,  and  of  such  uniform  consistency  that 
it  will  not  chip  off  by  blows  or  friction  at  60  degrees  Fahr.,  nor  be  liable 
to  soften  unduly  so  as  to  run  when  exposed  to  a  reasonable  amount  of 
solar  heat. 

If  any  other  compound  is  required,  it  must  be  clearly  specified,  other- 
wise the  National  Tube  Company  standard  pipe  dip  will  be  applied. 

8.  Galvanizing.     Where  galvanizing  is  required,  the  finished  pipe 
shall  be  cleaned  free  from  scale  by  pickling  in  warm  dilute  sulphuric 
acid;  the  pipe  shall  then  be  washed  in  a  bath  of  water;   then  immersed 
in  an  alkaline  or  neutral  bath,  then  dried  and  immersed  in  molten  zinc, 
being  allowed  to  remain  in  the  bath  until  it  acquires  the  temperature 
of  the  zinc.    No  wiping  or  scraping  device  shall  be  used  which  will  render 
the  zinc  coating  thin.     When  cool,  the  clean  galvanized  pipe  shall  be 
coated  as  described  in  section  7,  when  specifically  required. 

9.  Loading  and  Shipping.     When  loading  for  transport  the  pipe 
shall  be  handled  in  such  manner  that  the  least  possible  injury  will  be 
done  to  the  coating,  and  after  loading  on  cars,  it  must  be  well  braced 
so  as  to  avoid  shifting  while  in  transit. 

The  contractor  shall  at  his  expense  and  without  extra  charge,  ship 
sufficient  coating,  ready  mixed  for  application  by  brush,  to  repair  the 
unavoidable  abrasion  that  may  occur  to  the  coating  while  in  transit. 

10.  Measurement.     The  pipe  will  be  measured  over-all  length  and 
so  charged.      Purchaser  should  use  care  that  in  ordering  laid  length 
required  he  considers  the  length  of  over-lap  in  joint  shown  by  Fig.  26, 
page  84. 

11.  Inspection.     The  material  and  workmanship  shall  at  all  times 
during  the  course  of  manufacture  be  open  for  inspection  by  customer 
or  by  an  inspector  authorized  to  act  in  his  behalf.     All  tests  shall  be 
made  at  the  mill  and  the  acceptance  by  customer  or  his  authorized 
inspector  shall  be  final  and  the  makers'  liability  under  this  specification 
shall  thereupon  cease.     The  manufacturer  shall  furnish  the  inspector 
free  of  extra  charge  every  reasonable  facility  required  to  witness  the 
tests,  and  make  the  inspection  called  for  under  this  specification,  and 
shall  give  the  inspector  due  notice  as  to  when  work  on  the  order  will 
begin. 


Specification  for  Converse  Lock  Joint  Pipe  93 


SPECIFICATION  FOR  CONVERSE  LOCK* JOINT  PIPE 

1.  General  Description  of  Pipe.    The  pipe  shall  be  made  of  uni- 
formly good  quality  soft  welding  steel  rolled  from  solid  ingots.     Sufficient 
crop  shall  be  cut  from  the  ends  to  insure  sound  material.     The  pipe  shall 
be  manufactured  by  what  is  known  in  the  trade  as  the  lap-weld  process 
and  each  length  shall  be  fitted  with  Converse  Lock  Joint. 

2.  Design  of  Joint.    The  Converse  Lock  Joint  is  made  by  means 
of  a  cast  iron  hub  whose  inner  surface  has  an  inwardly  projecting  ring 
at  mid-length;   on  each  side  of  this  ring  are  two  wedge-shaped  pockets, 
diametrically  opposite;  near  each  mouth  of  the  hub  is  a  recess  for  lead. 
Close  to  each  end  of  the  pipe  are  two  strong  rivets,  placed  at  such 
distance  from  the  end  that  when  the  pipe  is  inserted  into  the  hub  and 
slightly  rotated  (see  illustration  page  84),  the  rivets  engage  the  slopes  of 
the  wedge-shaped  pockets  and  force  the  end  of  the  pipe  against  the  central 
ring  of  the  hub.     Lead  is  then  poured  into  the  recess  provided  for  it 
and  securely  calked. 

3.  Hubs.     The  Converse  Lock  Joint  Hub  shall  be  cylindrical;  shall 
be  made  of  the  best  foundry  iron  and  shall  be  cast  to  uniform  patterns, 
strictly  in   conformity  with  diameters  of  the  pipe.     Converse   Lock 
Joint  Tees,  Elbows  and  Crosses  can  be  supplied  when  so  ordered. 

4.  Surface  Inspection.    The  pipe  must  be  reasonably  straight  and 
free  from  blisters,   cracks  or  other  injurious  defects.     Liquor  marks 
incidental  to  the  manufacture  of  lap-welded  pipe  will  not  be  considered 
as  surface  defects.     The  pipe  shall  not  vary  more  than  i  per  cent  either 
way  from  the  mean  outside  diameter  specified.      The  pipe  must  not 
vary  more  than  5  per  cent  either  way  from  weight  as  listed;   any  piece 
selected  for  test  must  be  at  least  18  feet  long.     Shorter  lengths  may  be 
more  than  5  per  cent  over  weight,  but  must  not  be  more  than  5  per  cent 
under  weight. 

5.  Strength  of  Material.    The  steel  used  shall  show  the  following 
physical  properties  on  test  pieces  cut  from  finished  pipe: 

Tensile  strength 52  ooo  to  62  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elastic  limit Not  less  than  30  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  8  inches. Not  less  than  18%. 

Reduction  in  area Not  less  than  50%. 

6.  Internal  Pressure  Test.    Each  piece  of  pipe  shall  be  tested  to  a 
hydrostatic  pressure  not  less  than  that  shown  in  table,  page  74,  with- 
out showing  any  leak  or  injury  to  the  metal. 

7.  Length.     The  lengths  shipped  shall  not  average  less  than  sixteen 
(16)  feet  on  the  whole  order  and  not  more  than  five  per  cent  (5%)  of 
the  lengths  shipped  may  consist  of  short  pieces  joined  together,  and  no 
piece  so  joined  may  be  less  than  five  feet  (5'  o")  long,  nor  may  more  than 
one  joint  be  made  in  any  length. 


94  Standard  Specifications 


8.  Protective  Coating.*    After  forming  the  joint  and  applying  the 
hubs,  each  pipe  shall  be  thoroughly  cleaned  inside  and  outside  from  all 
loose  scale,  dirt,  rust,  etc.,  and  shall  then  be  heated  until  perfectly  dry. 
The  pipes  shall  then  be  transferred  to  the  dip  bath  before  they  become 
chilled,  and  shall  remain  in  the  dip  sufficient  time  for  the  pipe  and  bath 
to  reach  practically  the  same  temperature.     The  immersion  in  the  dip 
bath  shall  be  horizontal  and  the  pipes  shall  be  lifted  out  at  sufficient 
angle  to  allow  the  surplus  coating  to  drain  off  before  it  has  time  to  harden. 
The  bath  shall  be  maintained  at  a  practically  constant  temperature 
which  shall  not  be  less  than  the  boiling  point  of  water.     The  compound 
shall  consist  of  a  good  quality  of  refined  coal  tar  pitch  free  from  water 
and  the  lighter  oils,  and  of  such  uniform  consistency  that  it  will  not  chip 
off  by  blows  or  friction  at  60  degrees  Fahr.,  nor  be  liable  to  soften  unduly 
so  as  to  run  when  exposed  to  a  reasonable  amount  of  solar  heat. 

If  any  other  compound  is  required,  it  must  be  clearly  specified,  other- 
wise the  National  Tube  Company  standard  pipe  dip  will  be  applied. 

9.  Galvanizing.     Where  galvanizing  is  required,  the  finished  pipe 
shall  be  cleaned  free  from  scale  by  pickling  in  warm  dilute  sulphuric 
acid;  the  pipe  shall  then  be  washed  in  a  bath  of  water;   then  immersed 
in  an  alkaline  or  neutral  bath,  then  dried  and  immersed  in  molten  zinc, 
being  allowed  to  remain  in  the  bath  until  it  acquires  the  temperature  of 
the  zinc.     No  wiping  or  scraping  device  shall  be  used  which  will  render 
the  zinc  coating  thin.      When  cool,  the  clean  galvanized  pipe  shall  be 
coated  as  described  in  section  8,  when  specifically  required. 

10.  Loading  and  Shipping.     One  end  of  each  length  of  Converse 
Joint  pipe  shall  be  securely  leaded  into  a  hub  before  shipment  is  made 
from  the  mill.     When  loading  for  transport,  the  pipe  shall  be  handled 

*  Note  :  National  Coating. 

Where  required  we  can  furnish  special  covering  of  heavy  fabric  saturated  with 
protective  compound,  which  will  be  applied  over  the  regular  coating  as  described 
in  paragraph  8.  The  process  of  applying  this  special  coating  being  as  follows: 

The  fabric  shall  be  wound  spirally  around  the  pipe  overlapping  about  one  inch 
on  each  turn,  and  shall  be  thoroughly  saturated  with  the  hot  compound  before 
being  applied  to  the  pipe.  The  wrapping  will  be  carried  up  to  but  not  cover  the 
joint. 

Method  of  Protecting  the  Joints  when  Assembled  in  the  Field : 

After  the  joint  has  been  completely  assembled  in  the  ditch,  the  part  left  un- 
protected should  first  be  wiped  free  of  dirt  and  moisture  and  then  thickly  coated 
with  compound  furnished  for  that  purpose.  After  this  a  piece  of  fabric  of  suffi- 
cient width  (wider  than  the  hub)  having  length  enough  to  encircle  the  hub  a 
little  more  than  twice  is  slashed  near  each  edge  with  cuts  running  transversely 
about  2  inches  apart.  This  strip  of  fabric  is  then  saturated  with  compound  and 
is  then  wound  tightly  over  the  hub,  the  slashes  permitting  it  to  fit  closely  thereto 
and  also  permitting  the  edges  of  the  fabric  to  be  drawn  down  against  the  pipe 
on  each  side  of  the  hub.  This  wrapping  of  the  hub  should  then  be  thoroughly 
covered  with  compound. 

Compound  and  fabric  used  in  protecting  field  joints  will  be  furnished  free  of 
charge  when  National  Coating  is  specified. 


Specification  for  Pipe  for  Flanging  and  Bending          95 


in  such  manner  that  the  least  possible  injury  will  be  done  to  the  coating, 
and  after  loading  on  cars,  it  must  be  well  braced  so  as  to  avoid  shifting 
while  in  transit. 

The  contractor  shall  at  his  expense  and  without  extra  charge,  ship 
sufficient  coating,  ready  mixed  for  application  by  brush,  to  repair  the 
unavoidable  abrasion  that  may  occur  to  the  coating  while  in  transit. 

11.  Measurement.    The  pipe  will  be  measured  over-all  length  and 
so  charged.     Purchaser  should  use  care  that  in  ordering  laid  length 
required,  he  considers  the  length  of  pipe  inserted  in  the  hub  shown  by 
Fig.  28,  page  84. 

12.  Inspection.     The  material  and  workmanship  shall  at  all  times 
during  the  course  of  manufacture  be  open  for  inspection  by  customer 
or  by  an  inspector  authorized  to  act  on  his  behalf.     All  tests  shall  be 
made  at  the  mill  and  the  acceptance  by  customer  or  his  authorized 
inspector  shall  be  final  and  the  makers'  liability  under  this  specification 
shall  thereupon  cease.     The  manufacturer  shall  furnish  the  inspector 
free  of  extra  charge  every  reasonable  facility  required  to  witness  the 
tests,  and  make  the  inspection  called  for  under  this  specification,  and 
shall  give  the  inspector  due  notice  when  work  on  the  order  will  begin. 


SPECIFICATION  FOR  PIPE  FOR  FLANGING 
AND  BENDING 

The  pipe  shall  be  lap-welded,  made  of  Bessemer  or  Open  Hearth  Steel 
of  the  best  welding  quality,  free  from  blisters,  cracks  or  other  injurious 
defects. 

Inspection  and  Testing  of  Material 

1.  Each  length  of  pipe  is  to  be  inspected  separately  for  defects  inside 
and  outside,  noting  particularly  the   character  of  the  cross  section  when 
cutting  off  crop  ends. 

2.  A  flattening  test  is  to  be  made  on  each  crop  end  with  the  weld  near 
the  side,  crushing  the  end  down  to  one-quarter  the  diameter  of  the  pipe; 
it  must  not  show  cracks  in  the  material  or  opening  at  the  weld. 

3.  An  internal  hydrostatic  test  is  to  be  made  on  each  length  of  finished 
pipe,  using  the  pressure  customary  in  regular  mill  practice  according 
to  diameter  and  thickness  specified. 

4.  The  Chief  Inspector  will  file  a  written  report  on  each  order  tested 
showing  the  percentage  of  pieces  which  fail  under  each  section  of  this 
specification;  copy  to  be  forwarded  to  the  office  of  the  General  Super- 
intendent. 


96  Signal  Pipe 


SIGNAL    PIPE 

(Standard  Specification  approved  by  the  Railway  Signal  Association,  Oct.,  1910.) 

Pipe.  i.  Pipe  must  be  of  soft  steel,  straight,  tough  and  uniform  in 
quality;  free  from  cinder  pockets,  blisters,  burns  and  other  injurious 
flaws,  must  be  hot  galvanized  inside  and  outside,  unwiped. 

2.  The  tensile  strength^  limit  of  elasticity  and  ductility  shall  be 
determined  from  a  test  piece  cut  from  finished  pipe. 

3.  The  pipe  shall  have  a  tensile  strength  of  not  less  than  52  ooo  pounds 
per  square  inch,  and  an  elastic  limit  of  not  less  than  30  ooo  pounds  per 
square  inch,  and  an  elongation  of  not  less  than  18  per  cent,  in  a  measured 
length  of  eight  inches.     All  pipe  must  stand  a  test  of  600  pounds  per 
square  inch  internal  hydrostatic  pressure  without  leak. 

A  piece  of  pipe  one  foot  long  will  be  selected  at  random  and  be  sub- 
jected to  a  flattening  test  by  hammering  the  piece  until  the  opposite 
sides  are  within  twice  the  thickness  of  the  wall  from  each  other;  the 
piece  shall  show  no  cracks  in  the  steel  except  at  the  weld. 

4.  The  weight  of  one  foot  of  one  inch  pipe  before  galvanizing  should 
be  1.71  pounds,  and  in  no  case  will  pipe  be  accepted  weighing  less  than 
1.63  pounds  per  foot,  weight  of  plug  and  coupling  not  included. 

5.  The  outside  diameter  of  pipe  must  conform  to  Briggs  standard. 
Any  pipe  enough  less  than  1.31  inches  in  diameter  to  result  in  a  flat 
thread  will  be  rejected. 

6.  The  manufacturer  shall  furnish  all  necessary  facilities  for  making 
tests  and  the  tests  shall  be  made  at  the  mill. 

7.  Inside  diameter  of  all  pipe  must  be  large  enough  to  receive  a  hard- 
ened steel  plug  of  6%4  inch  diameter  for  a  length  of  six  inches. 

8.  Not  more  than  one  per  cent  of  pipe  less  than  fifteen  feet  long  will 
be  accepted,  lengths  of  seventeen  feet  and  over  preferred. 

9.  The  ends  of  pipe  must  be  cut  square  and  drilled  for  two  Vi-inch 
rivets  on  one  end  only;   first  rivet  hole  shall   be  drilled  two  inches 
from  the  end  and  the  second  two  inches  from  this  and  at  right  angles 
to  it. 

10.  Each  length  of  pipe  shall  have  a  thread  i1/^  inches  long,  %-inch 
total  taper  per  foot,  11%  "V"  threads  to  the  inch,  slightly  rounded  top 
and  bottom;  the  threaded  portion  of  the  pipe  shall  be  of  such  diameter 
as  to  permit  the  coupling  to  be  screwed  on  five  turns  by  hand,  with  per- 
missible variation  of  one  turn  either  way. 

Couplings.  Couplings  must  be  galvanized,  to  be  2%  inches  long 
and  i%  inches  outside  diameter,  of  wrought  iron,  free  from  defects, 
faced  at  ends  and  tapped  straight  through,  pitch  diameter  of  thread  to 
be  1.26  inches,  variation  not  more  than  .003  of  an  inch,  so  as  to  fit  pipe 
as  per  section  10  above. 

Plugs.  Plugs  must  be  merchant  bar  steel,  ten  inches  long,  31-32  inch 
in  diameter,  drilled  for  four  H-inch  rivets  with  drill  .256;  spacing  to 
be  one  inch,  two  inches,  four  inches,  two  inches,  one  inch,  the  outside 


Signal  Pipe 


97 


holes  to  be  in  one  plane  and  the  inside  holes  to  be  in  a  plane  at  right 
angles  to  the  outside  holes. 

Rivets.    Rivets  must  be  galvanized,  must  be  of  soft  iron  or  steel 
4  inch  in  diameter,  iHle  inches  long. 


i -inch  Signal  Pipe 

(For  specification  see  page  96.) 


Fig-  43-     Joint  Assembled 


256    DR.LL^                                                                            , 

tiy 

j|; 

si~a         i|!             T 

i"-4  2" 

7Il=fcl 

fc:^ 

Fig.  44.     Plug,  Merchant  Bar  Steel 


Fig.  45.     Coupling,  Wrought  Iron,  Galvanized 


Fig.  46.     Rivet,  Soft  Iron  or  Steel,  Galvanized 


98  Standard  Specifications 


SPECIFICATIONS  FOE  SPECIAL  AMMONIA  PIPE 

1.  Material.    Welded  pipe  is  to  be  made  of  uniformly  good  quality 
soft  weldable  steel  rolled  from  solid  ingots.     Sufficient  crop  shall  be 
cut  from  the  ends  to  insure  sound  material,  and  the  steel  shall  be  given 
the  most  approved  treatment  in  heating  and  rolling. 

2.  Process  of  Manufacture.    All  pipe  2  inch  and  larger  to  be  lap- 
welded;  smaller  sizes  to  be  butt- welded  and  redrawn  from  a  larger  size. 

3.  Surface  Inspection.     Pipe  must  be  reasonably  straight  and  free 
from  blisters,  cracks  or  other  injurious  defects.     Liquor  marks  inci- 
dental to  the  manufacture  of  lap-welded  pipe  will  not  be  considered  as 
surface  defects.     The  pipe  shall  not  vary  more  than  one  per  cent  either 
way  from  being  perfectly  round  or  true  to  standard  outside  diameter, 
except  on  the  small  sizes,  where  a  variation  of  M>4  of  an  inch  will  be  per- 
mitted.   The  pipe  must  not  vary  more  than  5  per  cent  either  way  from 
the  weight  specified. 

4.  Threading  and  Reaming.    Where  required  pipe  must  have  a 
good  Briggs  Standard  thread,  which  will  make  a  tight  joint  when  tested 
by  hydraulic  pressure  at  the  mill  (Paragraph  5).     The  thread  must  not 
vary  more  than  one  and  one-half  turns  either  way  when  tested  with  a 
Pratt  &  Whitney  Briggs  Standard  gage.     All  burrs  at  the  ends  are  to 
be  removed. 

5.  Internal    Pressure   Test.     Each   length   of   National    Special 
Ammonia  Pipe  when  lap-welded  shall  be  tested  at  the  mill  to  2000  pounds 
hydrostatic  pressure;  when  butt-welded  and  redrawn,  the  test  pressure 
shall  be  1500  pounds. 

6.  Testing  of  Material.    The  steel  from  which  the  pipe  is  made 
must  show  the  following  physical  properties: 

Pipe  Steel 

Tensile  strength 52  ooo  to  62  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elastic  limit Not  less  than  30  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Elongation  in  8  inches Not  less  than  20%. 

Reduction  in  area Not  less  than  50%. 

A  test  piece  cut  lengthwise  from  the  pipe  and  filed  smooth  on  the 
edges  shall  bend  through  180  degrees  with  an  inner  diameter  at  the 
bend  equal  to  the  thickness  of  the  material,  without  fracture. 

7.  Couplings.     The  material  to  be  sound  and  free  from  injurious 
defects.     Threads  must  be  clean  cut,  tapered  same  as  pipe,  and  of  such 
pitch  diameter  as  will  make  a  tight  joint.     The  ends  must  be  counter- 
sunk. 

8.  Thread  Protection.     Solid  tapped  rings  or  split  couplings  will 
be  provided  as  thread  protectors  on  pipe  2  inches  and  larger.     Thread 
protection  will  be  provided  for  smaller  sizes  when  specifically  called  for 
on  order. 

9.  All  tests  shall  be  made  at  the  mill. 


Specifications  for  Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes 


99 


SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  LAP-WELDED  LOCOMOTIVE 
BOILER  TUBES  AND   SAFE  ENDS 

Material 

Material  must  be  good  welding  quality  Basic  Open  Hearth  Steel, 
Spellerized. 

Chemical  Composition. 

Phosphorus  must  not  be  over 04  % 

Sulphur  must  not  be  over 05  % 

Carbon  must  not  be  over 12% 

Manganese 30  to  .  45  % 

Sample  for  chemical  analysis  to  be  taken  by  drilling  at  several  points 
around  the  circumference  of  the  tube. 

Dimensions,  Weights  and  Test  Pressures 


Outside  diameter 

Decimal 
thickness 

Nearest 
B.W.G. 

Weight 
per  foot, 
pounds 

Test 
pressure, 
pounds 

c 

.095 

13 

1.68 

900 

i^i  inches                      < 

.no 

12 

1-93 

900 

.125 

II 

2.17 

IOOO 

( 

.135 

IO 

2.33 

1000 

( 

.095 

13 

1-93 

900 

2  inches  < 

.no 
.125 

12 
II 

2  22 

2.50 

900 

IOOO 

£ 

.135 

10 

2.69 

IOOO 

( 

.095 

13 

2.19 

900 

2*4  inches                      < 

.no 

12 

2.51 

900 

.125 

II 

2  84 

IOOO 

( 

.135 

10 

3-05 

IOOO 

( 

.110 

12 

2.81 

800 

2  1/2  inches  < 

.125 

II 

3  17 

800 

( 

.135 

IO 

3  41 

900 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5%  above  or  5%  below  that 
given  above. 

Inspection 

(a)  Tubes  shall  have  a  reasonably  smooth  surface,  free  from  injurious 
pits,  laminations,  cracks,  blisters  or  imperfect  welds;  they  shall  also  be 
free  from  kinks,  bends  and  buckles,  signs  of  unequal  contraction  in 
cooling  or  injury  during  manufacture. 

(6)  The  thickness  of  the  wall  shall  not  vary  more  than  10%  above 
or  10  %  below  the  gage  specified. 

(c)  Tubes  shall  be  round  within  .02  inch. 

(d)  The  mean  outside  diameter  shall  not  vary  more  than  .015  inch 
from  the  size  ordered. 

(e)  Tubes  shall  not  be  less  than  the  length  ordered,  nor  more  than 
.125  inch  longer. 


100  Standard  Specifications 


Physical  Tests 

A  combination  of  vertical  and  horizontal  flattening  and  flange  test 
must  be  made  on  the  crop  end  cut  from  each  end  of  every  tube,  the  flange 
being  about  %  inch  wide.  If  required,  standard  ring,  expanding  and 
flattening  tests  will  also  be  made  (see  N.  T.  Co.'s  specification  for 
seamless  tubes  page  102),  but  it  is  believed  that  in  view  of  the  above 
combination  test  on  each  tube,  for  which  a  special  machine  has  been 
designed,  further  testing  is  unnecessary. 

Internal  Pressure  Test.  Each  tube  shall  be  subjected  by  the  manu- 
facturer to  an  internal  hydrostatic  pressure  for  the  respective  size  and 
gage  as  given  in  above  table  of  Dimensions,  Weights  and  Test  Pressures. 

General  Requirements 

In  addition  to  the  above  tests,  tubes,  when  inserted  in  the  boiler, 
must  stand  expanding  and  beading  without  showing  crack  or  flaw,  or 
opening  at  the  weld.  Those  which  fail  in  this  way  will  be  returned  to 
the  manufacturer. 

Each  tube  must  be  plainly  stenciled  "Spellerized  Steel  Tested  to  .  .  . 
Pounds"  (according  to  the  respective  size  and  gage  as  shown  in  above 
table)  and  tubes  shall  be  so  invoiced. 

All  tests  to  be  made  at  place  of  manufacture,  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Railroad's  Inspector  or  his  deputy. 

SPECIFICATIONS   FOR   LAP-WELDED   AND    SEAM- 
LESS STEEL  BOILER  TUBES  FOR  MERCHANT 
AND  MARINE   SERVICE 

Material 

Material  must  be  good  quality  soft  steel  rolled  from  solid  ingots. 
Sufficient  crop  shall  be  cut  from  the  ends  to  insure  sound  material. 

The  permissible  variation  in  weight  is  5  per  cent  above  or  5  per  cent 
below  the  calculated  weight. 

Inspection 

(a)  Tubes  shall  have  a  reasonably  smooth  surface,  free  from  injurious 
pits,  laminations,  cracks,  blisters  or  imperfect  welds;  they  shall  also  be 
free  from  kinks,  bends  and  buckles,  signs  of  unequal  contraction  in  cool- 
ing or  injury  during  manufacture. 

(b)  The  thickness  of  the  wall  shall  not  vary  more  than  10  per  cent 
above  or  below  the  gage  specified,  except  at  the  weld  where  .015  inch 
extra  thickness  will  be  allowed. 

(c)  Tubes  shall  not  vary  more  than  one-half  (%)  of  one  per  cent  either 
way  from  being  round  or  true  to  the  mean  outside  diameter,  except  in 
the  smaller  sizes  where  a  variation  of  .015  of  an  inch  will  be  accepted. 

(d)  Tubes  shall  not  be  shorter  than  the  length  ordered,  nor  more  than 

.125  inch  longer. 

Physical  Tests 

Flattening  Test.  A  section  three  (3)  inches  long  shall  stand  ham- 
mering flat  cold  until  the  inside  walls  are  within  three  times  the  thick- 
ness of  the  material  without  cracking  at  the  bend  or  elsewhere.  In 


Specifications  for  Locomotive  Boiler  .Tubes1 


101 


case  of  Lap-welded  tubes  for  Marine  work,  the  bend  at  one  side  shall 
be  made  in  the  weld. 

Flanging  Test.  For  Marine  purposes  on  Lap-welded  tubes  four  (4) 
inches  and  smaller  and  on  all  sizes  of  seamless  tubes,  a  flange  three- 
eighths  (%)  of  an  inch  wide  shall  be  turned  over  at  right  angles  to  the 
body  of  the  tube  without  showing  crack  or  opening  at  the  weld. 

Internal  Pressure  Test.  Each  Lap-welded  tube  shall  be  subjected 
by  the  manufacturer  to  an  internal  hydrostatic  pressure  for  the  respective 
size  and  gage  as  given  in  table,  page  72.  And  all  Seamless  Boiler  Tubes 
are  tested  to  1000  pounds. 

General  Requirements 

In  addition  to  the  above  tests,  each  tube  when  inserted  in  the  boiler 
must  stand  expanding  and  flanging  where  required  without  cracking 
or  opening  at  the  weld.  Tubes  which  fail  in  this  way  may  be  returned 
to  the  manufacturer. 

A  certificate  of  test  shall  be  furnished  the  purchaser  of  each  lot  of 
tubes,  for  Marine  service,  describing  the  kind  of  material  from  which 
the  tubes  were  made,  and  that  the  tubes  have  been  tested  and  have  met 
all  the  requirements  prescribed  by  the  Board  of  Supervising  Inspectors, 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Steamboat  Inspection  Service. 

All  tests  to  be  made  at  place  of  manufacture. 

SPECIFICATIONS    FOR    SEAMLESS    COLD    DRAWN 
LOCOMOTIVE  BOILER  TUBES  AND  SAFE  ENDS 

Material 

Tubes  to  be  made  of  our  standard  soft  Basic  Open  Hearth  Steel. 

Chemical  Analysis.  Sulphur  and  phosphorus  not  to  exceed  .04%. 
Sample  for  chemical  analysis  to  be  taken  by  drilling  several  points 
around  the  circumference  of  the  tubes. 

Dimensions  and  Weights 


Outside  diameter 

Decimal 
thickness 

Nearest 
B.W.G. 

Weight  per 
foot,  pounds 

( 

.095 

13 

1.68 

i%  inches   .    ...    < 

.no 

12 

1.93 

.125 

ii 

2.17 

( 

.135 

10 

2.33 

( 

.095 

13 

1-93 

2  inches                  < 

.no 

12 

2.22 

.125 

II 

2.50 

( 

.135 

IO 

2.69 

( 

.095 

13 

2.19 

2*4  inches  < 

.no 
.125 

12 
II 

2.51 
2.84 

( 

.135 

10 

3  05 

( 

.no 

12 

2.81 

2%  inches  \ 

.125 

II 

3.17 

\ 

.135 

10 

3-41 

102  Specifications  for  Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes 


Inspection 

(a)  Tubes  shall  have  a  smooth  surface,   free  from  injurious  pits, 
checks,  cracks  or  laminations.     Tubes  shall  be  free  from  bends,  kinks, 
buckles  or  other  defects  which  would  shorten  their  life  or  otherwise  limit 
their  usefulness. 

(b)  The  thickness  of  the  wall  shall  not  vary  more  than  10%  above  or 
10%  below  the  gage  specified. 

(c)  Tubes  shall  be  round  within  .02  inch. 

(d)  The  mean  outside  diameter  shall  not  vary  more  than  .010  inch 
from  the  size  ordered. 

(e)  Tubes  shall  not  be  less  than  the  length  ordered,  nor  more  than 
.125  inch  longer. 

Physical  Tests 

1.  Ring  Tests.     Coupons  i  inch  long  cut  from  a  tube  shall  stand 
hammering  down  vertically  into  the  shape  of  a  ring  without  showing 
cracks  or  flaws  when  crushed  flat. 

2.  Expanding  Tests.     Sections  of  tubes  8  inches  long,  with  or  with- 
out heating,  shall  be  placed  in  a  vertical  position  and  a  smooth  tapered 
steel  pin  forced  into  the  end  of  the  tube.     Under  this  test  the  tube  shall 
expand  to  i%  times  its  original  diameter  without  splitting  or  cracking. 
The  steel  pin  used  for  this  test  shall  be  of  tool  steel  and  have  a  taper  of 
iV2  inches  per  foot  of  length.     When  this  test  is  made  hot,  the  tube 
shall  be  heated  to  a  bright  cherry  red  in  daylight,  and  the  pin  at  a  blue 
heat  forced  in  as  described. 

3.  Flange  Test.     For  tubes  i%  inches  diameter  and  larger,  coupons 
8  inches  long,  cut  from  the  tube,  shall  have  a  flange  %  inch  wide  turned 
over  at  right  angles  to  the  body  of  the  tube  without  showing  crack  or 
flaw.     For  tubes  less  than  i%  inches  diameter,  the  width  of  flange  shall 
be  y&  the  diameter  of  the  tube.     All  the  work  is  to  be  done  cold. 

4.  Flattening  Test.     A  section  4  inches  long  shall  stand  hammering 
flat  cold  until  the  inside  walls  are  in  contact,  without  cracking  at  the 
edges  or  elsewhere. 

Two  tubes  to  be  tested  as  required  in  preceding  paragraphs  under 
"Physical  Tests"  in  each  lot  of  250  tubes  or  less.  If  only  one  of  the 
tubes  so  tested  fails,  that  tube  will  be  rejected,  and  the  Inspector  will 
take  two  more  tubes  from  the  same  lot  and  subject  both  to  the  same 
tests  as  the  one  that  failed;  both  of  these  tubes  must  be  found  satis- 
factory in  order  that  the  lot  may  be  passed. 

5.  Internal  Pressure  Test.     Each  tube  must  be  subjected  by  the  manu- 
facturer to  an  internal  hydrostatic  pressure  of  1000  pounds  per  square 
inch. 

General  Requirements 

In  addition  to  above  tests,  tubes  when  inserted  into  boilers  must 
stand  expanding  and  beading  without  showing  crack  or  flaw. 

Each  tube  must  be  plainly  stenciled  "Shelby  Seamless  Cold  Drawn 
Tested  to  1000  Pounds"  and  tubes  must  be  so  invoiced.  All  tests  to 
be  made  at  place  of  manufacture  under  the  supervision  of  the  Railroad 
Inspector  or  his  deputy. 


Specifications  for  Tubes  for  Cream  Separator  Bowls        103 


SPECIFICATIONS  FOR    SHELBY    SEAMLESS    COLD 
DRAWN  STEEL  TUBES  FOR  CREAM  SEPARA- 
TOR BOWLS  AND  SIMILAR  ARTICLES 

Material 

Tubes  for  separator  bowls  shall  be  manufactured  of  our  Standard, 
Class  "A"  Basic  Open  Hearth  Steel. 

Allowances  for  Machining 

CASE  i.     The  Material  Chucked  True  on  the  Outside: 

To  the  finished  outside  diameter  add  M.6  inch  for  the    outside 

diameter  of  the  unfinished  bowl. 

From  the  finished  inside  diameter  subtract  .222  times  the  finished 
wall  thickness  plus  .051  inch  for  the  inside  diameter  of  the  un- 
finished bowl. 

CASE  2.     The  Material  Chucked  True  on  the  Inside: 
To  the  finished  outside  diameter  add  .222  times  the  finished  wall 
thickness  plus  .05 1  inch  for  the  outside  diameter  of  the  unfinished 
bowl. 
From  the  finished  inside  diameter  subtract  Vie  inch  for  the  inside 

diameter  of  the  unfinished  bowl. 
CASE  3.    Method  of  Chucking  Unknown: 

Add  to  the  finished  outside  diameter  and  subtract  from  the  finished 
inside  diameter  one-fourth  (V±)  of  the  finished  wall  thickness  plus 
.050  inch  for  the  outside  and  inside  diameters  respectively  of  the 
unfinished  bowl. 

The  proper  allowances  for  finished  walls  from  y%  inch  to  l/2  inch,  by 
l/32  inch  steps,  are  given  in  table,  page  104. 

Inspection 

(a)  Surface.    The  surface  inside  and  outside  must  be  free  from  all 
defects  that  are  more  than  .010  inch  in  depth,  or  the  extent  of  which 
is  not  clearly  discernible. 

(b)  Limits  of  Size.    The  outside  diameter  shall  not  vary  more  than 
from  full  size  to  .01  inch  over,  for  tubes  2  inches  and  over  in  diameter, 
nor  more  than  from  full  size  to  .005  inch  over,  for  tubes  under  2  inches 
in  diameter.     The  inside  diameter  shall  not  vary  more  than  from  full 
size  to  .01  inch  under  full  size.     The  wall  shall  not  vary  more  than 
10%,  above  or  below,  of  the  specified  thickness  of  wall  of  the  required 
tube. 

(c)  Straightness.    Tubes  for  separator  bowls,  when  cut  to  the  bowl 
length  by  the  mill,  shall  not  be  more  than  ^  inch  from  straight  when 
measured  on  the  cut  bowl. 

(d)  Length.     Bowls  cut  to  length  shall  not  vary  in  length  more  than 
from  full  length  specified  to  Vs  inch  over. 

Shipment 

Tubes  for  separator  bowls,  when  shipped  in  long  lengths,  shall  be 
oiled   to  prevent  corrosion.     Each  tube  shall  be  stenciled  with  the 


104        Specifications  for  Tubes  for  Diamond  Drill  Rods 


consignee's  name  and  address  and  the  manufacturer's  identification 
mark,  unless  tubes  are  bundled,  in  which  case  one  tube  of  each  bundle 
shall  be  so  stenciled.  When  bowls  are  cut  to  length  by  the  manufacturer 
they  shall  be  boxed  for  shipment  without  oiling. 

Table  of  Allowances  for  Machining  Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubing  for 
Tubes  10  inches  and  Less  in  Length 


! 

Case  i 

Case  2 

Case  3 

Finished 

Increase 

Decrease 

Increase 

Decrease 

Increase 

Decrease 

wall 

finished 

finished 

finished 

finished 

finished 

finished 

outside 

inside 

outside 

inside 

outside 

inside 

diameter 

diameter 

diameter 

diameter 

diameter 

diameter 

by 

by 

by 

by 

by 

by 

Inch 

Inch 

Inch 

Inch 

Inch 

Inch 

Inch 

Vs 

Me 

.079 

.079 

Me 

.081 

.081 

%2 

Me 

.086 

.086 

Me 

.089 

.089 

8/ie 

Me 

.093 

•093 

Me 

.097 

.097 

%2 

Me 

.100 

.100 

Me 

.105 

.105 

V* 

Me 

.107 

.107 

Me 

.113 

.113 

9/32 

Me 

.114 

.114 

Me 

.120 

.120 

5/ie 

^32 

8l 

.121 
.128 

.121 
.128 

Me 

Me 

.128 
.136 

.128 
.136 

% 

Me 

.135 

.135 

Me 

.144 

.144 

Me2 

Me 
Me 

.142 
.148 

.142 
.148 

£ 

.152 

.152 
.159 

15/82 

Me 

.155 

.155 

Me 

.167 

.167 

% 

Me 

.162 

.162 

Me 

.175 

•I7S 

NOTE.     For  finished  wall  sizes  expressed  as  decimals,  use  the  tabular  allow- 
ance for  the  nearest  Vs2. 

Case  i.  — The  material  chucked  true  on  outside. 
Case  2.  —  The  material  chucked  true  on  inside. 
Case  3 .  —  Method  of  chucking  unknown. 


SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  SHELBY     SEAMLESS    COLD 

DRAWN  STEEL  TUBES  FOR  DIAMOND 

DRILL  RODS 

Material 

Tubes  for  drill  rods  shall  be  manufactured  from  Standard,  Class  "A" 
Basic  Open  Hearth  Steel. 

Upsets 

The  heating  for  upsetting  the  ends  of  tubes  for  drill  rods  shall  be  con- 
ducted in  such  a  manner  that  the  surface  of  the  tube  shall  not  be  inju- 
riously scaled.  The  heated  portion  must  not  extend  beyond  the  portion 
being  upset,  farther  than  is  necessary  to  insure  proper  working  of  the 
metal.  The  heated  portion  shall  in  no  case  extend  beyond  the  dies 


Specifications  for  Tubes  for  Hose  Poles  105 


gripping  the  tube  during  the  operation  of  upsetting.  The  upset  portion 
shall  be  straight  and  in  line  with  the  tube.  The  diameter  and  wall  of 
the  tube  beyond  the  upset  portion  shall  not  be  reduced  by  the  upsetting 
operation. 

Inspection 

(a)  Surface.    The  outside  and  inside  surface  of  tubes  for  drill  rods 
shall  be  smooth  and  free  from  scale.     Slight  pits  or  scratches  are  not 
objectionable  unless  they  may  form  starting  points  for  corrosion. 

(b)  Straightness.     Tubes  for  drill  rods  shall  be  straightened  on  the 
rotary  straightening  machine  and  shall  be  straight  within  %2  inch;  i.e., 
they  shall  be  capable  of  being  passed  through  a  perfectly  straight  tube 
whose  inside  diameter  is  %a  inch  greater  than  the  outside  diameter  of 
the  drill  rod. 

(c)  Limits  of  Size.     The  outside  diameter  of  the  tube  shall  not  vary 
more  than  from  full  size  to  .010  inch  over,  for  tubes  i^  inch  and  over  in 
diameter,  nor  more  than  from  full  size  to  .005  inch  over,  for  tubes  under 
iV2  inch  in  diameter.     On  the  upset  portions  the  limits  shall  be  from  full 
size  to  .030  inch  over.     The  wall  of  the  tube  shall  not  vary  more  than 
10%  of  the  specified  thickness  above  and  below.     The  inside  diameter 
of  the  upset  shall  in  no  case  be  greater  than  that  specified,  but  may  be 
l/s  inch  less. 

(d)  Limits  of  Length.    The  length  after  upsetting  shall  not  be  less 
than  that  specified  nor  more  than  3/ie  inch  greater. 

Shipment 

Drill  Rods  shall  be  oiled  before  shipment,  as  a  protection  against  rust. 
Each  tube  shall  be  stenciled  with  consignee's  name  and  address  and 
manufacturer's  identification  mark,  unless  tubes  are  bundled,  in  which 
case  one  tube  of  each  bundle  shall  be  so  stenciled. 


SPECIFICATIONS  FOR    SHELBY    SEAMLESS    COLD 

DRAWN  STEEL  TUBES  FOR  HOSE  POLES 

AND  HOSE  MOLDS 

Material 

Tubes  for  hose  poles  and  hose  molds  shall  be  manufactured  from 
Class  "A"  Basic  Open  Hearth  Steel. 

Inspection 

(a)  Surface.    The  outside  surface  of  tubes  for  hose  poles  shall  be  as 
smooth  as  possible,  free  from  all  pits  and  scale  marks,  seams,  scratches, 
etc.    The  inside  does  not  require  inspection. 

Tubes  which  are  to  be  used  for  hose  molds  shall  have  an  inside  surface 
of  the  same  character  as  the  outside  surface  of  hose  poles. 

(b)  Straightness.    Tubes  for  hose  poles  or  hose  molds  shall  be  as 
straight  as  possible,  free  from  short  bends  and  kinks. 

(c)  Limits  of  Size.    The  outside  diameter  of  tubes  for  hose  poles  or 
hose  molds  shall  not  vary  more  than  from  full  size  to  .010  inch  over, 


106  Protective  Coatings 


for  tubes  iVfc  inch  and  over  in  diameter,  nor  more  than  from  full  size 
to  .005  inch  over,  for  tubes  less  than  1^/2  inch  in  diameter;  the  inside 
diameter  shall  not  vary  more  than  from  full  size  to  .005  inch  under;  the 
wall  of  the  tube  shall  not  vary  more  than  10%  of  the  specified  wall 
thickness. 

Tubes  for  hose  poles  that  are  to  be  coupled  together  to  form  longer 
lengths  than  can  be  obtained  with  a  single  tube,  will  require  machining 
to  insure  proper  register  of  the  connected  tubes. 

(d)  Limits  of  Length.  The  length  of  tubes  for  hose  poles  or  hose 
molds  shall  not  be  less  than  the  length  specified,  nor  more  than  3/ie  inch 
greater. 

Shipment 

Hose  poles  and  hose  molds  shall  be  oiled  and  boxed  for  shipment, 
unless  otherwise  specified. 


PROTECTIVE  COATINGS 

In  some  cases  it  is  impossible  to  use  a  protective  coating  on  tubes, 
as  for  example  in  boilers  or  condenser  tubes.  In  many  other  cases  the 
metal  is  left  unprotected  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  applying 
adequate  protection,  or  the  cost.  In  such  cases  the  life  of  the  metal 
depends  on  the  care  and  experience  used  in  its  manufacture.  Under 
the  section  on  "Corrosion,"  page  12,  the  theory  and  conditions  which 
cause  corrosion,  and  reasons  for  abandoning  the  use  of  puddled  iron 
in  favor  of  the  special  grade  of  soft  steel  which  has  been  developed 
exclusively  for  the  manufacture  of  pipe  were  given.  A  step  of  such 
importance  to  the  future  of  the  business  amounted  almost  to  a 
turning  point  in  the  industry,  but  was  accomplished  gradually  during 
a  period  of  fifteen  years  of  experimenting,  the  percentage  produc- 
tion of  steel  pipe  in  our  mills  being  increased  year  by  year  until  it  con- 
stituted practically  our  entire  output  two  years  ago.  The  question  of 
the  durability  of  the  material  under  natural  corrosion  was  given  years 
of  study,  both  in  the  laboratory  and  field,  and  the  manufacture  of 
wrought  iron  was  not  abandoned  until  we  had  ample  proof  from  service 
tests  covering  years  of  exposure  under  many  conditions  that  the  steel 
was  as  durable  as  the  best  puddled  iron.  Those  having  any  doubt  on 
this  question  are  invited  to  take  up  the  matter  with  our  Metallurgical 
Department,  where  a  considerable  amount  of  evidence  has  been  accumu- 
lated. 

Under  some  conditions,  such  as  hot-water  heating  systems,  where  the 
water  is  not  changed,  or  in  refrigerating  systems  where  ammonia  is  in 
contact  with  the  metal,  corrosion  is  so  slow  as  to  be  negligible.  But 
wherever  there  is  any  considerable  amount  of  exposure  to  corrosive 
conditions,  suitable  protective  coatings  should  be  applied,  when  possible. 

Surrounding  conditions  have  so  much  to  do  with  the  proper  coating 
to  be  used  that  we  need  only  outline  the  matter  here,  referring  those 
particularly  interested  to  the  publications  of  the  American  Paint  Manu- 
facturers' Association,  and  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Society  for 


Matheson  Joint  Pipe  107 


Testing  Materials,  who  have  done  a  great  deal  to  put  the  subject  on  a 
scientific  basis,  and,  by  field  tests  conducted  under  impartial  conditions, 
have  in  some  measure  been  able  to  lay  down  certain  principles  on  which 
suitable  protective  coatings  may  be  selected. 

For  the  protection  of  pipe  we  either  galvanize,  dip  hot  in  bituminous 
compound,  which  may  afterwards  be  covered  with  strong  fabric  saturated 
with  protective  compound,  or  paint  as  specified. 

Galvanizing  is  applied  by  dipping  the  clean  hot  pipe  in  a  bath  of  pure 
zinc  kept  somewhat  above  the  melting  point.  The  pipe  is  removed 
from  the  bath  covered  with  zinc  inside  and  outside,  and  cooled  without 
wiping. 

Bituminous  Coating  made  of  the  proper  consistency  for  the  average 
temperature  to  which  the  pipe  is  subjected  is  applied  by  dipping,  followed 
by  baking.  (See  also  paragraph  7  —  page  91.) 

National  Coating.  By  a  second  operation  this  bituminous  com- 
pound which  has  been  baked  on  the  pipe  to  an  enamel  like  surface  is 
wrapped  with  a  strip  of  fabric  thoroughly  saturated  with  hot  compound. 

Immediately  after  being  saturated  with  the  compound  the  fabric  is 
stretched  tightly  over  the  surface  overlapping  about  one  inch  on  each 
turn,  covering  and  firmly  adhering  to  the  body  coat.  Two  or  three 
thicknesses  may  be  applied  where  desired  to  meet  special  conditions. 

Paint  will  be  applied  according  to  specification  from  customer. 

MATHESON  JOINT  PIPE* 

Matheson  Joint  is  a  pipe  joint  of  the  bell  and  spigot  type  and  is  very 
similar  in  appearance  to  a  cast  iron  pipe  joint.  There  are  no  loose  parts 
of  any  kind,  the  joint  being  made  directly  on  the  pipe.  The  pipe  used 
in  connection  with  this  joint  ranges  in  size  from  2  inches  to  30  inches 
outside  diameter  and  the  standard  thicknesses  are  much  lighter  than 
any  other  pipe,  but  in  order  to  withstand  varying  pressures  the  pipe  is 
made  of  different  thicknesses.  For  list  of  sizes,  thicknesses,  weights 
and  dimensions  see  table,  page  42.  For  test  pressures  see  table, 
page  73- 

The  Joint  is  made  by  belling  out  or  expanding  one  end  of  the  pipe  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  permit  the  bell  end  to  slip  over  the  plain  or  spigot 
end  of  the  next  length  of  pipe  leaving  enough  space  between  the  two  for 
the  lead  which  is  to  make  the  joint.  After  the  end  of  the  pipe  has  been 
shaped  a  wrought  band  is  shrunk  on  the  outside  of  the  bell  to  reinforce 
it  at  this  point  and  to  keep  it  in  shape  to  withstand  the  calking  of  the 
lead.  The  spigot  end  of  the  pipe  has  a  recess  turned  in  it  which  prevents 
the  lead  from  blowing  out  or  the  pipe  from  pulling  out. 

The  Particular  Advantages  of  this  joint  are  that  it  is  so  designed  as 
to  give  a  continuous,  straight,  smooth  surface  inside  which  reduces  the 
friction  losses  to  a  minimum. 

The  lead  required  per  joint  is  less  than  for  other  lead  joint  pipes  of  the 
same  diameter. 

*  For  illustration  of  joint  see  page  84. 


108  Converse  Lock  Joint 


This  style  of  joint  permits  variations  in  alignment  and  grade  which 
are  often  necessary.  This  feature  alone  frequently  avoids  special  fittings 
and  pipe  bends. 

For  very  high  pressures  the  joint  is  reinforced  with  a  clamp  and  a 
rubber  packing  which  increases  its  efficiency  so  that  it  becomes  as  strong 
as  the  body  of  the  pipe.  After  the  joint  has  been  finished  each  piece  is 
tested  to  a  hydrostatic  pressure  of  450  to  700  pounds,  depending  on  the 
size  and  thickness. 

The  average  length  of  this  pipe  is  18  feet  or  about  300  joints  per  mile* 

The  pipe  is  furnished  black  (no  coating),  asphalted,  galvanized  and 
then  dipped  in  asphalt,  or  with  our  special  National  coating,  which  con- 
sists in  dipping  the  pipe  and  then  wrapping  it  with  a  fabric  that  is  satu- 
rated with  a  special  compound,  laid  on  spirally  with  a  lap  of  about  i  inch. 
This  wrap  coating  forms  the  best  protection  against  underground  corro- 
sion and  electrolysis  that  is  known  at  the  present  time.  The  thickness 
of  the  National  coating  (applied  once)  is  about  %4  of  an  inch  and  may 
be  made  to  any  desired  thickness  by  additional  coatings  or  wrappings 
while  the  ordinary  dipped  coating  or  paint  is  about  Vioo  of  an  inch  thick. 


CONVERSE  LOCK  JOINT* 

Converse  Lock  Joint  is  a  lead  joint  used  in  connection  with  wrought 
pipe.  The  pipe  used  with  this  joint  ranges  in  size  from  2  inches  to 
30  inches  outside  diameter,  and  in  order  to  withstand  varying  pressures 
the  pipe  is  made  of  different  thicknesses.  For  list  of  sizes,  thicknesses, 
weights  and  dimensions  see  table,  page  43.  For  test  pressures  see 
table,  page  74. 

The  joint  consists  of  a  cylindrical  cast  iron  hub  or  sleeve  whose  length 
varies  with  its  diameter.  It  is  provided  with  an  annular  ring  or  pro- 
jection midway  in  its  length,  so  as  to  form  on  either  side  of  its  center 
an  annular  shoulder  against  which  the  ends  of  the  pipe  section  butt  or 
bear.  The  ring  is  made  the  same  height  as  the  thickness  of  the  metal 
in  the  pipe,  so  as  to  give  a  straight,  continuous,  smooth  surface  inside 
which  reduces  the  friction  losses  to  a  minimum.  The  hub  extends  out  a 
sufficient  distance  on  either  side  of  the  central  ring  to  support  the  pipe. 
Between  the  end  of  the  hub  and  the  central  ring  is  an  annular  recess  for 
the  reception  of  the  lead.  This  recess  being  formed  inwardly  and  being 
of  a  larger  diameter  at  the  base  than  at  the  mouth,  holds  the  lead  securely 
in  place  and  prevents  its  displacement.  Inside  the  hub  or  sleeve,  on 
each  side  of  the  central  ring,  are  two  "T"  shaped  pockets,  diametrically 
opposite.  Close  to  each  end  of  the  pipe  are  two  rivets,  placed  at  such 
distance  from  the  end,  that  when  the  pipe  is  inserted  into  the  hub  and 
slightly  rotated,  the  rivets  engage  the  slopes  of  the  wedge-shaped  pockets 
and  force  the  end  of  the  pipe  against  the  central  ring  of  the  hub,  locking 
it  in  position  ready  for  the  lead  which  is  to  make  the  joint.  After  the 
lead  is  poured  the  joint  is  thoroughly  calked. 

*  For  illustration  of  joint  see  page  84. 


Tubular   Electric  Line  Poles  109 


Converse  Joint  Pipe  is  always  shipped  with  a  hub  leaded  on  one  end 
of  each  pipe  and  the  other,  or  spigot  end,  is  provided  with  rivets  for 
slipping  into  the  hub  end  of  the  next  length  of  pipe. 

The  lead  required  for  the  field  joint  is  slightly  in  excess  of  that  re- 
quired for  Matheson  Joint  Pipe,  but  is  considerably  less  than  other  lead 
joint  pipe  of  the  same  diameter.  This  joint  like  the  Matheson  Joint 
permits  variations  in  alignment  and  grade  which  are  often  necessary 
and  this  feature  alone  frequently  avoids  special  fittings  and  pipe  bends. 

For  very  high  pressures  the  joint  is  reinforced  with  a  clamp  and  rubber 
packing  which  increases  its  efficiency  considerably.  Each  piece  of  pipe 
is  tested  to  a  hydrostatic  pressure  of  450  to  700  pounds,  depending  on 
the  size  and  thickness. 

The  average  length  of  this  pipe  is  18  feet  or  about  300  joints  per  mile. 

The  pipe  is  furnished  black  (no  coating),  asphalted,  galvanized  and  then 
dipped  in  asphalt,  or  with  our  special  National  Coating  which  consists  in 
dipping  the  pipe  and  then  wrapping  it  with  a  fabric  that  is  saturated  with 
a  special  compound,  laid  on  spirally  with  a  lap  of  about  i  inch.  This 
wrap  coating  forms  the  best  protection  against  underground  corrosion 
and  electrolysis  that  is  known  at  the  present  time.  The  thickness  of 
the  National  Coating  (applied  once)  is.  about  %4  of  an  inch  and  may  be 
made  to  any  desired  thickness  by  additional  coating  or  wrappings. 


TUBULAR   ELECTRIC   LINE  POLES 

The  National  Tube  Company  makes  tubular  electric  line  poles  of 
steel  pipe.  These  poles  have  great  durability,  stiffness,  and  strength. 
Steel  poles  are  becoming  more  generally  used  for  carrying  the  wires  for 
the  overhead  construction  on  electric  railway,  telephone,  telegraph,  and 
transmission  lines. 

Customary  Sizes.  For  railway  work  the  poles  most  used  are  30  feet 
long,  and  are  composed  of  7-inch,  6-inch,  and  5-inch  pipes.  These  are 
used  for  both  center-pole  and  span-wire  construction.  Anchor  poles 
are  usually  of  8-inch,  7-inch,  and  6-inch  pipes,  although  they  are  fre- 
quently made  of  larger  sizes,  often  being  of  lo-inch,  9-inch,  and  8-inch 
pipes.  Poles  28  and  35  feet  long  are  used  to  a  large  extent.  Such  lengths 
as  29,  31,  and  32  feet  are  less  common. 

The  British  Standard  tramway  pole  is  31  feet  long;  their  standard 
permits  no  other  length.  A  large  assortment  of  peculiar  lengths  are 
used,  some  of  which  are  29  feet  6  inches,  others  vary  one  or  two  inches 
from  the  usual  lengths,  and  at  times  the  length  is  specified  to  fractional 
inches,  even  to  Vie  inch.  The  last  is  a  practice  which  seems  unwise, 
because  the  practical  operation  of  assembling  introduces  variations  of 
Vi  inch  or  V2  inch  not  infrequently.  However,  all  such  peculiar  and 
difficult  requirements,  that  necessarily  increase  cost,  relate  to  a  very 
small  percentage  of  the  steel  poles  made. 

Lengths.  The  length  of  poles  appears  to  depend  mostly  upon  the 
clearance  required  below  the  wires,  in  order  to  avoid  injury  to  the  wires 


110  Section  Lengths 


or  injury  from  chance  contact  with  those  carrying  high-tension  lines. 
The  length  is  also  affected,  to  the  extent  of  several  feet,  by  the  nature  of 
ground  in  which  planted  and  the  depth  of  the  frost  line.  The  depth  of 
planting  above  the  frost  line  appears  to  give  little  aid  in  holding  the  pole, 
if  indeed  such  depth  does  not  tend  to  disturb  the  foundation  of  that 
portion  below  the  frost  line. 

Telegraph  Poles.  These  considerations  make  it  impossible  to  give 
any  general  statements  as  to  the  lengths  of  poles  for  telephone,  telegraph, 
or  transmission  lines.  In  some  instances  entire  lines  are  carried  at  great 
height,  as  if  the  effort  were  to  avoid  chance  contact.  Such  height  may 
be  required  when  the  lines  are  on  public  highways  or  at  road  crossings. 
There  has  appeared,  during  recent  years,  a  tendency  to  place  the  lines 
at  lower  elevation  and  only  to  raise  them  where  the  line  crosses  roads 
or  public  property.  This  seems  especially  true  of  the  high-voltage  lines, 
where  there  appears  a  strong  tendency  to  have  a  private  right-of-way 
strip,  even  fenced  in,  and  the  wires  carried  low,  except  at  crossings. 
The  claim  has  been  made  that  it  is  cheaper  to  use  very  high  poles,  long 
spans,  and  great  sags,  but  actual  installations  appear  to  tend  towards 
the  opposite  construction. 

Pages  120  to  157,  give  N.  T.  Co.'s  table  of  standard  poles.  Sufficient 
variety  of  lengths,  sizes,  diameters,  and  sections  are  given  to  meet  nearly 
all  requirements  of  practice. 

Section  Lengths.  Lengths  of  sections  given  in  the  tables  have  been 
selected  so  as  to  employ  the  regular  mill-furnace  lengths,  without  pro- 
ducing unnecessary  scrap,  and  at  the  same  time  produce  poles  of  light 
weight  in  relation  to  their  strength. 

The  section  lengths  given,  conform  closely  to  those  that  are  usually 
employed.  These  lengths  should  be  specified,  except  when  the  practical 
requirements  justify  the  increased  cost. 

The  lengths  of  the  sections  of  a  pole  have  but  little  effect  upon  its 
strength,  stiffness,  or  weight.  For  example:  the  table  shows  that  a  pole 
30  feet  long  of  7-inch,  6-inch,  and  5-inch  pipe  does  not  vary  3  per  cent 
in  weight  for  any  of  the  various  sections  listed,  whether  of  two  pieces 
or  three  pieces,  —  the  strength  of  all  are  alike,  —  and  the  deflection 
varies  less  than  4  per  cent.  In  contrast,  notice  the  great  change  produced 
by  increasing  the  butt  section  to  extra-strong  pipe.  The  strength  is 
increased  about  50  per  cent,  the  weight  about  40  per  cent,  and  the  deflec- 
tion decreased  about  30  per  cent.  However,  comparison  of  the  various 
sets  of  section  lengths  shows  that  as  long  as  the  size  and  thickness  of 
pipe  remains  unchanged,  the  strength,  stiffness,  and  weight  do  not 
change  by  more  than  approximately  6  per  cent.  Other  lengths  of  pole 
or  sizes  of  pipe  give  slightly  different  results,  as  will  be  seen  with  a  pole 
30  feet  long  having  4-inch  extra-strong  butt  section,  and  upper  sections 
of  standard  pipe,  or  a  pole  35  feet  long  of  5-inch  extra-strong  butt  and 
upper  sections  standard.  This  is  due  to  the  weakness  of  the  inserted 
pipe  at  the  point  of  emergence  from  first  joint  above  ground;  however, 
this  is  not  exhibited  by  poles  of  large  diameter  on  either  of  above  lengths. 
It  is  thus  evident  that  the  weight,  strength,  and  stiffness  of  any  pole  are 


Material  Used  ill 


but  slightly  affected  by  the  lengths  of  the  individual  sections,  provided 
the  butt  section  is  not  made  too  short,  considering  the  strengths  of  the 
upper  sections. 

Odd  Sizes.  Odd  sizes,  thicknesses,  and  weights  mean  special 
production,  delay,  and  increased  cost,  therefore  they  should 
always  be  avoided,  because  such  pipe  has  always  to  be  made  to 
order. 

Use  of  Standard  Pipe.  Where  it  is  not  practical  to  use  poles 
made  up  of  standard  or  extra-strong  pipe,  it  is  advisable  to  use 
only  the  sizes  and  weights  given  in  one  of  the  standard  lists  of 
tubular  goods  given  on  pages  22-44.  These  have  been  collected 
into  the  table  given  on  pages  58-65,  and  arranged  by  ascending 
sequence  in  diameter  and  weight.  In  this  table  the  properties 
of  pipe  are  also  given,  to  enable  their  ready  selection  for  needs  of 
poles. 

Jointing  Special  Sizes.  Considerations  of  strength,  stiffness,  etc., 
at  times  suggest  the  advisability  of  such  combinations  as  4^/2  inch  in 
5-inch  pipe,  but  these  necessitate  the  assembling  in  a  machine  capable 
of  forcing  the  smaller  into  the  larger  pipe.  A  forcing  machine  of  this 
kind  is  expensive  to  change,  and  such  joints  should  be  used  only  where 
it  will  be  possible  to  order  large  numbers  of  identical  poles,  unless  the 
use  warrants  paying  the  extra  assembling  cost  incurred  where  only  a 
few  are  made  at  one  time.  On  short  orders  (only  a  few  poles),  it  is 
better  to  use  such  sizes  and  thicknesses  as  will  allow  the  insertion  of  the 
smaller  pipe  freely  by  hand,  —  say  at  least  *4  inch  difference  in  diameter 
between  the  outside  diameter  of  the  inserted  pipe  and  the  inside  diameter 
of  the  larger  pipe.  This  difference  should  never  be  less  than  %6  inch 
unless  the  quantity  justifies  the  use  of  the  forcing  equipment,  —  say 
1000  or  more  identical  poles,  all  to  be  made  and  shipped  at  one  time. 
In  the  case  of  such  orders,  it  is  desirable  (though  not  necessary)  to  have 
the  outside  diameter  of  the  inserted  pipe  a  Kttle  larger  than  the  inside 
diameter  of  the  outside  pipe. 

Special  Joint  Reduction.  Considerations  of  strength,  stiffness,  and 
a  great  limit  of  least  thickness,  sometimes  leads  to  the  choice  of  sizes  of 
pipe  that  entail  great  reductions  at  the  joints,  viz.,  poles  of  n-inch, 
g-inch,  y-inch,  and  41/2-inch  pipes.  These  require  heavy  swaging  before 
assembling  the  poles.  After  the  poles  are  assembled  there  is  great  risk 
of  injury  to  the  smaller  sections  when  handling  in  transit  or  erection. 
It  is  frequently  possible  to  obtain  equal,  or  even  a  little  greater  strength, 
by  the  use  of  larger  and  thinner  pipes  for  the  upper  sections,  and  to  do 
this  without  increasing  the  total  weight  appreciably. 

Material  Used.  The  material  of  which  these  poles  are  made  is  usu- 
ally known  as  "Soft  Mild  Steel."  Its  ultimate  strength  will  average 
not  less  than  50  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  its  elastic  limit  — 
or  yield  point  —  not  less  than  30  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch.  For 
average  values  and  composition,  see  pages  o-io.  It  is  not  considered 
good  engineering  to  apply  loads  that  impose  stresses  in  the  material 


112  Deflection  and  Set  Limits 


that  are  above  the  yield  point.  For  this  reason  the  tables  give  the  load 
that  will  produce  a  stress  about  10  per  cent  below  the  yield  point,  viz., 
27  ooo,  which  is  90  per  cent  of  30  ooo.  Although  the  deflection  is 
usually  closely  proportional  to  the  load  up  to  this  limit,  it  is  considered 
proper  to  limit  the  deflection  tests  to  loads  that  do  not  produce  a  fiber 
stress  exceeding  two-thirds  of  the  former  figure.  The  deflection  tests 
are  limited  to  loads  that  produce  about  18  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch 
fiber  stress.  The  stiffness  of  poles  depends  upon  the  modulus  of  elas- 
ticity of  the  material.  This  physical  constant  is  found  to  average  about 
29  ooo  ooo  for  the  steel  used  for  poles,  and  on  first  loading,  to  vary  to 
about  the  same  extent  as  reported  for  other  iron  and  steel  by  authorities 
as  Lanza  and  others. 

The  deflections  given  are  not  based,  however,  on  this  figure  directly, 
but  are  based  on  the  greatest  deflections  found  when  testing  poles  that 
appear  free  from  defects.  The  tabular  deflection  figures  thus  give  the 
limit  of  deflections  that  poles  will  not  exceed  when  tested  as  indicated. 
The  average  deflection  will  always  be  less  than  the  tabulated  deflection. 
These  tabulated  deflection  figures  have  been  adjusted  to  compensate 
for  the  ordinary  irregularities  of  size,  thickness,  composition,  and  physical 
properties  that  are  inseparable  from  the  pipe-making  processes. 

Deflection  Limits.  Many  specifications  have  been  drawn  up  requir- 
ing poles  of  widely  different  lengths  and  diameters,  all  to  stand  the  same 
deflection;  this  figure  is  commonly  6  inches.  By  reference  to  the 
tables  it  will  be  seen  that  a  pole  22  feet  long  of  13-inch  and  1 2-inch 
pipe  should  not  be  deflected  more  than  about  i  inch,  and  that  a  pole 
39  feet  long  of  4-inch,  3-inch,  and  2V6-inch  pipe  should  be  deflected 
about  1 8  inches  when  testing  for  deflection.  It  is  thus  evident  that  a 
constant  figure  like  6  inches  for  deflection  may  be  six  times  more  than, 
or  only  one-third  of  the  amount  that  it  ought  to  be.  By  reference  to 
the  tables  it  will  be  seen  that  a  deflection  of  6  inches  is  about  the  suitable 
figure  for  a  pole  31  feet  long  of  6-inch,  s-inch,  and  4-inch  pipe.  It  is 
noteworthy  that  this  length  pole  is  the  British  Standard.  Some  framers 
of  specifications  have  attempted  to  overcome  the  difficulty  by  reducing 
the  limit  deflection  to  3  inches  and  some  to  i1/^  inches.  Against  such 
it  is  proper  to  urge  that  i  Vfc  inches  would  not  strain  a  pole  39  feet  long 
of  4-inch.  3-inch,  and  2%-inch  pipe  sufficiently  for  the  test  to  give  any 
indication  of  the  quality  of  the  pole.  It  is  more  rational  to  use  such 
load  as  will  produce  about  a  constant  stress  in  the  material  and  then  fix 
the  deflection  limit  to  correspond.  This  has  been  done  in  the  standard 
tables. 

Set  Limits.  Poles  are  suitable  for  a  certain  maximum  load  that 
may  be  applied  without  producing  appreciable  permanent  distortion 
that  is,  poles  which  will  stand  being  bent,  and  not  remain  permanently 
bent  when  the  load  is  removed.  The  load  that  may  be  applied  should 
not  produce  a  fiber  stress  above  the  "yield  point,"  —  say  not  over 
90  per  cent  of  that  for  safety.  Therefore,  say  not  over  27  ooo  pounds 
per  square  inch.  Such  loads  are  listed  for  every  pole  in  the  table 
column  of  maximum  loads  (P).  After  applying  such  loads  there  usually 


Dog  Guards  113 


remains  a  small  fraction  as  permanent  deflection  (or  set,  as  it  is  gen- 
erally called).  Some  specifications  have  limited  this  to  a  constant  figure, 
such  as  one  inch  or  one-half  inch,  but  this  constant  figure  is  as  inappro- 
priate for  set  as  a  constant  figure  is  inappropriate  for  deflection.  An 
able  writer  on  elasticity  of  materials  has  said,  in  equivalent,  that  bars  of 
ductile  metal,  as  obtained  from  the  manufacturers,  on  first  application 
of  any  load  within  the  elastic  limit  show  a  total  elongation,  but,  on 
removal  of  load,  retain  in  the  form  of  set  a  portion  of  the  elongation. 
Thus  the  elastic  elongation  is  that  portion  which  is  immediately  recov- 
erable. However,  on  repeated  applications  of  the  same  load,  the  metal 
arrives  at  a  state  where  it  acts  as  though  perfectly  elastic,  provided  the 
load  does  not  exceed  the  initial  load.  Tests  have  shown  that  this  set 
on  first  loading  seldom  exceeds  10  per  cent  of  the  distortion  produced  by 
that  load.  The  practical  difficulties  of  making  these  tests  and  measures 
impose  a  limit  of  such  measures,  which  for  commercial  testing  of  poles 
is  usually  agreed  on  as  %  inch  of  permanent  set.  Thus  a  pole,  which  is 
deflected  5  inches  on  test,  should  not  show  a  permanent  set  exceeding  % 
inch,  but  a  pole  that  is  deflected  15  inches  on  test  may  show  a  set  of  1.5 
inches  without  exceeding  rational  bounds. 

Deflection  Versus  Weight.  By  comparing  the  deflections  tabulated, 
it  will  be  seen  that  a  pole  of  large  diameter  and  thinner  pipe  is  slightly 
stiffer  and  lighter  than  one  of  less  diameter  and  greater  thickness.  Com- 
pare poles  No.  7622  and  7651.  The  strength  is  say  9  per  cent  less,  while 
the  stiffness  is  increased  a  per  cent  or  so,  but  there  is  a  saving  in  weight 
of  about  23  per  cent.  The  rate  of  increase  of  strength  and  stiffness  is, 
perhaps,  more  easily  seen  by  referring  to  table  of  pipes  on  pages  58-65, 
and  comparing  the  constants  in  columns  Q  and  7,  which  are  proportional 
to  strength  and  stiffness  respectively;  g-inch  Standard  pipe  is  about  as 
stiff  as  an  8-inch  extra-strong  pipe,  is  only  a  few  per  cent  less  in  strength, 
but  it  is  about  22  per  cent  lighter  than  the  8-inch  extra -strong.  In  general 
it  will  be  seen  that  both  strength  and  stiffness  increase  more  rapidly 
than  the  weight  as  the  diameter  increases.  On  the  other  hand,  for 
one  diameter  the  weight  increases  more  rapidly  than  the  strength  or 
stiffness,  as  the  thickness  is  changed.  This  points  to  the  advisability 
of  always  using  as  large  a  diameter  as  possible. 

Dog  Guards.  The  argument  has  been  advanced  against  the  use  of 
large  diameters  and  thin  pipes  that  they  present  greater  surface  and  less 
thickness  where  corrosion  is  greatest.  The  deterioration  of  poles,  of 
all  materials,  occurs  most  rapidly  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
In  order  to  prolong  the  life  of  poles  it  is  necessary  to  protect  this  portion. 
Steel  poles  lend  themselves  most  readily  to  such  protection  because  a 
"  dog  guard, "  made  of  a  piece  of  larger  and  thicker  pipe,  may  be  slid  over 
the  pole  from  the  butt  end,  and  then  swaged  and  shrunk  on  so  that  say 
one-third  of  its  length  will  be  below  and  two-thirds  above  the  ground  line. 
These  dog  guards  are  applied  at  a  red  heat,  and  effectually  prevent  water 
entering  between  the  pole  and  dog  guard.  They  are  usually  made  2  feet 
long  and  Vfe  inch  thick.  They  thus  would  at  least  double  the  life  of  a  pole  of 
extra-heavy  pipe,  and  frequently  treble  the  life  of  a  pole  of  standard  pipe. 


114                                       Dog  Guards 

The  usual  practice  in  "dog  guards"  is  to  make  them  2  feet  long  and 
of  sufficient  inside  diameter  to  slide  easily  over  the  butt  section,  as  here 
tabulated. 

Butt  of  pole 

Sleeve  before  swaging 

Nominal 
size 

Outside 
diameter 

Outside 
diameter 

Thickness 

Weight 
per  foot 

Weight 
per  sleeve 

3 

4 

6 

7 
8 
9 
10 

ii 

12 

13 

3-50 
4-50 
5.563 
6.625 

7-625 
8.625 
9.625 
10.75 

H.75 
12.75 
14.00 

4-50 
5.563 
6.625 
8.00 

9.00 

IO.OO 
11.00 
12.00 

13.00 
14.00 
16.00 

•  337 
.375 

•  432 
.500 

.500 
.500 
.500 
.500 

.500 
.500 
.500 

14.983 
20.778 
28.573 
40.050 

45-390 
50.730 
56.070 
61.410 

66.750 

72.0QI 
82.771 

29.966 
41.556 
57.146 
80.100 

90.780 
101.460 
112.140 
122.820 

133.500 
144.182 
165.542 

In  the  case  of  old  poles  that  need  repair,  this  has  been  accomplished 
by  the  use  of  a  "dog  guard"  placed  over  the  pole  and  extending  about 
the  ordinary  length  of  joint  (18  inches),  each  way  from  the  injured  por- 
tion, say  4  feet  long,  and  then  the  space  between  sleeve  and  pole  filled 
with  rich  Portland  cement  grout  of  i  to  i  or  i  to  2  mixture  made  up  with 
as  little  water  as  will  allow  it  to  surely  fill  all  irregularities   of  the 
space  between  sleeve  and   corroded   pole.     The  following  table  gives 
list  of  appropriate  sizes  of  sleeve. 

Butt  of  pole 

Sleeves  four  (4)  feet  long 

Nominal 
size 

Outside 
diameter 

Outside 
diameter 

Thickness 

Weight 
per  foot 

Weight 
of  sleeve 

3 

4 

6 

8 
9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

3-50 
4-50 
5.563 
6.625 

7.625 
8.625 
9.625 
10.75 

H.75 
12.75 
14.00 

S.oo 
6.625 
7-625 
8.625 

9.625 
10.75 
11-75 
12.75 

14.00 

15  00 

16.00 

•  355 
•  432 
.500 
.500 

.500 
.500 
.500 
.500 

.500 
.500 
.500 

17.611 

28.573 
38.048 
43-388 

48.728 
54-735 
60.075 
65.415 

72.091 
77  •  431 
82.771 

70.444 
114.292 
152.192 
173.552 

194.912 
218.940 
240  .  300 
261.660 

288.364 
309.724 
331.084 

Test  Conditions.    The  test  condition  (butt  fixed  for  6  feet  and  load 
applied  18  inches  below  the  top)  used  on  these  tables  is  that  which  the 
great  majority  of  specifications  impose.     It  has  remained  the  same  for 
many  years,  so  that  it  may,  in  a  general  way,  be  considered  the  "Stand- 
ard" condition  for  pole  tests. 

Joints 


115 


Joints.  The  joints  between  the  sections  of  poles  are  made  by  insert- 
ing the  smaller  pipe  18  inches  into  the  larger  pipe  while  the  latter  is  at 
a  red  heat,  swaging  down  the  heated  portion  and  then  allowing  the  joint 
to  cool  and  shrink.  The  swaging  (viz.,  reducing  the  diameter)  is  done 
either  in  a  hydraulic  press  or  under  a  hammer.  The  former  process  is 
expensive  when  only  a  few  poles  are  to  be  made,  but  is  speedy  and  pro- 
duces as  good  work  as  the  hammer  on  large  quantities.  The  choice 


Fig.  47.     Shop  Joint 

of  method  should  be  left  to  the  maker,  unless  customer  is  willing  to  stand 
the  increased  cost  that  may  be  entailed  by  his  specifying  the  method. 
The  length  inserted  is  almost  invariably  18  inches,  but  other  lengths  can 
be  worked  when  called  for.  Fig.  47  shows  how  the  joint  appears  when 
completed.  This  joint,  being  assembled  in  the  maker's  shop,  is  usually 
called  a  "shop  joint"  to  distinguish  it  from  the  following  joint. 

Field  Joint.  For  shipment  of  poles  over  40  feet  long,  two  railroad 
cars  are  generally  required,  and  it  is  at  times  economical  to  make  the 
poles  in  two  parts,  with  one  joint  fashioned  for  customer  to  assemble 
at  point  of  erection.  This  joint  is  called  a  " field  joint"  and  is  shown  in 
Fig.  48.  It  will  be  noted  that  it  is  slightly  tapered  to  allow  easy  inser- 
tion when  assembling  in  field,  for  which  it  is  only  necessary  to  have  the 
two  parts  accurately  in  alignment,  the  lighter  one  being  on  rollers,  so 


Fig.  48.     Field  Joint 

placed  that  it  may  be  slid  endwise  without  disturbing  the  alignment; 
then  heat  the  outside  end  for  18  inches  to  a  red  heat  and  insert  the 
smaller  pipe  and  allow  to  cool.  For  flag  poles  of  great  length  such 
joints  are  essential,  three  or  four  being  used  on  one  pole  when  needed. 
Another  form  of  field  joint  has  been  much  used,  but  it  has  been  discarded 
because  it  seriously  weakened  the  pole  and  was  difficult  to  assemble. 
It  was  made  by  boring  the  larger  pipe  and  turning  the  smaller  pipe,  no 
taper  being  used. 

Joint  Strength.    The  strength  of  the  swaged  joint  has  frequently 
been  called  into  question  because  of  careless  workmanship  or  because 


116  Joint  Strength 


attempted  with  improper  tools.  When  properly  made,  it  meets  all 
practical  needs,  and  all  those  devices  that  reduce  the  section  of  metal  at 
the  joint  should  be  avoided,  because  they  are  at  best  but  makeshifts  to 
hide  bad  workmanship.  The  regular  swaged  joint  will  easily  stand  the 
drop  test  given  on  page  119.  No  pole  or  pipe  can  be  so  dropped  without 
shortening  its  length  if  dropped  on  an  iron  anvil,  as  has  been  specified  at 
times.  The  experiment  has  been  tried  on  plain  pipe  (no  joints)  and  it 
has  been  found  that  the  length  is  reduced.  The  reduction  in  length  is 
the  measure  employed  to  detect  telescoping  at  the  joints.  While  the  drop 
test  does  not  appear  to  be  good  from  the  standpoint  of  the  theoretical 
engineer,  still  it  is  one  that  any  buyer  can  apply  at  will  anywhere.  As  a 
more  rational  test  it  has  been  proposed  to  subject  the  poles  to  an  endwise 
pressure.  The  objection  to  this  is  that  customers  would  have  to  incur 
some  considerable  expense  to  equip  for  the  test.  To  determine  the  resist- 
ance of  the  swaged  joints,  a  number  were  cut  from  poles  of  medium- 
sized  pipes  and  the  endwise  thrust  measured  that  would  start  telescop- 
ing. It  was  found  that  30  tons  frequently  failed  to  start  the  joints  of 
ordinary  poles,  and  that  some  refused  to  start  at  40  tons.  These  loads 
are  more  than  twice  as  great  as  the  loads  that  such  poles  would  be 
suited  to  carry  as  columns,  even  if  they  had  no  joints. 

The  question  of  the  effect  of  the  joints  on  the  lateral  strength  and 
stiffness  of  the  poles  has  often  been  raised.  Many  experiments  have 
been  made  which  have  shown  that  the  joints  neither  increase  nor  de- 
crease the  lateral  strength,  stiffness,  or  set  of  poles,  provided  the  joints 
are  made  with  a  sufficient  insertion.  These  experiments  were  made  by 
testing  plain  pipes,  without  joints,  of  various  sizes  and  lengths  up  to 
40  feet.  The  results  were  compared  with  the  results  of  tests  of  jointed 
poles.  It  was  found  that  deflection  measures  gave  about  the  same 
average  value  of  the  modulus  of  elasticity  with  and  without  joints.  The 
deflections  computed,  allowing  for  the  double  thickness  at  joints,  did 
not  tally  as  well  with  experimental  results  as  when  the  sections  were 
each  considered  uniform  from  point  of  emergence  to  end.  The  set  on 
first  application  of  load  was  as  great  with  plain  pipes  as  with  jointed 
poles.  The  crippling  never  occurred  in  the  joints,  but  always  in  the 
pipe  where  strain  was  greatest. 

Theoretical  considerations  indicate  that  the  proper  length  of  insertion 
at  each  joint  depends  on  the  size  and  thickness.  When  the  outside 
pipe  is  thin  the  joint  should  be  a  little  longer  than  when  it  is  thick. 
For  thin  13-inch  pipe  it  should  be  about  20  inches,  and  for  8-inch  pipe 
about  13  inches  will  answer.  For  the  sake  of  uniformity  in  the  tables, 
ordinary  practice  has  been  adhered  to,  and  all  joints  made  with  1 8-inch 
insertion.  This  allows  a  good  margin  of  excess  length  except  on  the 
12-inch  and  1 3-inch  pipes.  For  very  small  pipes  the  length  of  joint 
could  be  reduced  to  7  inches  or  so,  say  on  3-inch  pipe,  when  lateral 
strength  is  the  only  consideration;  but  the  practical  operations  of  assem- 
bling joints  make  it  advisable  to  use  at  least  1 2  inches  on  such  size. 

Service  Conditions,  Wind  Loads,  etc.  Some  specifications  involve 
service  conditions  for  which  poles  are  intended.  This  Company  does 
not  assume  liability  for  poles  meeting  service  conditions.  To  aid  users 


Wind  Loads  117 


to  fix  on  suitable  tests  for  the  poles,  we  give  the  usual  method  of 
wind-load  calculation.  In  this  it  is  usual  to  assume  a  maximum  wind 
pressure  of  30  pounds  per  square  foot,  and  equate  the  resultant  wind 
load  to  the  strength  of  the  pipes  at  about  the  elastic  limit.  Such 
pressure  may  be  said  to  correspond  to  50  to  90  miles  per  hour,  according 
to  authority  accepted.  However,  it  makes  little  difference  what  the 
velocity  is,  because  pressures  of  30  pounds  to  50  pounds  have  been 
repeatedly  observed  in  many  places;  notably  at  Greenwich,  England. 
The  relation  of  velocity  to  pressure  is  only  useful  where  velocities  are 
recorded  and  pressure  gages  not  used.  But  velocity  instruments  are 
subject  to  such  great  errors  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  into  any  refine- 
ment as  to  the  relation  of  pressure  and  velocity.  The  U.  S.  Weather 
Bureau  reports  the  anemometer  velocity  reading  which  exceeds  the  actual 
average  speed  of  the  wind  by  over  20  per  cent,  at  60  miles  per  hour  and 
is  thought  to  vary  increasingly  at  higher  speeds  but  this  has  not  been 

V2 
proven  by  experiment.     The  relation,  pressure  =/=  —  =  pounds  per 

square  foot,  relates  to  actual  average  wind  velocity  V  in  miles  per  hour. 
Experiments  are  stated  to  show  that  the  pressure  on  a  circular  cylinder 
gives  a  total  load  equal  to  half  the  diameter  multiplied  by  the  length 
multiplied  by  the  pressure.  If  the  wind  moved  with  an  absolutely  uniform 
velocity  it  would  impose  a  static  load,  but  the  wind  is  always  more  or 
less  puffy,  as  may  be  noted  by  observing  stretched  wires,  ropes,  flags,  or 
trees.  They  will  always  be  seen  swaying  or  surging.  Therefore  the 
load  is  a  "live  load, "  and  such  is  usually  considered  to  impose  twice  the 
stress  of  a  "static  load."  If  wires  are  insulated,  the  outside  diameter 
of  insulation  must  be  used  in  reckoning  wind  load.  Where  snow  and 
ice  form,  the  diameter  of  the  wires  may  be  increased  by  *4  inch,  or  even 
Vif-inch  thickness  in  times  of  sleet  storms.  The  outside  diameter  of 
such  incrustation  must  be  used  in  figuring  wind  load.  It  is  frequently 
assumed  that  the  maximum  wind  pressure  and  the  snow  load  do  not 
act  at  the  same  time.  It  is  practically  never  necessary  to  consider  the 
weight  of  wires,  sleet,  etc.,  because  any  poles  that  will  stand  the  lateral 
strain  are  more  than  ample  to  carry,  as  columns,  the  vertical  loads  that 
will  come  on  them.*  Example,  —  poles  spaced  36  per  mile,  carrying  36 
wires  No.  10  B.  W.  G.;  6  cross-arms,  5  inches  wide,  6  feet  long ;  wires 
25  feet  above  ground.  Wind  on  wires  (no  ice  or  snow)  =  (°-13<H2)  X  %  X 
2  x  (528o/36)  x  30  X  36  equals  about  1760  pounds.  If  Vi-inch  sleet  is 
assumed  the  diameter  would  be  0.134  plus  0.50,  say  0.634,  and  the  load 
would  be  about  8370  pounds.  Wind  on  arms  would  be  6  X  (%2)  X  6  X  30, 
*  Wind  stress  may  be  omitted  when  computing  column  strength  when  the 
wind  stress  is  less  than  25  to  30  per  cent,  of  the  stress  due  to  direct  column  loads 
in  bridges.  By  inversion  ;  column  strength  may  be  omitted  when  its  stress  is 
less  than  20  per  cent,  of  the  bending  stress  due  to  wind.  Where  it  is  thought 
necessary  to  consider  the  combined  stress  due  to  bending  and  to  loading  as  a  col- 
umn a  generally  accepted  rule  is  to  add  the  bending  and  eccentric  loading  stress 
to  the  direct  stress  as  a  column,  and  keep  the  sum  of  the  stresses  below  the  per- 
missible stress  allowed  by  one  of  the  approved  empirical  column  formulae;  remem- 
bering that  a  planted  pole  considered  as  a  column  is  equivalent  to  a  pivot  ended 
column  whose  length  is  twice  the  length  of  the  pole  above  ground. 


118  Wind  Loads 


equal  to  about  450  pounds*  Wind  on  pole,  —  for  this  assume  1 2  inches 
diameter  and  29  feet  long  above  ground;  (1%2)  X  29  X  30  xCVij)  equals 
about  435  pounds.  Therefore,  equivalent  top  load  is  435  -r-  2,  say  218 
pounds.  Then  the  wind  loads  would  be 

No  ice    With  sleet  and 
snow 

On  wire 1760  8370 

On  arms 450  450 

On  pole 218  218 

2428  9038 

To  use  pole  table  for  selecting  size  of  pole  required  for  above  loads, 
note  that  the  tabulated  poles  are  loaded  18  inches  below  the  top  and 
planted  6  feet,  therefore  25  feet  center  of  wind  load  to  ground  plus 
7  feet  6  inches  is  32  feet  6  inches.  The  nearest  longer  length  listed  is 
33  feet.  Pole  7943  will  carry  the  wind  load  without  ice  but  no  pole  is 
listed  of  sufficient  strength  to  carry  the  wind  load  with  sleet,  etc.  By 
table  of  Pipe  giving  /  and  Q  it  is  seen  that  the  latter  wind  load  would 
require  a  butt  section  larger  than  16  inches  outside  diameter  by  %  inch 
thick.  It  would,  therefore,  probably  be  more  economical  construction 
to  use  guy  lines,  as  is  common  practice  at  corner  poles.  Since  a  33  foot 
pole  would  hardly  afford  room  to  distribute  the  cross  arms  it  may  be 
necessary  to  use  a  longer  pole  such  as  34  feet  or  35  feet,  say  number 
8063  or  8103  for  the  pole  with  no  ice. 

Painting.  Poles  are  always  painted  before  leaving  the  maker's 
works.  Unless  customers  specify  the  color,  domestic  poles  are  painted 
black  and  export  poles  red.  It  would  appear  probable  that  the  best 
practice  would  be  to  dip  them  in  hot  molten  asphaltic  pipe  coating,  but 
the  demand  for  such  treatment  has  not  yet  justified  equipment  for  such 
dipping. 

Pole  Tables.  The  National  Tube  Company's  table  of  Standard  poles 
is  given  on  the  following  pages.  It  is  recommended  not  to  depart  from 
the  section  lengths  given  in  the  table.  The  table  is  preceded  by  an  explan- 
atory note  and  the  Standard  Specification  for  Poles.  These  tables  are  as 
condensed  as  possible  in  order  to  allow  ready  comparison  and  selection. 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 

These  tables  of  poles,  pages  120  to  157,  give  all  essential  details  for  maker  and 
user. 

Pole  number  is  given  for  purpose  of  reference  and  identification. 

Column  headed  "Size  of  butt"  gives  the  nominal  size  of  pipe  used  in  the  butt 
section.  The  upper  sections  are  each  one  inch,  pipe  size,  smaller  than  the  sec- 
tion next  below,  except  that  2^-inch  is  used  in  3 -inch. 

Column  headed  "Thickness"  gives  the  nominal  thickness  of  each  section,  from 
the  bottom  up,  by  the  use  of  symbols/  and  E,  which  mean  standard  and  extra 

*  It  is  not  the  custom  of  engineers  to  consider  the  wind  load  a  live  load  on 
structures  firmly  held  by  their  foundations  nor  on  pieces  rigidly  attached 
thereto.  This  is  different  from  the  above  calculation  of  load  on  wires  which 
are  flexibly  attached. 


Specifications  for  Poles 


119 


strong,  respectively;  e.g.,  Ejf  means  extra -strong  pipe  in  bottom  section  and 
standard  pipe  the  two  upper  sections. 

Column  headed  "  Maximum  load  (P)"  gives  the  load  that  pole  will  carry, 
applied  18  inches  below  the  top  when  pole  is  planted  or  "fixed'5  for  a  distance 
of  6  feet.  It  is  figured  at  27  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch  fiber  stress  in  the  material. 

Column  headed  "Load  (L)  for  deflection  Z>"  gives  the  load  that  it  is  suitable 
to  specify  when  poles  must  be  tested  for  deflection.  This  deflection  test  load 
is  about  two-thirds  of  the  maximum  load  P. 

Column  headed  "Deflection  for  load  Z,"  gives  the  maximum  deflection  in  inches 
at  point  of  load  when  pole  is  fixed  as  a  cantilever  for  a  distance  of  6  feet  and  load 
L  is  applied  18  inches  below  top.  D=  deflection  limit. 

Column  headed  "Factor 'R"  gives  the  rate  of  deflection  in  inches  per  100  pounds 
load. 

Column  headed  "  Factor  m  "  gives  a  factor  for  computing  the  approximate  deflec- 
tion D'  at  any  point  situated  "n"  inches  above  the  point  of  application  of  the  load, 
by  means  of  formula  D'  =  D(m-\-n)/m,  all  other  conditions  remaining  as  before. 

By  reason  of  the  slight,  unavoidable  variations  in  manufacture,  the  data 
shown  in  the  following  tubular  electric  line  pole  tables  are  not  absolutely  correct, 
but  the  element  of  error  is  very  small. 

Any  pole  given  in  these  tables  will  conform  to  the  following  specifications: 

Specifications.  All  poles  shall  be  composed  of  wrought -steel  pipes.  Joints 
shall  be  made  by  inserting  the  smaller  pipe  cold  into  the  larger  pipe  a  distance 
of  18  inches,  and  while  the  latter  is  hot,  swaging  it  upon  the  smaller  and  allowing 
them  to  cool  and  shrink.  No  shims,  wires,  liners,  pins,  rivets,  pu-nch  marks,  or 
any  device  that  weakens  material  at  joint  will  be  allowed. 

Any  pole  when  fixed  for  a  distance  of  six  feet  from  the  butt  end  and  tested  as 
a  cantilever  with  the  load  given  in  column  P,  applied  18  inches  below  the  top, 
shall  not  show  a  set  or  permanent  deflection  in  excess  of  10  per  cent  of  the  tem- 
porary deflection  under  this  load,  but  this  set  limit  may  not  be  placed  at  less 
than  l/2  inch  in  any  case.  Any  pole  tested  as  before,  but  with  the  load  in  pounds 
given  in  column  L,  shall  not  show  a  temporary  deflection  in  inches,  at  the  point 
of  load,  exceeding  the  figure  given  in  column  D. 

Any  pole  when  dropped  three  times,  butt  foremost,  from  a  height  of  six  feet 
upon  a  solid  wood  block  on  a  rigid  base  shall  not  telescope  at  the  joints. 

Weight  of  completed  pole  shall  not  vary  more  than  5  per  cent  above  or  5  per 
cent  below  the  weight  given  in  column  headed  "Weight." 

The  following  list  gives  pipes  used  for  poles  given  on  pages  120  to  157. 


Nom- 
inal 


Thick- 


.203 
.216 
.237 
.258 

.280 
.301 
.322 
•  342 

.365 
.375 
.375 
.375 


Weight 
per  foot 


Moment 

of 
inertia 


5-793 
7-575 
10.790 
14.617 

18.974 
23-544 
28.554 
33.907 

40.483 
45-557 
49.562 
54.568 


1.5296 
3-0172 
7.2326 
15.162 

28.142 
46.515 
72.489 
107.58 

160.73 
216.98 
279-33 
372.76 


Nom- 
inal 
size 


Thick- 
ness 


.276 
.300 
.337 
.375 

.432 
.500 
.500 
.500 

.500 
.500 
.500 
.500 


Weight 
per  foot 


Moment 
of 

inertia 


7.661 
10.252 
14.983 
20.778 

28.573 
38.048 
43-388 
48.728 

54.735 
60.075 
65.415 
72.091 


1.9242 
3.8943 
9-6105 
20.671 

40.491 
71.370 
105.72 
149.63 

211.95 
280.12 
361.54 
483.76 


120 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  22  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches  and  5  feet 


Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

P 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

L 

Deflec- 
tion for 
load  I, 

D 

Factor 
R 

Factor 
m 

7000 

3 

169 

// 

267 

180 

4.19 

2.33 

114 

7001 

4 

238 

499 

350 

3-41 

•  975 

H3 

7002 

5 

324 

" 

846 

550 

2.55 

.465 

114 

7003 

6 

425 

" 

I  318 

900 

2.25 

.250 

114 

7004 

7 

530 

•« 

1893 

1300 

1.96 

.151 

US 

7005 

8 

647 

" 

2  609 

1700 

1.65 

.0970 

us 

7006 

9 

770 

11 

3469 

2300 

1.50 

.0654 

US 

7007 

10 

919 

4641 

3100 

1.36 

.0438 

116 

7008 

ii 

1046 

5732 

3800 

1.23 

.0324 

116 

7009 

12 

1146 

" 

6801 

45oo 

1.  13 

.0252 

116 

7010 

13 

1258 

" 

8265 

5500 

1.03 

.0188 

H5 

7011 

3 

220 

Ef 

347 

220 

3.96 

i.  80 

113 

7012 

4 

315 

663 

450 

3-30 

.735 

112 

7013 

5 

433 

" 

i  141 

750 

2.58 

.345 

113 

7014 

6 

602 

" 

1897 

1300 

2.26 

.174 

113 

7oi5 

7 

798 

•• 

2905 

1900 

1.88 

.0988 

113 

7016 

8 

920 

44 

3805 

2500 

1.67 

.0666 

114 

7017 

9 

1044 

44 

4  826 

3200 

1.50 

.0471 

114 

7018 

10 

1182 

" 

6  120 

4000 

1.33 

.0333 

114 

7019 

ii 

1314 

" 

7401 

5000 

1.26 

.0251 

114 

7020 

12 

1438 

8802 

5800 

1.  12 

.0194 

114 

7021 

13 

1582 

" 

10727 

7200 

1.05 

.0146 

H5 

7022 

3 

229 

EE 

347 

220 

3.96 

1.  80 

114 

7023 

4 

329 

663 

450 

3-30 

.734 

H3 

7024 

5 

454 

" 

i  141 

*750 

2.58 

•344 

H4 

7025 

6 

632 

" 

1897 

1300 

2.26 

.174 

114 

7026 

7 

846 

«. 

2905 

1900 

.87 

.0986 

H5 

7027 

8 

993 

" 

3805 

2500 

.66 

.0665 

115 

7028 

9 

1118 

" 

4  826 

3200 

.50 

.0470 

116 

7029 

10 

1256 

" 

6  120 

4000 

.33 

.0332 

H5 

7030 

II 

1385 

•• 

7401 

5000 

.26 

.0251 

US 

7031 

12 

1510 

" 

8802 

5800 

.12 

.0194 

IIS 

7032 

13 

1661 

10727 

7200 

.05 

.0146 

116 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables                    121 

Length  of  Pole,  23  Feet 

Sections:  19  feet  6  inches  and  5  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7033 

3 

177 

// 

250 

170 

4-85 

2.85 

122 

7034 

4 

249 

466 

300 

3-57 

1.  19 

122 

7035 

5 

339 

" 

791 

550 

3-12 

.567 

122 

7036 

6 

444 

" 

I  233 

800 

2-44 

•  305 

122 

7037 

7 

553 

«• 

1771 

1200 

2.22 

.185 

123 

7038 

675 

2440 

1600 

1.90 

.119 

123 

7039 

9 

804 

" 

3245 

2200 

1.76 

.0798 

123 

7040 

10 

959 

4342 

29OO 

1.55 

.0535 

123 

7041 

II 

1092 

5362 

3600 

1.42 

.0395 

123 

7042 

12 

1  195 

" 

6362 

4200 

1.29 

.0307 

123 

7043 

13 

1313 

" 

7732 

5200 

i.  20 

.0230 

123 

7044 

3 

230 

Ef 

324 

22O 

4.84 

2.  2O 

121 

7045 

4 

330 

620 

400 

3-59 

.897 

120 

7046 

5 

454 

11 

1068 

700 

2-95 

.421 

121 

7047 

6 

631 

" 

1774 

I2OO 

2.56 

.213 

121 

7048 

7 

836 

2  718 

I800 

2.18 

.121 

121 

7049 

8 

964 

" 

3559 

2400 

1.95 

.0813 

122 

7050 

9 

1093 

4515 

3000 

•  73 

.0575 

122 

7051 

10 

1236 

" 

5725 

3800 

•  54 

.0406 

122 

7052 

ii 

1375 

•• 

6923 

4500 

.38 

.0306 

122 

7053 

12 

1503 

8234 

55oo 

.31 

.0238 

123 

7054 

i 

1654 

" 

10  034 

6800 

.21 

.0178 

124 

7055 

3 

239 

EE 

324 

220 

4.84 

2.20 

122 

7056 

4 

344 

620 

400 

3-58 

.896 

122 

7057 

5 

475 

" 

I  067 

700 

2.95 

.421 

122 

7058 

6 

660 

" 

I  774 

1200 

2.54 

.212 

122 

7059 

7 

884 

2  718 

I800 

2.16 

.120 

123 

7060 

8 

1036 

" 

3559 

2400 

1.95 

.0812 

123 

7061 

9 

1167 

4514 

3000 

1.73 

•  0575 

124 

7062 

10 

1310 

" 

5725 

3800 

1.54 

.0405 

123 

7063 

II 

1446 

" 

6923 

45oo 

1.38 

.0306 

123 

7064 

12 

1576 

8234 

55oo 

1.  31 

.0238 

124 

7065 

13 

1733 

10034 

6800 

1.  21 

.0178 

124 

122 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  24  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches  and  7  feet 


Number 

Size 
of 

butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

P 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

L 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

D 

Factor 
R 

Factor 
m 

7066 

3 

181 

// 

235 

160 

5-57 

3-48 

127 

7067 

4 

253 

438 

300 

4.38 

1.46 

124 

7068 

5 

346 

" 

743 

500 

3-47 

.694 

126 

7069 

6 

454 

1158 

750 

2-79 

•  372 

127 

7070 

7 

568 

1664 

IIOO 

2.48 

.225 

128 

7071 

8 

694 

2292 

1500 

2.16 

.144 

129 

7072 

9 

827 

3049 

2000 

1.94 

.0968 

129 

7073 

10 

987 

4079 

270O 

1.75 

.0648 

129 

7074 

ii 

1127    " 

5037 

3400 

1.63 

.0480 

131 

7075 

12 

1237 

5977 

4OOO 

1.49 

.0372 

130 

7076 

13 

1357 

7263 

4800 

1.34 

.0280 

131 

7077 

3 

231    Ef 

305 

200 

5-40 

2.70 

124 

7078 

4 

331  ! 

582 

400 

4-44 

i.  ii 

121 

7079 

5 

455 

1002 

650 

3.37 

.519 

122 

7080 

6 

631 

1667 

IIOO 

2.88 

.262 

123 

7081 

7 

836 

<• 

2553 

1700 

2.52 

.148 

124 

7082 

8 

967 

3343 

2200 

2.19 

.0996 

125 

7083 

9 

IIOI 

-" 

4241 

2800 

1-97 

.0702 

126 

7084 

10 

1249 

r*? 

5378 

3600 

1.78 

.0495 

127 

7085 

ii 

1395 

6503 

4200 

1.57 

.0374 

128 

7086 

12 

1529 

" 

7735 

5200 

1.50 

.0289 

128 

7087 

13 

1681 

" 

9426 

620O 

1.34 

.0216 

128 

7088 

3 

244 

EE 

305 

200 

5.36 

2.68 

126 

7089 

4 

350 

" 

582 

400 

4.40 

1.  10 

124 

7090 

5 

484 

IOO2 

65O 

3-34 

.514 

126 

7091 

6 

673 

" 

1667 

IIOO 

2.85 

.259 

127 

7092 

7 

903 

«• 

2553 

1700 

2.50 

.147 

128 

7093 

8 

1069 

3343 

2200 

2.17 

.0986 

129 

7094 

9 

1205 

11 

4241 

2800 

1.95 

.0696 

130 

7095 

10 

1353 

" 

5378 

3600 

1.77 

.0491 

130 

7096 

ii 

1495 

«• 

6503 

42OO 

1.56 

.0371 

130 

7097 

12 

1631 

" 

7735 

5200 

i.5o 

.0288 

131 

7098 

13 

1792 

9426 

6200 

1.33 

.0214 

129 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        123 

Length  of  Pole,  24  Feet 

Sections:  19  feet,  4  feet,  and  4  feet 

Maxi- 

Load 

Deflec- 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

mum 
load 

for 
deflec- 
tion D 

tion  for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7099 

4 

259 

/// 

438 

300 

4-35 

1.45 

125 

7100 

5 

351 

743 

500 

3-45 

.690 

126 

7101 

6 

463 

1  159 

750 

2.78 

•  371 

127 

7102 

7 

58i 

" 

1664 

1  100 

2.46 

.224 

129 

7103 

8 

713 

2292 

1500 

2.16 

.144 

129 

7104 

9 

853 

3049 

2OOO 

1.93 

.0966 

129 

7105 

10 

1020 

" 

4079 

2700 

1.75 

.0647 

129 

7106 

II 

Il64 

5037 

3400 

1.63 

.0478 

130 

7107 

12 

1287 

" 

5977 

4000 

1.49 

.0372 

130 

7108 

13 

1418 

7264 

4800 

1.34 

.0279 

131 

7109 

4 

339 

Eff 

582 

400 

4.40 

1.  10 

122 

7110 

5 

463 

IO02 

650 

3-35 

.515 

123 

7111 

6 

645 

" 

1667 

1  100 

2.86 

.260 

124 

7112 

7 

856 

2553 

1700 

2.50 

.147 

124 

7H3 

8 

995 

" 

3343 

22OO 

2.18 

.0992 

126 

7114 

9 

1  134 

v 

4241 

2800 

1.96 

.0699 

127 

7H5 

10 

1289 

*.' 

5378 

3600 

1.77 

.0492 

127 

7116 

ii 

1440 

" 

6503 

4200 

1.56 

.0372 

128 

7117 

12 

1587 

7735 

5200 

1.50 

.0288 

129 

7118 

13 

1751 

" 

9426 

6200 

1-34 

.0216 

130 

7119 

4 

349 

EEf 

582 

4OO 

4-36 

1.09 

124 

7120 

5 

480 

" 

1002 

650 

3  33 

.512 

125 

7121 

6 

669 

" 

1667 

IIOO 

2.84 

.258 

126 

7122 

7 

895 

2553 

1700 

2.48 

.146 

127 

7123 

8 

1053 

" 

3343 

2200 

2.16 

.0984 

129 

7124 

9 

H93 

•« 

4241 

2800 

1.95 

.0695 

130 

7125 

10 

1349 

" 

5378 

3600 

1.76 

.0490 

130 

7126 

ii 

1496 

6503 

4200 

1.56 

.0371 

131 

7127 

12 

1645 

" 

7735 

5200 

1.49 

.0287 

131 

7128 

13 

1814 

" 

9426 

620O 

1.33 

.0215 

131 

7129 

4 

357 

EEE 

582 

40O 

4-36 

1.09 

125 

7130 

5 

491 

" 

1002 

650 

3-33 

.512 

126 

7i3i 

6 

685 

1667 

IIOO 

2.84 

.258 

127 

7132 

7 

918 

" 

2553 

1700 

2.48 

.146 

128 

7133 

8 

1091 

3343 

220O 

2.16 

.0984 

129 

7134 

9 

1251 

« 

4241 

2800 

1.95 

.0695 

130 

7135 

10 

1408 

• 

5378 

3600 

1.76 

.0490 

130 

7136 

II 

1556 

* 

6503 

4200 

1.56 

.0371 

131 

7137 

12 

1702 

' 

7735 

5200 

1.49 

.0287 

132 

7138 

13 

1872 

9426 

6200 

1.33 

.0215 

131 

124 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  25  Feet 

Sections:  19  feet  6  inches  and  7  feet 


Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 

mum 
load 

P 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

L 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

D 

Factor 
R 

Factor 
m 

7139 

3 

188 

// 

221 

150 

6.21 

4.14 

135 

7140 

4 

264 

413 

280 

4.87 

1.74 

133 

7141 

5 

360 

" 

701 

450 

3-71 

.825 

134 

7142 

6 

473 

1092 

750 

3-32 

•  443 

135 

7143 

7 

591 

" 

1569 

IOOO 

2.68 

.268 

136 

7144 

8 

722 

" 

2161 

1400 

2.39 

.171 

137 

7145 

9 

861 

" 

2875 

1900 

2.19 

.115 

137 

7146 

10 

1027 

" 

3845 

2600 

2.01 

.0773 

137 

7147 

II 

H73 

«« 

4749 

3200 

1.83 

.0572 

138 

7148 

12 

1286 

5635 

3900 

1.73 

.0444 

138 

7149 

13 

1412 

" 

6848 

4800 

1.  60 

.0333 

138 

7150 

3 

241 

Ef 

287 

190 

6.10 

3-21 

132 

7i5i 

4 

346 

549 

350 

4.62 

1.32 

129 

7152 

5 

475 

** 

945 

650 

4.01 

.617 

131 

7153 

6 

660 

1572 

IOOO 

3-  II 

.311 

131 

7154 

7 

874 

.1".COZ 

2407 

1600 

2.82 

.176 

132 

7155 

8 

IOII 

3152 

2IOO 

2.50 

.119 

133 

7156 

9 

1150 

i  **OQJ 

3998 

2700 

2.25 

.0835 

134 

7157 

10 

1304 

4"  005 

5071 

3400 

2.0O 

.0589 

134 

7158 

II 

1456 

" 

6132 

4000 

1.78 

.0445 

136 

7159 

12 

1595 

« 

7293 

4800 

1.65 

•  0344 

136 

7160 

13 

1753 

" 

8888 

OOOO 

1.55 

.0258 

137 

7161 

3 

255 

EE 

287 

190 

6.06 

3-19 

135 

7162 

4 

365 

11 

549 

350 

4-59 

I-3I 

132 

7163 

5 

505 

" 

945 

650 

3-98 

.612 

134 

7164 

6 

701 

1572 

IOOO 

3-09 

.309 

135 

7165 

7 

941 

" 

2407 

1600 

2.80 

.175 

136 

7166 

8 

III2 

" 

3152 

2100 

2.48 

.118 

137 

7167 

9 

1254 

" 

3998 

2700 

.24 

.0830 

138 

7168 

10 

1408 

" 

5071 

3400 

.99 

.0585 

137 

7169 

II 

1555 

•« 

6132 

4000 

•  77 

.0442 

138 

7170 

12 

1696 

" 

7293 

4800 

.65 

.0343 

139 

7171 

13 

1864 

8888 

6000 

.54 

.0256 

138 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        125 

Length  of  Pole,  25  Feet 

Sections:  19  feet,  5  feet,  and  4  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7172 

4 

266 

/// 

4i3 

280 

4-90 

i  75 

130 

7173 

5 

362 

701 

450 

3-74 

.830 

132 

7174 

6 

477 

" 

1092 

750 

3-34 

•  445 

134 

7175 

7 

600 

" 

1569 

IOOO 

2.69 

.269 

135 

7176 

8 

737 

" 

2161 

1400 

2.41 

.172 

136 

7177 

9 

881 

2875 

1900 

2.  2O 

.116 

136 

7178 

10 

1053 

" 

3845 

2600 

2.02 

•0775 

137 

7179 

II 

1205 

" 

4749 

3200 

1.83 

•  0573 

138 

7180 

12 

1332 

" 

5635 

3900 

1-73 

•  0444 

138 

7181 

13 

1468 

" 

6848 

4800 

1.  60 

.0333 

138 

7182 

4 

346 

Eff 

549 

350 

4.66 

1.33 

126 

7183 

5 

474 

« 

945 

650 

4-05 

.623 

127 

7184 

6 

660 

" 

1572 

IOOO 

3-14 

.314 

129 

7185 

7 

875 

" 

2407 

1600 

2.85 

.178 

130 

7186 

8 

1018 

3152 

2100 

2.50 

.119 

131 

7187 

9 

1162 

'• 

3998 

2700 

2.27 

.0840 

133 

7188 

10 

1323 

" 

5071 

3400 

2.01 

.0592 

134 

7189 

ii 

1480 

6132 

4000 

1-79 

.0447 

135 

7190 

12 

1633 

" 

7293 

4800 

1.66 

.0345 

135 

7191 

13 

1800 

8888 

600O 

1.55 

.0259 

136 

7192 

4 

360 

EEf 

549 

350 

4-62 

1.32 

130 

7193 

5 

495 

11 

945 

650 

4.00 

.616 

131 

7194 

6 

689 

1572 

IOOO 

3.io 

.310 

132 

7195 

7 

923 

" 

2407 

1600 

2.80 

.175 

134 

7196 

8 

1091 

"• 

3152 

2100 

2.48 

.118 

136 

7197 

9 

1236 

•• 

3998 

2700 

2.25 

.0832 

137 

7198 

10 

1397 

" 

5071 

3400 

2.0O 

.0587 

137 

7199 

ii 

1551 

6132 

4000 

1.77 

.0443 

137 

7200 

12 

1705 

" 

7293 

4800 

1.65 

.0343 

137 

7201 

13 

1879 

8888 

6000 

1.54 

.0257 

138 

7202 

4 

367 

EEE 

549 

350 

4.62 

1.32 

130 

7203 

5 

506 

** 

945 

650 

4.00 

.616 

132 

7204 

6 

706 

" 

1572 

IOOO 

3.io 

.310 

133 

7205 

7 

947 

" 

2407 

1600 

2.80 

.175 

134 

7206 

8 

1129 

" 

3152 

2100 

2.48 

.118 

136 

7207 

9 

1294 

•• 

3998 

27OO 

2.25 

.0832 

137 

7208 

10 

1456 

" 

5071 

3400 

2.00 

.0587 

137 

7209 

II 

1610 

" 

6132 

4000 

1.77 

•0443 

137 

7210 

12 

1762 

41 

7293 

4800 

1.65 

.0343 

138 

7211 

13 

1937 

8888 

6OOO 

1.54 

.0257 

138 

126 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  26  Feet 

Sections:  20  feet  6  inches  and  7  feet 


Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

P 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

L 

Deflec- 
tion for 
load  L 

D 

Factor 
R 

Factor 
m 

7212 

3 

196 

// 

209 

140 

6.83 

4  88 

143 

7213 

4 

275 

( 

39i 

250 

5.13 

2.05 

141 

7214 

5 

375 

663 

-450 

4.38 

•  973 

142 

7315 

6 

492 

1033 

700 

3.66 

.523 

144 

7216 

7 

6i5 

" 

1484 

1000 

3-i6 

.316 

145 

7217 

8 

751 

" 

2044 

1400 

2.83 

.202 

145 

7218 

9 

895 

« 

2719 

1800 

2.45 

.136 

145 

7219 

10 

1068 

3638 

2400 

2.19 

.0912 

145 

7220 

ii 

1218 

" 

4493 

3000 

2.03 

.0675 

147 

7221 

12 

1336 

" 

5330 

3600 

1.88 

.0523 

146 

7222 

13 

1467 

" 

6478 

4200 

1.65 

.0393 

147 

7223 

3 

252 

Ef 

272 

180 

6.82 

3-79 

140 

7224 

4 

36i 

519 

350 

5  43 

1.55 

137 

7225 

5 

496 

" 

894 

600 

4.36. 

.726 

139 

7226 

6 

689 

1487 

IOOO 

3-66 

.366 

140 

7227 

7 

912 

2277 

1500 

3-12 

.208 

140 

7228 

8 

1054 

" 

2982 

2000 

2.80    .140 

141 

7229 

9 

1  199 

" 

3782 

2500 

2.46    .0985 

142 

7230 

10 

1359 

" 

4797 

3200 

2.22 

.0695 

143 

7231 

ii 

1516 

" 

5800 

3900 

2.05 

.0525 

145 

7232 

12 

1660 

" 

6899 

45oo  . 

1.83 

.0406 

144 

7233 

13 

1825 

" 

8407 

5500 

I.67 

.0304 

145 

7234 

3 

265 

EE 

272 

180 

6.79 

3-77 

143 

7235 

4 

38o 

" 

519 

350 

5-39 

1-54 

141 

7236 

5 

525 

'< 

894 

600 

4-33 

.721 

142 

7237 

6 

730 

44 

1487 

IOOO 

3.64 

.364 

143 

7238 

7 

979 

" 

2277 

1500 

3-09 

.206 

144 

7239 

8 

1156 

" 

2982 

20OO 

2.78 

.139 

146 

7240 

9 

1302 

3782 

25OO 

2.45 

.0979 

146 

7241 

10 

1462 

" 

4797 

3200 

2.21 

.0691 

146 

7242 

ii 

1615 

.. 

5800 

3900 

2.04 

.0522 

146 

7243 

12 

1761 

44 

6899 

45oo 

1.82 

.0405 

146 

7244 

13 

1936 

8407 

5500 

1.66 

.0302 

146 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        127 

Length  of  Pole,  26  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  6  feet  6  inches,  and  4  feet 

Size 
Number   of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7245     4 

272 

/// 

391 

250 

5.28 

2.  II 

134 

7246  ;   5 

37i 

663 

45o 

4-49 

•998 

137 

7247     6 

490 

1033 

700 

3-74 

•  534 

139 

7248     7 

617 

1484 

1000 

3-21 

321 

141 

7249     8 

758 

, 

2044 

1400 

2.87 

.205 

142 

7250     9 

907 

•« 

2719 

1800 

2.48 

.138 

143 

7251    10 

1084 

3638 

2400 

2.22 

.0924 

143 

7252    ii 

1243 

" 

4493 

3000 

2.O4 

.0681 

145 

7253     12 

1376 

5330 

3600 

1.90 

.0527 

145 

7254    13 

1515 

" 

6478 

4200 

1.66 

.0396 

146 

7255     4 

3So 

Eff 

519 

350 

5.71 

1.63 

129 

7256     5 

480 

894 

600 

4.55 

.758 

I3i 

7257 

6 

667 

1487 

1000 

3.81 

.381 

132 

7258 

7 

885 

" 

2277 

1500 

3-23 

-215 

133 

7259 

8 

1032 

2982 

2OOO 

2.88 

.144 

136 

7260 

9 

1181 

3782 

2500 

2.53 

.101 

137 

7261    10 

1347 

" 

4797 

3200 

2.28 

.0711 

139 

7262    ii 

I5H 

58oo 

3900 

2.09 

.0535 

141 

7263     12 

1668 

" 

6899 

4500 

1.86 

.0413 

141 

7264     13 

1839 

" 

8407 

55oo 

1.70 

.0309 

141 

7265 

4 

368 

EEf 

519 

350 

5-57 

1.59 

134 

7266    5 

507 

894 

600 

4-45 

•  741 

136 

7267  !   6 

706 

1487 

IOOO 

3-73 

.373 

137 

7268  1   7 

947 

2277 

1500 

3  15 

.210 

140 

7269 

8 

1126 

2982 

2000 

2.8o 

.140 

142 

7270 

9 

1277 

•• 

3782 

2500 

2.47 

.0988 

143 

7271 

10 

1443 

4797 

3200 

2.23 

.0698 

143 

7272 

ii 

1603 

" 

58oo 

3900 

2.06 

.0527 

145 

7273 

12 

1763 

6899 

45oo 

1.84 

.0408 

145 

7274 

13 

1941 

" 

8407 

55oo 

1.67 

.0304 

143 

7275 

4 

375 

EEE 

519 

350 

5-57 

1.59 

134 

7276 

5 

518 

" 

894 

600 

4  45 

•  741 

136 

7277 

6 

722 

1487 

IOOO 

3-72 

•  372 

138 

7278 

7 

971 

" 

2277 

1500 

3  IS 

.210 

140 

7279 

8 

1164 

" 

2982 

200O 

2.80 

.140 

143 

7280 

9 

1335 

•• 

3782 

2500 

2.47 

.0988 

143 

7281 

10 

1502 

4797 

320O 

2.23 

.0698 

144 

7282 

ii 

1662 

" 

58oo 

3900 

2.06 

.0527 

145 

7283 

12 

1819 

6899 

45oo 

1.84 

.0408 

146 

7284 

13 

1999 

8407 

5500 

I.67 

.0304 

143 

128 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  27  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches  and  10  feet 


Number 

Size 

of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

P 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

L 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

D 

Factor 
R 

Factor 
m 

7285 

3 

198 

// 

199 

130 

7.70 

5-92 

145 

7286 

4 

276 

371 

250 

6.30 

2.52 

141 

7287 

5 

378 

" 

629 

400 

4-72 

1.18 

144 

7288 

6 

498 

980 

650 

4.10 

.631 

146 

7289 

7 

625 

1408 

950 

3-59 

,  .378 

148 

7290 

8 

764 

1940 

1300 

3-15 

.242 

149 

7291 

9 

913 

2580 

1700 

2.75 

.162 

ISO  1 

7292 

10 

1088 

3451 

2300 

2.51 

.109 

ISO 

7293 

ii 

1249 

" 

4262 

2800 

2.24 

.0800 

152 

7294 

12 

1374 

5057 

3400 

2.IO 

.0619 

152 

7295 

13 

1506 

" 

6146 

4000 

1.86 

.0465 

152 

7296 

3 

249 

Ef 

258 

170 

7  96 

4-68 

139 

7297 

4 

353 

493 

350 

6.86 

1.96 

134 

7298 

5 

487 

11 

848 

550 

4-98 

.906 

137 

7299 

6 

675 

" 

1410 

950 

4-32 

•  455 

133 

7300 

7 

893 

" 

2160 

1400 

3-58 

.256 

140 

7301 

8 

1038 

" 

2829 

1900 

3.25 

.171 

142 

7302 

9 

1187 

3588 

2400 

2.88 

.120 

144 

7303 

10 

1351 

4551 

3000 

2.53 

.0842 

145 

7304 

ii 

1517 

•• 

5503 

3700 

2.33 

.0631 

148 

7305 

12 

1666 

6545 

4500 

2.19 

.0486 

147 

7306 

13 

1830 

" 

7976 

5200 

1.90 

-0365 

147 

7307 

3 

267 

EE 

258 

170 

7-77 

4-57 

144 

7308 

4 

38i 

493 

350 

6.65 

1.90 

140 

7309 

5 

529 

" 

848 

550 

4.83 

.879 

143 

73io 

6 

734 

" 

1410 

950 

4.19 

.441 

145 

7311 

7 

989 

» 

2160 

1400 

3.47 

.248 

147 

7312 

8 

1183 

" 

2829 

1900 

3-14 

.165 

150 

7313 

9 

1335 

" 

3588 

2400 

2.78 

.116 

151 

7314 

10 

1499 

" 

4551 

3000 

2.47 

.0822 

151 

7315 

ii 

1659 

«« 

5503 

3700 

2.29 

.0619 

152 

7316 

12 

1811 

" 

6545 

45oo 

2.16 

.0479 

152 

7317 

13 

1988 

7976 

5200 

1.86 

.0358 

151 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        129 

Length  of  Pole,  27  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  6  feet  6  inches,  and  5  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

73i8 

4 

278 

/// 

371 

250 

6.30 

2.52 

138 

7319 

5 

378 

629 

400 

4.76 

1.  19 

140 

7320 

6 

500 

" 

980 

650 

4.11 

.632 

144 

7321 

7 

631 

1408 

950 

3.6o 

•  379 

147 

7322 

8 

777 

" 

1940 

1300 

3.15 

.242 

148 

7323 

9 

931 

" 

2580 

1700 

2.77 

.163 

149 

7324 

10 

IH3 

3451 

2300 

2.51 

.109 

149 

7325 

ii 

1276 

" 

4262 

2800 

2.24 

.0801 

151 

7326 

12 

1417 

5057 

3400 

2.  II 

.0620 

151 

7327 

13 

1561 

" 

6146 

4000 

1.86 

.0465 

152 

7328 

4 

356 

Eff 

493 

350 

6.86 

1.96 

131 

7329 

5 

487 

848 

550 

5.01 

.910 

133 

7330 

6 

678 

" 

1410 

950 

4-33 

-456 

135 

7331 

7 

900 

2160 

1400 

3.6o 

•  257 

137 

7332 

8 

1051 

" 

2829 

1900 

3  25 

.171 

140 

7333 

9 

1204 

?! 

3588 

2400 

2.88 

.120 

143 

7334 

10 

1375 

4551 

3000 

2.53 

.0844 

144 

7335 

ii 

1545 

" 

5503 

3700 

2.34 

.0632 

147 

7336 

12 

1709 

6545 

4500 

2.19 

.0487 

147 

7337 

13 

1884 

" 

7976 

5200 

1.90 

.0365 

147 

7338 

4 

374 

EEf 

493 

350 

6.65 

1.90 

136 

7339 

5 

515 

848 

550 

4.86 

.883 

138 

7340 

6 

716 

1410 

950 

4.21 

•  443 

141 

7341 

7 

962 

2160 

1400 

3-49 

.249 

144 

7342 

8 

1  145 

11 

2829 

1900 

3-15 

.166 

147 

7343 

9 

1301 

•« 

3588 

2400 

2.81 

.117 

149 

7344 

10 

1472 

4551 

3000 

2.47 

.0823 

149 

7345 

ii 

1637 

" 

5503 

3700 

2.29 

.0620 

150 

7346 

12 

1803 

6545 

4500 

2.16 

.0479 

ISO 

7347 

13 

1987 

" 

7976 

5200 

1.87 

.0359 

151 

7348 

4 

383 

EEE 

493 

350 

6.65 

1.90 

138 

7349 

5 

528 

848 

550 

4-85 

.882 

140 

7350 

6 

737 

11 

1410 

950 

4.20 

.442 

142 

7351 

7 

991 

2160 

1400 

3.47 

.248 

145 

7352 

8 

H93 

• 

2829 

1900 

3.14 

.165 

149 

7353 

9 

1373 

«« 

3588 

2400 

2.81 

.117 

150 

7354 

10 

1546 

4551 

3000 

2.47 

.0822 

150 

7355 

II 

1711 

" 

5503 

3700 

2.29 

.0619 

151 

7356 

12 

1874 

ff 

6545 

4500 

2.16 

.0479 

151 

7357 

13 

2060 

" 

7976 

5200 

1.87 

.0359 

151 

1 

130 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  28  Feet 
Sections:  19  feet  and  10  feet  6  inches 


Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

P 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion!) 

L 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

D 

Factor 
R 

Factor 
m 

7358 

3 

205 

// 

189 

130 

8.96 

6.89 

152 

7359 

4 

285 

352 

220 

6.45 

2.93 

148 

7300 

5 

391 

598 

400 

5.52 

1.38 

151 

736l 

6 

514 

" 

932 

600 

4.41 

•  735 

153 

7362 

7 

646 

•• 

1339 

900 

3.96 

•  440 

156 

7363 

8 

790 

" 

1845 

1200 

3-37 

.281 

157 

7364 

9 

944 

" 

2454 

I600 

3-02 

.189 

158 

7365 

10 

1126 

" 

3283 

220O 

2.79 

.127 

158 

7366 

II 

1292 

«« 

4054 

27OO 

2.51 

.0931 

160 

7367 

12 

1421 

" 

4810 

3200 

2.30 

.0720 

160 

7368 

13 

1558 

5846 

3900 

2.  II 

.0541 

159 

7369 

3 

257 

Ef 

245 

160 

8.74 

5.46 

146 

7370 

4 

365 

468 

300 

6.87 

2.29 

141 

7371 

5 

503 

" 

807 

550 

5.83 

1.  06 

144 

7372 

6 

697 

;•  poj 

1342 

900 

4-77 

•  530 

145 

7373 

7 

922 

•• 

2055 

1400 

4.19 

.299 

146 

7374 

8 

1071 

" 

2691 

1800 

3-58 

.199 

149 

7375 

9 

1226 

" 

3413 

2300 

3-22 

.140 

151 

7376 

10 

1395 

4329 

2900 

2.84 

.0980 

152 

7377 

II 

1567 

•« 

5234 

35oo 

2.57 

.0735 

155 

7378 

12 

1721 

" 

6226 

4200 

2.38 

.0567 

155 

7379 

13 

1891 

" 

7587 

5000 

2.13 

.0426 

155 

738o 

3 

276 

EE 

245 

160 

8.53 

5-33 

151 

738i 

4 

393 

11 

468 

300 

6.63 

2.21 

147 

7382 

5 

547 

" 

807 

550 

5-6i 

1.02 

ISO 

7383 

6 

759 

" 

1342 

900 

4.63 

.514 

152 

7384 

7 

1022 

•• 

2055 

1400 

4,o6 

.289 

154 

7385 

8 

1224 

" 

2691 

1800 

3.46 

.192 

158 

7386 

9 

1381 

" 

3413 

2300 

3-  II 

.135 

159 

7387 

10 

1551 

" 

4329 

2900 

2.77 

.0956 

159 

7388 

ii 

1716 

«• 

5234 

35oo 

2.52 

.0720 

160 

7389 

12 

1874 

" 

6226 

4200 

2.34 

•  0557 

160 

7390 

13 

2057 

7587 

5000 

2.09 

-0417 

160 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        131 

Length  of  Pole,  28  Feet 

Sections:  IQ  feet,  7  feet,  and  5  feet 

Maxi- 

Load 

Deflec- 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

mum 
load 

for 
deflec- 
tion D 

tion  for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7391 

4 

287 

/// 

352 

220 

6.47 

2.94 

145 

7392 

5 

391 

598 

400 

5-52 

1.38 

148 

7393 

6 

517 

" 

932 

600 

4.42 

•  736 

I5i 

7394 

7 

653 

1339 

900 

3-97 

•  441 

154 

7395 

8 

803 

44 

1845 

1200 

3-38 

.282 

156 

7396 

9 

962 

•• 

2454 

I6OO 

3.02 

.189 

157 

7397 

10 

1150 

44 

3283 

2200 

2.79 

.127 

157 

7398 

II 

1319 

44 

4054 

27OO 

2.52 

.0932 

159 

7399 

12 

1464 

44 

4810 

3200 

2.30 

.0720 

159 

7400 

13 

1613 

" 

5846 

3900 

2.  II 

.0541 

159 

7401 

4 

367 

Eff 

468 

300 

6.87 

2.29 

138 

7402 

5 

503 

807 

550 

5.83 

1.06 

140 

7403 

6 

700 

" 

1342 

900 

4-79 

.532 

142 

7404 

7 

928 

" 

2055 

1400 

4.20 

.300 

144 

7405 

8 

1084 

" 

2691 

1800 

3.60 

.200 

147 

7406 

9 

1243 

•• 

3413 

2300 

3.22 

.140 

ISO 

7407 

10 

1420 

" 

4329 

2900 

2.84 

.0981 

151 

7408 

ii 

1595 

44 

5234 

35oo 

2.58 

.0736 

154 

7409 

12 

1764 

" 

6226 

4200 

2.38 

.0567 

154 

7410 

13 

1945 

" 

7587 

5000 

2.13 

.0426 

155 

7411 

4 

386 

EEf 

468 

300 

6.66 

2.22 

143 

7412 

5 

532 

807 

550 

5-67 

1.03 

145 

7413 

6 

741 

" 

1342 

900 

4.64 

.515 

148 

7414 

7 

995 

" 

2055 

1400 

4-05 

.289 

151 

7415 

8 

1186 

" 

2691 

1800 

3.47 

.193 

155 

74i6 

9 

1347 

» 

3413 

2300 

3-13 

.136 

156 

7417 

10 

1523 

41 

4329 

2900 

2.78 

.0957 

156 

7418 

ii 

1694 

5234 

35oo 

2.52 

.0720 

158 

7419 

12 

1866 

44 

6226 

4200 

2.34 

.0557 

159 

7420 

13 

2056 

" 

7587 

5000 

2.09 

.0418 

159 

7421 

4 

395 

EEE 

468 

300 

6.66 

2.22 

144 

7422 

5 

546 

44 

807 

550 

5.67 

1.03 

147 

7423 

6 

762 

1342 

900 

4.64 

.515 

149 

7424 

7 

1025 

44 

2055 

1400 

4.05 

.289 

152 

7425 

8 

1234 

2691 

1800 

3.46 

.192 

156 

7426 

9 

1419 

•• 

3413 

2300 

3  13 

.136 

158 

7427 

10 

1597 

44 

4329 

2900 

2.77 

.0956 

157 

7428 

II 

1768 

44 

5234 

35oo 

2.52 

.0720 

159 

7429 

12 

1937 

44 

6226 

4200 

2.34 

.0557 

160 

7430 

13 

2128 

7587 

5000 

2.09 

.0418 

160 

132 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  28  Feet 
Sections:  21  feet,  5  feet,  and  5  feet 


Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7431 

4 

294 

fff 

352 

220 

6.20 

2.82 

150 

7432 

5 

399 

598 

4OO 

5.36 

1-34 

152 

7433 

6 

526 

932 

600 

4-31 

.718 

155 

7434 

7 

662 

" 

1339 

900 

3-90 

433 

156 

7435 

8 

813 

1845 

1200 

3.34 

.278 

158 

7436 

9 

972 

2454 

l6oO 

2.98 

.186 

159 

7437 

10 

1163 

" 

3283 

220O 

2-75 

.125 

159 

7438 

ii 

1330 

4054 

2700 

2.49 

.0921 

160 

7439 

12 

1472 

" 

4810 

3200 

2.29 

-0715 

161 

7440 

13 

1623 

5846 

3900 

2.09 

.0537 

I6i 

7441 

4 

382 

EM 

468 

300 

6.48 

2.16 

144 

7442 

5 

522 

807 

550 

5-56 

I.OI 

146 

7443 

6 

728 

" 

1342 

900 

4.56 

.507 

148 

7444 

7 

966 

" 

2055 

1400 

4.02 

.287 

150 

7445 

8 

1124 

" 

2691 

1800 

3.47 

.193 

152 

7446 

9 

1283 

«• 

3413 

2300 

3-13 

.136 

154 

7447 

10 

I46l 

4329 

2900 

2.77 

.0956 

155 

7448 

ii 

1634 

" 

5234 

35oo 

2.52 

.0719 

157 

7449 

12 

1804 

6226 

4200 

2.34 

.0556 

158 

7450 

13 

1990 

" 

7587 

5000 

2.08 

.0416 

157 

7451 

4 

396 

EEf 

468 

300 

6.39 

2.13 

148 

7452 

5 

543 

807 

550 

5.48 

.996 

ISO 

7453 

6 

757 

" 

1342 

900 

4.51 

.501 

152 

7454 

7 

1014 

2055 

1400 

3.96 

.283 

154 

7455 

8 

1196 

" 

2691 

1800 

3-42 

.190 

157 

7456 

9 

1357 

3413 

2300 

3-08 

•  134 

158 

7457 

10 

1535 

" 

4329 

2900 

2.74 

.0946 

159 

7458 

ii 

1705 

5234 

35oo 

2.50 

.0714 

159 

7459 

12 

1876 

" 

6226 

4200 

2.32 

.0553 

160 

7460 

13 

2069 

7587 

5000 

2.07 

.0413 

159 

746i 

4 

405 

EEE 

468 

300 

6.39 

2.13 

ISO 

7462 

5 

557 

" 

807 

550 

5-47 

.995 

151 

7463 

6 

778 

1342 

900 

4-50 

.500 

153 

7464 

7 

1044 

" 

2055 

1400 

3.96 

.283 

156 

7465 

8 

1244 

" 

2691 

1800 

3-42 

.190 

158 

7466 

9 

1430 

" 

3413 

2300 

3-o8 

.134 

160 

7467 

10 

1609 

" 

4329 

2900 

2.74 

.0945 

160 

7468 

ii 

1779 

11 

5234 

3500 

2.50 

.0713 

160 

7469 

12 

1947 

" 

6226 

4200 

2.32 

.0552 

161 

7470 

13 

2142 

7587 

5000 

2.07 

.0413 

160 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        133 

Length  of  Pole,  29  Feet 

Sections:  20  feet  and  10  feet  6  inches 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7471 

3 

212 

// 

180 

120 

9-48 

7.90 

160 

7472 

4 

296 

336 

22O 

7-37 

3.35 

156 

7473 

5 

405 

" 

570 

40O 

6.32 

1.58 

159 

7474 

6 

533 

889 

600 

5.06 

.843 

161 

7475 

7 

670 

" 

1277 

850 

4.30  1  .506 

164 

7476 

8 

819 

" 

1759 

1200 

3-88 

323 

165 

•   7477 

9 

978 

2340 

I60O 

3-47 

.217 

166 

7478 

10 

1167 

" 

3130 

2100 

3-05 

•  145 

1  66 

7479 

ii 

1337 

•• 

3866 

2600 

2.78 

.107 

168 

7480 

12 

1471 

4587 

3100 

2.57 

.0830 

168 

748i 

13 

1613 

" 

5574 

37oo 

2.31 

.0623 

167 

7482 

3 

267 

Ef 

234 

160 

9.98 

6.24 

154 

7483 

4 

38o 

447 

3oo 

7.80 

2.60 

149 

7484 

5 

523 

" 

769 

500 

6.05 

1.  21 

152 

7485 

6 

725 

1279 

850 

5-15 

.606 

153 

7486 

7 

960 

1959 

1300 

4-45 

•342 

154 

7487 

8 

1115 

" 

2566 

1700 

3.88 

.228 

157 

7488 

9 

1274 

3254 

2200 

3-52 

.160 

159 

7489 

10 

1450 

;  «bo8j 

4127 

2800 

3.14 

.112 

1  60 

7490 

II 

1627 

4991 

3300 

2.79 

.0844 

163 

7491 

12 

1787 

:  *?K>?. 

5936 

4000 

2.60 

.0651 

164 

7492 

13 

1963 

7234 

4800 

2.34 

.0488 

163 

7493 

3 

286 

EE 

234 

160 

9.78 

6.  ii 

160 

7494 

4 

408 

447 

300 

7-59 

2.53 

155 

7495 

5 

568 

" 

769 

500 

5-85 

1.17 

159 

7496 

6 

787 

1279 

850 

5-01 

.589 

160 

7497 

7 

1060 

«• 

1959 

1300 

4-30 

.331 

163 

7498 

8 

1267 

" 

2566 

1700 

3.76 

.221 

166 

7499 

9 

1430 

3254 

220O 

3-43 

.156 

167 

7500 

10 

1605 

" 

4127 

2800 

3-08 

.no 

167 

7501 

II 

1776 

•• 

4991 

3300 

2.74 

.0829 

168 

7502 

12 

1939 

5936 

4000 

2.57 

.0642 

169 

7503 

13 

2129 

7234 

4800 

2.30 

0480 

167 

134 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  29  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  7  feet,  and  6  feet  6  inches 


Number 

Size 
of 

butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadZ, 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7504 

4 

291 

/// 

336 

220 

7.74 

3.52 

147 

7505 

5 

395 

570 

400 

6.60 

1.65 

148 

75o6 

6 

524 

" 

889 

600 

5-23 

.872 

153 

7507 

7 

663 

" 

1277 

850 

4-41 

.519 

158 

75o8 

8 

817 

" 

1759 

1200 

3.96 

•330 

160 

7509 

9 

980 

•« 

2340 

I600 

3.54 

.221 

161 

7Sio 

10 

H73 

*f 

3i3o 

2IOO 

3.  ii 

.148 

162 

751  1 

ii 

1348 

'{ 

3866 

2600 

2.83 

.109 

164 

7512 

12 

1500 

" 

4587 

3100 

2.6o 

.0838 

165 

7513 

13 

1654 

" 

5574 

3700 

2.33 

.0630 

165 

7514 

4 

368 

Eff 

447 

300 

8.40 

2.8o 

138 

7515 

5 

504 

769 

500 

6.45 

1.29 

139 

75i6 

6 

702 

11 

1279 

850 

5.46 

.642 

143 

7517 

7 

931 

" 

1959 

1300 

4.68 

.360 

146 

75i8 

8 

1091 

" 

2566 

1700 

4-05 

.238 

ISO 

7519 

9 

1254 

•• 

3254 

2200 

3.65 

.166 

153 

7520 

10 

1435 

" 

4127 

2800 

3.25 

.116 

155 

7521 

II 

1616 

" 

4991 

3300 

2.86 

.0866 

158 

7522 

12 

1792 

" 

5936 

4000 

2.66 

.0665 

159 

7523 

13 

1978 

" 

7234 

4800 

2.40 

.0501 

160 

7524 

4 

387 

EEf 

447 

300 

8.04 

2.68 

142 

7525 

5 

534 

" 

769 

500 

6.15 

1.23 

144 

7526 

6 

743 

" 

1279 

850 

5.23 

.615 

148 

7527 

7 

998 

" 

1959 

1300 

4.46 

.343 

152 

7528 

8 

1192 

" 

2566 

1700 

3.84 

.226 

157 

7529 

9 

1358 

3254 

2200 

3.50 

.159 

159 

7530 

10 

1539 

" 

4127 

2800 

3-14 

.112 

160 

7531 

II 

1715 

" 

4991 

3300 

2.78 

.0842 

162 

7532 

12 

1894 

" 

5936 

4000 

2.60 

.0649 

164 

7533 

13 

2088 

" 

7234 

4800 

2.34 

.0487 

164 

7534 

4 

399 

EEE 

447 

300 

7.98 

2.66 

145 

7535 

5 

551 

" 

769 

500 

6.!S 

1.23 

147 

7536 

6 

770 

" 

1279 

850 

5.20 

.612 

151 

7537 

7 

1037 

11 

1959 

1300 

4-43 

•  341 

155 

7538 

8 

1255 

" 

2566 

1700 

3.83 

.225 

161 

7539 

9 

1452 

«• 

3254 

2200 

3.48 

.158 

163 

7540 

10 

1635 

4127 

2800 

3.14 

.112 

163 

7541 

II 

1811 

" 

4991 

3300 

2.77 

.0839 

165 

7542 

12 

1986 

" 

5936 

4000 

2.59 

.0648 

166 

7543 

13 

2182 

7234 

4800 

2.33 

.0486 

166 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        135 

Length  of  Pole,  29  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  7  feet,  and  4  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadZ, 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7544 

4 

303 

fff 

336 

220 

7.24 

3-29 

158 

7545 

5 

413 

570 

4OO 

6.24 

1.56 

160 

7546 

6 

544 

11 

889 

600 

S.oo 

.833 

163 

7547 

7 

685 

" 

1277 

850 

4.26 

.501 

165 

7548 

8 

841 

1759 

1200 

3.85 

.321 

166 

7549 

9 

1006 

" 

2340 

I600 

3.46 

.216 

167 

7550 

10 

1  202 

" 

3130 

2IOO 

3-02 

.144 

166 

7551 

ii 

1377 

3866 

2600 

2.78 

.107 

168 

7552 

12 

1523 

41 

4587 

3IOO 

2.56 

.0827 

169 

7553 

13 

1676 

" 

5574 

37oo 

2.29 

.0620 

168 

7554 

4 

391 

Eff 

447 

300 

7.59 

2.53 

I5i 

7555 

5 

536 

769 

500 

5-90 

1.18 

154 

7556 

6 

746 

" 

1279 

850 

5-03 

.592 

155 

7557 

7 

989 

11 

1959 

1300 

4.36 

.335 

157 

7558 

8 

1152 

" 

2566 

1700 

3.8l 

.224 

159 

7559 

9 

1317 

» 

3254 

2200 

3-48 

.158 

161 

756o 

10 

1500 

" 

4127 

2800 

3-  n 

.in 

162 

7501 

ii 

1681 

" 

4991 

3300 

2.75 

.0834 

164 

7562 

12 

1855 

" 

5936 

4000 

2.58 

.0646 

165 

7563 

13 

2044 

'* 

7234 

4800 

2.32 

.0483 

164 

7564 

4 

410 

EEf 

447 

300 

7-44 

2.48 

157 

7565 

5 

566 

11 

769 

500 

5.8o 

1.16 

159 

7566 

6 

787 

" 

1279 

850 

4-94 

.581 

161 

7567 

7 

1057 

" 

1959 

1300 

4.26 

.328 

163 

7568 

8 

1253 

" 

2566 

1700 

3-74 

.220 

1  66 

7569 

9 

1421 

3254 

2200 

3-41 

.155 

167 

7570 

10 

1604 

" 

4127 

2800 

3.05 

.109 

167 

7571 

II 

1781 

4991 

3300 

2.72 

.0824 

168 

7572 

12 

1956 

" 

5936 

4000 

2.56 

.0639 

109 

7573 

13 

2154 

" 

7234 

4800 

2.29 

.0477 

168 

7574 

4 

418 

ERR 

447 

300 

7-44 

2.48 

157 

7575 

5 

577 

" 

769 

500 

5-75 

1.  15 

160 

7576 

6 

804 

" 

1279 

850 

4-94 

.581 

161 

7577 

7 

1080 

41 

1959 

1300 

4.26 

.328 

164 

7578 

8 

1292 

" 

2566 

1700 

3-74 

.220 

167 

7579 

9 

1479 

«• 

3254 

2200 

3.41 

.155 

168 

758o 

10 

1663 

4127 

2800 

3.05 

.109 

167 

758i 

ii 

1840 

" 

4991 

3300 

2.72 

.0824 

168 

7582 

12 

2013 

" 

5936 

4OOO 

2.56 

.0639 

169 

7583 

13 

2213 

7234 

4800 

2.29 

.0478 

168 

136 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  30  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet  and  10  feet  6  inches 


Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

P 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

L 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

D 

Factor 
R 

Factor 
m 

7584 

3 

220 

// 

172 

no 

9-91 

9.oi 

168 

7585 

4 

306 

321 

220 

8.40 

3-82 

164 

7586 

5 

420 

545 

350 

6.30 

i.  80 

167 

7587 

6 

552 

849 

55o 

5.29 

.962 

170 

7588 

7 

693 

" 

1  220 

800 

4.62 

.578 

172 

7589 

8 

847 

1681 

IIOO 

4.06 

.369 

173 

7590 

9 

1012 

" 

2236 

1500 

3-72 

248 

174 

7591 

10 

I2O7 

2991 

2OOO 

3.32 

.166 

174 

7592 

ii 

1383 

» 

3694 

2500 

3.08 

.123 

176 

7593 

12 

1520 

M 

4383 

290O 

2.75 

.0949 

176 

7594 

13 

1667 

" 

5326 

3600 

2.57 

.0713 

176 

7595 

3 

277 

Ef 

223 

ISO 

10.6 

7-09 

162 

7596 

4 

395 

>t 

427 

280 

8.26 

2.95 

157 

7597 

5 

544 

735 

500 

6.85 

1-37 

160 

7598 

6 

754 

" 

1222 

800 

5.50 

.688 

161 

7599 

7 

998 

•• 

1872 

I2OO 

4.67 

.389 

163 

7600 

8 

1158 

" 

2452 

1600 

4.16 

.260 

165 

7601 

9 

1323 

3110 

2IOO 

3-82 

.182 

167 

7602 

10 

1505 

\  "OG£ 

3944 

26OO 

3-33 

.128 

168 

7603 

ii 

1687 

«' 

4769 

3200 

3-08 

.0963 

171 

7604 

12 

1852 

" 

5672 

3800 

2.82 

.0743 

171 

7605 

13 

2035 

" 

6913 

4500 

2.51 

.0557 

171 

7606 

3 

297 

EE 

223 

150 

10.4 

6.96 

168 

7607 

4 

423 

427 

280 

8.06 

2.88 

163 

7608 

5 

588 

" 

735 

500 

6.70 

1-34 

167 

7609 

6 

816 

1222 

Soo 

5-38 

.672 

168 

7610 

7 

1098 

« 

1872 

I2OO 

4-54 

.378 

171 

7611 

8 

1310 

" 

2452 

I600 

4-05 

.253 

174 

7612 

9 

1478 

" 

3HO 

2IOO 

3-74 

.178 

175 

7613 

10 

1660 

" 

3944 

2600 

3.28 

.126 

175 

7614 

II 

1836 

« 

4769 

3200 

3-03 

.0948 

176 

7615 

12 

2005 

" 

5672 

3800 

2.79 

.0734 

176 

7616 

13 

22OI 

6913 

4500 

2.47 

.0549 

175 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        137* 

Length  of  Pole,  30  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  g  feet  6  inches,  and  5  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 

butt 

Weight 

Thick 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7617 

4 

301 

/// 

321 

220 

8.98 

408 

156 

7618 

5 

411 

545 

350 

6.65 

1.90 

159 

7619 

o 

544 

" 

849 

550 

5-50 

I.OO 

164 

7620 

7 

688 

" 

1220 

800 

4.78 

.597 

167 

7621 

8 

847 

" 

1681 

IIOO 

4.18 

.380 

169 

7622 

9 

1016 

2236 

1500 

3.8i 

-254 

170 

7623 

10 

1214 

" 

2991 

2000 

3-42 

.171 

170 

7624 

II 

1398 

" 

3694 

2500 

3-13 

.125 

173 

7625 

12 

1553 

4383 

2900 

2.79 

.0963 

174 

7626 

13 

1709 

•"c<> 

5326 

3600 

2.61 

.0724 

173 

7627 

4 

379 

Eff 

388 

250 

8.15 

3.26 

148 

7628 

5 

520 

723 

5oo 

7-45 

1.49 

ISO 

7629 

6 

722 

" 

1222 

800 

5.96 

•  745 

153 

7630 

7 

957 

1872 

1200 

5-02 

.418 

155 

7631 

8 

1  121 

.  r*^v 

2452 

1600 

4.42 

.276 

159 

7632 

9 

1290 

«• 

3HO 

2IOO 

4-03 

.192 

162 

7633 

10 

1477 

3944 

2600 

3-48 

.134 

163 

7634 

II 

1666 

" 

4769 

3200 

3-20 

.100 

166 

7635 

12 

1846 

" 

5672 

3800 

2.92 

.0768 

167 

7636 

13 

2033 

M 

6913 

45oo 

2.60 

.0577 

166 

7637 

4 

404 

EEf 

427 

280 

8.65 

3-09 

154 

7638 

5 

560 

735 

500 

7.05 

1.  41 

158 

7639 

6 

778 

1222 

800 

5.65 

.706 

160 

7640 

7 

1048 

" 

1872 

1200 

4.72 

•  393 

164 

7641 

8 

1259 

2452 

1600 

4.14 

.259 

169 

7642 

9 

1431 

<• 

3HO 

2IOO 

3.82 

.182 

170 

7643 

10 

1618 

" 

3944 

2600 

3.35 

.129 

171 

7644 

II 

1801 

" 

4769 

3200 

3.08 

.0964 

172 

7645 

12 

1983 

" 

5672 

3800 

2.83 

.0744 

173 

7646 

13 

2183 

" 

6913 

4500 

2.52 

.0559 

172 

7647 

4 

414 

EEE 

427 

280 

8.62 

3.o8 

156 

7648 

5 

573 

" 

735 

500 

7.05 

1.41 

159 

7649 

6 

799 

1222 

800 

5.64 

•  70S 

162 

7650 

7 

1077 

" 

1872 

1200 

4.72 

•  393 

165 

7651 

8 

1307 

" 

2452 

I600 

4.14 

.259 

170 

7652 

9 

1503 

» 

3HO 

2IOO 

3.82 

.182 

172 

7653 

10 

1692 

" 

3944 

2600 

3-33 

.128 

172 

7654 

II 

1875 

" 

4769 

3200 

3.o8 

.0963 

173 

7655 

12 

2054 

" 

5672 

3800 

2.83 

.0744 

174 

7656 

13 

2256 

6913 

4500 

2.52 

-0559 

173 

138        Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 

Length  of  Pole,  30  Feet 

Sections:  19  feet,  7  feet,  and  7  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7657 

4 

299 

/// 

321 

220 

8.93 

4.06 

152 

7658 

5 

406 

545 

350 

6.65 

1.90 

154 

7659 

6 

539 

" 

849 

550 

5.5o 

1.  00 

159 

7660 

7 

682 

1220 

800 

4-77 

.596 

164 

7661 

8 

841 

IpP? 

1681 

1  100 

4-17 

•  379 

167 

7662 

9 

1009 

" 

2236 

1500 

3.8i 

.254 

169 

7663 

10 

1207 

2991 

2OOO 

3-40 

.170 

169 

7664 

ii 

1387 

" 

3694 

2500 

3-13 

.125 

171   - 

7665 

12 

1545 

4383 

29OO 

2.79 

.0962 

173 

7666 

13 

1704 

fSj 

5326 

3600 

2.60 

.0723 

173 

7667 

4 

379 

Eff 

408 

280 

9.04 

3-23 

143 

7668 

5 

518 

735 

5oo 

7-45 

1.49 

144 

7669 

6 

721 

" 

1222 

800 

5.92 

•  740 

I48 

7670 

7 

957 

1872 

I2OO 

4.98 

.415 

151 

7671 

8 

1  122 

r"  oo 

2452 

1000 

4.38 

.274 

156 

7672 

9 

1290 

•• 

3HO 

2100 

4.01 

.191 

159 

7673 

10 

1477 

3944 

26OO 

3.48 

.134 

161 

7674 

ii 

1663 

" 

4769 

3200 

3-18 

.0994 

164 

7675 

12 

1845 

5672 

3800 

2.91 

.0765 

167 

7676 

13 

2036 

" 

6913 

4500 

2.58 

.0574 

166 

7677 

4 

398 

EEf 

427 

280 

8.65 

3-09 

148 

7678 

5 

548 

735 

500 

7-15 

1.43 

148 

7679 

6 

763 

" 

1222 

800 

5.67 

.709 

153 

7680 

7 

1024 

" 

1872 

1  200 

4-74 

•  395 

157 

7681 

8 

1224 

" 

2452 

1600 

4.16 

.260 

163 

7682 

9 

1394 

•• 

3HO 

2100 

3-84 

.183 

166 

7683 

10 

1580 

" 

3944 

26OO 

3-35 

.129 

167 

7684 

ii 

1762 

" 

4769 

3200 

3.09 

.0966 

169 

7685 

12 

1947 

5672 

3800 

2.83 

.0746 

172 

7686 

13 

2147 

" 

6913 

45oo 

2.51 

.0558 

170 

7687 

4 

4ii 

EEE 

427 

280 

8.60 

3  07 

151 

7688 

5 

567 

735 

5oo 

7-05 

1.4* 

153 

7689 

6 

792 

" 

1222 

800 

5.63 

.704 

157 

7690 

7 

1066 

11 

1872 

1200 

4.70 

.392 

161 

7691 

8 

1291 

" 

2452 

I60O 

4-14 

.259 

167 

7692 

9 

1495 

« 

3IIO 

2100 

3.82 

.182 

170 

7693 

10 

1684 

" 

3944 

2600 

3-33 

.128 

171 

7694 

ii 

1866 

" 

4769 

3200 

3.o8 

.0962 

172 

7695 

12 

2046 

" 

5672 

3800 

2.82 

.0743 

173 

7696 

13 

2248 

6913 

4500 

2.51 

.0557 

173 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        139 

Length  of  Pole,  30  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  7  feet,  and  5  feet 

Maxi- 

Load 

Deflec- 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

mum 
load 

for 
deflec- 
tion D 

tion  for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7697 

4 

309 

/// 

321 

220 

8.40 

3.82 

162 

7698 

5 

420 

545 

350 

6.30 

i.  80 

164 

7699 

6 

555 

11 

849 

550 

5-30 

.964 

167 

7700 

7 

700 

1220 

800 

4.62 

•  578 

170 

77oi 

8 

860 

" 

1681 

IIOO 

4.07 

•  370 

172 

7702 

9 

1030 

«« 

2236 

1500 

3  74 

.249 

173 

7703 

10 

1231 

2991 

2OOO 

3-32 

.166 

173 

7704 

ii 

1411 

" 

3694 

2500 

3.08 

.123 

175 

7705 

12 

1563 

" 

4383 

2900 

2.75 

.0949 

175 

7706 

13 

1722 

" 

5326 

3600 

2.57 

.0713 

175 

7707 

4 

397 

Eff 

427 

280 

8.29 

2.96 

154 

77o8 

5 

544 

735 

500 

6.85 

1.37 

156 

7709 

6 

757 

41 

1222 

800 

5-52 

.690 

159 

7710 

7 

1004 

" 

1872 

1200 

4-67 

.389 

160 

771  1 

8 

II7I 

" 

2452 

1600 

4.16 

.260 

164 

7712 

9 

1340 

•• 

3110 

2IOO 

3.84 

.183 

166 

7713 

10 

1529 

" 

3944 

2600 

3-33 

.128 

167 

7714 

ii 

1715 

" 

4769 

3200 

3.o8 

.0964 

170 

7715 

12 

1895 

5672 

3800 

2.82 

.0743 

170 

7716 

13 

2089 

11 

6913 

4500 

2.51 

.0557 

170 

7717 

4 

416 

EEf 

427 

280 

8.09 

2.89 

160 

7718 

5 

573 

735 

500 

6.70 

1.34 

162 

7719 

6 

798 

" 

1222 

800 

5.38 

.673 

164 

7720 

7 

1071 

14 

1872 

1200 

4-55 

.379 

167 

7721 

8 

1272 

" 

2452 

I600 

4-05 

.253 

171 

7722 

9 

1444 

«• 

3110 

2IOO 

3-74 

.178 

173 

7723 

10 

1633 

14 

3944 

2600 

3-28 

.126 

173 

7724 

ii 

1815 

" 

4769 

3200 

3-04 

.0949 

175 

7725 

12 

1997 

" 

5672 

3800 

2.79 

.0734 

174 

7726 

13 

2200 

" 

6913 

4500 

2.48 

-0550 

175 

7727 

4 

425 

EEE 

427 

280 

8.06 

2.88 

161 

7728 

5 

587 

" 

735 

500 

6.70 

1.34 

164 

7729 

6 

819 

" 

1222 

800 

5-38 

.673 

166 

7730 

7 

IIOI 

" 

1872 

I20O 

4-54 

.378 

169 

7731 

8 

1320 

" 

2452 

1600 

4-05 

.253 

173 

7732 

9 

1517 

•• 

3110 

2100 

3-74 

.178 

174 

7733 

10 

1707 

11 

3944 

260O 

3.28 

.126 

174 

7734 

ii 

1889 

" 

4769 

3200 

3-03 

.0948 

175 

7735 

12 

2068 

" 

5672 

3800 

2.79 

.0734 

175 

7736 

13 

2272 

6913 

4500 

2.48 

.0550 

175 

140        Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 

Length  of  Pole,  31  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  10  feet  6  inches,  and  5  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
load!. 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7737 

4 

308 

/// 

307 

200 

9.46 

4-73 

163 

7738 

5 

421 

522 

350 

7.70 

2.20 

166 

7739 

6 

559 

" 

813 

550 

6.38 

1.16 

170 

7740 

7 

707 

1168 

800 

5-49 

.686 

174 

7741 

8 

871 

" 

1609 

IIOO 

4.80 

.436 

176 

7742 

9 

1045 

" 

2141 

1400 

4.09 

.292 

178 

7743 

10 

1248 

2864 

1900 

3-72 

.196 

178 

7744 

n 

1438 

" 

3537 

2400 

3-43 

.143 

181 

7745 

12 

1599 

" 

4196 

2800 

3-o8 

.110 

181 

7746 

13 

1759 

" 

5ioo 

3400 

2.82 

.0829 

180 

7747 

4 

386 

Eff 

352 

220 

8.38 

3.8i 

154 

7748 

5 

531 

657 

450 

7.83 

1-74 

157 

7749 

6 

736 

" 

III5 

750 

6.50 

.866 

159 

7750 

7 

976 

" 

1738 

1  200 

5-83 

.486 

161 

7751 

8 

H45 

" 

2347 

1600 

5.12 

.320 

165 

7752 

9 

1319 

«« 

2977 

2OOO 

4.44 

.222 

168 

7753 

10 

1511 

" 

3776 

2500 

3.88 

.155 

169 

7754 

II 

1707 

" 

4566 

3000 

3-45 

.115 

173 

7755 

12 

1891 

" 

5431 

3600 

3-i8 

.0884 

174 

7756 

13 

2083 

6618 

4500 

2.99 

.0665 

173 

7757 

4 

415 

EEf 

409 

280 

IO.O 

3-58 

161 

7758 

5 

575 

" 

704 

450 

7.38 

1.64 

164 

7759 

6 

798 

1170 

800 

6.51 

.814 

167 

7760 

7 

1076 

" 

1792 

1200 

5-44 

.453 

171 

7761 

8 

1297 

2347 

1600 

4-75 

-297 

176 

7762 

9 

1474 

2977 

20OO 

4.18 

.209 

178 

7763 

10 

1666 

" 

3776 

2500 

3.68 

.147 

178 

7764 

II 

1856 

" 

4566 

3000 

3-30 

.110 

180 

7765 

12 

2044 

" 

5431 

3600 

3-07 

.0852 

181 

7766 

13 

2249 

" 

6618 

4500 

2.88 

.0640 

180 

7767 

4 

424 

EEE 

409 

280 

IO.O 

3.58 

162 

7768 

5 

588 

704 

450 

7.34 

1.63 

166 

7769 

6 

819 

" 

1170 

800 

6.51 

.814 

168 

7770 

7 

1106 

" 

1792 

I20O 

5.42 

•  452 

172 

7771 

8 

1345 

" 

2347 

I6OO 

4-75 

.297 

177 

7772 

9 

1547 

" 

2977 

2OOO 

4.18 

.209 

179 

7773 

10 

1740 

" 

3776 

2500 

3-68 

.147 

179 

7774 

n 

1930 

" 

4566 

3OOO 

3-30 

.no 

181 

7775 

12 

2115 

" 

5431 

3600 

3.07 

.0852 

182 

7776 

13 

2321 

6618 

4500 

2.88 

.0640 

180 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        141 

Length  of  Pole,  31  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  6  feet  6  inches,  and  6  feet  6  inches 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7777 

4 

314 

/// 

307 

200 

8.88 

4-44 

164 

7778 

5 

426 

522 

350 

7-32 

2.09 

165 

7779 

6 

564 

" 

813 

550 

6.  ii 

I.  ii 

170 

778o 

7 

712 

1168 

800 

5-33 

.666 

174 

7781 

8 

877 

" 

1609 

IIOO 

4.68 

.425 

177 

7782 

9 

1051 

" 

2141 

1400 

3-99 

.285 

178 

7783 

10 

1257 

2864 

1900 

3.63 

.191 

178 

7784 

II 

1441 

" 

3537 

2400 

3-36 

.140 

180 

7785 

12 

1601 

" 

4196 

2800 

3-05 

.109 

182 

7786 

13 

1765 

" 

5100 

3400 

2.77 

.0816 

182 

7787 

4 

402 

Eff 

409 

280 

9.69 

3-46 

155 

7788 

5 

550 

704 

450 

7-25 

1.61 

156 

7789 

6 

766 

11 

1170 

800 

6.43 

.804 

160 

7790 

7 

1016 

1792 

1200 

5-42 

•  452 

163 

7791 

8 

1188 

..  '&_7p 

2347 

I600 

4.82 

.301 

167 

7792 

9 

1361 

2977 

2000 

4.22 

.211 

170 

7793 

10 

1555 

" 

3776 

2500 

3-70 

.148 

172 

7794 

ii 

1746 

«• 

4566 

3OOO 

3-33 

.III 

175 

7795 

12 

1933 

" 

5431 

3600 

3-07 

.0854 

176 

7796 

13 

2133 

6618 

45oo 

2.88 

.0641 

176 

7797 

4 

420 

EEf 

409 

280 

9-41 

3-36 

159 

7798 

5 

577 

" 

704 

450 

7.02 

1.56 

161 

7799 

6 

804 

" 

1170 

800 

6.26 

.782 

165 

7800 

7 

1079 

" 

1792 

1  200 

5-26 

•  438 

169 

7801 

8 

1282 

" 

2347 

1600 

4.66 

.291 

174 

7802 

9 

1458 

•« 

2977 

2OOO 

4.10 

.205 

176 

7803 

10 

1651 

" 

3776 

2500 

3.63 

.145 

177 

7804 

ii 

1838 

" 

4566 

3000 

3.27 

.109 

180 

78os 

12 

2027 

" 

5431 

3600 

3-03 

.0841 

180 

7806 

13 

2236 

" 

6618 

4500 

2.83 

.0629 

180 

7807 

4 

432 

EEE 

409 

280 

9.38 

3-35 

163 

7808 

5 

595 

704 

450 

7.02 

1.56 

164 

7809 

6 

831 

" 

1170 

800 

6.22 

.778 

168 

7810 

7 

1117 

11 

1792 

1  200 

5-24 

.437 

172 

7811 

8 

1344 

" 

2347 

1600 

4.64 

.290 

178 

7812 

9 

1552 

« 

2977 

2OOO 

4.08 

.204 

180 

7813 

10 

1747 

" 

3776 

2500 

3.60 

.144 

180 

7814 

ii 

1934 

" 

4566 

3000 

3-27 

.109 

182 

78iS 

12 

2I2O 

" 

5431 

3600 

3-02 

.0840 

182 

7816 

13 

2330 

6618 

45oo 

2.83 

.0629 

182 

142 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  32  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  9  feet  6  inches,  and  7  feet 


Maxi- 

Load 

Deflec- 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

mum 
load 

for 
deflec- 
tion D 

tion  for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7817 

4 

312 

/// 

295 

200 

II.  O 

5.5o 

165 

7818 

5 

426 

500 

350 

8.93 

2.55 

167 

7819 

6 

566 

" 

780 

500 

6.70 

1.34 

173 

7820 

7 

718 

" 

1120 

750 

5-92 

.789 

178 

7821 

8 

885 

" 

1544 

IOOO 

5.00 

.500 

181 

7822 

9 

1063 

'« 

2053 

1400 

4.68 

•  334 

182 

7823 

10 

1272 

" 

2747 

1800 

4  03 

.224 

183 

7824 

ii 

1466 

" 

3392 

2300 

3-75 

.163 

186 

12 

1634 

" 

4025 

2700 

3-40 

.126 

188 

7826 

13 

1801 

" 

4891 

3300 

3  12 

.0946 

187 

7827 

4 

390 

Eff 

323 

220 

9.86 

4.48 

155 

7828 

5 

535 

602 

400 

8.16 

2.04 

156 

7829 

6 

743 

11 

1022 

700 

7.07 

1.  01 

160 

7830 

7 

986 

1593 

IIOO 

6.22 

.565 

164 

7831 

8 

H59 

" 

2252 

1500 

5-55 

•  370 

1  68 

7832 

9 

1337 

" 

2856 

IQOO 

4-86 

.256 

172 

7833 

10 

1534 

" 

3622 

2400 

4-30 

.179 

174 

7834 

ii 

1734 

" 

438o 

2900 

3.83 

.132 

178 

7835 

12 

1927 

" 

5209 

3500 

3-54 

.101 

181 

7836 

13 

2124 

" 

6348 

4200 

3.20 

.0762 

180 

7837 

4 

416 

EEf 

392 

250 

10.5 

4.19 

160 

7838 
7839 

i 

575 
800 

« 

675 

1  122 

450 
750 

8.60 
7.10 

1.91 
.946 

162 
167 

7840 

7 

1077 

" 

1719 

IIOO 

5-75 

.523 

171 

7841 

8 

1297 

" 

2252 

1500 

5-13 

•  342 

178 

7842 

9 

1478 

«< 

2856 

1900 

4-54 

.239 

181 

7843 

10 

1675 

" 

3622 

2400 

4.06 

.169 

181 

7844 

ii 

1869 

" 

4380 

2900 

3.65 

.126 

184 

7845 

12 

2064 

" 

5209 

3500 

3-41 

.0973 

186 

7846 

13 

2274 

" 

6348 

4200 

3-07 

.0731 

186 

7847 

4 

429 

ERE 

392 

250 

10.4 

4.17 

164 

7848 

s 

594 

11 

675 

450 

8.55 

1.90 

166 

7849 

6 

829 

" 

1  122 

750 

7.06 

.941 

170 

7850 

7 

1118 

" 

1719 

IIOO 

5.73 

.521 

175 

7851 

8 

1364 

" 

2252 

1500 

S.io 

•  340 

182 

7852 

9 

1579 

•• 

2856 

1900 

4.52 

.238 

185 

7853 

10 

1779 

" 

3622 

2400 

4-03 

.168 

185 

7854 

ii 

1973 

" 

4380 

2900 

3.65 

.126 

187 

7855 

12 

2164 

" 

5209 

35oo 

3-40 

.0970 

187 

7856 

13 

2376 

6348 

4200 

3-07 

.0730 

188 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        143 

Length  of  Pole,  32  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  7  feet,  and  7  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7857 

4 

320 

/// 

295 

200 

10.2 

5.  ii 

168 

7858 

5 

435 

500 

350 

8.44 

2.41 

170 

7859 

6 

577 

" 

780 

500 

6.35 

1.27 

175 

7860 

7 

729 

" 

1  120 

750 

5-71 

.761 

180 

7861 

8 

898 

" 

1544 

IOOO 

4.85 

.485 

183 

7862 

9 

1077 

" 

2053 

1400 

4-55 

.325 

185 

7863 

10 

1288 

2747 

1800 

3-92 

.218 

185 

7864 

ii 

1478 

" 

3392 

2300 

3-68 

.160 

187 

7865 

12 

1644 

4025 

2700 

3-35 

.124 

190 

7866 

13 

1813 

" 

4891 

33oo 

3-o6 

.0928 

189 

7867 

4 

409 

Eff 

392 

250 

10.  I 

4.02 

159 

7868 

5 

559 

675 

450 

8.37 

1.86 

*  160 

7869 

6 

778 

" 

1  122 

750 

6.97 

.929 

164 

7870 

7 

1033 

1719 

IIOO 

5-74 

.522 

167 

7871 

8 

1209 

" 

2252 

1500 

5-19 

.346 

172 

7872 

9 

1387 

<• 

2856 

1900 

4.60 

.242 

175 

7873 

10 

1586 

3622 

2400 

4.08 

.170 

177 

7874 

ii 

1783 

" 

4380 

2900 

3.68 

.127 

181 

7875 

12 

1976 

" 

5209 

35oo 

3-42 

.0976 

184 

7876 

13 

2181 

" 

6348 

4200 

3.07 

.0732 

183 

7877 

4 

428 

EEf 

392 

250 

9.70 

3.88 

164 

7878 

5 

589 

675 

450 

8.10 

i.  80 

165 

7879 

6 

820 

" 

1122 

750 

6.74 

.898 

109 

7880 

7 

1  100 

" 

1719 

IIOO 

5-52 

.502 

174 

7881 

8 

1310 

11 

2252 

1500 

5.oo 

.333 

179 

7882 

9 

1491 

•> 

2856 

1900 

4-45 

.234 

182 

7883 

10 

1690 

" 

3622 

2400 

3.96 

.165 

183 

7884 

ii 

1882 

" 

4380 

2900 

3.6o 

.124 

185 

788s 

12 

2078 

" 

5209 

35oo 

3-35 

•  0957 

188 

7886 

13 

2291 

11 

6348 

4200 

3.oi 

.0717 

187 

7887 

4 

441 

EEE 

392 

250 

9.65 

3-86 

167 

7888 

5 

608 

11 

675 

450 

8.06 

1.79 

169 

7889 

6 

849 

" 

1  122 

750 

6.70 

.893 

173 

7890 

7 

1142 

" 

1719 

IIOO 

5-49 

•  499 

178 

7891 

8 

1378 

" 

2252 

1500 

4-97 

•  331 

184 

7892 

9 

1593 

" 

2856 

1900 

4-43 

.233 

186 

7893 

10 

1793 

" 

3622 

2400 

3-94 

.164 

187 

7894 

ii 

1986 

" 

4380 

2900 

3.6o 

.124 

188 

7895 

12 

2177 

11 

5209 

3500 

3-34 

.0955 

189 

7896 

13 

2393 

6348 

4200 

3-01 

.0716 

189 

144        Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 

Length  of  Pole,  32  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  10  feet,  and  4  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
load  L 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7897 

4 

326 

/// 

295 

200 

10.14 

5-07 

175 

7898 

5 

445 

500 

350 

8.33 

2.38 

178 

7899 

6 

588 

780 

500 

6.30 

1.26 

182 

7900 

7 

742 

" 

1120 

750 

5.67 

.756 

185 

7901 

8 

912 

1544 

IOOO 

4.83 

.483 

186 

7902 

9 

1092 

" 

2053 

1400 

4-54 

.324 

188 

7903 

10 

1304 

" 

2747 

1800 

3-91 

.217 

187 

7904 

II 

1498 

3392 

2300 

3.66 

.  159  i   190 

7905 

12 

1660 

" 

4025 

2700 

3-32 

.  123  i   191 

7906 

13 

1825 

4891 

3300 

3-o6 

.0927 

191 

790? 

4 

414 

Eff 

392 

250 

9-95 

3-98 

166 

7908 

5 

569 

675 

450 

8.24 

1.83 

169 

7909 

6 

790 

"  . 

1122 

750 

6.89 

.918 

171 

7910 

7 

1046 

1719 

IIOO 

5.69 

.517 

173 

79" 

8 

1222 

"00* 

2252 

1500 

5.i6 

•  344 

176 

7912 

9 

1403 

« 

2856 

1900 

4.56 

.240 

179 

7913 

10 

1602 

11 

3622 

2400 

4.06 

.169 

180 

7914 

II 

1803 

" 

4380 

2900 

3-65 

.126, 

184 

7915 

12 

1991 

5209 

3500 

3-41 

.0974 

185 

7916 

13 

2193 

6348 

4200 

3-07 

.0731 

185 

7917 

4 

441 

EEf 

392 

250 

9  58 

3.83 

174 

7918 

5 

611 

" 

675 

450 

7-97 

1-77 

177 

7919 

6 

849 

'  **O£l 

1  122 

750 

6.64 

.885 

180 

7920 

7 

1142 

" 

1719 

IIOO 

5.46 

.496 

183 

7921 

8 

1367 

2252 

1500 

4-95 

.330 

187 

7922 

9 

I55i 

2856 

1900 

4-41 

.232 

188 

7923 

10 

1750 

" 

3622 

2400 

3-94 

.164 

189 

7924 

II 

1945 

" 

4380 

2900 

3-57 

.123 

190 

7925 

12 

2136 

5209 

35oo 

3-34 

.0953 

191 

7926 

13 

2351 

pooj 

6348 

4200 

3-00 

.0715 

191 

7927 

4 

449 

EEE 

392 

250 

9-58 

3-83 

174 

7928 

5 

622 

11 

675 

450 

7-97 

1.77 

178 

7929 

6 

866 

" 

1  122 

750 

6.64 

.885 

180 

7930 

7 

1166 

" 

1719 

IIOO 

5.46 

.496 

183 

7931 

8 

1406 

" 

2252 

1500 

4-95 

.330 

188 

7932 

9 

1609 

•• 

2856 

1900 

4.41 

.232 

189 

7933 

10 

1809 

" 

3622 

2400 

3.94 

.164 

189 

7934 

II 

2004 

" 

4380 

2900 

3.57 

.123 

190 

7935 

12 

2193 

" 

5209 

3500 

3-34 

.0953 

191 

7936 

13 

2409 

6348 

4200 

3-00 

.0715 

191 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        145 

Length  of  Pole,  33  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  10  feet  6  inches,  and  7  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadZ, 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

7937 

4 

320 

/// 

283 

190 

12.0 

6.31 

172 

7938 

5 

437 

481 

300 

8.73 

2.91 

174 

7939 

6 

58o 

" 

749 

500 

7.60 

1.52 

180 

7940 

7 

737 

" 

1076 

700 

6.28 

.897 

185 

7941 

8 

909 

" 

1483 

IOOO 

5-68 

.568 

188 

7942 

9 

1092 

" 

1973 

1300 

4-93 

•  379 

190 

7943 

10 

1306 

" 

2639 

1800 

4-57 

.254 

190 

7944 

ii 

1506 

3259 

2200 

4-07 

.185 

193 

7945 

12 

1680 

" 

3867 

260O 

3.69 

.142 

196 

7946 

13 

1850 

4699 

3100 

3-32 

.107 

195 

7947 

4 

398 

Eff 

298 

200 

10.3 

5-17 

162 

7948 

5 

546 

556 

350 

8.23 

2.35 

163 

7949 

6 

758 

" 

943 

650 

7-54 

1.16 

167 

7950 

7 

1005 

" 

1470 

IOOO 

6.49 

.649 

170 

7951 

8 

1183 

|  "oo> 

2112 

1400 

5-94 

.424 

175 

7952 

9 

1366 

" 

2744 

1800 

5-26 

.292 

179 

7953 

10 

1568 

" 

3480 

2300 

4-69 

.204 

181 

7954 

ii 

1775 

" 

4208 

2800 

4.20 

.150 

185 

7955 

12 

1972 

" 

5005 

3300 

3.8o 

•  US 

188 

7956 

13 

2174 

" 

6099 

4000 

3-47 

.0868 

187 

7957 

4 

426 

EEf 

377 

250 

12.  0 

4.80 

167 

7958 

5 

590 

649 

450 

9.8l 

2.18 

169 

7959 

6 

820 

1078 

700 

756 

1.  08 

174 

7960 

7 

1106 

" 

1652 

IIOO 

6.55 

.595 

179 

796i 

8 

1335 

" 

2163 

1400 

5-43 

.388 

185 

7962 

9 

1521 

2744 

1800 

4.88 

.271 

188 

7963 

IO 

1724 

348o 

2300 

4-39 

.191 

189 

7964 

II 

1924 

" 

4208 

2800 

4.00 

.143 

192 

7965 

12 

2125 

" 

5005 

3300 

3.63 

.110 

194 

7966 

13 

2340 

" 

6099 

4000 

3-31 

.0828 

193 

7967 

4 

439 

EEE 

377 

250 

12.  0 

4-78 

170 

7968 

5 

609 

" 

649 

450 

9-77 

2.17 

173 

7969 

6 

849 

" 

1078 

700 

7-49 

1.07 

177 

7970 

7 

1147 

" 

1652 

IIOO 

6.52 

•  593 

182 

7971 

8 

1402 

" 

2163 

1400 

5.40 

.386 

189 

7972 

9 

1623 

» 

2744 

1800 

4.86 

.270 

192 

7973 

10 

1827 

" 

3480 

2300 

4-39 

.191 

192 

7974 

ii 

2027 

" 

4208 

2800 

4.00 

.143 

194 

7975 

12 

2224 

" 

5005 

3300 

3.63 

.no 

195 

7976 

13 

2441 

6099 

4000 

3-31 

.0827 

IPS 

146        Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 

Length  of  Pole,  33  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  10  feet,  and  5  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

ft 

R 

m 

7977 

4 

332 

/// 

283 

190 

II.  0 

5-8o 

179 

7978 

5 

453 

481 

300 

8.16 

2.72 

183 

7979 

6 

599 

" 

749 

500 

7.20 

1.44 

187 

7980 

7 

757 

" 

1076 

700 

6.01 

.859 

191 

7981 

8 

931 

" 

1483 

IOOO 

5.48 

•  548 

193 

7982 

9 

IH5 

« 

1973 

1300 

4-77 

.367 

194 

7983 

10 

1333 

11 

2639 

1800 

4-43 

.246 

194 

7984 

II 

1532 

11 

3259 

2200 

3.98 

.181 

197 

7985 

12 

1700 

11 

3867 

26OO 

3.64 

.140 

198 

7986 

13 

1871 

pSlj 

4699 

3100 

3-26 

.105 

198 

7987 

4 

420 

Eff 

369 

250 

ii.  5 

4-59 

169 

7988 

5 

576 

if 

649 

450 

9-50 

2.  II 

173 

7989 

6 

801 

" 

1078 

700 

7-35 

1.05 

175 

7990 

7 

1061 

" 

1652 

IIOO 

6.52 

.593 

178 

7991 

8 

1241 

" 

2163 

1400 

5-52 

.394 

182 

7992 

9 

1426 

2744 

1800 

4-93 

.274 

184 

7993 

10 

1631 

" 

348o 

2300 

4-44 

.193 

186 

7994 

II 

1837 

4208 

2800 

4.03 

.144 

190 

7995 

12 

2032 

" 

5005 

3300 

3-66 

.III 

191 

7996 

13 

2238 

:  VP°C 

6099 

4000 

3.32 

.0830 

191 

7997 

4 

447 

EEf 

377 

250 

II.  0 

4-39 

177 

7998 

5 

618 

11 

649 

450 

9.09 

2.02 

181 

7999 

6 

860 

" 

1078 

700 

7.07 

1.  01 

184 

8000 

7 

H57 

" 

1652 

IIOO 

6.22 

.565 

188 

8001 

8 

1386 

" 

2163 

1400 

5-24 

.374 

193 

8002 

9 

1574 

« 

2744 

1800 

4-73 

.263 

194 

8003 

10 

1779 

" 

3480 

2300 

4.28 

.186 

195 

8004 

II 

1979 

" 

4208 

2800 

3-92 

.140 

196 

8005 

12 

2177 

" 

5005 

3300 

3.56 

.108 

197 

8006 

13 

2396 

j  **9oe 

6099 

4000 

3-24 

.0809 

196 

8007 

4 

456 

EEE 

377 

250 

II.  0 

4.38 

178 

8008 

5 

632 

" 

649 

450 

9.09 

2.02 

182 

8009 

6 

881 

1078 

700 

7.07 

1.  01 

185 

8010 

7 

1187 

" 

1652 

IIOO 

6.20 

.564 

189 

Son 

8 

1434 

" 

2163 

1400 

5.24 

.374 

194 

8012 

9 

1647 

2744 

1800 

4-73 

.263 

195 

8013 

10 

1853 

" 

3480 

2300 

4.28 

.186 

196 

8014 

ii 

2053 

" 

4208 

2800 

3-89 

.139 

197 

8015 

12 

2248 

" 

5005 

33oo 

3.56 

.108 

198 

8016 

13 

2469 

6099 

4000 

3-23 

.0808 

197 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        147 

Length  of  Pole,  34  Feet 

Sections:  19  feet  6  inches,  10  feet  6  inches,  and  7  feet 

.  Number 

Size 
of 

butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

8017 

4 

331 

/// 

273 

180 

12.  5 

6.95 

179 

8018 

5 

451 

462 

300 

9.66 

3-22 

182 

8019 

6 

599 

" 

721 

500 

8.45 

1.69 

188 

8020 

7 

760 

44 

1036 

700 

6.98 

•  997 

193 

8021 

8 

938 

" 

1427 

950 

6.01 

.633 

196 

8022 

9 

1126 

M 

1898 

1300 

5.49 

.422 

198 

8023 

10 

1346 

44 

2539 

1700 

4.81 

.283 

198 

8024 

ii 

1552 

14 

3136 

2IOO 

4-33 

.206 

2OI 

8025 

12 

1730 

44 

3721 

2500 

3-98 

.159 

204 

8026 

13 

1905 

" 

4522 

3000 

3.6o 

.120 

203 

8027 

4 

413 

Eff 

298 

200 

II.  3 

5-66 

169 

8028 

5 

566 

u 

556 

350 

9-03 

2.58 

170 

8029 

6 

787 

" 

943 

650 

8.32 

1.28 

174 

8030 

7 

1043 

44 

1470 

IOOO 

7-14 

.714 

178 

8031 

8 

1226 

44 

2082 

1400 

6.57 

.469 

183 

8032 

9 

1415 

•• 

2640 

1800 

5.83 

.324 

187 

8033 

10 

1623 

44 

3348 

22OO 

4-97 

.226 

189 

8034 

II 

1835 

" 

4049 

27OO 

4-51 

.167 

193 

8035 

12 

2038 

4816 

32OO 

4.10 

.128 

195 

8036 

13 

2246 

" 

5869 

3900 

3.76 

.0965 

195 

8037 

4 

441 

EEf 

362 

250 

13-2 

5-29 

175 

8038 

5 

610 

" 

624 

400 

9.64 

2.41 

177 

8039 

6 

849 

44 

1038 

700 

8.33 

1.  19 

181 

8040 

7 

1  144 

1589 

IIOO 

7-27 

.661 

187 

8041 

8 

1378 

44 

2082 

1400 

6.05 

•  432 

193 

8042 

9 

1570 

44 

2640 

1800 

5-44 

.302 

196 

8043 

10 

1778 

44 

3348 

220O 

4.69 

.213 

197 

8044 

ii 

1984 

44 

4049 

2700 

4-32 

.160 

200 

8045 

12 

2190 

" 

4816 

3200 

3-94 

.123 

201 

8046 

13 

2412 

44 

5869 

3900 

3.6o 

.0924 

2OI 

8047 

4 

454 

EEE 

362 

250 

13.2 

5-27 

178 

8048 

5 

629 

44 

624 

400 

9.60 

2.40 

181 

8049 

6 

878 

44 

1038 

700 

8.33 

1.  19 

185 

8050 

7 

1185 

" 

1589 

IIOO 

7-24 

.658 

190 

8051 

8 

1446 

44 

2082 

1400 

6.  02 

•  430 

197 

8052 

9 

1671 

«« 

2640 

1800 

5-42 

.301 

200 

8oS3 

10 

1882 

14 

3348 

220O 

4.69 

.213 

200 

8054 

ii 

2087 

44 

4049 

2700 

4-29 

.159 

203 

8055 

12 

2289 

44 

4816 

3200 

3-94 

.123 

203 

8056 

13 

2513 

44 

5869 

3900 

3-6o 

.0923 

203 

1 

148 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  34  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  9  feet  6  inches,  and  6  feet  6  inches 


Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor  . 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

8057 

4 

336 

/// 

273 

180 

12.  0 

6.64 

182 

8058 

5 

459 

462 

300 

9-30 

3-10 

185 

8059 

6 

608 

" 

721 

500 

8.20 

1.64 

190 

8060 

7 

769 

11 

1036 

700 

6.82 

•  974 

195 

8061 

8 

947 

" 

1427 

95o 

5.89 

.620 

198 

8062 

9 

1136 

1898 

1300 

5.40 

•  415 

200 

8063 

10 

1359 

" 

2539 

1700 

4.73 

.278 

200 

8064 

ii 

1563 

3136 

2IOO 

4.28 

.204 

2O2 

8065 

12 

1738 

" 

3721 

2500 

3.93 

.157 

205 

8066 

13 

1914 

" 

4522 

3000 

3  54 

.118 

2O4 

8067 

4 

425 

Eff 

337 

220 

ii.  6 

5-29 

172 

8068 

5 

582 

ft 

624 

400 

9.72 

2.43 

174 

8069 

6 

810 

" 

1038 

700 

8.47 

1.  21 

178 

8070 

7 

1073 

'* 

1589 

1  100 

7-47 

.679 

181 

8071 

8 

1258 

" 

2082 

1400 

6.29 

•  449 

186 

8072 

9 

1447 

2640 

1800 

5-62 

.312 

189 

8073 

10 

1657 

" 

3348 

2200 

4.82 

.219 

191 

8074 

ii 

1867 

" 

4049 

2700 

4.40 

.163 

195 

8075 

12 

2070 

" 

4816 

3200 

4.00 

.125 

197 

8076 

13 

2282 

" 

5869 

3900 

3-67 

.0940 

196 

8077 

4 

451 

EEf 

362 

250 

12.6 

5-03 

178 

8078 

5 

622 

" 

624 

400 

9.24 

2.31 

181 

8079 

6 

866 

" 

1038 

700 

8.05 

1.  15 

185 

8080 

7 

1165 

" 

1589 

1  100 

7.06 

.642 

190 

8081 

8 

1396 

" 

2082 

1400 

5-94 

.424 

196 

8082 

9 

1588 

» 

2640 

1800 

5.36 

.298 

198 

8083 

10 

1797 

" 

3348 

22OO 

4.62 

.210 

199 

8084 

ii 

2002 

" 

4049 

27OO 

4.27 

.158 

201 

8085 

12 

2208 

" 

4816 

3200 

3-90 

.122 

203 

8086 

13 

2432 

M 

5869 

39oo 

3.56 

.0913 

203 

8087 

4 

463 

ERE 

362 

250 

12.6 

5-02 

181 

8088 

5 

640 

" 

624 

400 

9.20 

2.30 

184 

8089 

6 

893 

" 

1038 

700 

8.05 

I.  IS 

188 

8090 

7 

1203 

" 

1589 

1  100 

7.05 

.641 

193 

8091 

8 

1458 

" 

2082 

1400 

5.92 

423 

199 

8092 

9 

1682 

» 

2640 

1800 

5.35 

.297 

202 

8093 

10 

1894 

" 

3348 

2200 

4.60 

.209 

202 

8094 

ii 

2098 

" 

4049 

27OO 

4.24 

.157 

204 

8095 

12 

2300 

" 

4816 

3200 

3.90 

.122 

205 

8096 

13 

2526 

'* 

5869 

3900 

3.56 

.0912 

204 

1 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        149 

Length  of  Pole,  35  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  10  feet,  and  9  feet  6  inches 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

8097 

4 

331 

/// 

258 

170 

14.2 

8.33 

179 

8098 

5 

450 

446 

300 

ii.  5 

3.84 

180 

8099 

6 

600 

695 

450 

8.91 

1.98 

187 

8100 

7 

764 

" 

998 

650 

7-54 

1.16 

194 

8101 

8 

945 

1375 

000 

6.57 

•  730 

199 

8102 

9 

1  137 

«« 

1829 

1  200 

5-82 

.485 

201 

8103 

10 

1360 

2447 

1600 

5-20 

•  325 

2O2 

8104 

ii 

1571 

" 

3022 

2OOO 

4.70 

•  235 

205 

8105 

12 

1758 

3586 

240O 

4-34 

.181 

209 

8106 

13 

1939 

" 

4358 

290O 

3-94 

.136 

208 

8  07 

4 

408 

Eff 

258 

170 

n.  8 

6.96 

168 

8  08 

5 

559 

482 

300 

9.48 

3-i6 

168 

8  09 

6 

778 

11 

8i7 

550 

8.53 

1.55 

174 

8  10 

7 

1032 

" 

1274 

850 

7-29 

.858 

178 

8  II 

8 

1218 

" 

1830 

1  200 

6.67 

.556 

185 

8  12 

9 

1410 

«• 

2522 

1700 

6.46 

.380 

189 

8  13 

10 

1623 

" 

3227 

2200 

5-83 

.265 

192 

8  14 

ii 

1839 

" 

3902 

26OO 

5-04 

.194 

197 

8115 

12 

2051 

4641 

3100 

4-59 

.148 

200 

8116 

13 

2263 

" 

5656 

3800 

4.26 

.112 

199 

8117 

4 

436 

EEf 

335 

22O 

14.1 

6.42 

172 

8118 

5 

601 

597 

400 

ii.  7 

2.92 

172 

8119 

6 

837 

" 

IOOO 

650 

9-30 

1.43 

178 

8120 

7 

1128 

" 

1532 

IOOO 

7.81 

.781 

184 

8121 

8 

1363 

" 

2006 

1300 

6.53 

.502 

192 

8122 

9 

1558 

M 

2544 

1700 

5-93 

.349 

196 

8123 

10 

1771 

" 

3227 

2200 

5-41 

.246 

198 

8124 

ii 

1981 

3902 

260O 

4-76 

.183 

202 

8125 

12 

2196 

" 

4641 

3IOO 

4-37 

.141 

2O4 

8126 

13 

2421 

5656 

3800 

4-03 

.106 

204 

8127 

4 

453 

EEE 

335 

22O 

13-9 

6.33 

177 

8128 

5 

627 

" 

001 

400 

ii.  5 

2.87 

•  179 

8129 

6 

877 

" 

IOOO 

650 

9.17 

1.  41 

185 

8130 

7 

1184 

" 

1532 

IOOO 

7-70 

.770 

191 

8131 

8 

1455 

2006 

1300 

6.44 

.495 

199 

8132 

9 

1696 

M 

2544 

1700 

5.87 

.345 

204 

8i33 

10 

1911 

" 

3227 

2200 

5-35 

.243 

205 

8i34 

II 

2122 

" 

3902 

2600 

4-71 

.181 

208 

8i35 

12 

2331 

" 

4641 

3100 

4-34 

.140 

208 

8136 

13 

2559 

5656 

3800 

3-99 

.105 

208 

150 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  35  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  10  feet,  and  7  feet 


Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

8137 

4 

343 

/// 

263 

180 

13-6 

7-54 

187 

8138 

5 

468 

446 

300 

10.5 

3-51 

190 

8i39 

6 

621 

695 

450 

8.33 

1.85 

196 

8140 

7 

786 

" 

998 

650 

7-15 

I.IO 

201 

8141 

8 

969 

1375 

900 

6.28 

.698 

204 

8142 

9 

1162 

t-"odi 

1829 

1200 

5.6o 

.467 

206 

8143 

10 

1390 

" 

2447 

I600 

S.oo 

•  313 

206 

8144 

ii 

1600 

3022 

200O 

4-58 

.229 

210 

8145 

12 

1781 

" 

3586 

2400 

4.25 

.177 

213 

8146 

13 

1962 

4358 

2900 

3-86 

.133 

211 

8i47 

4 

431 

Eff 

3io 

200 

12.  1 

6.06 

176 

8148 

5 

592 

it 

578 

400 

II.  I 

2.77 

178 

8i49 

6 

822 

"  • 

981 

650 

8.97 

1.38 

182 

8150 

7 

1090 

" 

1529 

IOOO 

7-73 

.773- 

186 

8151 

8 

1279 

" 

2006 

1300 

6.63 

.510 

191 

8152 

9 

1473 

•< 

2544 

1700 

6.00 

.353 

195 

8i53 

10 

1688 

" 

3227 

220O 

5-43 

.247 

197 

8154 

ii 

1904 

11 

3902 

2600 

4.76 

.183 

2OI 

8i5S 

12 

2113 

" 

4641 

3100 

4-37 

.141 

204 

8156 

13 

2329 

" 

5656 

3800 

4-03 

.106 

203 

8i57 

4 

459 

EEf 

349 

22O 

12.6 

5-73 

183 

8158 

5 

634 

601 

400 

10.5 

2.62 

185 

8iS9 

6 

881 

" 

IOOO 

650 

8.52 

I.3I 

190 

8160 

7 

1186 

11 

1532 

IOOO 

7.26 

.726 

195 

8161 

8 

1424 

" 

2006 

1300 

6.  20 

.477 

202 

8162 

9 

1621 

« 

2544 

1700 

5-70 

.335 

204 

8163 

10 

1836 

" 

3227 

2200 

5-19 

.236 

205 

8164 

ii 

2046 

3902 

2600 

4.60 

.177 

208 

8165 

12 

2258 

" 

4641 

3100 

4.25 

.137 

211 

8166 

13 

2487 

" 

5656 

3800 

3-91 

.103 

209 

8167 

4 

472 

EEE 

349 

220 

12.6 

5.71 

186 

8168 

5 

653 

" 

601 

400 

10.4 

2.6l 

189 

8169 

6 

911 

" 

IOOO 

650 

8.45 

1.30 

194 

8170 

7 

1228 

" 

1532 

IOOO 

7-23 

•  723 

198 

8171 

8 

1492 

" 

2006 

1300 

6.18 

.475 

205 

8172 

9 

1723 

•• 

2544 

1700 

5-66 

.333 

208 

8i73 

10 

1940 

" 

3227 

2200 

5-17 

.235 

209 

8174 

ii 

2150 

" 

3902 

260O 

4.60 

.177 

211 

8i7S 

12 

2357 

« 

4641 

3100 

4.22 

.136 

212 

8176 

13 

2589 

5656 

3800 

3-88 

.102 

211 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        151 

Length  of  Pole,  35  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  9  feet  6  inches,  6  feet  6  inches,  and  5  feet 

i    "  ~  ~~ 
Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

8177 

5 

45i 

//// 

446 

300 

n.  6 

3-88 

175 

8178 

6 

598 

695 

45o 

9.00 

2.00 

183 

8i79 

7 

764 

" 

998 

650 

7-54 

1.16 

191 

8180 

8 

949 

" 

1375 

900 

6.60 

•  733 

196   - 

8181 

9 

1  147 

1829 

1200 

5.84 

.487 

199 

8182 

10 

1375 

» 

2447 

I600 

5-22 

.326 

200 

8183 

ii 

1592 

" 

3022 

2000 

4-72 

.236 

204 

8184 

12 

1784 

" 

3586 

2400 

4-34 

.181 

208 

8185 

13 

1980 

" 

4358 

2900 

3-94 

.136 

207 

8186 

5 

56o 

Efff 

482 

300 

9.60 

3-20 

164 

8187 

6 

776 

817 

550 

8.64 

1.57 

168 

8188 

7 

1032 

" 

1274 

850 

7-34 

.864 

174 

8189 

8 

1223 

11 

1830 

1200 

6.71 

•  559 

182 

8190 

9 

1421 

" 

2522 

1700 

6.49 

.382 

187 

8191 

10 

1638 

•• 

3227 

220O 

5-83 

.265 

190 

8192 

ii 

1860 

" 

3902 

2600 

5-04 

.194 

195 

8193 

12 

2076 

" 

4641 

3100 

4-59 

.148 

198 

8194 

13  1  2304 

5656 

3900 

4-37 

.112 

198 

8i95 

5 

600 

EEff 

554 

350 

10.4 

2.96 

166 

8196 

6 

832 

1000 

650 

9-43 

1-45 

172 

8197 

7 

1124 

11 

1532 

IOOO 

7-89 

.789 

179 

8198 

8 

1360 

" 

2006 

1300 

6.58 

.506 

188 

8199 

9 

1561 

" 

2544 

1700 

5-98 

.352 

193 

8200 

10 

1778 

«• 

3227 

2200 

5-43 

.247 

195 

8201 

ii 

1995 

" 

3902 

2600 

4.78 

.184 

200 

8202 

12 

2214 

" 

4641 

3100 

4-37 

.141 

203 

8203 

13 

2454 

5656 

3900 

4-13 

.106 

203 

8204 

5 

618 

EEEf 

601 

4OO 

ii.  6 

2.90 

172 

8205 

6 

859 

" 

IOOO 

650 

9-23 

1.42 

178 

8206 

7 

1162 

1532 

IOOO 

7-75 

•  775 

185 

8207 

8 

1423 

" 

2006 

1300 

6.47 

.498 

195 

8208 

9 

i655 

2544 

1700 

5.88 

.346 

2OI 

8209 

10 

1874 

•« 

3227 

22OO 

5-37 

.244 

2O2 

8210 

ii 

2091 

" 

3902 

2600 

4-73 

.182 

205 

8211 

12 

2306 

" 

4641 

3100 

4-34 

.140 

207 

8212 

13 

2548 

" 

5656 

3900 

4.10 

.105 

206 

8213 

5 

627 

EEEE 

601 

400 

n.  6 

2.90 

174 

8214 

6 

873 

IOOO 

650 

9.23 

1.42 

180 

8215 

7 

1183 

" 

1532 

IOOO 

7-75 

•  775 

187 

8216 

8 

1452 

" 

2006 

1300 

6.46 

.497 

196 

8217 

9 

1703 

2544 

1700 

5.88 

.346 

202 

8218 

10 

1947 

«• 

3227 

2200 

5-37 

.244 

203 

8219 

ii 

2165 

" 

3902 

2600 

4-73 

.182 

206 

8220 

12 

2380 

" 

4641 

3IOO 

4.34 

.140 

207 

8221 

13 

2619 

" 

5656 

3900 

4.10 

.105 

207 

152        Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 

Length  of  Pole,  36  Feet 

Sections:  18  feet  6  inches,  10  feet  6  inches,  and  10  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

8222 

4 

337 

/// 

242 

160 

15.1 

9-45 

185 

8223 

5 

459 

430 

280 

12.2 

4-35 

185 

8224 

6 

613 

" 

670 

450 

10.  1 

2.24 

193 

8225 

7 

780 

" 

963 

650 

8.45 

1.30 

201 

8226 

8 

966 

" 

1327 

900 

7.38 

.820 

205 

8227 

9 

1162 

«« 

1765 

1200 

6.53 

•  544 

208 

8228 

10 

1391 

2361 

I60O 

5-82 

.364 

209 

8229 

II 

1608 

" 

2916 

1900 

5.00 

.263 

212 

8230 

12 

1801 

" 

3460 

2300 

4  65 

.202 

216 

8231 

13 

1987 

" 

4205 

2800 

4.26 

.152 

215 

8232 

4 

415 

Eff 

242 

160 

12.7 

7-95 

174 

8233 

5 

568 

452 

300 

10.8 

3.6o 

174 

8234 

6 

790 

" 

766 

500 

8.85 

1.77 

179 

8235 

7 

1049 

" 

H95 

800 

7-79 

•  974 

184 

8236 

8 

1240 

" 

1716 

I10O 

6.92 

.629 

191 

8237 

9 

1436 

" 

2364 

1600 

6.88 

•  430 

196 

8238 

10 

1654 

" 

3ii3 

2100 

6.26 

.298 

198 

8239 

ii 

1876 

" 

3765 

2500 

5-45 

.218 

203 

8240 

12 

2094 

4478 

30OO 

4.98 

.166 

206 

8241 

13 

2311 

" 

5457 

3600 

4-50 

.125 

205 

8242 

4 

444 

EEf 

314 

20O 

14.6 

7-29 

177 

8243 

5 

613 

11 

554 

350 

ii.  6 

3-31 

177 

8244 

6 

852 

965 

650 

10.5 

1.62 

.  183 

8245 

7 

1149 

" 

1478 

IOOO 

8.81 

.881 

190 

8246 

8 

1392 

" 

1935 

1300 

7-33 

.564 

198 

8247 

9 

1592 

2455 

1600 

6.27 

.392 

202 

8248 

10 

1809 

" 

3H3 

2100 

5.8o 

.276 

205 

8249 

ii 

2025 

" 

3765 

2500 

5.13 

.205 

208 

8250 

12 

2246 

" 

4478 

3000 

4-71 

.157 

212 

8251 

13 

2477 

" 

5457 

3600 

4.25 

.118 

210 

8252 

4 

462 

EEE 

314 

200 

14.4 

7-19 

183 

8253 

5 

640 

" 

58o 

400 

I3.o 

3  25 

184 

8254 

6 

894 

" 

965 

650 

10  3 

1-59 

191 

8255 

7 

1208 

" 

1478 

IOOO 

8.67 

.867 

197 

8256 

8 

1488 

" 

1935 

1300 

7-23 

.556 

206 

8257 

9 

1737 

» 

2455 

1600 

6.18 

.386 

211 

8258 

10 

1957 

" 

3H3 

2100 

5-73 

.273 

212 

8259 

ii 

2173 

" 

3765 

2500 

5.o8 

.203 

214 

8260 

12 

2388 

" 

4478 

3000 

4.68 

.156 

216 

8261 

13 

2622 

5457 

3600 

4.25 

.118 

214 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        153 

Length  of  Pole,  36  Feet 

Sections:  19  feet,  9  feet  6  inches,  7  feet,  and  5  feet 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

8262 

5 

462 

ffff 

430 

280 

12.  1 

4-33 

181 

8263 

6 

613 

670 

450 

10.  0 

2.23 

189 

8264 

7 

783 

44 

963 

650 

8.45 

1.30 

197 

8265 

8 

973 

44 

1327 

900 

7-34 

.816 

203 

8266 

9 

H75 

" 

1765 

1200 

6.50 

•  542 

206 

8267 

10 

1409 

2361 

1600 

5.8i 

.363 

207 

8268 

ii 

1631 

44 

2916 

I9OO 

S.oo 

.263 

211 

8269 

12 

1829 

44 

346o 

2300 

4-65 

.202 

215 

8270 

13 

2030 

44 

4205 

2800 

4.26 

.152 

214 

8271 

5 

574 

Efff 

466 

300 

10.7 

3-57 

169 

8272 

6 

796 

14 

791 

550 

9.63 

1.75 

174 

8273 

7 

1059 

44 

1233 

800 

7-70 

.963 

180 

8274 

8 

1254 

1771 

1200 

7.46 

.622 

188 

8275 

9 

1457 

44 

2440 

1600 

6.80 

.425 

194 

8276 

10 

1679 

" 

3H3 

2IOO 

6.20 

.295 

197 

8277 

ii 

1907 

3765 

2500 

5.40 

.216 

2OI 

8278 

12 

2129 

44 

4478 

3000 

4.95 

.165 

206 

8279 

13 

2363 

5457 

3600 

4.46 

.124 

204 

8280 

5 

614 

EEff 

517 

350 

ii.  6 

3-31 

171 

8281 

6 

852 

964 

650 

10.5 

1.62 

177 

8282 

7 

1150 

" 

1478 

IOOO 

8.80 

.880 

185 

8283 

8 

1392 

" 

1935 

1300 

7-35 

.565 

194 

8284 

9 

1597 

1  ' 

2455 

1600 

6.27 

•  392 

199 

8285 

10 

1820 

•• 

3113 

2IOO 

5.8o 

.276 

2O2 

8286 

ii 

2042 

44 

3765 

250O 

5  13 

.205 

206 

8287 

12 

2267 

44 

4478 

3000 

4-71 

.157 

2IO 

8288 

13 

2513 

5457 

3600 

4.25 

.118 

209 

8289 

5 

633 

EEEf 

58o 

40O 

13.0 

3-24 

178 

8290 

6 

881 

44 

965 

650 

10.3 

1.58 

184 

8291 

7 

1191 

44 

1478 

IOOO 

8.64 

.864 

192 

8292 

8 

1459 

1935 

1300 

7.22 

.555 

2O2 

8293 

9 

1699 

44 

2455 

1600 

6.16 

.385 

208 

8294 

10 

1923 

44 

3H3 

2IOO 

5  69 

.271 

209 

8295 

ii 

2146 

44 

3765 

2500 

5-05 

.202 

212 

8296 

12 

2366 

44 

4478 

3000 

4.68 

.156 

214 

8297 

13 

2614 

" 

5457 

3600 

4.21 

.117 

213 

8298 

5 

642 

EEEE 

58o 

400 

12.9 

3-23 

180 

8299 

6 

895 

44 

965 

650 

10.3 

1.58 

186 

8300 

7 

1212 

44 

1478 

IOOO 

8.64 

.864 

193 

8301 

8 

1488 

44 

1935 

1300 

7.20 

.554 

203 

8302 

9 

1747 

" 

2455 

1600 

6.16 

.385 

209 

8303 

10 

1996 

•• 

3H3 

2100 

5.69 

.271 

210 

8304 

ii 

2220 

44 

3765 

2500 

5-05 

.202 

213 

8305 

12 

2440 

44 

4478 

3000 

4.68 

.156 

215 

8306 

13 

2685 

44 

5457 

3600 

4.21 

.117 

214 

154 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  37  Feet 

Sections:  19  feet,  10  feet  6  inches,  and  10  feet  6  inches 


Number 

Size 
of 

butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

8307 

4 

346 

iff 

235 

160 

16.8 

10.5 

191 

8308 

5 

470 

415 

280 

13-6 

4.84 

191 

8309 

6 

628 

648 

450 

II.  2 

2.49 

200 

8310 

7 

799 

" 

930 

600 

8.70 

1.45 

207 

8311 

8 

990 

44 

1282 

850 

7-73 

.909 

212 

8312 

9 

1191 

1705 

IIOO 

6.64 

.604 

215 

8313 

10 

1426 

" 

2281 

1500 

6.06 

.404 

216 

8314 

II 

1648 

2817 

1900 

5-55 

.292 

219 

8315 

12 

1846 

3343 

2200 

4-93 

.224 

223 

8316 

13 

2037 

" 

4062 

270O 

4-56 

.169 

222 

8317 

4 

425 

Eff 

235 

160 

I4-I 

8.82 

180 

8318 

5 

582 

438 

300 

12.0 

4.00 

179 

8319 

6 

810 

44 

743 

500 

9.80 

1.96 

185 

8320 

7 

1075 

1158 

750 

8.10 

1.  08 

190 

8321 

8 

1271 

" 

1664 

IIOO 

7.68 

.698 

197 

8322 

9 

1472 

•• 

2292 

1500 

7-14 

.476 

202 

8323 

10 

1696 

" 

3008 

2000 

6.62 

.331 

205 

8324 

ii 

1923 

44 

3637 

2400 

5.8i 

.242 

209 

8325 

12 

2147 

14 

4326 

2900 

5-34 

.184 

213 

8326 

13 

2370 

" 

5272 

35oo 

4.87 

.139 

213 

8327 

4 

454 

EEf 

305 

200 

16.2 

8.  II 

183 

8328 

5 

627 

44 

517 

350 

12.9 

3-68 

182 

8329 

6 

872 

44 

932 

600 

10.8 

i.  80 

189 

8330 

-  7 

1176 

44 

1428 

950 

9-30 

•  979 

195 

8331 

8 

1423 

44 

1870 

1200 

7-54 

.628 

204 

8332 

9 

1628 

«• 

2372 

1600 

6.98 

.436 

209 

8333 

10 

1851 

44 

3008 

2000 

6.12 

.306 

211 

8334 

ii 

2072 

44 

3637 

2400 

5.47 

.228 

215 

8335 

12 

2299 

44 

4326 

2900 

5.08 

.175 

218 

8336 

13 

2535 

" 

5272 

35oo 

4.59 

.131 

218 

8337 

4 

474 

EEE 

305 

200 

16.0 

7-98 

189 

8338 

5 

655 

" 

560 

350 

12.6 

3.6l 

190 

8339 

6 

916 

44 

932 

600 

10.6 

1.76 

197 

8340 

7 

1238 

44 

1428 

950 

9-15 

.963 

203 

8341 

8 

1524 

44 

1870 

1200 

7-40 

.617 

213 

8342 

9 

1780 

«« 

2372 

1600 

6.86 

.429 

218 

8343 

10 

2006 

44 

3008 

2000 

6.04 

.302 

219 

8344 

II 

2228 

44 

3637 

2400 

5-40 

.225 

221 

8345 

12 

2448 

44 

4326 

2900 

5-02 

.173 

223 

8346 

13 

2688 

5272 

35oo 

4.55 

.130 

223 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        155 

Length  of  Pole,  38  Feet 

Sections:  20  feet,  10  feet  6  inches,  and  10  feet  6  inches 

Number 

Size 
of 

butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

Maxi- 
mum 
load 

Load 
for 
deflec- 
tion D 

Deflec- 
tion for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

m 

8347 

4 

356 

/// 

235 

160 

18.2 

II.  4 

198 

8348 

5 

485 

" 

402 

280 

14-7 

5-25 

108 

8349 

6 

647 

626 

400 

10.8 

2.71 

207 

8350 

7 

823 

" 

900 

600 

9.48 

1.58 

215 

8351 

8 

1018 

" 

1240 

850 

8.46 

•  995 

220 

8352 

9 

1225 

1649 

1  100 

7.28 

.662 

223 

8353 

10 

1466 

" 

2206 

1500 

6.65 

•  443 

224 

8354 

ii 

1693 

2725 

1800 

5.78 

.321 

227 

8355 

12 

1896 

14 

3233 

2200 

5-41 

.246 

231 

8356 

13 

2092 

3929 

2600 

4.84 

.186 

230 

8357 

4 

440 

Eff 

235 

160 

15.2 

9-47 

186 

8358 

5 

603 

438 

300 

12.9 

4-31 

186 

8359 

6 

839 

" 

743 

500 

10.6 

2.  II 

192 

8360 

7 

HI3 

44 

1158 

750 

8.78 

1.  17 

197 

8361 

8 

1314 

1664 

1  100 

8.33 

.757 

204 

8362 

9 

IS2I 

2292 

1500 

7-77 

.518 

2IO 

8363 

10 

1750 

44 

2909 

1900 

6.84 

.360 

212 

8364 

II 

1983 

11 

35i8 

2300 

6.07 

.264 

217 

8365 

12 

2212 

44 

4184 

2800 

5.66 

.202 

221 

8366 

13 

2442 

" 

5099 

34oo 

5-17 

.152 

220 

8367 

4 

469 

EEf 

305 

200 

17-5 

8.76 

190 

8368 

5 

647 

" 

517 

350 

14.0 

3-99 

189 

8369 

6 

001 

" 

902 

600 

ii.  7 

1.95 

I96 

8370 

7 

1214 

41 

1381 

900 

9.63 

1.07 

202 

8371 

8 

1467 

44 

1808 

1200 

8.23 

.686 

212 

8372 

9 

1676 

•« 

2294 

1500 

7.16 

•  477 

217 

8373 

10 

1906 

41 

2909 

1900 

6.38 

.336 

219 

8374 

ii 

2132 

44 

35i8 

2300 

5-75 

.250 

223 

8375 

12 

2364 

44 

4184 

2800 

5.38 

.192 

226 

8376 

13 

2608 

" 

5099 

34oo 

4-90 

.144 

226 

8377 

4 

489 

EEE 

305 

200 

17-3 

8.63 

196 

8378 

5 

676 

44 

542 

350 

13-7 

3-91 

197 

8379 

6 

945 

902 

600 

n-5 

1.92 

204 

8380 

7 

1270 

44 

1381 

900 

9-45 

1.05 

211 

8381 

8 

1567 

" 

1808 

1200 

8.  II 

.676 

221 

8382 

9 

1829 

» 

2294 

1500 

7-05 

•  470 

226 

8383 

10 

2061 

44 

2909 

1900 

6.29 

•  331 

227 

8384 

ii 

2288 

44 

35i8 

2300 

5.68 

.247 

229 

8385 

12 

2514 

44 

4184 

2800 

5-32 

.190 

231 

8386 

13 

2760 

5099 

3400 

4.86 

.143 

231 

156 


Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables 


Length  of  Pole,  39  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  10  feet  6  inches,  and  10  feet  6  inches 


Maxi- 

Load 

Deflec- 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

murn 
load 

for 
deflec- 
tion D 

tion  for 
loadL 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

ra 

8387 

4 

367 

/// 

229 

150 

18.5 

12.3 

205 

8388 

5 

500 

389 

250 

14.2 

5-69 

206 

8389 

6 

666 

" 

607 

400 

ii.  8 

2.94 

215 

8390 

7 

846 

" 

871 

600 

10.3 

1.72 

223 

8391 

8 

1047 

" 

1  201 

800 

8.72 

1.09 

228 

8392 

9 

1259 

» 

1597 

IIOO 

7.95 

.723 

231 

8393 

10 

1507 

" 

2136 

1400 

6.78 

.484 

232 

8394 

II 

1739 

" 

2638 

1800 

6.34 

•  352 

235 

8395 

12 

1946 

" 

3130 

2IOO 

5-67 

.270 

239 

8396 

13 

2146 

" 

3804 

25OO 

5-08 

.203 

238 

8397 

4 

455 

Eff 

235 

160 

16.3 

10.2 

193 

8398 

5 

623 

438 

300 

13-9 

4.63 

192 

8399 

6 

867 

il 

743 

500 

II.  4 

2.28 

199 

8400 

7 

II5I 

1158 

750 

9-45 

1.26 

204 

8401 

8 

1358 

1664 

IIOO 

9.02 

.820 

212 

8402 

9 

1570 

•• 

2221 

1500 

8-43 

.562 

217 

8403 

10 

1805 

" 

2817 

1900 

7-45 

•  392 

22O 

8404 

ii 

2043 

" 

3406 

2300 

6.60 

.287  , 

225 

8405 

12 

2278 

" 

4052 

2700 

5-94 

.220 

229 

8406 

13 

2514 

4937 

3300 

5.48 

.166 

228 

8407 

4 

484 

EEf 

305 

200 

18.9 

9-45 

197 

8408 

5 

668 

" 

517 

350 

I5-I 

4-31 

196 

8409 

6 

929 

873 

600 

12.7 

2.12 

203 

8410 

7 

1252 

11 

1337 

900 

10.4 

1.16 

211 

8411 

8 

1510 

" 

1751 

1  200 

8.99 

•  749 

22O 

8412 

9 

1725 

" 

2221 

1500 

7-83 

.522 

225 

8413 

10 

1960 

" 

2817 

1900 

6.97 

.367 

227 

8414 

II 

2192 

" 

3406 

2300 

6.28 

.273 

231 

8415 

12 

2430 

" 

4052 

2700 

5.67 

.210 

234 

8416 

13 

2680 

" 

4937 

3300 

5.21 

.158 

234 

8417 

4 

504 

EEE 

305 

200 

18.6 

9-32 

203 

8418 

5 

696 

" 

525 

350 

14.8 

4.24 

2O4 

8419 

6 

973 

" 

873 

600 

12.5 

2.08 

212 

8420 

7 

1314 

" 

1337 

900 

10.3 

1.  14 

218 

8421 

8 

1611 

11 

1751 

1200 

8.87 

.739 

229 

8422 

9 

1877 

«« 

2221 

1500 

7-73 

.515 

234 

8423 

10 

2116 

11 

2817 

1900 

6.90 

.363 

235 

8424 

ii 

2348 

" 

3407 

23OO 

6.23 

.271 

237 

8425 

12 

2579 

" 

4052 

2700 

5-64 

.209 

239 

8426 

13 

2832 

4937 

33oo 

5-18 

.157 

239 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole  Tables        157 

Length  of  Pole,  40  Feet 

Sections:  21  feet,  10  feet,  7  feet,  and  6  feet  6  inches 

Maxi- 

Load 

r 

Deflec- 

Number 

Size 
of 
butt 

Weight 

Thick- 
ness 

mum 
load 

lor 
deflec- 
tion D 

tion  for 
loadZ, 

Factor 

Factor 

P 

L 

D 

R 

nt 

8427 

5 

SOS 

//// 

377 

250 

16.2 

6.47 

202 

8428 

6 

670 

588 

400 

13-3 

3-33 

2IO 

8429 

7 

856 

" 

844 

550 

10.6 

1-93 

221 

8430 

8 

1064 

1164 

800 

9.68 

1.  21 

228 

8431 

9 

1286 

" 

1548 

IOOO 

8.05 

.805 

233 

8432 

10 

1542 

•• 

2070 

1400 

7-53 

•  538 

234 

8433 

ii 

1786 

" 

2557 

1700 

6.63 

•  390 

239 

8434 

12 

2001 

3034 

200O 

5.98 

•  299 

243 

8435 

13 

2225 

" 

3687 

2500 

5-63 

.225 

244 

8436 

5 

629 

Efff 

413 

280 

14.9 

5.33 

188 

8437 

6 

871 

701 

450 

ii.  7 

2.60 

193 

8438 

7 

1160 

" 

1092 

750 

10.7 

1-43 

201 

8439 

8 

1374 

" 

1569 

IOOO 

9-23 

.923 

211 

8440 

9 

1597 

2153 

1400 

8.83 

.631 

218 

8441 

10 

1841 

«« 

2730 

1800 

7-88 

.438 

222 

8442 

ii 

2090 

44 

3302 

22OO 

7.06 

.321 

228 

8443 

12 

2333 

" 

3927 

2600 

6-37 

•  245 

233 

8444 

13 

2593 

44 

4785 

3200 

5-89 

.184 

233 

8445 

5 

67I 

EEff 

431 

280 

13-9 

4.96 

190 

8446 

6 

930 

803 

550 

13-3 

2.42 

195 

8447 

7 

1256 

44 

1296 

850 

II.  2 

1.32 

205 

8448 

8 

1519 

14 

1697 

1  100 

9.28 

.844 

217 

8449 

9 

1745 

" 

2153 

1400 

8.18 

.584 

224 

8450 

10 

1989 

•• 

•2730 

1800 

7.38 

.410 

228 

8451 

ii 

2232 

" 

3302 

2200 

6.71 

305 

233 

8452 

12 

2478 

44 

3927 

260O 

6.08 

234 

237 

8453 

13 

2751 

" 

4785 

3200 

5-6o 

.175 

237 

8454 

5 

690 

EEEf 

509 

350 

16.9 

4.84 

196 

8455 

6 

960 

11 

846 

550 

13-0 

2.37 

202 

8456 

7 

1298 

11 

1296 

850 

II.  0 

1.29 

212 

8457 

8 

1587 

" 

1697 

IIOO 

9-09 

.826 

225 

8458 

9 

1846 

44 

2153 

1400 

8.02 

.573 

233 

8459 

10 

2092 

•• 

2730 

1800 

7.25 

.403 

235 

8460 

ii 

2336 

44 

3302 

220O 

6.60 

.300 

239 

8461 

12 

2578 

44 

3927 

2600 

6.01 

.231 

242 

8462 

13 

2852 

4785 

3200 

5-57 

.174 

242  1 

8463 

5 

702 

EEEE 

509 

350 

16.9 

4  83 

1 
2OO 

8464 

6 

978 

" 

846 

550 

13-0 

2.36 

206 

8465 

7 

1325 

" 

1296 

850 

II.  0 

1.29 

216 

8466 

8 

1625 

44 

1697 

IIOO 

9.08 

.825 

228 

8467 

9 

1909 

" 

2153 

1400 

8.01 

•  572 

236 

8468 

10 

2187 

«« 

2730 

1800 

7-25 

.403 

239 

8469 

ii 

2432 

14 

3302 

2200 

6,60 

.300 

241 

8470 

12 

2674 

" 

3927 

26OO 

6.01 

.231 

244 

8471 

13 

2944 

44 

4785 

3200 

5-57 

.174 

243 

158  Upset  and  Expanded  Tubes 


LAP-WELDED  AND  SEAMLESS  TUBES  UPSET  AND 
EXPANDED 

Uses  for  Upset  Tubes.  Upset  tubes  are  largely  used  for  stay  tubes 
in  marine-boiler  work,  but  frequently  tubes  are  upset  for  mechanical 
purposes,  and  in  such  cases  they  come  under  the  heading  of  "Tube 
Specialties. "  As  the  variations  of  upsets  in  the  tube  specialty  line  are 
so  numerous,  they  cannot  be  standardized  the  same  as  tubes  upset  for 
boiler  work. 

Upsetting.  The  upsetting  of  tubes  consists  in  increasing  the  thick- 
ness of  the  wall  of  a  tube  at  the  ends,  which  increases  its  durability  and 
strength.  This  increased  thickness  can  be  placed  either  on  the  inside 
or  on  the  outside,  or  on  both  the  inside  and  outside  of  the  tube. 

Method  of  Operation.  The  end  of  the  tube  is  heated  to  a  sufficient 
heat  and  while  hot  is  placed  in  a  die,  and,  by  means  of  a  punch  with  a 
shoulder  on  it,  the  end  of  the  tube  is  stoved  up,  upset,  or  reinforced  in 
the  thickness  of  the  wall. 

When  heavy  reinforcements  or  upsets  are  necessary,  it  may  take  from 
three  to  four  heats  and  operations  to  accomplish  this,  but  light  upsets 
may  be  obtained  in  one  heat  and  one  operation.  Often  upsets  are 
asked  for  that  are  either  very  difficult  or  practically  impossible  to  make, 
and  as  a  guide  for  ordering  such  tubes  a  set  of  tables  has  been  prepared 
showing  the  practical  limits. 

Standard  Upsets.  Table,  pages  160-161,  gives  the  advisable  external 
upset  for  the  various  diameters  and  thicknesses  of  tubes.  By  advisable 
is  meant  the  standard  upset  of  a  tube  with  a  given  diameter  and  thick- 
ness (see  Fig.  49). 

Table,  pages  160-161,  gives  the  advisable  internal  upset  for  various 
diameters  and  thicknesses  of  tubes.  The  rules  covering  the  standard 
external  upset  of  tubes  also  apply  to  standard  internal  upsets,  as  per 
Fig.  50. 

Special  Upsets.  Any  upsets  less  than  that  given  in  the  table  are 
treated  as  standard  upsets,  and  any  upsets  greater  than  those  given  in 
the  table  are  considered  special  upsets,  as  it  requires  more  work  and 
operations  to  produce  them  than  the  standard  advisable  upsets. 

Tubes  Upset  and  Expanded.  Page  159  shows  illustrations  of  the 
different  kinds  of  upsets. 

Fig.  49  shows  a  tube  end  upset  on  the  outside,  leaving  the  inside  of 
the  tube  straight. 

Fig.  50  shows  a  tube  end  upset  on  the  inside,  leaving  the  outside  of 
the  tube  straight. 

Fig.  51  shows  a  tube  end  expanded  without  any  upset  either  on  the 
inside  or  outside. 

Fig.  52  shows  a  tube  end  upset  on  the  outside  and  then  expanded. 

Fig.  53  shows  a  tube  with  an  internal  and  external  upset. 


Upset  and  Expanded  Tubes                         1 

59 

Upset  and  Expanded  Tubes 

:•                                                 ^  '  >''  WxmW/////yy//^^ 

Fig.  49.     External  Upset 

%J^^^^ 

Fig.  50.     Internal  Upset 

««f««««f««f««ff«««w««f«^ 

W»»»»»»»»»»»»M»»»»»»10r 

Fig.  51.     Expanded  Without  Any  Upset 

MMMMMMMMZfa 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Fig.  52.     External  Upset  and  Expanded 

Fig.  53.     Internal  and  External  Upset 

160              Upsets  for  Lap-weld  or  Seamless  Tubes 

Advisable  Internal  Upsets  for  Lap-weld  or  Seamless  Tubes 

Thickness 

External  diameter  of  tubes 

Inch 

Nearest 
B.W.G. 

i% 

I8/4 

2 

2V4 

2% 

2% 

3 

3V4 

Internal  diameter  of  upset 

.134 
.148 
.165 
.188 

.203 
.219 
.238 
.250 

.281 
.313 
•  344 
.375 

.406 
•  438 

10 

9 
8 
7 

6 
5 

4 

1.03 
-98 
•  92 
.84 

•  79 

1.28 
1.23 
1.  17 

1.09 

1.04 
.98 
•  91 
.87 

.53 
•  48 
.42 
•  34 

.29 
.23 
.16 

.12 
1.02 

.78 

.73 
.67 
•  59 

•  54 
-48 
•  41 
•  37 

.27 
.15 

2.03 
1.98 
.92 
•84 

•  79 
•  73 
.66 
.62 

•  52 

.40 
.29 

2.28 
2.23 
2.17 

2.09 
2.04 

1.98 
I-9I 
1.87 

1.77 

1.65 

1.54 
1-44 

2.53 
2.48 
2.42 
2.34 

2.29 
2.23 
2.16 

2.12 

2.  02 
1.90 
1.79 
1.69 

1-58 
1.46 

2.78 
2.73 
2.67 
2.59 

2.54 
2.48 
2.41 
2.37 

2.27 
2.15 
2.04 
1.94 

1.83 

1.71 



Advisable  External  Upsets  for  Lap-weld  or  Seamless  Tubes 

Thickness 

External  diameter  of  tubes 

| 
Inch 

Nearest 
B.W.G. 

iV2 

i% 

2 

2V4 

2y2 

2% 

3 

3V4 

External  diameter  of  upset 

;I34 
.148 
.165 
.188 

.203 
.219 
.238 
.250 

.281 
.313 
•  344 
.375 

.406 
•  438 

10 
9 
8 

7 

6 
5 

4 

.70 
.72 
•  75 
•  78 

.80 
.83 
.86 
.88 

.92 
•  97 

.02 
2.06 

2.  II 
2.16 

1-95 
1.97 

2.OO 

2.03 

2.05 
2.08 
2.  II 
2.13 

2.17 

2.22 
2.27 

2.31 

2.36 
2.41 

2.20 
2.22 
2.25 
2.28 

2.30 

2.33 

2.36 
2.38 

2.42 

2.47 

2.52 

2.56 

2.61 
2.66 

2.45 
2.47 
2.50 
2.53 

2.55 
2.58 
2.61 
2.63 

2.67 
2.72 
2.77 
2.81 

2.86 
2.91 

2.70 
2.72 

2.75 

2.78 

2.80 
2.83 
2.86 
2.88 

2.92 
2.97 

3-02 

3.06 

3-  II 
3-16 

2.95 
2.97 
3.oo 
3-03 

3-05 
3.08 
3-II 
3-13 

3-17 

3-22 
3-27 
3-31 

3.36 

3-41 

3-20 
3-22 
3-25 
3-28 

3-30 

3-33 
3.36 
3-38 

3-42 
3-47 
3-52 
3.56 

3-6l 
3-66 

3.45 

3-47 
3-50 
3-53 

3-55 
3-58 
3.6i 
3.63 

3.67 
3-72 
3.77 
3.81 

3.86 
3-91 

Diameters  of  upsets  given  are  based  on  a  length  of  upset  2^  inches  long.     Upset 
on  tubes  heavier  than  specified  and  longer  than  zVz  inches  can  be  made,  but  will 
require  special  attention.     All  dimensions  are  nominal.     All  dimensions  given  in 
inches.     For  illustrations  of  tubes  see  Figs.  49  and  50,  page  159. 

Upsets  for  Lap-  weld  or  Seamless  Tubes               161 

Advisable  Internal  Upsets  for  Lap-weld  or  Seamless  Tubes  (Concluded) 

Thickness 

External  diameter  of  tubes 

Inch 

Nearest 
B.W.G. 

3V2 

3% 

4 

4V4 

4Y2 

43/i          5 

Internal  diameter  of  upset 

.134 
.148 
.165 
.188 

.203 
.219 
.238 
.250 

.281 
•  313 
•  344 
.375 

.406 
.438 

10 

9 
8 

7 

6 
5 
4 

3.03 
2.98 
2.92 
2.84 

2.79 
2.73 
2.66 
2.62 

2.52 
2.40 
2.29 
2.19 

2.08 
1.96 

3-23 
3-17 
3-09 

3-04 
2.98 
2.91 
2.87 

2.77 
2.65 
2.54 
2.44 

2.33 

2.21 

3-48 
3-42 
3-34 

3-29 
3.23 
3-i6 
3.12 

3-02 

2.90 

2.79 

2.69 

2.58 
2.46 

3-73 
3.67 
3-59 

3-54 
3.48 
3.41 
3-37 

3-27 
3-15 
3-04 
2.94 

2.83 

3.98 
3-92 
3-84 

3-79 
3  73 
3-66 
3.62 

3-52 
3-40 
3-29 
3-19 

4-23 
4-17 
4.09 

4.04 
3-98 
3-91 
3.87 

3-77 
3.65 
3-54 

4.42 
4.34 

4.29 
4.23 
4.16 
4.12 

4.02 

3.90 

Advisable  External  Upsets  for  Lap-weld  or  Seamless  Tubes  (Concluded) 

Thickness 

External  diameter  of  tubes 

Inch 

Nearest 
B.W.G. 

3V2 

38/4 

4 

4V4 

4V2 

4% 

5 

External  diameter  of  upset 

.134 
.148 
.165 
.188 

.203 
.219 
.238 
.250 

.281 
.313 
•  344 
•  375 

.406 
.438 

10 

9 
8 

7 

6 
5 

4 

3-70 
3-72 
3-75 
3-78 

3.8o 
3.83 
3-86 
3-88 

3-92 
3-97 
4.02 
4.06 

4-  II 
4.16 

3-97 
4.OO 
4-03 

4-05 
4.08 

4.  II 
4-13 

4-17 

4.22 
4-27 
4-31 

4.36 

4-41 

4.22 
4-25 
4.28 

4-30 

4-33 
4.36 
4-38 

4.42 
4-47 
4-52 
4.56 

4.61 
4.66 

4.47 
4.50 
4.53 

4.55 

4-58 
4.61 
4.63 

4.67 
4-72 
4-77 
4.81 

4.86 

4-72 
4-75 
4.78 

4.80 
4-83 
4.86 
4.88 

4-92 
4-97 

5-02 

S.o6 

4-97 
S.oo 
5-03 

5-05 
5.08 
5-  II 
5.13 

5.17 

5-22 

5.27 

5-25 
5-28 

5-30 
5-33 
5.36 
5.38 

5-42 
5-47 

Diameters  of  upsets  given  are  based  on  a  length  of  upset  2%  inches  long.     Upset 
on  tubes  heavier  than  specified  and  longer  than  2^5  inches  can  be  made,  but  will 
require  special  attention.     All  dimensions  are  nominal.     All  dimensions  given  in 
inches.     For  illustrations  of  tubes  see  Figs.  49  and  50,  page  159. 

162 


Pipe  Bends 


WROUGHT  PIPE  BENDS 


The  attached  table  gives  the  advisable  radius  and  the  least  radius  to 
which  pipe  of  standard  thickness  may  be  bent. 

The  radii  given  are  as  short  as  should  be  used  to  secure  good  results 
and  if  they  be  reduced,  the  thickness  of  the  pipe  must  be  increased.  As 
the  radius  is  decreased,  however,  it  becomes  more  difficult  to  avoid 
buckles. 

For  making  bends,  we  suggest  pipe  as  follows:  — 

Bends  12  inch  and  smaller  to  regular  dimensions  to  be  made  of  full- 
weight  pipe. 

Bends  14,  15  and  16  inch  outside  diameter  to  be  not  less  than  %  inch 
thick. 

Bends  18  inch  outside  diameter  and  larger  to  be  not  less  than  %6  inch 
to  V2  inch  thick. 

For  offset  bends  try  to  make  a  straight  length  between  the  bends  in 
preference  to  the  direct  reverse  bend.  This  is  of  advantage  to  the  pipe 
bender. 

With  the  welded  flanges  there  must  be  a  short  straight  length  of 
pipe  between  the  bend  and  the  flange.  On  sizes  under  4  inches  this 
should  equal,  at  least, 


one  and  a  half  diam- 
eters. On  sizes  over 
4  inches  it  should 
equal,  at  least,  one 
diameter  of  the  pipe. 
In  all  cases  it  is  bet- 
ter if  equal  to  two 
diameters  of  straight 
pipe. 

Bent  Tubes. 

These  are  more  dif- 
ficult to  bend  than 
standard  weight  pipe. 
Try  not  to  vary  from 
the  advisable  radius 
given  in  the  table. 
With  tubes  it  is  fre- 
quently necessary  to 
increase  the  thickness 
over  that  of  standard 
boiler  tubes  in  order 
to  bend  them. 

For  illustration  of 
Pipe  Bends  see  page 
163. 


Table  of  Radii  for  Wrought  Pipe  Bends 


Pipe  size 
Inches 

Advisable 
radius  —  R 
Inches 

Minimum 
radius  —  R 
Inches 

gft 

15 

10 

3 

18 

12 

3l/2 

21 

14 

4 

24 

16 

4Va 

27 

18 

5 

30 

20 

6 

36 

24 

7 

42 

28 

8 

48 

32 

9 

54 

36 

10 

60 

40 

ii 

66 

44 

12 

72 

48 

13 

84 

60 

14 

90 

68 

IS 

IOO 

76 

18  O.D. 

125 

90 

20  O.D. 

150 

120 

22   O.D. 

165 

132 

24  O.D. 

180 

144 

Pipe  Bends 


163 


Wrought  Pipe  Bends 


Single  Offset  U  Bend  Single  Offset  90°  Bend  U  Bend 


164 


Butted  and  Strapped  Joints 


BUTTED    AND    STRAPPED    JOINTS  —  SINGLE  AND 
DOUBLE  RIVETED 


Fig.  54.     Joint  Flush  Outside —       Fig.  55.     Joint  Flush  Outside-— 
Single  Riveted  Double  Riveted 


Fig.  56.     Joint  Flush  Inside  — 
Single  Riveted 


Fig.  57.     Joint  Flush  Inside  — 
Double  Riveted 


This  class  of  goods  is  special,  and  made  to  suit  the  conditions  as  indi- 
cated by  the  customer's  requirements.  Since  there  seldom  are  two  par- 
allel cases,  it  is  difficult  to  give  any  rule  for  these  joints.  They  usually 
take  on  quite  different  forms,  according  to  the  use  to  which  applied. 
In  a  general  way  it  may  be  said  they  have  been  employed  on  pipe  mostly 
to  piece  out  boiler  flues,  or  to  piece  out  pipes  used  as  piles,  masts,  or 
booms. 

When  used  for  flues,  it  is  generally  customary  to  put  the  strap  on  the 
outside  and  then  countersink  the  rivets  on  the  outside,  leaving  the  button 
heads  on  the  inside.  The  outside  countersinking  is  done  to  avoid  un- 
necessary enlargement  of  the  hole  in  the  flue  sheet.  The  end  of  the 
flue  is  then  expanded  to  fit  this  enlarged  hole  in  the  flue  sheet.  Since 
the  flue  is  connected  to  the  tube  sheet  by  single  riveting,  it  is  seldom 
necessary,  and  always  unadvisable,  to  double  rivet  because  it  is  more 
difficult  to  calk  a  double  rivet  seam  satisfactorily. 


Bump  Joints 


165 


Strapped  joints  used  for  piles,  etc.,  are  usually  so  made  that  the  rivet- 
ing is  secondary  to  the  beam  action  of  the  strap.  On  piles  the  strap  is 
usually  made  several  diameters  long,  and  attached  to  the  end  of  one  of 
the  pieces  by  a  few  well-scattered  rivets. 

The  connection  between  the  sleeve  and  the  second  piece  is  made  in 
the  field  by  means  of  patch  bolts.  For  some  uses  where  the  joint  section 
is  relied  on  mainly  for  its  beam  action  or  lateral  stiffness,  the  sleeve  is 
inserted  into  each  piece  for  a  distance  of  about  one-half  to  two  diameters. 

The  sleeve  is  turned  slightly  tapered  with  its  largest  diameter  at  the 
center,  and  the  pipes  are  bored  to  match.  After  assembling,  however, 
a  few  patch  bolts  are  placed  about  midway  between  the  end  of  pipe  and 
the  end  of  sleeve. 

For  the  information  of  those  who  wish  to  use  these  joints,  it  may  be 
said  that  for  short  sleeves  the  thickness  is  usually  from  one  and  one-half 
to  twice  the  thickness  of  the  pipe,  and  that  for  long  sleeves,  used  for 
strength  as  beams,  the  thickness  is  determined  by  the  rules  for  strength 
of  beams. 

The  following  rules  may  be  used  for  figuring  the  riveting,  spacing,  etc. 


Figs.  54  and  56 
Single  Riveted 
D  =  i.sT  +  .i6inch 
P  =  2  D  +  .4  inch 
A  =  1.5  D  +  Vs  inch 
B=  1.5  D 


Figs.  55  and  57 
Double  Riveted 
D=  1.5  r  +  .i6  inch 
P1==  3D  +  .78  inch 
N=*  2  D  +  .4  inch 
A  = 
B=i.5D. 


BUMP    JOINTS  —  SINGLE   AND    DOUBLE   RIVETED 


Fig.  58 


Fig.  59 


This  joint  has  been  largely  used  in  the  past  for  coupling  two  pieces 
of  boiler-flue  together  in  order  to  make  a  flue  longer  than  2 1  feet.  The 
necessity  for  this  practice  has  ceased  as  it  is  now  possible  to  secure  flues 
up  to  20  inches  in  diameter  and  40  feet  in  length.  This  joint  is  also  being 
used  extensively  for  long  lines  of  large  size  pipe,  say  20  to  30  inches  in 


166  Bump  Joints 


diameter,  and  for  such  lines  it  has  the  advantage  of  low  cost  in  compari- 
son with  the  high  pressure  it  will  carry,  being  serviceable  for  pressures 
up  to  500  pounds,  when  used  on  flues  or  pipe  of  the  proper  thickness, 
and  although  it  entails  difficulty  in  assembling  with  lines  buried  in  the 
ground  its  advantages  more  than  offset  its  disadvantages.  Many  of  the 
Pacific  Coast  Hydro  Electric  Developments  have  used  this  joint  in  this 
manner  with  satisfaction  and  probably  at  less  cost  than  if  the  pipe  had 
been  connected  by  flanges  welded  to  them,  or  other  means. 

This  joint  is  not  adapted  to  small  sizes,  say  under  20  inches,  because 
of  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  men  who  can  work  continuously  inside  of  a 
pipe  less  than  20  inches  in  diameter  when  riveting  joints.  For  boiler- 
flues  it  is  practical,  because  of  its  accessibility  in  riveting  to  add  10  or 
15  feet  to  a  1 2-inch  tube. 

The  double  riveted  joint,  Fig.  59,  exhibits  the  spigot  end  as  straight. 
This  form  usually  entails  accurate  sizing  of  the  two  parts  for  each  joint 
so  that  those  identical  pieces  will  be  assembled  in  the  field. 

In  order  to  make  the  jpints  interchangeable  in  the  erection  and  to 
facilitate  assembling  and  calking,  it  is  advisable  to  expand  the  spigot  end 
on  a  slight  taper  for  single  riveted  joints,  as  shown  by  Fig.  58.  This 
enables  laying  out  the  rivet  holes  accurately  tor  a  gage  before  punching. 
The  tapered  spigot  can,  of  course,  be  applied  to  the  double  riveted  joint, 
Fig.  50- 

Since  the  strain  imposed  by  the  pressure  on  the  girth  joint  is  one-half 
of  the  strain  imposed  pn  the  longitudinal  joint,  it  is  evident  that  the 
riveted  girth  joint  need  have  only  one-half  of  the  strength  of  the  welded 
joint  or  longitudinal  seam.  Therefore  with  welded  or  seamless  pipe  it 
is  never  necessary  to  use  double  riveted  joints  except  in  those  locations 
where  the  pipe  above  ground  makes  a  bend,  or  where  the  pipe  must  act 
as  a  beam  and  the  joint  is  exposed  to  strains  produced  by  flexure. 

The  following  rule  can  be  used  for  figuring  the  riveting,  spacing,  etc.: 

Fig.  58  Fig.  59 

Single  Riveted  Double  Riveted 

D  =  1.5  T  +  .16  inch  D  =  1.5  T  +  .16  inch 

P  =  2D  +  .4  inch  PI  =  3  D  +  .78  inch 

A  =  1.5  D  +  y8  inch  N  =  2  D  +  .4  inch 

B  =  1.5  D  A  =  1.5  D  +  y8  inch 
B=  1.5  D 


Valves  and  Fittings  167 


VALVES  AND  FITTINGS 

It  is  the  intention  to  present  information  in  this  section  regarding 
valves  and  fittings,  which  will  be  of  value  to  all  who  use  them. 

Valves  and  fittings  are  designed  to  conform  to  the  pipe  connections 
of  the  line  in  which  they  are  used.  Wrought  pipe  is  usually  connected 
in  one  of  three  ways,  screwed,  flanged,  or  leaded  joints. 

Screwed.  Pipe  in  sizes  from  l/s  inch  to  15  inches  inclusive,  is  regu- 
larly threaded  on  the  ends,  and  is  connected  by  means  of  threaded 
couplings. 

Flanged.  Pipe  in  sizes  i*4  inches  and  larger  is  frequently  connected 
by  drilled  flanges  bolted  together,  the  joint  being  made  by  a  gasket 
between  the  flange  faces. 

Flanges  are  attached  to  the  pipe  in  a  variety  of  ways.  The  most 
common  method  for  sizes  of  pipe  from  i^4  inches  to  15  inches  inclusive, 
is  by  screwing  them  on  the  pipe.  Many  prefer  peened  flanges  for  pipe 
larger  than  6  inches.  The  peened  flange  is  shrunk  on  the  end  of  the 
pipe,  and  the  latter  is  then  peened  over  or  expanded  into  a  recess  in  the 
flange  face,  after  which  the  ends  of  the  pipe  and  the  flange  are  sometimes 
faced  off  in  a  lathe.  Steel  flanges  are  also  welded  to  pipe  and  loose 
flanges  are  used  by  flanging  over  the  pipe  ends.  When  flanges  are  called 
for,  and  no  method  of  attaching  is  stated,  screwed  flanges  are  always 
furnished. 

Leaded  Joints.  For  water  pipe  which  does  not  have  to  stand  very 
high  pressures  leaded  joints  are  often  used.  The  most  common  leaded 
joints  are  the  Converse  Lock  Joint*  and  the  Matheson  Joint.  Converse 
Joint  is  made  by  means  of  a  special  cast-iron  coupling  or  hub  which  has  a 
groove  on  each  end  extending  around  just  inside  of  the  end  of  the  coupling, 
and  two  tee-shaped  grooves  on  each  end  a  short  distance  in  from  the  circu- 
lar groove.  The  pipe  has  two  holes  punched  a  short  distance  from  the  end 
on  opposite  sides  into  which  rivets  are  driven.  In  making  up  this  joint,  the 
heads  of  the  rivets  slip  into  the  tee-shaped  slots  of  the  hub,  and  the  pipe 
is  turned  slightly,  thus  holding  the  pipe  from  pulling  out  of  the  hub  end- 
wise. This  joint  is  then  made  tight  by  pouring  lead  into  the  circular 
slot  and  calking.  The  Matheson  Jointt  is  another  type  of  lead  joint 
used  for  water  or  gas. 

Working  Pressures.  All  valves  and  fittings  are  classified,  as  a  rule, 
under  five  general  headings:  low  pressure,  standard,  medium  pressure, 
extra  heavy,  and  hydraulic,  which  are  almost  universally  understood  to 
represent  the  following  working  pressures: 

Low  Pressure  —  suitable  for  working  steam  pressures  up  to  25  pounds 
per  square  inch. 

Standard  —  suitable  for  working  steam  pressures  up  to  125  pounds  per 
square  inch. 

*  See  pages  84  and  108.  f  See  pages  84  and  107. 


168  Valves  and  Fittings 


Medium  Pressure  —  suitable  for  working  steam  pressures  from  125 
pounds  to  175  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Extra  Heavy  —  suitable  for  working  steam  pressures  from  175  pounds 
to  250  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Hydraulic  —  suitable  for  high  pressure  water  up  to  800  pounds  pressure 
per  square  inch. 

Water  Hammer.  When  selecting  valves  and  fittings,  the  possibility 
of  shock  or  strain  due  to  water  hammer,  in  excess  of  the  average  working 
pressure  of  the  line  or  system,  should  be  considered.  Many  valves  and 
fittings,  installed  where  the  working  pressure  under  normal  conditions 
would  be  low,  have  failed  because  of  a  pressure  due  to  water  hammer. 
This  danger  can  be  avoided  by  proper  cushioning  of  the  line  (see 
page  284). 

Expansion  and  Contraction.  Expansion  and  contraction  should  be 
provided  for  in  all  installations,  especially  steam,  by  the  use  of  an  expan- 
sion joint,  expansion  bend,  or  other  approved  device.  For  table  of  ex- 
pansion and  contraction,  see  page  347. 

Thread  Gage.  All  valves  and  fittings  are  regularly  furnished,  threaded 
or  tapped  to  the  Briggs  Standard  Gage,  which  is  the  same  as  used  for 
pipe  threads.  The  threading  is  accurate  to  gage  within  ordinary  limits 
of  variation.  (For  article  concerning  Briggs  Standard  Threads  see 
page  208.) 

Nipples.  Nipples  are  made  in  all  sizes  from  Vs  inch  to  12  inches  in- 
clusive, in  all  lengths,  either  black  or  galvanized,  and  regular  right-hand 
or  right-  and  left-hand  threads.  (For  table  of  nipples  see  pages  171-172.) 

In  the  case  of  Long  Screws  or  Tank  Nipples,  they  should  be  made 
of  extra  heavy  pipe  because  there  is  less  danger  of  crushing  or  splitting 
them  when  screwing  up. 

Screwed  Fittings  —  Malleable  Iron.  Malleable  Iron  Fittings  are 
made  in  Standard,  Extra  Heavy  and  Hydraulic. 

The  Standard  Malleable  Iron  Fittings  are  made  in  both  plain  and 
beaded. 

The  Plain  Standard  Malleable  Iron  Fittings  are  generally  u?  a  for 
low  pressure  gas  and  water,  as  in  house  plumbing  and  railing  WOIK,  and 
the  beaded  is  the  standard  steam,  air,  gas,  or  oil  fitting. 

The  Beaded  Fittings  are  made  in  sizes  from  VQ  inch  to  8  inches  in- 
clusive, and  in  4  inches  and  smaller  in  nearly  every  useful  combination 
of  openings.  Sizes  larger  than  4  inches  are  not  usually  made  reducing 
except  by  means  of  bushing. 

The  Extra  Heavy  and  Hydraulic  Malleable  Iron  Fittings  are  usually 
flat  bead,  or  Banded,  and  Standard  Malleable  Iron  Fittings  with  a  flat 
bead  are  also  coming  into  use. 

Screwed  Fittings  —  Cast  Iron.  Cast-Iron  Screwed  Fittings  are  made 
in  Standard  and  Extra  Heavy  in  sizes  1A  inch  to  12  inches  inclusive. 
However,  it  is  not  considered  good  practice  to  use  screwed  fittings  of 
any  kind  in  sizes  larger  than  6  inches. 


Valves  and  Fittings  169 


Flanged  Fittings.  Flanged  fittings  are  generally  made  only  in  sizes 
2  inches  and  larger,  and  in  four  weights;  namely,  Low  Pressure,  Standard, 
Extra  Heavy,  and  Hydraulic.  The  flanges  of  the  Low  Pressure  and 
Standard  are  the  same,  with  the  exception  of  the  flange  thickness,  which 
is  less  on  the  low  pressure.  These  flanges  are  known  as  the  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  or  Master  Steam  Fitters'  Standard 
(see  page  176). 

The  flanges  of  Extra  Heavy  fittings  are  what  is  known  as  the  Manu- 
facturers' Standard,  or  that  adopted  by  leading  valve  and  fitting  manu- 
facturers in  1901. 

There  is  no  recognized  standard  for  flanges  in  Hydraulic  work. 

Unions.  Unions  are  usually  classified  under  two  headings,  Nut 
Unions  and  Flange  Unions.  The  Nut  Unions  are  commonly  used  in 
sizes  2  inches  and  smaller  and  Flange  Unions  in  sizes  larger  than  2  inches. 
However,  many  manufacturers  make  Nut  Unions  as  large  as  4  inches 
and  Flange  Unions  smaller  than  2  inches. 

Nut  Unions  are  made  in  Malleable  Iron,  Brass  and  Malleable  Iron, 
and  all  Brass.  The  all  Malleable  Iron  Union  (Lip  Union)  is  the  standard 
Malleable  Union  of  the  trade  and  requires  a  gasket.  The  Brass  and  Mal- 
leable Iron  Union  (known  as  the  "Kewanee"  Union)  is  a  much  better 
union  because  no  gasket  is  required,  and  there  is  no  possibility  of  the  parts 
rusting  together.  The  pipe  end  of  the  "Kewanee"  Union  which  carries 
an  external  thread,  called  the  thread  end,  upon  which  the  nut  or  ring 
screws,  is  made  of  brass,  and  the  other  pipe  end  (called  the  bottom)  and 
nut  or  ring  are  made  of  Malleable  Iron.  The  seat  formed  by  the  Brass 
and  Iron  Pipe  ends  when  brought  together  is  truly  spherical,  and  the 
harder  iron  is  sure  to  make  a  perfect  joint  with  the  softer  brass. 

When  selecting  a  Brass  and  Malleable  Union,  one  with  inserted  brass 
pieces  should  be  avoided.  These  inserts  are  generally  rolled  in,  and 
frequently  become  loose  under  varying  expansion  and  contraction;  or 
when  disconnection  is  attempted  the  nut  and  thread  end  are  firmly 
corroded  together. 

All  Brass  Unions  are  made  with  a  spherical  or  conical  seat,  no  gaskets 
being  required.  The  finished  all  Brass  Union  is  often  used  where  showy 
work  is  desired,  such  as  oil  piping  for  engines,  etc. 

Flange  Unions  are  made  of  both  cast  iron  and  malleable  iron  in  three 
weights.  Standard,  Extra  Heavy,  and  Hydraulic. 

Valves  and  Cocks.  The  most  common  means  for  regulating  the  flow 
of  fluids  in  pipes  is  by  means  of  valves  and  cocks,  the  valves  being  pre- 
ferred because  of  the  easier  operation  and  greater  reliability.  The  com- 
mon types  of  valves  are  Straightway  or  Gate,  Globe,  and  Angle.  While 
the  use  of  Globe  Valves  is  still  advised  by  some  engineers,  yet  it  is  be- 
coming more  thoroughly  appreciated  every  day  that  a  straightway 
valve  should  be  preferred,  for  many  reasons,  in  most  installations.  One 
of  the  principal  reasons  for  not  using  a  globe  valve  is  the  resistance  which 
it  offers  to  the  flow  of  any  fluid.  It  is  considered  that  a  globe  valve  at 
its  best  offers  50  per  cent  more  resistance  to  the  flow  of  steam  or  other 


170  Valves  and  Fittings 


fluids  than  a  right-angled  elbow.  There  are,  however,  some  kinds  of 
service  where  a  globe  valve  is  preferable,  and  many  where  an  angle  valve 
is  an  absolute  necessity. 

Gate  or  Straightway  Valves.  Gate  or  Straightway  Valves  are  made 
in  Low  Pressure,  Standard,  Medium  Pressure,  Extra  Heavy,  and  Hy- 
draulic, in  both  brass  and  iron  body.  Gate  Valves  for  superheated  steam 
have  also  been  made  of  all  iron  or  steel  castings.  Brass  valves  are  regu- 
larly made  in  sizes  as  large  as  3  inches,  and  iron  body  Gate  Valves  are 
regularly  made  as  follows: 

Low  Pressure 12  inches  to  48  inches  inclusive. 

Standard 2  inches  to  30  inches  inclusive. 

Medium  Pressure 2  inches  to  18  inches  inclusive. 

Extra  Heavy i^4  inches  to  24  inches  inclusive. 

Hydraulic i%  inches  to  12  inches  inclusive. 

Globe  and  Angle  Valves.  Globe  and  Angle  Valves  are  made  in 
Standard,  Medium  Pressure,  Extra  Heavy  and  Hydraulic,  in  both  brass 
and  iron  body,  except  Hydraulic,  which  are  generally  made  in  brass 
only.  Many  manufacturers  make  a  Globe  and  Angle  Valve  known  as 
Light  Standard  or  Competition  Valve,  but  it  is  not  recommended  for 
any  work  except  the  lowest  pressures,  or  where  the  valve  will  not  be 
often  opened  or  closed. 

Standard  Brass  Globe  and  Angle  Valves  are  regularly  made  in  sizes 
VB  inch  to  4  inches  inclusive,  Medium  Pressure  Vi  inch  to  3  inches  inclu- 
sive, Extra  Heavy  ^  inch  to  3  inches  inclusive,  and  Hydraulic  Vz  inch 
to  2  inches  inclusive. 

The  Standard  and  Extra  Heavy  Iron  Body  Globe  and  Angle  Valves 
are  regular^  made  in  sizes  from  2  inches  to  12  inches  inclusive. 

Check  Valves.  Check  Valves  are  regularly  made  in  Standard, 
Medium  Pressure,  Extra  Heavy  and  Hydraulic,  in  both  brass  and  iron 
body.  The  brass  Check  Valves  are  regularly  made  in  sizes  from  Vs  inch 
to  4  inches  inclusive,  and  the  iron  body  Check  Valves  in  sizes  2  inches 
to  12  inches  inclusive. 

Cocks.  Cocks  are  generally  designated  under  two  headings,  Steam 
and  Gas,  and  are  made  in  both  brass  and  iron  body.  The  brass  are 
regularly  made  in  sizes  from  i/i  inch  to  3  inches  inclusive,  and  the  iron 
body  in  sizes  from  V'z  inch  to  6  inches  inclusive. 

Blast  Furnace  Fittings.  Under  this  heading  may  be  classified 
Tuyere  Cocks,  Tuyere  Unions,  and  Universal  Unions,  which  are  very 
common  fittings  in  blast  furnace  piping,  and  are  always  made  of  brass 
on  account  of  the  ease  in  disconnecting,  greater  reliability  of  metal, 
and  resistance  to  corrosion  from  the  impurities  in  the  water,  such  as 
sulphuric  acid. 

NOTE.  —  A  special  catalogue,  showing  fittings,  valves,  etc.,  has  been  issued. 


Pipe  Nipples 


171 


Wrought  Pipe  Nipples  —  Black  and  Galvanized 


Fig.  60 


Fig.  6 1 


Threaded  Right  Hand 


Size 

Length 

Threads 
per  inch 

(!) 

o 

| 

C/D 

Long 

Extra  long 

1 

Vs 

% 

l!/2 

2 

3 

3V2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

27 

y4 

7/8 

iVfe 

2 

2y> 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

18 

I 

i!/2 

2 

2l/{. 

3 

3V2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

o 

II 

12 

18 

% 

1% 

2 

2y2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

14 

% 

1% 

2 

21/2 

3 

3Ms 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

14 

i 

2 

3 

3y2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

uy2 

iy4 

1% 

2^2 

3 

3l/2 

4 

4y2 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

ny2 

i% 

1% 

2y2 

3 

3y2 

4 

4y2 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

ny2 

2 

I8/4 

2y2 

3 

3y2 

4 

4% 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II     12 

ii% 

3 

3 
3 

3y2 

3*6 

4 

4 

41/2 

5 
5 

6 
6 

7 

7 

8 
8 

9 
9 

0 
0 

II 

II 

12 
12 

8andii!/2 
8andiii/2 

3% 

2% 

4 

4% 

5 

5% 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

8 

4 

3 

4 

4y2 

5 

sy2 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

8 

3 

4 

4y2 

5 

sy2 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

8 

5 

3% 

5 

sy2 

6 

6y^ 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

8 

6 

3H 

4^2 

5 

sV2 

6 

6y2 

7 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

8 

7 

y 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

o 

II 

12 

8 

8 

_]/ 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

o 

II 

12 

8 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

o 

II 

12 

8 

10 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

o 

II 

12 

8 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

o 

II 

12 

8 

12 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

0 

II 

12 

8 

Assorted  close  and  short  nipples  will  always  be  shipped,  unless  otherwise 
ordered. 

Nipples  also  made  from  Extra  Strong  Pipe. 

Nipples  longer  than  12  inches  can  be  furnished  when  ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  %  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

Nipples  larger  than  3  inch  pipe  and  longer  than  12  inches  are  considered  as  cut 
pipe  and  can  be  furnished  when  ordered. 

2V2  inch  and  3  inch  nipples  will  be  furnished  8  threads  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 


172 

Pipe 

Nipples 

Wrought 

Pipe  Nipples  —  Black  and  Galvanized 

•r 

• 

i 

i 

Fig.  62 

Threaded  Right  and  Left  Hand 

Length 

Size 

Threads 
per  inch 

Short 

Long 

Extra  long 

y* 

IV2 

2          2^> 

3        3y2    4 

5      6 

7     8 

9       o 

n 

12 

27 

y* 

I^2 

2      2y2 

3        3y2    4 

5      6 

7     8 

9       o 

II 

12 

18 

I^2 

2     2y2 

3        3y2    4 

5     6 

7     8 

9       o 

n 

12 

18 

% 

iy2 

2          21/2 

3        3y2    4 

5      6 

7     8 

9       o 

n 

12 

14 

% 

2 

2y2  3 

3y2  4    ... 

5     6 

7     8 

9      10 

ii 

12 

14 

i 

2 

2y2  3 

3y2  4    ... 

5     6 

7     8 

9        o 

ii 

12 

ny2 

!^4 

2% 

3     3y2 

4    4y2  .  .  . 

5     6 

7     8 

9        o 

n 

12 

iy2 

2$ 

3    3y2 

4        4V2  .  .  . 

5      6 

7     8 

9        o 

n 

12 

ny2 

2 

2y2 

3    3y2 

4        4!/2  .  .  • 

5     6 

7     8 

9       o 

n 

12 

ny2 

2% 

3 

31,2    4 

4^2    5 

...    6 

7     8 

9       ° 

TT 

T? 

8 

3 

3 

3V2    4 

4V2    5       ... 

...    6 

7     8 

9       o 

TT 

T? 

8 

3y2 

4 

4^2    5 

sy2  6 

7     8 

9       o 

II 

12 

8 

4 

4 

4y2  s 

sy2  6 

7     8 

9      10 

II 

12 

8 

Nipples  also  made  from  Extra  Strong  Pipe. 

Nipples  longer  than  12  inches  can  be  furnished  when  ordered. 

Nipples  larger  than  3-inch  pipe  and  longer  than  12  inches  are  considered  aa 

cut  pipe  and  can  be  furnished  when  ordered. 

Taper  of  threads  is  8/ 

i  inch  diameter  per  foot  length  for  all  sizes. 

All  dimensions  given 

in  inches. 

Pipe  Nipples 


173 


Wrought  Pipe  —  Long  Screw  Nipples  —  Black  and  Galvanized 


Fig.  63 
Threaded  Right  Hand 


Size 

rl 

a/0 

y2 

8/l 

I 

Tl/l 

TVo 

2 

?Vo 

3 

W«> 

4 

Standard  length  .  . 

2% 

3 

3V2 

4 

4% 

5 

5% 

6 

7 

8 

8% 

9 

Threads  per  inch.. 

18 

18 

14 

14 

ny2 

iiy2 

11% 

nV2 

8 

8 

8 

8 

Nipples  made  from  Extra  Strong  Pipe. 

All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

Long  screws,  longer  than  Standard  can  be  made. 

In  ordering  special  lengths  always  specify  the  length  of  thread  desired. 


Wrought  Pipe  Tank  Nipples  —  Black  and  Galvanized 


Fig.  64 
Threaded  Right  Hand 


Size        .  »   

% 

y* 

9$ 

U 

8/1 

i 

T1/1 

TVo 

2 

2% 

3 

W- 

4 

Standard  length.. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

8 

8% 

9 

8 

8 

Threads  per  inch.. 

27 

18 

18 

14 

14 

11% 

n% 

11% 

"% 

and 

and 

8 

8 

11% 

11% 

Nipples  made  from  Extra  Strong  Pipe. 

Nipples  longer  than  Standard  can  be  furnished  when  ordered. 

All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

In  ordering  special  lengths  always  specify  the  length  of  thread  desired. 


174 


Casing  Nipples 


Wrought  Casing  Nipples 


Fig.  65 
Threaded  Right  Hand 


Length 

Size 

Close 

Short 

Long 

| 

Extra  long 

3 

2V2 

3 

3% 

4 

4V2 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Q 

10 

TT 

12 

3V4 

2% 

4 

4% 

5 

5V2 

6 

7 

8 

Q 

TO 

TT 

12 

3V2 

2% 

4 

4% 

5 

5% 

6 

7 

8 

0 

TO 

II 

12 

3% 

2% 

4 

4V2 

5 

sV2 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

4 

3 

4 

Sft 

5 

sV2 

6 

7 

8 

0 

TO 

TT 

12 

4}4 

3 

4 

45 

5 

SVa 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

tfi 

3 

4 

4^ 

5 

5% 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

4% 

3 

4. 

4% 

5 

5% 

6 

7 

8 

9 

IO 

II 

12 

5 

3 

4 

4% 

S 

5^ 

6 

7 

8 

9 

TO 

II 

12 

58/l6 

5 

5V2 

6 

6V« 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

5% 
6^4 

S 

5V2 

6 

6V2 

V 

7 
7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

IO 
IO 

II 
II 

12 
12 

6 

7 

'ft 

9 

IO 

II 

12 

75  / 

6 

7 

8 

Q 

IO 

II 

12 

8*4 

6 

7 

8 

9 

IO 

II 

12 

8% 

7 

8 

9 

IO 

II 

12 

9% 

~f-t 

8 

9 

IO 

II 

12 

10% 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

Made  from  lightest  weight  Standard   Boston  Casing  and  same  number  of 
threads  per  inch  as  shown  on  page  26,  unless  otherwise  ordered. 
Nipples  longer  than  12  inches  can  be  furnished  when  ordered. 
All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 


Threaded  Flanges                                 175 

Extra  Heavy  Pipe  Flanges  (Threaded) 

Suitable  for  250  Pounds  Working  Steam  Pressure 

Adopted  by  a  Conference  of  Manufacturers,  June  28,  1901 

Pipe  size 

Flange 

Bolts 

Weight 

In- 

Ex- 

Out- 

per 

ternal 
diam- 

ternal 
diam- 

side 
diam- 

Thick- 
ness 

Length 

Num- 
ber 

Size 

Length 

Circle 

pair 

eter 

eter 

eter 

2 

23/8 

6V2 

% 

i% 

4 

% 

3 

S 

15 

2% 

2% 

7% 

I 

i%6 

4 

% 

31/2 

5% 

21 

3 

3^2 

81/4 

i% 

I%6 

8 

% 

31/2 

6% 

28 

m 

4 

9 

I%6 

i% 

8 

% 

3V2 

7V* 

34 

4 

4% 

10 

1% 

i% 

8 

% 

4 

7% 

44 

4Va 

5 

10% 

I%6 

I18/16 

8 

% 

4 

8V2 

So 

5 

59/16 

II 

1% 

1% 

8 

% 

4 

9% 

56 

6 

6% 

I2V2 

iTAe 

2 

12 

% 

4l/2 

105/8 

72 

7 

7% 

14 

1% 

2Vl6 

12 

% 

4V2 

HT/8 

91 

8 
9 

8% 

9% 

IS 
16 

i% 
i% 

a- 

12 
12 

% 
% 

5 
5 

13 
14 

108 
126 

10 

10% 

17% 

i% 

2% 

16 

% 

sV2 

15% 

155 

II 

n% 

18% 

2 

2% 

16 

% 

sy2 

16% 

186 

12 

12% 

20 

2 

a%e 

16 

% 

sV2 

17% 

209 

13 

14 

22% 

2% 

21^16 

20 

7/8 

6 

20 

288 

14 

rs 

23% 

2%6 

ai%6 

20 

I 

6 

21 

311 

IS 

16 

25 

2U 

2% 

2O 

I 

6 

22V2 

363 

18 

27 

2% 

3Vl6 

24 

I 

6V2 

24V2 

423 

20 

29V2 

2% 

3^4 

24 

iVs 

7 

26% 

515 

22 

311/2 

2% 

3Vl6 

28 

11/8 

7 

283/4 

587 

24 

34 

2% 

3% 

28 

iVs 

7V2 

31% 

713 

All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

All  weights  given  in  pounds. 

Weights  specified  do  not  include  bolts  and  gaskets. 

176                                 Threaded  Flanges 

Standard  Pipe  Flanges  (Cast  Iron,  Threaded) 

Adopted  August,  1894,  by  a  Committee  of  the  Master  Steam  and  Hot  Water 

Fitters'  Association,  a  Committee  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 

Engineers,  and  the  leading  Valve  and  Fitting  Manufacturers  of  the  United 

States. 

Pipe  size 

Flange 

Bolts 

|l 

xternal 
ameter 

Outside 
diameter 

Thick- 
ness 

Width  of 
Face 

1 

Size 

Length 

Circle 

^£ 

W* 

a 

2 

2% 

6 

% 

2 

4 

%    % 

2 

48/i 

2% 

2% 

7 

*%6 

2% 

4 

%    % 

2V4 

3 

3% 

m 

3/4 

2% 

4 

%    % 

2% 

6  2 

3% 

4 

8% 

18/4e 

2% 

4 

%    % 

2% 

7 

4 

4% 

9 

15Ae 

2% 

4 

%      8/4 

28/4 

7y2 

4% 

5 

9% 

1%6 

2% 

8 

%      3/4 

3 

7% 

5 

5%0 

10 

15/16 

2% 

8 

%      8/4 

3 

8% 

6 

6% 

II 

I 

2% 

8 

%      8/4 

3 

9% 

7 

7% 

12% 

I%6 

28/4 

8 

%     8/4 

314 

103/4 

8 

8% 

13% 

1% 

28/4 

8 

%     % 

H8/4 

9 

9% 

IS 

1% 

3 

12 

%      8/4 

3V2 

13% 

10 

10% 

16 

3 

12 

%      % 

3% 

141/4 

12 

123/4 

19 

1% 

3% 

12 

8/4      % 

3% 

17 

13 

14 

21 

1% 

12 

%   I 

4% 

i88/4 

14 
15 

15 
16 

23% 

1% 

f! 

16 
16 

%   I 
%   I 

% 

20 
21% 

18 

25 

i9/ie 

3% 

16 

1% 

48/4 

22% 

20 
22 

27% 

Il%6 

38/i 
38/4 

20 

20 

1% 

5% 

25 

27% 

24 

31%  32 

1%      I7/8 

38/4  4 

2O 

1% 

29%  291/2 

26 

333/4  34% 

1%      2 

3%  4% 

24 

1% 

58/4 

31%  3i3/i 

28 

36      36% 

I%6   2%  0 

4      4% 

28 

!% 

6 

33%  34 

30 

38      38% 

1%      2% 

4      4% 

28 

%i% 

61/4 

35%  36 

These  flanges  in  the  heavier  bolting  are  used  in  general  practice  for  pressures 

up  to  125  pounds  per  square  inch.     For  greater  pressures  see  table,  page  175.  of 

extra  heavy  flanges  adopted  by  a  Conference  of  Manufacturers,  June  28,  1901. 

All  dimensions  given  in  inches. 

Railings 


HAND  RAILINGS 


177 


The  use  of  pipe  and  fittings  for  hand  railings  around  area  ways,  on 
stairs,  for  office  enclosures  with  gates  and  for  permanent  ladders,  is  illus- 
trated by  the  following  set  of  cuts,  which  are  typical  of  many  installations 
which  might  be  made.  The  construction  of  hand  railings  of  such 
materials  commends  itself,  first,  on  the  ground  of  durability  due  to 
material  used;  second,  neatness  of  design  and  detail;  third,  safety  due 
to  strength;  and  fourth,  cheapness  of  construction.  The  illustrations 
illustrate  methods  of  assembling,  which  can  be  differentiated  in  a  great 
many  ways,  but  which  have  been  found  successful  and  economical. 

Regular  railing  fittings,  such  as  shown  by  figures  H-i64  to  £[-172 
inclusive,  are  furnished  recessed,  so  that  all  short  threads  will  be  cov- 
ered. Other  railing  fittings  may  be  furnished  in  the  same  manner. 
Fittings  of  special  angles  can  also  be  furnished  when  required,  at  special 
prices,  but  it  is  our  experience  that  the  regular  patterns  can  be  used  in 
almost  all  cases,  regardless  of  the  angles  involved,  either  by  bending  the 
pipe,  as  in  Fig.  71,  or  by  the  use  of  extra  fittings,  as  in  Fig.  72. 

The  numbers  on  the  illustrations  with  the  letter  "H"  in  front  refer 
to  National  Tube  Company's  catalogue  H,  issue  1909. 


NOTE.    All  threads  right-hand.     Thread  double  length  where   indicated. 
Numbers  given  refer  to  catalogue  numbers. 


178 


Railings 


/H.I 


Fig.  67 

NOTE.     All   threads  right-hand.      Thread  double   length   where  indicated. 
Numbers  given  refer  to  catalogue  numbers. 


Fig.  68 

NOTE.    All  threads  right-hand.      Thread  double   length  where  indicated. 
Numbers  given  refer  to  catalogue  numbers. 


Railings 


179 


'&  Fig.  69 

NOTE.    All  threads  right-hand.     Numbers  given  refer  to  catalogue  numbers. 


Fig.  70 

NOTE.     Suitable  for  steps  at  30°  angle.    All  threads  right-hand.    Numbers 
given  refer  to  catalogue  numbers. 


180 


Railings 


Fig.  71 

NOTE.  Standard  fittings  used  and  pipes  bent  to  suit  any  angle  of  steps.  All 
threads  right-hand.  Thread  double  length  where  indicated.  Numbers  given 
refer  to  catalogue  numbers. 


Fig.  72 

NOTE.  Standard  fittings  are  suitable  for  any  angle  of  steps.  All  threads 
right-hand.  Thread  double  length  where  indicated.  Numbers  given  refer  to 
catalogue  numbers. 


Railings 


181 


Fig.  73 

NOTE.  Standard  fittings  are  suitable  for  any  angle  of  steps.  All  threads 
right-hand.  Thread  double  length  where  indicated.  Numbers  given  refer  to 
catalogue  number. 


Fig.  74 

NOTE.  Fittings  marked  "A"  are  bored  to  turn  on  pipes  for  hinges.  All 
threads  right-hand.  Thread  double  length  where  indicated.  Numbers  given 
refer  to  catalogue  number. 


182 


Railings 


Fig-  75 

NOTE.     All   threads  right-hand.      Thread   double   length   where   indicated. 
Numbers  given  refer  to  catalogue  number. 


Fig.  76 

NOTE.     All  threads  right-hand.      Thread  double   length   where   indicated. 
Numbers  given  refer  to  catalogue  numbers. 


Pipe  Ladders 


183 


o= 


Fig.  77 

Round  Pipe  Rungs 
Round  Pipe  Runners 


Fig.  78 

Flat  Bar  Rungs 
Round  Pipe  Runners 


Typical  Pipe  Ladders 


184 


Pipe  Ladders 


Fig.  79 

Round  Pipe  Rungs 
Round  Pipe  Runners 


Fig.  80 

Square  Pipe  Rungs 
Rectangular  Pipe  Runners 


Typical  Pipe  Ladders 


Pipe  Ladders 


185 


=§ 


~l 

' 
• 

© 

e 
© 
© 
© 
© 
© 
© 
© 
© 

: 

c 

Fig.  81 

Square  Pipe  Rungs 
Rectangular  Pipe  Runners 


Fig.  82 

Round  Pipe  Rungs 
Rectangular  Pipe  Runners 


Typical  Pipe  Ladders 


186 


Pipe  Ladders 


Fig.  83 

Round  Pipe  Rungs 
Round  Pipe  Runners 


Fig.  84 

Square  Pipe  Rungs 
Square  Pipe  Runners 


Typical  Pipe  Ladders 


Working  Barrels 


187 


WORKING  BARRELS 

The  working  barrels,  sizes  and  weights  of  which  are  given  in  table 
shown,  are  manufactured  from  specially  made  lap-welded  pipe.  The 
steel  from  which  these  lap-welded  pipes  are  made  is  of  a  special  corn- 
position  with  a  view  to  obtaining  a  hard,  smooth  surface  in  the  finished 
working  barrel. 

The  making  of  the  working  barrel  from  a  lap- welded  pipe  is  accom- 
plished by  a  special  process  consisting  of  several  cold-drawing  oper- 
ations. These  cold-drawing  operations  make  the  inside  surface  of  the 
working  barrel  extremely  smooth  and  bright;  besides  that  it  still  fur- 
ther hardens  the  surface  of  the  working  barrel,  over  and  above  the  hard- 
ness already  established  in  the  especially  prepared  lap-welded  pipe. 

This  process  of  manufacturing  working  barrels  makes  them  especially 
adapted  and  suited  for  the  hard  service  to  which  they  are  subjected  in 
the  oil  fields. 


i... 


Fig.  85 


k-3«4">J 


!  Std.0il  Well  Tubing  11  J$th 


H-iSM 


>JMG          Fig'86 

3    WORKING  BARREL 


2^  StdLOU  Well  Tubing  llj$th 


ny&r'        ^r° 


li 


Fig.  88 
NOTE.   All  Working  Barrels  are  threaded  14  threads  per  inch. 


188 


Seamless  Cylinders 


Table  of  Lengths  and  Weights  of  Working  Barrels 


1 

2-inch  Barrel 

2^-inch  Barrel 

3-inch  Barrel 

4-inch  Barrel 

i 

^ 

bo 

bo 

^ 

bo 

bO 

S 

bo 

bo 

2 

bO 

m 

be 

lit 

"E 

.2 

Its 

G 

a 

lla 

"E 

^ 

*E 

*E 

53 

^ 

"o  g  ^ 

8 

8 

*o  g"E 

8 

8 

"o  g^ 

g 

8 

*o  g  ^ 

b 

o 

g 

| 

1*1 

| 

1 

|8§ 

fe 

> 

I88 

fc 

5  °  o 

fc 

P. 

§ 

5 

ex 

I 

ill 

| 

9 

If! 

*o 

*o 

£P 

*o 

? 

rp 

*o 

*o 

ti 

a^+j 

A 

^ 

{3^*5 

5 

^ 

G^^> 

^H 

^ 

c^^5 

g 

^d 

3 

g  a  £ 

.£? 

!| 

*§.s'^ 

bO 

bO 
"S 

|flf 

bo 

•§ 

*g  g'£ 

bo 

.£? 

1 

* 

£ 

^ 

? 

r 

^ 

* 

& 

fe 

^ 

P 

Ft.In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

4-0 

29 

2.5 

3.5 

3i 

3-5 

5 

44 

5.5 

6.5 

66 

8 

Q 

4-6 

34 

35 

48 

72 

5-o 

37 

38 

53 

78 

5-6 

4O 

41 

57 

84 

6-0 

43 

45 

61 

90 

6-6 

46 

47 

65 

96 

7-0 

49 

50 

69 

103 

7-6 

53 

54 

74 

109 

8-0 

56 

57 

77 

115 

9-0 

63 

64 

85 

127 

10-0 

70 

71 

93 

139 

SEAMLESS    CYLINDERS 

National  Tube  Company  manufactures  seamless  cylinders  for  a  variety 
of  purposes:  containers  for  oxygen,  carbonic  acid,  air,  etc.  A  wide  range 
of  sizes  is  produced,  varying  from  a  few  pounds  in  weight  up  to  1 8  and  20 
inches  in  diameter  with  %-inch  wall  and  12  to  14  feet  long. 

The  smaller  cylinders  are  manufactured  from  a  seamless  hot-rolled 
or  cold-drawn  tube,  one  end  being  forged  to  form  the  neck,  and  the 
other  end  being  closed  in  for  the  bottom. 

The  larger  cylinders  are  made  from  a  flat  plate,  cupped  and  hot- drawn 
into  a  cylindrical  shell.  The  closed  end  of  the  shell,  remaining  from  the 
cupping  process,  forms  the  bottom  of  the  container;  the  open  end  is 
forged  to  form  the  neck. 

The  material  used  for  making  cylinders  is  basic  open-hearth  steel  of 
analysis  to  give  desired  physical  properties;  low-medium,  high-carbon 
and  nickel  steels,  also  chrome-vanadium  steels,  are  regularly  furnished 
when  desired. 

NOTE.     See  standard  specifications  for  seamless  cylinders. 


Cylinder  Heads 


189 


CYLINDER  HEADS ;  THEIR  STRENGTH,  ETC. 

The  ends  of  pipes  or  tubes  may  have  heads  put  in  or  formed  with  them 
in  order  to  produce  cylinders.  Commercial  considerations  of  quantity 
of  cylinders,  cost  of  manufacture,  handling,  etc.,  affect  the  selection  of 
the  design,  often  to  greater  extent  than  do  engineering  considerations. 
A  design  that  would  be  permissible  and  cheap  on  10  ooo  heads  might 
be  of  prohibitive  cost  on  one  head.  The  ordinary  shapes  of  heads  are 
here  shown: 


Fig.  89 


Fig.  90 


Fig.  91 


Fig.  92 


.  Fig.  93 


Fig.  94 


Fig.  95 


Fig.  96 


Fig.  97 


Fig.  98 


Fig.  99 


Fig.  100 


Fig.  101 


Fig.  102 


Fig.  103 


190  Cylinder  Heads 


Figs.  89,  98,  and  101  show  "flat  heads''  Fig.  89  shows  the  seamless 
shape  which  is  frequently  used  on  cylinders  of  large  diameters  over  10 
inches,  when  the  cylinders  are  required  to  stand  upright.  Fig.  98  shows 
a  head  welded  in  lap-weld  pipe.  Such  is  desirable  at  times  because  the 
thick  heads  permit  tapping  for  connections.  When  only  a  few  cylinders 
are  wanted  such  heads  are  relatively  cheap.  Fig.  101  shows  style  of 
welded  heads  used  on  annealing  pots. 

Figs.  90 and  91  show  heads  that  are  called  "Round,"  or  "Spherical"  on 
seamless  cylinders,  while  Fig.  100  shows  heads  that  are  called  "Bumped" 
in  the  case  of  lap-weld  cylinders.  Bumped  heads  are  brazed  in.  This 
style  of  heads  is  used  on  cylinders  that  are  not  required  to  stand  up- 
right. 

Figs.  92,  94,  95,  96,  97,  102,  and  103  show  styles  of  heads  that  are 
applied  to  cylinders  that  are  required  to  stand  upright.  Figs.  92,  94,  and 
95  are  used  on  seamless  cylinders  up  to  lo-inch  diameter.  Figs.  96  and  97 
may  be  used  on  any  size  of  lap-weld  cylinders.  Fig.  102  is  practically 
restricted  in  use  to  small  sizes  and  is  frequently  made  tight  by  means 
of  hard  or  soft  solder. 

Fig.  93  shows  what  may  be  called  the  "Standard"  neck,  end,  or  head 
used  on  all  seamless  cylinders. 

Fig.  99  shows  a  "converged"  form  of  ends,  which  are  so  formed  in 
order  to  prevent  the  fingers  from  slipping  off  when  handling  the  cylin- 
ders. This  shape  does  not  affect  or  increase  the  strength  or  security 
of  the  heads  to  any  calculable  extent. 

Thin  heads  that  must  be  drilled  and  tapped  usually  require  rein- 
forcement at  the  holes.  A  common  form  of  such  is  shown  in  Fig.  103, 
which  illustrates  what  is  called  a  welded  "boss"  or  "pop." 

Figs.  90  and  91  show  heads  that  are  usually  the  consequent  product 
from  the  plates  of  which  the  cylinder  is  drawn,  but  many  are  produced 
by  a  spinning  operation  from  the  material  of  the  tubes,  and  so  permits 
a  cylinder  to  be  made  from  "plain-end"  tube.  Using  lap- weld  pipe  this 
shape  may  be  made  by  swaging  down  to  a  shape  somewhat  like  Fig.  95, 
and  then  welding,  or  welding  in  a  plug. 

The  strength  of  heads  is  usually  determined,  in  the  case  of  round,  spher- 
ical, or  bumped  heads  (Figs.  90,  91,  and  100),  by  the  simple  approximate 
rule  for  spheres  subjected  to  internal  pressure:  i.e., 

pD  =  4  TS, 

which  is  suitable  in  such  cases,  as  pd  =  2  ts  is  suitable  for  pipes.  There- 
fore, for  one  pressure  and  one  fiber  stress  the  thickness  of  a  sphere  would 
be  half  the  thickness  of  a  cylinder  of  same  diameter,  or  for  equal  thick- 
ness the  radius  of  the  sphere  would  equal  the  diameter  of  the  pipe.  The 
same  rule  may  be  applied  to  the  shape  per  Figs.  93  and  95,  but  the 
radius  of  curvature  of  such  shape  is  usually  determined  by  the  swaging 
process  by  which  it  is  produced.  That  process  also  invariably  thickens 
the  material  toward  the  neck. 

The  cupped  heads  like  Fig.  91,  having  the  thickness  of  the  plate  from 
which  the  tube  is  made,  usually  can  stand  having  the  head  dished  in, 
without  the  head  being  weaker  than  the  shell. 


Cylinder  Heads 


191 


The  strength  of  welded  dished  heads  (Figs.  96,  97,  99,  and  102)  is  less 
understood,  but  the  marine-inspection  laws  usually  allow  them  to  carry 
%o  the  pressure  that  may  be  put  on  bumped  heads.  Expressed  other- 
wise, the  thickness  of  dished  heads  by  such  rules  must  be  i%  times 
the  thickness  of  bumped  heads.  Thus 


pDl     2\       5PD     .5PR 
2  —        i  j  _  i   _  _  . 

45  \    37         12  s         6s 


Assume  that  steel  of  good  welding  quality  may  be  stressed  to  s  — 
20  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch  by  test  pressure  =  p;  then  an  approxi- 
mate solution  gives  the  thickness  of  heads  stated  in  the  following  table 
for  value  of  R  and  p  (in  inches  and  pounds  per  square  inch).  R  =  radius 
of  curvature  of  spherical  dished  heads. 

Table  of  Thickness  of  Dished  Heads 


Radius 
R 

500 

700 

IOOO 

Test  pressure 
1500 

P 

2OOO 

25OO 

3000 

2 

.042 

.058 

.083 

.13 

•  17 

.21 

.25 

3 

.063 

.088 

.13 

.19 

.25 

•  31 

.38 

4 

.083 

.12 

.17 

.25 

.33 

.42 

•  50 

5 

.10 

.15 

.21 

.31 

.42 

•  52 

.63 

6 

.13 

.18 

.25 

.38 

•  50 

.63 

•  75 

8 

.17 

.23 

.33 

.50 

.67 

.83 

I.O 

10 

.21 

.29 

.42 

.63 

.83 

I.O 

1-3 

12 

.25 

.35 

.50 

•75 

I.O 

1.3 

i.S 

14 

.29 

.41 

.58 

.88 

1.2 

1.5 

1.8 

16 

.33 

•  47 

.67 

I.O 

1.3 

1-7 

2.0 

20 

.42 

.58 

.83 

1.3 

1-7 

2.1 

2.5 

24 

.50 

.70 

I.O 

1.5 

2.O 

2.5 

3.0 

30 

-63 

.88 

1.3 

1-9 

2.5 

3-1 

3.8 

N.B.  —  This  rule  indicates  that  it  makes  no  difference  what  is  the  diameter 
of  pipe,  provided  it  does  not  exceed  twice  the  radius  (/?)  of  the  sphere.  No 
thicknesses  are  given  for  less  test  than  500  pounds  because  no  lap-weld  pipes 
are  made  that  will  not  stand  such  test. 

The  strength  of  fiat  heads  (Figs.  89,  98,  and  101)  is  difficult  to  determine 
analytically,  but  the  usually  accepted  formula  is  that  of  Grashof  derived 
from  the  difficult  "Theory  of  Elasticity."  The  formula  is 


r  = 


If  we  use  pD  =  2  ts  for  cylindrical  wall  of  pipe,  we  may  combine  the  two 
rules,  making  p  and  s  equal,  and  find  that 

T  =  0.645 


192  Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Specialties 


An  approximate  solution  of  this  gives  the  thickness  of  head  (in  inches) 
here  tabulated. 

Table  of  Thickness  of  Flat  Heads 


External 
diam- 

Thickness of  pipe 

eter  of 
pipe 

C.J.*        .125 

.20 

•  25 

.375 

•  50 

•  75 

2 

.28             .32 

•  41 

.46 

.56 

.64 

4 

.46            .46 

.58 

.64 

•  79 

•  91 

i.i 

6 

.59 

•  71 

•  79 

.97 

I.I 

1.4 

8 

.73 

.82 

•  91 

I.I 

1.3 

1.6 

10 

.85 

•  91 

I.O 

1.3 

1-4 

1.8 

12 

.98 

I.O 

i.i 

1-4 

1.6 

1-9 

16 

1.3 

1.3 

1.6 

1.8 

2.2 

20 
24 

1.5 

i  8 

1.8 
I  9 

2.0 
2   2 

2.5 

2  7 

30 

23              

2.5 

3.1 

*  C.  J.  refers  to  the  set  of  thicknesses  given  on  page  43  for  Converse  joint  pipe. 
For  practical  reasons  it  is  not  wise  to  attempt  to  weld  less  thickness  of  head  in 
any  diameter  than  given  in  this  table.  The  great  thickness  of  flat  heads  renders 
them  advantageous  for  drilling  and  tapping  connection  holes. 


SHELBY   SEAMLESS   STEEL   SPECIALTIES 

Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubing  is  formed  into  special  shapes  to  meet 
special  requirements,  where  hollow  forgings  can  be  used  to  advan- 
tage to  replace  solid  forgings  requiring  a  boring  operation,  thus  saving 
machine  work  and  material.  Special  shapes  made  from  seamless  tub- 
ing have  found  a  wide  use,  and  new  applications  are  constantly  develop- 
ing. 

The  homogeneous  character  of  the  material  entering  into  a  seamless 
tube  permits  the  working  of  the  material  into  a  great  variety  of  intricate 
shapes  such  as  the  requirements  may  demand. 

By  the  cupping  process,  in  which  seamless  articles  are  made  by  the 
progressive  cupping  of  a  round  plate,  certain  special  shapes  may  be  pro- 
duced without  first  producing  the  cylindrical  tube. 

Special  shapes  of  tubular  sections  are  usually  formed  hot,  and  are 
subject  to  certain  variations  of  dimensions  which  are  to  be  expected  in 
all  hot-forged  articles. 

The  aim  is  to  produce  the  forgings  with  just  sufficient  allowances  to 
enable  the  user  to  finish  them  by  machining  to  required  dimensions 
where  accurate  sizes  are  required.  In  some  cases,  however,  special 
shapes  of  uniform  section  are  formed  cold,  in  which  case  greater  accuracy 
in  formed  dimensions  is  the  rule. 


Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Specialties 


193 


Automobile  Specialties 

The  illustrations  cover  a  few  automobile  specialties,  in  the  shape  of 
axles.  These  axles  are  made  from  seamless  tubing,  of  different  material 
to  suit  the  requirements. 

These  specialties  are  formed  by  swaging,  expanding  and  upsetting 
either  from  hot-finished  or  cold-drawn  tubing. 


Fig,  104.    Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Front  and  Rear  Axles 


194 


Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Specialties 


Cylinder  Specialties 

The  illustrations  below  cover  a  few  cylinder  specialties,  in  the  form 
of  various  styles  of  valve  protecting  caps,  and  also  boiler  shells  and 
floats  for  feed  water  regulators,  made  partly  direct  by  the  cupping 
process,  and  partly  from  tubing. 


A  B  C  D 

Fig.  105.    Various  Styles  of  Valve  Protecting  Cap  Used  on 
Carbonic  Acid  Gas  Cylinders 


2225. 


Fig.  106.     Boiler  Shells 


Fig.  107.    Floats  for  Feed 
Water  Regulators 


Cream  Separator  Specialties 

The  illustrations  below  cover  a  few  cream  separator  specialties  made 
direct  from  plates. 


Fig.  108.     Cream  Separator  Forgings 


Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Specialties 


195 


Bent  Specialties 

The  illustrations  below  cover  a  few  bent  specialties. 


Fig.  109     Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubes  Bent 

Miscellaneous  Specialties 

The  illustrations  below  cover  a  few  miscellaneous  forgings,  some  of 
which  are  made  direct  from  plates,  and  others  from  tubing. 

i 


Forging  for  Shaft  Bearing 


Fig.  no 


Steel  Cone 


196 


Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Specialties 


Angular  Section  Specialties 

The  illustrations  below  cover  a  few  specialties  in  Angular  section 
tubing,  mainly  in  the  shape  of  socket  wrenches. 


Socket  Wrench 


Socket  Wrench 
Fig.  in 

Tapered  Specialties 

The  illustrations  below  cover  a  few  specialties  of  Taper  Tubing. 
These  tubes  are  tapered  by  different  methods,  as  the  conditions  may 
call  for. 


Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubing  Tapered 


Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubing  Tapered 


Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tubing  Tapered 
Fig.  112 

NOTE.  We  are  prepared  to  furnish  other  specialties  and  will  be  glad  to  supply 
full  information  on  receipt  of  blue  prints  or  sketches  showing  exactly  what  is 
required. 


Seamless  Trolley  Poles  197 


SHELBY  SEAMLESS  COLD-DBA  WN   STEEL 
TROLLEY  POLES 

Under  normal  conditions  of  service,  a  trolley  pole  is  subjected  to  stress 
as  a  beam  rigidly  secured  at  one  end  and  loaded  on  the  free  end.  This 
condition  of  loading  causes  a  maximum  bending  moment  at  the  point  of 
support,  which  bending  moment  decreases  uniformly  to  zero  at  the  point 
of  applying  the  load.  Abnormal  conditions  cause  other  stresses  of  un- 
known magnitude,  which  can  be  provided  against  only  by  a  judicious 
increase  in  the  strength  of  the  pole  over  that  required  for  the  known 
stresses. 

The  trolley  pole  of  minimum  weight,  to  resist  the  known  stresses, 
would  have  a  maximum  cross-sectional  area  at  the  trolley  base  or  point 
of  support,  with  the  cross  section  decreasing  uniformly  to  nothing  at 
the  harp.  For  practical  reasons,  such  a  theoretical  pole  is  not  desirable. 
In  the  design  of  the  Shelby  poles,  the  theoretical  requirement  for  mini- 
mum weight  has  received  careful  consideration,  while  providing  for  the 
unknown  stresses  and  a  practical  form  to  suit  the  standard  trolley  bases 
and  harps. 

The  standard  Shelby  poles  are  made  from  13 -gage  material,  as  years 
of  practical  experience  have  shown  that  a  lighter  gage  may  fail  by 
local  injuries,  and  a  heavier  gage  simply  adds  to  the  weight  of  the  pole 
without  increasing  its  strength  to  a  corresponding  extent.  The  theo- 
retical requirement  for  a  pole  of  minimum  weight  points  out  a  method 
for  increasing  the  strength  of  the  pole  without  a  proportionate  increase 
in  the  weight.  This  method  consists  in  the  use  of  a  reinforcement  at 
the  base  end,  and  on  the  inside  of  the  13 -gage  member.  The  length 
of  this  reinforcement  is  varied,  to  suit  the  requirement  as  to  strength, 
up  to  a  maximum  which  occurs  when  the  length  of  the  reinforcement 
is  such  that  the  resistance  to  bending  at  the  end  of  the  reinforcement 
is  just  equal  to  the  resistance  to  bending  at  the  trolley  base. 

The  Shelby  trolley  pole  is  regularly  manufactured  in  two  designs,  viz.: 
Standard  "A"  and  Standard  "B." 

In  the  Standard  "A"  pole,  the  reinforcement  is  only  of  sufficient 
length  to  prevent  deformation  of  the  circular  section  by  the  stresses 
caused  by  the  service  of  the  pole  or  by  the  clamp  on  the  trolley  base. 
This  design  is  suitable  for  all  ordinary  service,  and  makes  the  lightest 
pole  it  is  practicable  to  manufacture  or  use. 

In  the  Standard  "B"  design,  the  reinforcement  is  of  the  maximum 
length  required  by  the  condition  of  two  points  in  the  length  of  the  pole 
with  equal  resistance  to  bending.  Speaking  generally,  the  Standard 
"  pole  will  be  20  per  cent  heavier  and  50  per  cent  stronger  than  the 
Standard  "A"  pole.  This  design  is  intended  to  meet  the  most  severe 
service  conditions. 

Externally,  the  two  designs  are  duplicates,  the  outside  diameter  being 
inches,  which,  at  a  point  30  inches  from  the  end  of  the  pole,  is  re- 
duced to  i%  inches,  which  diameter  is  again  reduced  to  i  inch  for  a 
distance  of  6  inches  from  the  end  of  the  pole.    The  ii^-inch  diameter 


198 


Seamless  Trolley  Poles 


merges  into  the  i%-inch  diameter,  with  fillets  of  large  radii,  and  the 
i%-inch  diameter  into  the  i-inch  diameter,  with  a  gradual  taper  6  inches 
long.  The  section  i  inch  in  diameter  is  reamed  to  a  %-inch  hole. 

Special  designs,  varying  in  some  or  all  particulars  from  the  standard 
designs,  are  made  to  meet  special  requirements. 

Shelby  trolley  poles  are  made  from  a  selected  grade  of  basic  open- 
hearth  steel  of  about  0.17  per  cent  carbon,  low  in  phosphorus  and 
sulphur.  Prior  to  the  last  cold-drawing  operation,  the  material  is  given 
a  special  heat  treatment  which  leaves  the  grain  in  the  finest  condition. 
The  elastic  limit  of  the  material  in  the  finished  pole  is  from  60  ooo  to 
70  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Recent  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  methods  of  manufac- 
ture, particularly  in  the  method  of  inserting  the  reinforcement.  As  now 
made,  the  reinforcement  is  integral  with  the  body  of  the  pole,  which  adds 
materially  to  its  efficiency. 

The  following  table  gives  loads  and  deflections  of  various  length  poles 
at  the  elastic  limit: 


Length,  feet 

Average  weight, 
pounds 

Load  carried  at 
end  of  pole  at 
elastic  limit, 
pounds 

Deflection  due  to 
load  at  elastic 
limit  and  weight 
of  pole,  inches 

Standard"  A1'  Pole 

12 

13 
14 
15 

18.4 
20.3 

22.3 

24.3 

48 
44 
40 
36 

13% 
15% 
17% 

19% 

Standard  "  B  "  Pole 

12 

13 
14 
15 

22.7 

24.7 

26.7 

28.7 

75 
69 
62 
55 

22Y2 

36% 

30 
33 

Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing                199 

PROPERTIES  OF  SHELBY  SEAMLESS   TUBING 

Outside  Diameter,  Surface,  and  Volume  or  Displacement 

Outside  surface 

Lineal 

External  volume  or  displace- 

Outside 

per  lineal  foot 

feet  per 

Per  lineal  foot 

diameter. 

square 

Inches 

Square 
inches 

Square 
feet 

foot  out- 
side sur- 
face 

Cubic 
inches 

Cubic 
feet 

United 
States 
gallons 

4 

18.85 

.1309 

7.639 

2.356 

.0014 

.0102 

% 

23.56 

.1636 

6.  112 

3.682 

.0021 

.0159 

8/4 

28.27 

.1963 

5.093 

5-301 

.0031 

.0229 

% 

32.99 

.2291 

4.365 

7.216 

.0042 

.0312 

I 

37-70 

.2618 

3.820 

9.425 

.0055 

.0408 

iVs 

42.41 

.2945 

3.395 

11-93 

.0069 

.0516 

IV4 

47-12 

.3272 

3.056 

14-73 

.0085 

.0637 

1% 

51-84 

.3600 

2.778 

17.82 

.0103 

.0771 

iV2 

56.55 

.3927 

2.546 

21.21 

.0123 

.0918 

1% 

65.97 

.4581 

2.183 

28.86 

.0167 

.1249 

2 

75-40 

.5236 

1.910 

37-70 

.0218 

.1632 

2H 

84.82 

.5890 

1.698 

47-71 

.0276 

.2065 

2% 

94-25 

.6545 

.528 

58.90 

.0341 

.2550 

2% 

103.67 

.7199 

.389 

71.27 

.0412 

.3085 

3 

113.10 

.7854 

.273 

84.82 

.0491 

.3672 

3V4 

122.52 

.8508 

.175 

99-55 

.0576 

.4309 

3V2 

I3L95 

.9163 

.091 

115-45 

.0668 

.4998 

38/4 

I4L37 

-9817 

.019 

132.54 

.0767 

•  5737 

4 

150.80 

1.0472 

.955 

150.80 

.0873 

.6528 

4V4 

160.22 

1.1126 

.899 

170.24 

.0985 

.7369 

*H 

169.65 

1.1781 

.849 

190.85 

.1104 

.8262 

48/4 

179-07 

I  •  2435 

.804 

212.65 

.1231 

.9205 

5 

188.50 

1.3090 

.764 

235  •  62 

.1364 

I.020O 

5V4 

197.91 

1.3744 

.728 

259-77 

.1503 

I  .  1245 

5V2 

207.35 

1-4399 

.694 

285  .  10 

.1650 

1.2342 

53/4 

216.76 

1-5053 

.664 

3ii.6l 

.1803 

1.3489 

6 

226  .  20 

1.5708 

.637 

339-29 

.1963 

1.4688 

200                Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing 

Sectional  Area  of  Wall  in  Square  Inches 

Outside 
diam. 
Inches 

Thickness  in  gage  and  fractions  of  an  inch 

22 

B.W.G. 

20 

B.W.G. 

18 
B.W.G. 

He 

%2 

Vs 

%2 

%6 

% 

% 

8/4 
% 
X 

iVs 

1% 

1% 

iVa 
1% 

2 

2V4 
2% 

2% 

3H 

1 

k 

4% 
4% 

L 

s$ 

5% 
6 

.04152 
.05251 
.06351 
.07451 
.08550 
.09650 
.1075 

.05113 

.06487 
.07862 
.09236 
.1061 
.1199 
.1336 

.1473 
.1611 

.06943 
.08867 
.1079 
.1272 
.1464 
.1656 
.1849 
.2041 
.2234 

.0859 
.1104 
.1350 
.1595 
.1841 
.2086 
.2332 

.2577 
.2823 
•  3313 
.3804 
.4295 
.4786 
.5277 

.1197 
.1565 

.1933 
.2301 
.2669 
.3037 
•  3405 

•  3774 
.4142 
.4878 
.5614 
.6351 
.7087 
.7823 
8560 

.1473 
.1963 
.2454 
.2945 
.3436 
.3927 
.4418 

.4909 
.5400 
.6381 
.7363 
.8345 
.9327 
1.031 

T29 

.2915 
.3528 
.4142 

•  4755 
.5369 
.5983 
.6596 
.7823 
.9050 
1.028 
1.150 
1.273 
1.396 
I.5I9 
1.641 
1.764 
1.887 

2.010 
2.132 

2.255 

2.378 

2.501 
2.623 

2.746 

2.868 

.3313 

.4050 
•  4786 
•  5522 
.6259 
.6995 

•  7731 
.9204 
i.  068 
.215 
.362 
.509 
.657 
.804 
.951 
.098 
2.246 
2.393 
2.540 
2.688 
2.835 
2.983 
3.129 
3-277 
.3.424 

.9296 
1.003 

.227 
.325 
.424 
.522 

Capacity  in  Cubic  Inches  per  Lineal  Foot 

V2 
% 
8/4 
7/8 

i 

1% 

a* 

i% 

2 

(4i 

3 
k 

3MS 
38/4 

k 

4H 

4% 

SV4 

5V2 

S?/4 

6 

1.858 
3.051 
4-539 
6.322 
8.399 
10.770 
13.436 

1.743 
2.903 
4.358 
6.107 
8^151 
10.490 
13.123 
16.051 
19.273 

1.523 
2.618 
4.007 
5.690 
7.668 
9.941 
12.508 

15-37 
18.53 

1.325 
2.356 
3-682 
5.301 
7.216 
9.425 
H.93 

14-73 
17.82 
24.89 
33.13 
42.56 
53.16 
64.94 

.920 
1.804 
2.982 

4-455 

6.222 
8.283 
IO.64 

13.29 
16.24 
23.01 
30.96 
40.09 
50.40 
61.89 

74-55 

88.39 
103.41 

.589 
1.325 
2.356 
3.682 
5-301 
7.216 
9.425 
H.93 
14-73 

21.21 
28.86 
37-70 
47-71 
58.90 
71.27 
84.82 
99-55 
115  45 

1.804 
2.982 
4-455 

6.222 
8.283 
IO.64 
13.29 
19.48 
26.84 
35.38 

45-10 
56.00 
68.07 
81.33 
95.76 
ill  37 

1-325 
2.356 
3-682 
5-301 
7.216 

9.425 
11-93 
17.82 
24.89 
33-13 
42.56 
53.16 

64.94 
77-90 
92.04 
107-35 
123.85 
I4L52 
160.37 
180.40 
201.60 
223.99 
247-55 
272.28 
208.20 

132.54 

128.15 
146.12 
165.26 

185.59 
207.09 
229.76 
253  62 

278.65 
.304  87 

Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing                 201 

Sectional  Area  of  Wall  in  Square  Inches 

Outside 

Thickness  in  fractions  of  an  inch 

diam. 
Inches 

7/32 

V4 

5/16 

% 

V2 

% 

% 

% 

I 

% 

•  4510 

i 

.5369 

.5890 

1% 

.6228 

.6872 

.7087 

.7854 

.92O4 

1.031 

i% 

.7946 

.8836 

1.043 

1.178 

fft 

.8805 

.9817 

1.166 

1.325 

1.571 

.052 

I.I78 

1.411 

1.620 

1.963 

2 

.224 

1.374 

1.657 

1.914 

2.356 

2.700 

2*4 

.396 

I.57I 

1.902 

2.209 

2.749 

3.I9I 

2*£ 

.568 

1.767 

2.148 

2.503      3.142 

3-682 

2% 

.740 

1.963 

2.393 

2.798 

3-534 

4.172 

3 

•  911 

2.160 

2.638 

3-093 

3.927 

4.663 

5-301 

5.841 

6.283 

3V4 

.083 

2.356 

2.884 

3.387 

4.320 

5.IS4      5.890 

6.529 

7.069 

2.255 

2.553 

3.129 

3-682 

4.712 

5-645 

6.480 

7.2l6 

7-854 

3% 

2.427 

2.749 

3-375 

3.976 

5.105 

6.136 

7.069 

7.903 

8.639 

4 

2.599 

2.945 

3.620 

4.271 

5.498 

6.627 

7-658 

8-590 

9-425 

4V4 

2.770 

3.142 

3.866 

4.565 

5.890 

7.118 

8.247 

9.278 

IO.2IO 

41/2 

2.942 

3.338 

4.  in 

4.860 

6.283 

7.609 

8.836 

9  965 

10.996 

48/4 

3.H4 

3-534 

4-357 

5-154 

6.676 

8.099 

9.425 

10.652 

II.78I 

5 

3-286 

3-731 

4.602 

5-449 

7.069 

8.590 

10.014 

11.339 

12.566 

5*4 

3-458 

3.927 

4.848 

5-744 

7.462 

9.082 

10.603 

12.029 

13.352 

sV2 

3.629 

4-123 

5-093 

6.038 

7-854 

9-572 

11.192 

12.714 

14.137 

5% 

3.8oi 

4.320 

5-338 

6.332 

8.246 

10.063 

11.781 

13.401 

14.922 

6 

3-973 

4.5i6 

5.583 

6.626 

8.639 

10.553    1  12.  370 

14.088 

15.708 

Capacity  in  Cubic  Inches  per  Lineal  Foot 

n 

I 

1.804 

I 

I 

2.982 

2.356 

1 

1*6 

4-455 

3-682 

1*4 

6.222 

5-301 

3-682 

2.356 

i% 

8.283 

7.216 

5-301 

3-682 

1*^2 

10.64 

9.425 

7.216 

5-301 

2.356J 

i% 

16.24 

14-73 

11.93 

9.425 

5-301 

2 

23-01 

21.21 

17.82 

14-73 

9.425 

5-301 

2*4 

30.96 

28.86 

24.89 

21.21 

14-73 

9.425 

2*;2 

40.09 

37-70 

33.13 

28.86 

21.21 

14-73 

2% 

50.40 

47.71 

42.56 

37-70 

28.86 

21.21 

3 

61.89 

58.90 

53.16 

47-71 

37-70 

28.86 

21.21 

14-73 

9-425 

3*4 

74-55 

71.27 

64-94 

58.90 

47-71 

37.70 

28.86 

21.21 

14  73 

3V2 

88.39 

84.82 

77-90 

71.27 

58.90 

47-71 

37.70 

28.86!    21.21 

38/4 

103.41 

99  55 

92.04 

84.82 

71.27 

58.90 

47-71 

37.70    28  86 

4 

119.61 

115-45 

107-35 

99-55 

84.82        71.27 

58.90 

47-71 

37-70 

4V4 

136.99 

132.54 

123.85 

115-45 

99-55        84.82 

71.27 

58.90 

47-71 

155-55 

150.80 

141.52 

132.54 

115-45      99-55 

84.82 

71  .'27 

58.90 

48/4 

175.28 

170.24 

160.37 

150.80 

132.54    115-45 

99-55 

84.82 

71.27 

5 

196.19 

190.85 

180.40 

170.24 

150.80 

132.54 

115-45 

99-55 

84.82 

5*4 

218.28 

212.65 

201.60 

190.85 

170.24 

150.80 

132.54 

115-45 

99-55 

5*& 

24L55 

235.62 

223.99 

212.65 

190.85 

170.24 

150.80 

132.54 

115-45 

5% 

265.99 

259.78 

247-55 

235.62 

212.65 

190.85 

170.24 

150.80 

132.54 

6 

291.61 

285  .  10 

272.28 

259  78 

235  62 

212.65 

190.85 

170.24 

TSO  80 

202       Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing 

Capacity  in  Cubic  Feet  per  Lineal  Foot 

Outside 
diarn. 
Inches 

Thickness  in  gage  and  fractions  of  an  inch 

22 

B.W.G. 

20 

B.W.G. 

18 
B.W.G. 

Vl6 

%2 

y8 

%2 

3/16 

% 

% 

8/4 
% 

I 

iVs 

IH 

1% 

iV2 

I3/4 
2 
2}i 
2% 

2% 

k 

3V2 
33/4 
4 
4V4 

4V2 

43/4 
5V4 

% 

6 

.00108 
.00177 
.00263 
.00366 
.00486 
.00623 
.00778 

.OOIOI 

.00168 
.00252 
.00353 
.00472 
.00607 
.00759 
.00929 
.01115 

.00088 
.00151 
.00232 
.00329 
.00444 
.00575 
.00724 

.00889 
.01072 

.00077 
.00136 
.00213 
.00307 
.00418 

.00545 
.00690 

.00852 
.01031 
.01440 
.01917 
.02463 
.03076 
.03758 

.00053 

.00104 
.00173 
.00258 
.00360 
.00479 
.00616 
.00769 
.00940 
.01332 
.01792 
.02320 
.02917 
.03581 

.04314 
.05115 
.05985 

.00034 
.00077 
.00136 
.00213 
.00307 
.00418 
.00545 
.00690 
.00852 
.01227 
.01670 
.02182 
.02761 
.03409 

.04125 

.04909 
.05761 
.06681 
.07670 

.00104 

.00173 
.00258 
.00360 
.00479 
.00616 
.00769 
.01127 
.01553 
.02047 
.02610 
.03241 

.03939 

.04706 
-05542 
.06445 
.07416 
.08456 
.09564 
.  10740 
.11984 
.  13297 
.  14677 
.16126 
.  17643 

.00077 
.  00136 
.00213 
.00307 
.00418 

.00545 
.00690 
.01031 
.01440 
.01917 
.02463 
.03076 

.03758 
.04508 
.05326 
.06213 
.07167 
.08190 
.09281 
.  10440 
.11667 
.  12962 
.  14326 
.  15757 
.  17257 

Capacity  in  U.  S.  Gallons  per  Lineal  Foot 

% 

% 
% 
% 

i 

i% 

m 

i% 
m 

I8/4 
2 

2V4 

1 
& 

3V2 

33/4 

4 
4% 

4V2 

48/4 

5 

5V4 

sV2 

5% 

.0080 
.0132 
.0197 
.0274 
.0364 
.0467 
.0582 

.0075 
.0126 
.0189 
.0264 
-0353 
.0454 
.0568 

.0695 
.0834 

.0066 
.0113 
-0173 
.0246 
.0332 
.0430 
.0541 
.0665 
.0802 

.0057 

.0102 

.0159 
.0229 
.0312 
.0408 
.0516 
.0637 
.0771 
.1077 
.1434 
.1842 
.2301 
.2811 

.0040 
.0078 
.0129 
.0193 
.0269 
.0359 
.0461 

.0575 
.0703 
.0996 
.1340 
.1736 
.2182 
.2679 
.3227 
.3827 
•  4477 

.0025 
.0057 

.0102 

.0159 
.0229 
.0312 
.0408 
.0516 
.0637 
.0918 
.1249 
.1632 
.2065 
.2550 
.3085 
.3672 
.4309 
.4998 
.5737 

.0078 
.0129 
.0193 
.0269 
.0359 
.0461 
.0575 
.0843 
.1162 
.1532 
.1952 
.2424 

.2947 
.3521 
.4145 
.4821 
.5548 
.6326 
.7154 
.8034 
.8965 
.9946 
1.0979 
I  .  2063 
I.3I98 

.0057 

.0102 
•  0159 
.0229 
.0312 
.0408 
.0516 
.0771 
.1077 

.1434 
.1842 
.2301 
.2811 
.3372 
.3984 
4647 
.5361 
.6126 
.6942 
.7809 
.8727 
.9696 
1.0716 
I  .  1787 
1.2909 

Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing       203 

Capacity  in  Cubic  Feet  per  Lineal  Foot 

Outside 

Thickness  in  fractions  of  an  inch 

diam. 

Inches 

%2 

V4 

5/16 

% 

V2 

%  1  8/4 

% 

I 

V-2 

% 

.00104 

I 

.00173 

.00136 

iys 

.00258 

.00213 

lV4 

.00360 

.00307 

.O02I3 

.00136 

1% 

.00479 

.00418 

.00307 

.00213 

.00616 

•00545 

.OO4l8 

.00307 

.00136 

1% 

.00940 

.00852 

.00690 

.00545 

.00307 

2 

.01332 

.01227 

.01031 

.00852 

.00545 

.00307 

2^4. 

.01792 

.01670 

.OI44O 

.01227 

00852 

.00545 

2^2 

.02320 

.02182 

.01917 

.01670 

.01227 

.00852 

2% 

.02917 

.02761 

.02463 

.02182 

.01670 

.01227 

3 

.03581 

.03409 

.03076 

.02761 

.02182 

.01670 

.01227 

.00852 

.00545 

3H 

.04314 

.04125 

.03758 

.03409 

.02761 

.02182 

.  01670 

.01227 

.00852 

31/!' 

.05115 

.04909 

.04508 

.04125 

.03409 

.02761 

.02182 

.01670 

.01227 

3% 

.05985 

.05761 

.05326 

.04909 

.04125 

.03409 

.02761 

.02182 

.01670 

4 

.06922 

.06681 

.06213 

.05761 

.04909 

.04125 

.03409 

.02761 

.02182 

.07928 

.07670 

.07167 

.06681 

.05761 

.04909 

.04125 

.03409 

.02761 

4*/2 

.09002 

.08727 

.O8I90 

.  07670 

.06681 

.05761 

.04909 

.04125 

.03409 

43A 

.  10143 

.00852 

.09281 

.08727 

.07670 

.06681 

.05761 

.04909 

.04125 

5 

.11354  .11045 

.  10440 

.09852 

.08727 

.07670 

.06681 

.05761 

.04909 

.12632  .12306 

.11667 

.11045 

.09852 

.08727 

.07670 

.06681 

.05761 

sV2 

.13978  .13635 

.  12962 

.  12306 

.11045. 

.09852 

.08727 

.07670 

.06681 

53/i 

.15393  .15033 

.  14326 

.  13635 

.  12306 

.11045 

.09852 

.08727 

.07670 

6 

.16876!  .16499 

.15757 

•  15033 

.  13635 

.  12306 

.11045 

.09852 

.08727 

Capacity  in  U.  S.  Gallons  per  Lineal  Foot 

V2 

8/4 

.0078 

I 

.0129 

.0102 

j_y# 

.0193 

.0159 

i*4 

.0269 

.0229 

.0159 

.0102 

i% 

.0359 

.0312 

.0229 

.0159 

1^2 

.0461 

.0408 

.0312 

.0229 

.0102 

1% 

.0703 

.0637 

.0516 

.0408 

.0229 

2 

.0996 

.0918 

.0771 

.0637 

.0408 

.0229 

2^ 

.1340 

.1249 

.1077 

.0918 

.0637 

.0408 

2-Vii 

.1736 

.1632 

•  1434 

.1249 

.0918 

.0637 

2% 

.2182 

.2065 

.1842 

.1632 

.1249 

.0918 

3 

.2679 

.2550 

.2301 

.2065 

.1632 

.1249 

.0918 

.0637 

.0408 

3V4 

.3227 

.3085 

.2811 

.2550 

.2065 

.1632 

.1249 

.0918 

.0637 

.3827 

.3672 

•  3372 

.3085 

.2550 

.2065 

.1632 

.1249 

.0918 

3SA 

•  4477 

.4309 

.3984 

.3672 

.3085 

.2550 

.2065 

.1632 

.1249 

4 

.5178 

.4998 

.4647 

•  4309 

.3672 

.3085 

.2550 

.2065 

.1632 

4^4 

•  5930 

.5737 

.536i 

.4998 

•  4309 

.3672 

.3085 

.2550 

.2065 

4% 

.6734 

.6528 

.6126 

.5737 

.4998 

.4309 

.3672 

.3085 

.2550 

48/4 

.7588 

.7369 

.6942 

.6528 

•  5737 

.4998 

•  4309 

.3672 

.3085 

5 

.8493 

.8262 

.7809 

.7369 

.6528 

•  5737 

.4998 

•  4300 

.3672 

34 

•  9449 

.9205 

.8727 

.8262 

.7369 

.6528 

•  5737 

.4998 

.4309 

1-0457 

1.0200 

.9696 

.9205 

.8262 

.7369 

.6528 

.5737 

.4998 

53/! 

I.I5I5 

1.1246 

1.0716 

1.0200 

.9205 

.8262 

.7369 

.6528 

-5737 

6 

I  .  2624 

I  2342 

i  .  1787 

I  1246 

I  O2OO 

.9205 

.8262 

7369 

6528 

204                 Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing 

Moment  of  Inertia,  I,  for  Neutral  Axis  through  Center  of  Section 

Outside 
diam. 
Inches 

Thickness  in  gage  and  fractions  of  an  inch. 

22 

B.W.G. 

20 

B.W.G. 

18 
B.W.G. 

M6 

%S 

Vs 

%2 

%6 

% 

% 

8/4 
% 

I 

x% 

ife 

1% 

x% 

1       i% 

2 

2V4 
2*£ 

£ 
$ 

4 
4U 

4V2 
4% 

1% 

§S 

6 

.00116 
.00234 
.00414 
.00669 

.01011 

.01453 
.02008 

.00139 
.00283 
.00504 
.00816 
.01237 
.01782 
.02467 

.03309 
.04324 

.00179 
.00370 
.00666 
.01088 
.01659 
.  02402 
.03339 
•04493 
.05885 

.00210 
.00442 
.00804 
.01324 
.O203I 
.02954 
.O4I2I 

.05562 
.07304 
.Il8l 
.1787 
.2571 

3557 
4767 

.00260 
.00569 
.01062 
.01781 
.02769 
.04071 
.05728 

.07785 
.1028 
.1678 
.2556 
.3698 
.5137 
.6909 

.9047 
1.  159 
1.456 

.00288 
.00652 
.01246 
.02128 
.03356 
.04985 
.07075 
.09683 
.1287 
.2119 
.3250 
.4727 
.6594 
.8899 
1.169 
1.500 
1.890 
2.341 
2.859 

.01373 
.02386 
.03812 
.05724 
.08192 

.1129 
.1509 
.2508 
.3873 
.5663 
•  7935 
1.075 

I.4I5 
1.822 
2.299 
2.853 
3-490 
4.216 
5-035 
5-955 
6.980 
8.  117 
9-371 
10.75 
12.26 

.01456 
.02571 
.04l6o 
.06310 
.09107 
.1264 
.1699 
.2849 
•  4431 
.6514 
.9165 
1.246 

1.645 
2.123 
2.685 
3.338 
4.092 
4-947 
5.917 
7.005 
8.219 
9.566 
11.05 
12.69 
14.48 

Section  Modulus,  Z,  for  Neutral  Axis  through  Center  of  Section 

£5 

% 
% 
% 
i 
iVs 
i% 
i% 

m 

i% 

2 
2% 

2V2 

2% 

k 

3tt 
3% 

4V4 

4V2 
48/i 

5V4 

sV2 

5% 
6 

.00461 
.00750 

.0111 

.0153 
.0202 
.0258 
.0321 

.00556 
.00906 
.0134 
.0187 
.0247 
•  0317 
.0395 
.0481 
•  0577 

.00714 
.0119 
.0178 
.0249 
.0332 
.0427 
.0534 
.0653 
.0785 

.00839 
.0142 
.0214 
.0303 
.0406 
.0525 
.0659 
.0809 
.0974 
.1350 
.1787 
.2286 
.2845 
.346? 

.01040 
.0182 
.0283 
.0407 
•  0554 
.0724 
.0917 
.1132 
.1371 
.1918 
.2556 
.3287 
.4110 
.5024 

.6031 
.7130 
.8321 

.0115 
.0209 
.0332 
.0486 
.0671 
.0886 
.1132 
.1408 
.1716 
.2422 
.3250 
.4201 
.5275 
.6472 

•  7791 
.9233 
1.080 
1.249 
1.430 

.0366 

•  0545 
.0762 
.1018 
.1311 
.1642 

.2012 
.2866 
.3873 
.5034 
.6348 
.7815 
.9436 
1.  121 
I.3I4 
1.522 

1-745 
1.984 
2.238 

2.507 
2.792 
3.092 

3.408 
3.738 
4.085 

.0388 
.0588 
.0832 
.1122 

.1457 
.1838 
.2265 
.3256 
•  4431 
•  5790 
•  7332 
•  9059 
1.097 
I  306 
1-534 
1.780 
2.046 
2.328 
2.630 

2.949 
3-288 
3  644 
4.019 
4  413 
4.825 

Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing                205 

Moment  of  Inertia,  I,  for  Neutral  Axis  through  Center  of  Section 

Outside 

Thickness  in  fractions  of  an  inch 

diam. 
Inches 

7/82 

tt 

%6 

% 

y2 

% 

8/4 

% 

I 

¥2 

3/4 

7/8 

.02698 

I 

.04417 

.04602 

1% 

.06766 

.07114 

m 

.09845      .1043 

.1124 

.1168 

i% 

.1375  I     .1467 

.1599 

.1680 

i'% 

.1859 

.1994 

.2197 

.2330 

.2454 

1%: 

.3147        .3405 

.3818 

.4H3 

.4449 

2 

.4928 

.5369 

.6099 

.6656 

.7363 

.7699 

2^x4 

.7283  !     .7978 

-9I58 

1.  010 

1.138 

1.209 

2^> 

1.029 

I.I32 

I.3H 

1-457 

1.669 

1.798 

2% 

1.404 

1.549 

1.  806 

2.022 

2.347 

2.559 

3 

i.  860 

2.059 

2.414 

2.718 

3.I9I 

3.516 

3.728 

3-856 

3.927 

3V4 

2.405 

2.669 

3.146 

3-559 

4.218 

4.691 

5.016 

5.228 

5-357 

m 

3-048 

3-390 

4-013 

4-559 

5-449 

6.108 

6.581 

6.906 

7.118 

33/i 

3-797 

4.231 

5-026 

5-731 

6.900 

7-790 

8-449 

8.922 

9-247 

4 

4.660 

5-200 

6.197 

7.090 

8.590 

9-759 

10.65 

II.  31 

11.78 

4V4 

5.644 

6.308 

7-539 

8.649 

10.54 

12.04 

13-21 

14.10 

14.76 

4V2 

6.759 

7.563 

9.061 

10.42 

12.76 

14.65 

16.15 

17-32 

18.21 

43/4 

8.  on 

8.974 

10.78 

12.42 

15.28 

17.62 

19.51 

21.01 

22.18 

5 

9.409 

10.55 

12.70 

14.66 

i8.ii 

20.97 

23.31 

25.20 

26.70 

5& 

10.96 

12.30 

14.83 

17.16 

21.27 

24.72 

27.58 

29.92 

31.81 

sy2 

12.68 

14.24 

17.19 

19-93 

24-79 

28.90 

32.35 

35-21 

37-55 

53/4 

14.56 

16.37 

19-79 

22.98 

28.67 

33-53 

37.64  141.09 

43-95 

6 

16.63 

18.70 

22.65 

26.33 

32.94 

38.63 

43-49  !47-6o 

51.05 

Section  Modulus,  Z,  for  Neutral  Axis  through  Center  of  Section 

% 

.0617 

i 

.0883 

.0920 

^Vs 

.1203 

.1265 

iVi 

.1575 

.1669 

.1798 

.1869 

i% 

.2001 

.2134 

.2326 

.2443 

iV2 

.2479 

.2659 

.2930 

.3106 

.3272 

I3/4 

•  3597 

.3892 

.4363 

.4701 

.5084 

2 

.4928 

.5369 

.6099 

.6656 

.7363 

.7699 

2V4 

.6474 

.7090 

.8140 

.8974 

I.OI2 

1.075 

.8234 

.9057 

1.049 

1.166 

1.  335 

1.438 

2% 

I.O2I 

1.127 

I.3I4 

I.47I 

1.707 

1.861 

3 

1.240 

1.372 

1.610 

1.812 

2.127 

2.344 

2.485 

2.571 

2.618 

3V4 

1.480 

1.643 

1.936 

2.190 

2.596 

2.887 

3-087 

3-217 

3-295 

1.742 

1-937 

2.293 

2.605 

3.114 

3-490 

3.760 

3.946 

4.067 

33/! 

2.O25 

2.256 

2.680 

3-057 

3-680 

4-155 

4.5o6 

4.758 

4-932 

4 

2.330 

2.6oo 

3-099 

3-545 

4-295 

4.880 

5.324 

5.654 

5.891 

4& 

2.656 

2.968 

3.548 

4.070 

4-959 

5-665 

6.215 

6.634 

6.944 

3-004 

3.36i 

4.027 

4.632 

5.672 

6.512 

7-179 

7.698 

8.094 

4% 

3-373 

3-778 

4-537 

5.230 

6.434 

7.420 

8.216 

8.847 

9-340 

5V4 

3.764 
4.176 

4.220 
4-687 

5.078 
5-650 

5-866 
6.538 

7-245 
8.105 

8.389 
9.419 

9-325 
10.508 

10.081 
11.400 

10.681 

I2.I2O 

sV2 

4  609 

5.178 

6.252 

7-247 

9.014 

10.510 

11.764 

12.804 

13-655 

53/4 

5-064 

5.693 

6.885 

7  993 

9-972 

11.663 

13.094 

14.293 

15-288 

6 

5  541 

6.233 

7  549 

8.775 

10.979 

12.876 

14.496 

15.867 

17-017 

206       Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing 

Radius  of  Gyration,  R,  for  Neutral  Axis  through  Center  of  Section 

Outside 
diam. 
Inches 

Thickness  in  gage  and  fractions  of  an  inch 

22 

B.W.G. 

20 

B.W.G. 

18 
B.W.G. 

Vie 

8/32 

% 

%2 

8/10 

% 

% 

8/4 
% 

I 

iVs 

IV4 

18/8 

2 

2% 

2V2 
2% 

3 
3V4 
3V2 

38/4 

k 

4V2 

48/4 

y 

5% 

6 

.1672 
.2113 
.2555 
.2996 
•  3438 
.3880 
.4322 

.1649 
.2090 
.2531 
.2972 
.3414 
.3856 
.4297 
.4739 
.5181 

.1604 
.2044 
.2484 
.2925 
.3367 
.3808 
.4250 
.4691 
.5133 

.1563 

.2001 
.2441 
.2881 
•  3322 
.3763 
.4204 
.4646 
.5087 
•  5970 
.6854 

•  7737 
.8621 
•  9504 

.1474 
.1907 
.2344 
.2782 
.3221 
.3661 
.4101 
•  4542 
.4983 
.5865 
.6748 
.7631 
.8513 
•  9397 
1.028 
1.116 
1.205 

.1398 
.1822 
.2253 
.2688 
.3125 
.3563 
.4002 

.4441 
.4881 
.5762 
.6644 
.7526 
.8409 
.9291 
.017 
.106 
.194 
.282 
•  371 

.2171 
.2601 
.3034 
.3469 
.3906 

•  4344 
.4783 
.5662 
.6542 
.7423 
.8305 
.9187 
.007 
.095 
.183 
.272 
.360 
.448 
•  537 
.625 
.713 
.802 
.890 
•  979 
.067 

.2096 
.2519 
.2948 
.3380 
.3815 
.4250 
.4688 
.5564 
.6442 
•  7322 
.8203 
.9084 
.9966 
.085 
•173 
.261 
•350 

.438 
.526 

.614 
•  703 
.791 
-879 
.968 
.056 

Inside  Surface  in  Square  Feet  per  Lineal  Foot 

¥2 
% 

8/4 
% 

I 

m 
m 

i% 
i% 

18/4 
2 
2V4 

2V2 
2% 

3 
3% 
3% 

38/4 
4 

4% 

4V2 

48/4 
sV, 
1 

6 

.1102 
.1490 
.1817 

.  .2144 
.2471 
.2799 
.3126 

.1120 

.1453 
.1780 
.2107 
.2435 
.2762 
.3089 
.3416 
.3744 

.1052 
.1380 
.1707 
.2034 
.2361 
.2689 
.3016 

.3343 
.3670 

.0982 
.1309 
.1636 
.1963 
.2291 
.2618 
.2945 
.3272 
.3600 
.4254 
.4909 
.5563 
.6218 
.6872 

.0818 
.1145 
.1473 
.1800 
.2127 
.2454 
.2782 

.3109 
.3436 
.4091 
.4745 
•  5400 
.6054 
.6709 

.7363 
.8018 
.8672 

.0654 
.0982 
.1309 
.1636 
.1963 
.2291 
.2618 

.2945 
.3272 
.3927 
.4581 
.5236 
.5890 
.6545 
.7199 
.7854 
.8508 
.9163 
.9817 

•  1145 
•  1473 
.1800 
.2127 
.2454 
.2782 
.3109 
.3763 
.4418 
.5072 
.5727 
.6381 

.7036 
.7690 
.8345 
.8999 
.9654 
.0308 
.0963 

.1617 
.2272 
.2926 
.3581 
.4235 
.4800 

.0982 
•  1309 
.1636 
.1963 
.2291 

.2618 
.2945 
.3600 
.4254 
.4909 
.5563 
.6218 

.6872 
-7527 
.8181 
.8836 
.9490 
.0145 
.0799 

.1454 
.2108 
.2763 
-34I7 
.4072 
.4726 

Properties  of  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing       207 

Radius  of  Gyration,  R,  for  Neutral  Axis  through  Center  of  Section 

Outside 

Thickness  in  fractions  of  an  inch 

diam. 

Inches 

7/32 

# 

5/16 

% 

§ 

5/8 

% 

7/8 

I 

% 

3/4 

7/8 

.2446 

I 

.2868 

.2795 

T-Ys 

.3296 

.3217 

m 

.3727 

.3644 

•  3494 

.3366 

i% 

.4l6o 

.4075 

.3916 

.3776 

1^2 

.4595 

.4507 

•  4341 

.4193 

•  3953 

1%. 

.5469 

.5376 

.5201 

.5039 

.476o 

2 

.6345 

.6250 

.6068 

.5896 

.5590 

•  5340 

2Y± 

.7223 

.7126 

.6939 

.6760 

.6435 

.6156 

2V2 

.8102 

.8004 

.7813 

.7629 

.7289 

.6988 

2% 

.8983 

.8883 

.8688 

.8501 

.8149 

.7831 

3 

.9864 

.9763 

.9566 

•  9375 

.9014 

.8683 

.8385 

.8125 

.7906 

3^4 

.074 

.064 

.044 

.025 

.9882 

•  9540 

.9228 

.8949 

.8705 

.163 

.152 

.132 

.113 

.075 

.O4O 

.008 

.9783 

•  9520 

3% 

.251 

.241 

.220 

.201 

.163 

.127 

.093 

.063 

.035 

4 

•  339 

.329 

.308 

.288 

.250 

.214 

.179 

.147 

.118 

4V4 

.427 

.417 

.396 

.376 

.338 

.301 

.266 

.233 

.202 

4V2 

.516 

.505 

.485 

.464 

.425 

.388 

.352 

.318 

.287 

48/4 

.604 

•  593 

•  573 

•  552 

.513 

.475 

.439 

.405 

•  372 

5 

.692 

.682 

.661 

.641 

.601 

.563 

.526 

.491 

•  458 

5V4 

.780 

•  770 

•  749 

.729 

.689 

.650 

.613 

•  577 

•  544 

.869 

.858 

.837 

.817 

•  777 

.738 

.700 

.664 

.630 

s4i 

•  957 

•  947 

.926 

•  90S 

.865 

.825 

.788 

•  751 

.716 

6 

.045 

.035 

.014 

.993 

•  953 

.913 

.875 

.838 

.803 

Inside  Surface  in  Square  Feet  per  Lineal  Foot 

% 

% 

.1145 

i 

•  1473 

.1309 

!^8 

.1800 

.1636 

IV4 

.2127 

.1963 

.1636 

.1309 

1% 

.2454 

.2291 

.1963 

.1636 

1-^2 

.2782 

.2618 

.2291 

.1963 

.1309 

1  44 

.3436 

.3272 

.2945 

.2618 

.1963 

2 

.4091 

.3927 

.3600 

.3272 

.2618 

.1963 

2% 

.4745 

.4581 

.4254 

.3927 

.3272 

.2618 

2V2 

•  5400 

.5236 

.4909 

.4581 

.3927 

.3272 

23/4 

.6054 

.5890 

.5563 

.5236 

.4581 

.3927 

3 

.6709 

.6545 

.6218 

.5890 

.5236 

.4581 

.3927 

.3272 

.2618 

3^4 

.7363 

.7199 

.6872 

.6545 

.5890 

.5236 

.4581 

.3927 

.3272 

3V2 

.8018 

.7854 

.7527 

.7199 

.6545 

.5890 

.5236 

.4581 

.3927 

38/4 

.8672 

.8508 

.8181 

.7854 

.7199 

.6545 

.5890 

.5236 

.4581 

4 

•  9327 

.9163 

.8836 

.8508 

.7854 

.7199 

.6545 

.5890 

.5236 

4V4 

.9981 

.9817 

.9490 

.9163 

.8508 

.7854 

.7199 

.6545 

.5890 

4V2 

1.0636 

1.0472 

I.  0145 

.9817 

.9163 

.8508 

.7854 

.7199 

.6545 

43/4 

.1290 

.1126 

.0799 

.0472 

.9817 

.9163 

.8508 

.7854 

.7199 

5 

•  1945 

.1781 

.1454 

.1126 

.0472 

.9817 

.9163 

.8508 

.7854 

5V4 

•  2599 

.2435 

.2108 

.1781 

.1126 

1.0472 

.9817 

.9163 

.8508 

5% 

.3254 

.3090 

.2763 

.2435 

.1781 

1.1126 

1.0472 

.9817 

.9163 

58/4 

.3908 

•  3744 

.3417 

.3090 

.2435 

1.1781 

1.1126 

1.0472 

.9817 

6 

4563 

.  4399 

.  4072   .  3744 

.3090 

1.2435 

1.1781 

1.1126 

1.0472 

208 


Briggs'  Standard 


BRIGGS9    STANDARD 

The  nominal  sizes  of  pipe  10  inches  and  under,  and  the  pitches  of  the 
threads,  were  for  the  most  part  established  in  the  British  tube  (called 
"pipe"  in  America)  trade  between  1820  and  1840.  The  sizes  are  desig- 
nated roughly,  according  to  their  internal  diameters. 

Robert  Briggs,  about  1862,  while  Superintendent  of  the  Pascal  Iron 
Works,  formulated  the  nominal  dimensions  of  pipe  up  to  and  including 
10  inches.  These  dimensions  have  been  broadly  spread  and  are  widely 
known  as  "Briggs'  Standard."  They  are  as  follows: 

The  nominal  and  outside  diameters  and  pitch  of  thread,  for  sizes 
10  inches  and  under,  are  given  in  the  table  of  Standard  Pipe,  page  22, 
of  this  book. 

The  thread  has  an  angle  of  60°  and  is  slightly  rounded  off  at  top  and 

0.8 
bottom  so  that  the  total  height  (depth),  H  =  • — ,  where  n  is  the  number 

of  threads  per  inch. 

increases  roughly  with  the  diameter,  but 


The  pitch  of  the  threads  [  - 
\ni 

in  an  arbitrary  and  irregular  manner.  It  would  be  advantageous  to 
change  the  pitches  except  for  the  fact  that  they  are  now  firmly  estab- 
lished. 

The  conically  threaded  ends  of  pipe  are  cut  at  a  taper  of  %-mch 
diameter  per  foot  of  length  (i.e.,  i  in  32  to  the  axis  of  the  pipe).  (See 
Fig.  113.) 


VVV\AAAAAAZI>T"' 


Fig.  113 


The  thread  is  perfect  for  a  distance  (L)  from  the  end  of  the  pipe, 

outside   diameter 


expressed  by  the  rule,  L  =  —  —  ;    where  D 


in  inches.  Then  come  two  threads,  perfect  at  the  root  or  bottom, 
but  imperfect  at  the  top,  and  then  come  three  or  four  threads  imperfect 
at  both  top  and  bottom.  These  last  do  not  enter  into  the  joint  at  all, 
but  are  incident  to  the  process  of  cutting  the  threads. 

The  thickness  of  the  pipe  under  the  root  of  the  thread  at  the  end  of 
the  pipe  equals  T  —  0.0175  D+  0.025  inch. 


The  Physical  Properties  of  Carbonic  Acid  209 


The  above  notes  on  Briggs'  Standard  were  taken  from  Paper  No.  1842, 
"American  Practice  in  Warming  Buildings  by  Steam,"  presented  before 
the  British  Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  by  Robert  Briggs,  member  of  the 
Institute.  It  is  contained  in  the  Institute  Proceedings,  Vol.  LXXI,  Session 
1882-83,  Part  I.  The  substance  of  that  paper  is  quoted  quite  fully  in 
the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Standard  Pipe  and  Pipe  Threads  to  the 
American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  at  the  seventh  annual  meeting 
and  is  published  in  Vol.  VIII,  Paper  No.  226,  of  their  proceedings.  The 
report  was  accepted  by  the  American  Society,  December  29,  1886. 

Briggs'  Standard  was  adopted  by  the  manufacturers  of  wrought-iron 
pipe  and  boiler  tubes,  October  27,  1886,  and  indorsed  by  the  Manu- 
facturers' Association  of  Brass  and  Iron,  Steam,  Gas  and  Water  Work, 
December  8,  1886;  except  that  the  outside  diameter  of  9-inch  pipe  was 
changed  to  9.625  inches. 

By  trade  usage,  the  above  rules  have  been  extended  to  take  in  sizes 
up  to  15  inches  inclusive,  except  that  the  standard  thickness  is  0.375 
inch,  with  the  outside  diameters  given  on  page  22.  Pipes  larger  than 
15  inches,  nominal  size,  are  known  by  their  outside  diameter.  The 
dimensions  have  also  been  extended  to  Extra  Strong  and  Double  Extra 
Strong  Pipe,  by  holding  the  outside  diameter  and  allowing  the  inside 
diameter  to  decrease  according  to  increase  in  thickness.  See  page  25 
for  Extra  and  Double  Extra  Strong  Pipe. 

National  Tube  Company  threads  its  pipe  to  conform  to  the  Briggs' 
Standard  Gages  as  made  by  the  Pratt  &  Whitney  Company  of  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  U.  S.  A. 

The  following  table  gives  the  depth  of  different  pipe  and  casing 
threads: 

8  threads  per  inch 100  inch 

10  threads  per  inch 080  inch 

i  iy2  threads  per  inch 0696  inch 

1 2  threads  per  inch 0667  inch 

14  threads  per  inch 0571  inch 

18  threads  per  inch 0444  inch 

27  threads  per  inch 0296  ipch 

THE  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  CARBONIC  ACID 

In  a  paper  presented  before  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers  (December,  1908)  by  Prof.  R.  T.  Stewart,  of  the  University 
of  Pittsburgh,  is  given  the  most  recent  information  on  "The  Physical 
Properties  of  Carbonic  Acid  and  the  Conditions  of  Its  Economic  Storage 
for  Transportation. "  The  necessity  for  accurate  data  on  this  subject 
was  at  that  time  so  apparent  that  arrangements  were  made  with  Professor 
Stewart  to  make  a  special  study  of  all  the  data  available,  and  to  make 
such  experiments  as  were  required  in  order  to  supply  a  sound  basis  for 
the  design,  manufacture  and  filling  of  carbonic  acid  cylinders.  The 
results  of  this  investigation  may  be  found  in  the  above  article. 

The  tables  and  charts  given  in  this  paper  furnish  the  data  necessary 
in  investigating  the  strength  and  safety  of  existing  carbonic  acid  cylinders 
and  the  design  of  new  cylinders  on  a  safe  and  economical  basis.  The 


210  Holding-Power  of  Boiler  Tubes 


value  of  these  tables  will  be  apparent  when  it  is  considered  that  each 
of  these  cylinders  becomes,  when  charged,  a  reservoir  of  stored  energy, 
which  would  in  all  probability  cause  loss  of  both  life  and  property  should 
rupture  occur. 

It  is  impracticable  in  a  short  space  to  give  an  abstract  which  would 
be  sufficiently  complete,  nor  is  this  necessary,  as  the  complete  data  is 
available  to  all  who  are  interested.  The  scope  of  Professor  Stewart's 
paper  may  be  judged  from  the  following  extract  from  the  introduction: 

"In  Part  One  of  this  paper  the  tables  and  charts  show  the  physical 
properties  of  pure  carbon  dioxide  and  are  based  upon  three  things: 
First,  the  average  of  the  values  obtained  by  Lord  Rayleigh  and  by 
Leduc  for  the  weight  in  grams  of  one  liter  of  purified  and  dried  carbon 
dioxide,  CO2,  under  standard  conditions;  second,  the  adjusted  results 
which  carbon  dioxide  differs  in  its  physical  actions  from  the  laws  of  a 
perfect  gas;  and,  third,  the  direct  application  of  certain  fundamental 
physical  relations  and  of  mathematical  and  graphical  analyses. 

"In  Part  Two  is  given  the  results  of  the  author's  experiments  on 
commercial  carbonic  acid  contained  in  commercial  steel  cylinders. 

"In  Part  Three  is  given  a  rational  method  of  designing  commercial 
carbonic  acid  cylinders." 

HOLDING-POWER  OF    BOILER-TUBES    EXPANDED 
INTO  TUBE  SHEETS 

(Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket  Book.) 

Experiments  by  Chief  Engineer  W.  H.  Shock,  U.  S.  N.,  on  brass 
tubes  2l/2  inches  diameter,  expanded  into  plates  %-inch  thick,  gave 
results  ranging  from  5850  to  46  coo  pounds.  Out  of  48  tests,  5  gave 
figures  under  10  coo  pounds,  12  between  10  ooo  and  20,000  pounds, 
1 8  between  20000  and  30000  pounds,  10  between  30000  and  40000 
pounds,  and  3  over  40  ooo  pounds. 

Experiments  by  Yarrow  &  Co.,  on  steel  tubes,  2  to  2%  inches  diameter, 
gave  results  similarly  varying,  ranging  from  7900  to  41  715  pounds, 
the  majority  ranging  from  20  ooo  to  30  ooo  pounds.  In  15  experiments 
on  4-  and  5-inch  tubes  the  strain  ranged  from  20  720  to  68  040  pounds. 
Beading  the  tube  does  not  necessarily  give  increased  resistance,  as  some 
of  the  lower  figures  were  obtained  with  beaded  tubes.  (See  paper  on 
Rules  Governing  the  Construction  of  Steam  Boilers,  Trans.  Engineering 
Congress,  Section  G,  Chicago,  1893). 

The  Slipping  Point  of  Rolled  Boiler-tube  Joints 

(O.  P.  Hood  and  G.  L.  Christensen,  Trans.  A.  S.  M.  E.,  1908.) 

When  a  tube  has  started  from  its  original  seat,  the  fit  may  be  no 
longer  continuous  at  all  points  and  a  leak  may  result,  although  the 
ultimate  holding  power  of  the  tube  may  not  be  impaired.  A  small 
movement  of  the  tube  under  stress  is  then  the  preliminary  to  a  possible 
leak,  and  it  is  of  interest  to  know  at  what  stress  this  slipping  begins. 

As  results  of  a  series  of  experiments  with  tube  sheets  of  from  M?  inch 
to  i  inch  in  thickness,  and  with  straight  and  tapered  tube  seats,  the 


Thermal  Expansion  of  Iron  and  Steel  Tubes          211 


authors  found  that  the  slipping  point  of  a  3 -inch  i2-gage  Shelby  cold- 
drawn  tube  rolled  into  a  straight,  smooth  machined  hole  in  a  i-inch 
sheet  occurs  with  a  pull  of  about  7000  pounds.  The  frictional  resistance 
of  such  tubes  is  about  750  pounds  per  square  inch  of  tube-bearing  area 
in  sheets  %  inch  and  i  inch  thick. 

Various  degrees  of  rolling  do  not  greatly  affect  the  point  of  initial 
slip,  and  for  higher  resistances  to  initial  slip  other  resistance  than  friction 
must  be  depended  upon.  Cutting  a  10  pitch  square  thread  in  the  seat, 
about  o.oi  inch  deep,  will  raise  the  slipping  point  to  three  or  four  times 
that  in  a  smooth  hole.  In  one  test  this  thread  was  made  0.015  inch 
deep  in  a  sheet  i  inch  thick,  giving  an  abutting  area  of  about  1.4  square 
inches  and  a  resistance  to  initial  slip  of  45  ooo  pounds.  The  elastic 
limit  of  the  tube  was  reached  at  about  34  ooo  pounds. 

Where  tubes  give  trouble  from  slipping  and  are  required  to  carry  an 
unusual  load,  the  slipping  point  can  be  easily  raised  by  serrating  the 
tube  seat  by  rolling  with  an  ordinary  flue  expander,  the  rolls  of  which 
are  grooved  about  0.007  inch  deep  and  10  grooves  to  the  inch.  One 
tube  thus  serrated  had  its  slipping  point  raised  between  three  and  four 
times  its  usual  value. 

THERMAL  EXPANSION  OF  IRON  AND 
STEEL   TUBES 

A  number  of  samples  of  the  various  metals  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  seamless  and  welded  tubes  were  recently  submitted  to  the  Bureau  of 
Standards,  Washington,  D.  C.,  for  determinations  of  the  coefficients 
of  expansion  within  the  range  of  temperatures  common  to  boiler  practice. 
The  mean  coefficient  of  expansion  (a)  of  these  materials  between  o°  C. 
and  200°  C.  was  found  to  be: 


Charcoal  iron    

Chemical  analyses 

(«) 

Carbon 

Phos- 
phorus 

Man- 
ganese 

Sulphur 

Trace 
.07 

.12 

.049 
.132 

.0145 

Trace 
.40 

.51 

.020 

.052 
.035 

.00001235 
.00001258 

.00001239 

Bessemer  steel  

Seamless  O.  H.  steel 
(hot  finished)  

The  length  of  a  tube  at  /  degrees  Centigrade  is: 

Lt  =  Lo  (i  +  at). 
The  report  of  this  investigation -remarks: 

"As  might  have  been  expected  from  the  known  behavior  of  metals, 
nearly  all  the  specimens  appeared  to  expand  faster  at  higher  than  at 
low  temperatures.  The  measurements  indicate  that,  throughout  the 
range  from  o°  C.  to  200°  C.,  the  values  of  the  coefficients  (a)  might 
increase  from  as  much  as  about  i  .3  per  cent,  less  than  to  about  as  much 
as  1.3  per  cent,  greater  than  the  values  given  in  the  above  table." 


212        Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure 


STRENGTH   OF    TUBES,    PIPES,    AND    CYLINDERS 
UNDER  INTERNAL  FLUID  PRESSURE 

In  order  to  arrive  at  some  definite  conclusion  as  to  what  formula  or 
formulae  should  be  used  for  calculating  the  strength  of  tubes,  pipes, 
and  cylinders  subjected  to  internal  fluid  pressure,  the  different  published 
formulae  have  been  investigated  and  compared.  These  are  five  in  num- 
ber; namely,  the  Common  Formula,  and  those  by  Barlow,  Lame,  Clava- 
rino,  and  Birnie. 

These  formulas  have  been  put  into  the  simplest  form  for  application 
to  tubes,  pipes,  and  cylinders,  and  are  reduced  to  a  common  notation 
for  the  sake  of  making  an  easy  comparison.  The  notation  used  is  as 
follows: 

Di  =  outside  diameter  in  inches; 
Di  =  inside  diameter  in  inches; 
/  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches; 
p  =  internal  gage  pressure,  or  difference  between  internal  and 

external  fluid  pressures,  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 
/=  fiber  stress  in  the  wall  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

The  formulae  here  given  are  for  the  usual  conditions  of  practice, 
namely,  where  the  external  pressure  is  atmospheric  and  the  internal 
pressure  is  expressed  as  gage  pressure.  They  are  also  applicable  to 
cases  where  the  external  pressure  is  not  excessive  by  taking  p  as  the 
difference  between  the  internal  and  external  pressures. 

In  all  that  follows  it  is  assumed  that  the  length  of  the  tube  or  pipe 
relative  to  its  diameter  is  sufficiently  great  to  eliminate  the  influence 
of  end  support  tending  to  prevent  ruptu  -e. 

Nature  of  Stress  in  a  Tube  Wall.  An  internal  fluid  pressure  may 
give  rise  (i)  to  a  circumferential  stress  within  the  wall  of  a  tube  or 
pipe,  or  (2)  to  both  a  circumferential  and  a  longitudinal  stress  acting 
jointly.  In  either  case  the  tube  wall  is  under  radial  compressive  stress, 
as  indicated  by  the  arrows,  Figs.  114  and  115. 


Fig.  114 

Fig.  114  illustrates  a  tube  with  frictionless  plungers  fitted  into  its  ends, 
the  plungers  being  kept  in  place  by  the  external  forces,  P,  P,  which 
exactly  balance  the  internal  fluid  pressure  tending  to  force  them  outward. 
In  this  case  the  tube  wall  is  subjected  only  to  the  internal  forces  shown 
as  acting  at  right  angles  to  its  inner  surface.  It  is  obvious  that  these 


Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure        213 


forces  can  give  rise  to  radial  and  circumferential  stresses  only  in  the  tube 
wall.  The  value  of  the  circumferential  stress,  ft,  in  pounds  per  square 
inch,  is  ~  ~ 

ft=PD^D-2=^f  (I) 


Fig.  115 

Fig.  115  illustrates  the  ordinary  case  of  a  tube  or  pipe  with  both  ends 
closed.  In  this  case  the  tube  wall,  as  in  Fig.  114,  is  subjected  to  the  cir- 
cumferential stress,  ft,  along  with  the  radial  stress,  and  at  the  same  time 
is  subjected  to  the  longitudinal  stress,  /j.  The  longitudinal  stress  is 
caused  by  the  internal  fluid  pressure  tending  to  force  the  attached  heads 
outward  and  expressed  in  pounds  per  square  inch  is 


(2) 


When  the  thickness  of  wall,  /,  is  relatively  small  with  respect  to  the 
diameter,  the  longitudinal  stress  becomes  approximately 

in 

or  one-half  the  corresponding  circumferential  stress. 

Common  Formula.  This  is  the  formula  generally  found  in  books 
on  mechanics.  It  is  based  on  the  condition  that  the  tube  wall  is  sub- 
jected to  circumferential  stress  only  (Fig.  114),  and  assumes  (i)  that 
the  material  of  the  tube  wall  is  devoid  of  elasticity,  and  (2)  that  the 
stress  is  the  same  on  all  the  circumferential  fibers  from  the  innermost 
to  the  outermost.  These  assumptions  are  only  approximately  true  for 
tubes  of  comparatively  thin  walls,  and  are  greatly  in  error  for  tubes 
having  very  thick  walls. 

Using  the  notation  as  given  above,  the  formula  is 


(4) 


t  =  2L.     P=2fL.     t=lDt.     t=iDi 

f     2  ZV       P     2J  D2'         ~  2     2  f      J~  2     2  t 

Referring  to  the  curves,  Figs.  116  and  1 17,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Com- 
mon Formula  gives  quite  close  results  for  comparatively  thin  walls  when 
used  for  the  conditions  shown  in  Fig.  114,  for  which  Birnie's  Formula 
is  theoretically  correct.  The  error  increases  as  the  thickness  of  wall 
becomes  relatively  greater,  reaching  ten  per  cent  for  a  thickness  ratio, 


214        Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure 


—  ,  of  about  0.05.     For  thick  walls  the  error  is  great;  for  example,  when 
L>\ 

t  p 

—  equals  0.25  the  value  of  —  is  about  one  hundred  per  cent  in  error. 

It  should  be  observed  when  applying  the  Common  Formula  to  this 
case  that  the  error  is  always  on  the  side  of  danger. 

For  the  conditions  shown  in  Fig.  115,  that  is,  when  the  tube  is  sub- 
jected to  the  stresses  due  to  an  internal  fluid  pressure  acting  jointly  on 
the  tube  wall  and  its  closed  ends,  for  which  Clavarino's  Formula  is  theo- 

retically correct,  the  curves  show  for  a  thickness  ratio,  —  ,  less  than  0.07, 

Di 

that  the  Common  Formula  errs  on  the  side  of  safety,  the  greatest  error 
being  about  twelve  per  cent;  while  for  thickness  ratios  greater  than 
0.07  the  error  is  on  the  side  of  danger,  reaching  ten  per  cent  for  a  thick- 
ness ratio  of  o.i  and  about  one  hundred  per  cent  'for  a  ratio  of  0.25. 

Barlow's  Formula.  This  formula  assumes  (i)  that  because  of  the 
elasticity  of  the  material,  the  different  circumferential  fibers  will  have 
their  diameters  increased  in  such  a  manner  as  to  keep  the  area  of  cross- 
section  constant,  and  (2)  that  the  length  of  the  tube  is  unaltered  by 
the  internal  fluid  pressure.  As  neither  of  these  assumptions  is  theo- 
retically correct,  this  formula  can  give  only  approximately  correct 
results.  Using  the  notation  given  above,  this  formula  is 


It  should  be  observed  that  while  Barlow's  Formula  is  similar  in  form 
to  the  Common  Formula,  it  gives  results  that  are  quite  different  when 
applied  to  tubes,  pipes,  and  cylinders  having  walls  of  considerable 
thickness.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  Barlow's  Formula  is  expressed 
in  terms  of  the  outside  diameter,  Di,  whereas  the  Common  Formula 
is  expressed  in  terms  of  the  inside  diameter,  Z>2. 

Referring  to  the  curves,  Figs.  116  and  117,  it  will  be  seen  that  Barlow's 
Formula  gives  quite  close  results  when  used  for  the  condition  shown  in 
Fig.  114,  for  which  Birnie's  Formula  is  theoretically  correct.  The  curves 
show  for  the  entire  practical  range  of  thickness  ratios  that  the  error  in 

values  of  -,  for  this  case,  does  not  exceed  three  per  cent,  the  error 

throughout  the  whole  practical  range  being  on  the  side  of  safety.  This, 
then,  is  the  best  of  the  simple  theoretical  formulae  for  application  to 
the  case  illustrated  in  Fig.  114. 

For  the  conditions  shown  in  Fig.  115,  namely,  when  the  tube  is  sub- 
jected to  the  stresses  due  to  an  internal  fluid  pressure  acting  jointly  on 
the  tube  wall  and  its  closed  ends,  for  which  Clavarino's  Formula  is  theo- 
retically correct,  the  curves  show  that  Barlow's  Formula  gives  values 

of  -  whose  errors  range  from  fifteen  per  cent  for  tubes,  pipes,  and  cylin- 

ders having  thin  walls  to  ten  per  cent  for  those  having  thick  walls,  the 
error  being  on  the  side  of  safety  for  all  practical  thickness  ratios. 


Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure        215 


Lame's  Formula.  This  formula  is  meant  to  apply  to  the  conditions 
shown  in  Fig.  115.  Each  material  particle  of  the  tube  wall  is  supposed  to 
be  subjected  to  the  radial  compression,  and  the  circumferential  and  longi- 
tudinal tensions  due  to  an  internal  fluid  pressure  acting  jointly  on  the 
tube  wall  and  its  closed  ends;  and  the  material  of  the  tube  wall  is 
supposed  to  be  elastic  under  these  actions.  Lame's  Formula,  however, 
ignores  the  "Coefficient  of  Lateral  Contraction,"  known  as  "Poisson's 
Ratio,"  and  consequently  is  not  theoretically  correct. 

Using  the  notation  as  given  above,  this  formula  is 

p     DS-DJ  Di*-D*f    n 


Referring  to  the  curves,  Figs.  116  and  117,  it  will  be  seen  that  Lame's 
Formula,  which  is  meant  to  apply  to  the  conditions  for  which  Clava- 

rino's  Formula  is  theoretically  correct,  gives  for  thickness  ratios,  —  , 
less  than  0.15,  an  error  on  the  side  of  safety,  the  error  having  a  maxi- 

mum value  of  about  fourteen  per  cent  when  —  -  equals  o.oi.    For  thick- 

D\ 

ness  ratios  greater  than  0.15  the  error  is  on  the  side  of  danger,  reaching 
ten  per  cent  for  a  ratio  of  about  0.23. 

Clavarino's  Formula.  In  this  formula,  as  in  Lame's  Formula,  each 
material  particle  of  the  tube  wall  is  supposed  to  be  subjected  to  the 
radial  compression  and  the  circumferential  and  longitudinal  tensions 
due  to  an  internal  fluid  pressure  acting  jointly  on  the  tube  wall  and  its 
closed  ends;  and  the  material  is  supposed  to  be  elastic  under  these 
actions.  Unlike  Lame's  Formula,  however,  this  formula  expresses  the 
true  stresses  in  the  tube  wall  as  based  upon  the  "  Coefficient  of  Lateral 
Contraction,"  known  as  "Poisson's  Ratio,"  and  is  consequently  theo- 
retically correct  for  the  conditions  shown  in  Fig.  115,  providing  the 
stress  on  the  most  strained  fiber  does  not  exceed  the  elastic  limit  of 
the  material. 

Using  the  notation  given  above  and  assuming  the  value  of  the  "Co- 
efficient of  Lateral  Contraction,  "  for  tube  steel  to  be  0.3,  this  formula  is 


p  ...xoW-ZW).   p^jjjj$j^  Di 


iU- 


iof-i3P 


This  theoretically  correct  formula  for  the  conditions  shown  in  Fig.  115 
has  the  disadvantage  that  it  is  difficult  to  apply  directly  in  making 
calculations.  In  order  to  remove  this  difficulty  the  table  on  page  220 
has  been  prepared,  by  means  of  which  any  desired  calculation  can  be  as 


216        Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure 


readily  made  by  Clavarino's  Formula  as  by  any  of  the  simpler  formulae. 
The  entries  of  this  table  are  the  values  in  Clavarino's  Formula  of  the 
factor 


It  will  be  observed  that  these  factors  are  tabulated  for  thickness 

ratios,  —  ,  from  o.oi  to  0.3,  advancing  by  thousandths.     Thus  for  a 
Di 

wall  thickness,  t,  of  0.25  inch  and  an  outside  diameter,  Di,  of  ten  inches, 

the  thickness  ratio,  —  ,  would  be  0.25  divided  by  10,  or  0.025.     The 
Di 

required  factor  corresponding  to  this  thickness  ratio  is  0.0587  and  is 
found  in  the  column  headed  0.005  opposite  0.02  in  column  one.  Simi- 
larly for  an  outside  diameter  of  four  inches  and  a  wall  thickness  of  0.5 
inch,  the  thickness  ratio  would  be  0.125  and  the  corresponding  internal 
pressure  factor  is  0.2869. 

If  we  designate  the  value  of  any  tabular  factor  by  k,  then  it  is  obvious 
that  Clavarino's  Formula  may  be  written 


(8) 


This  table  is  well  adapted  to  the  ready  solution  of  problems  involving 
the  strength  and  safety  of  a  tube,  pipe,  or  cylinder  which  is  subjected  to 
the  stresses  due  to  an  internal  fluid  pressure  acting  jointly  on  its  wall 
and  closed  ends,  as  illustrated  in  Fig.  115. 

Problem  i.  Required  the  safe  working  fluid  pressure  p,  Fig.  115,  when 
the  outside  diameter,  Di,  equals  four  inches;  thickness  of  wall,  /,  equals 
0.5  inch;  and  the  working  fiber  stress  of  the  steel,/,  equals  10  ooo  pounds. 

Solution,    (i)  The  thickness  ratio,  —  ,  equals  0.125;    (2)  the  corre- 

D\ 

spending  tabular  factor,  k,  is  found  from  the  table,  page  220,  to  be 
0.2869;  and  (3)  the  required  safe  working  fluid  pressure,  p,  equals  kf 
(equation  8),  or  0.2869  times  10  ooo,  or  2869  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Problem  2.  Required  the  fiber  stress,  /,  in  the  wall  of  a  cylinder,  Fig.  115, 
when  the  outside  diameter,  D\,  equals  5.5  inches;  the  thickness  of  wall, 
t,  equals  0.25  inch;  and  the  working  fluid  pressure,  p,  equals  1500  pounds 
per  square  inch. 

Solution,    (i)  The  thickness  ratio,  —  -,  equals  0.045;    (2)  the  corre- 

Di 

spending  tabular  factor,  k,  is  found  from  table  on  page  220,  to  be  0.1054; 
and  (3)  the  required  fiber  stress,  /,  equals  -  (equation  8),  or  1500  divided 

by  0.1054,  or  14  200  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Problem  3.  Required  the  thickness  of  wall,  t,  Fig.  115,  when  the  outside 
diameter,  Di,  equals  eight  inches;  the  working  fiber  stress  of  the  steel, 


Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure        217 


/,  equals  15  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch;  and  the  working  fluid  pressure, 
p,  equals  2000  pounds  per  square  inch. 

P 
Solution,     (i)  The  factor,  k,  equals  ~  (equation  8)  or  2000  divided  by 

15  ooo  or  0.133;   (2)  the  value  of  the  thickness  ratio,  — -,  corresponding 

D\ 

to  this  value  of  k  is  found  from  the  table  on  page  220  to  be  0.057;  and 
(3)  the  required  thickness  will  result  from  multiplying  this  thickness 

ratio,  — ,  by  the  outside  diameter,  Di,  or  0.057  times  8  equals  0.456  inch. 

Di 

NOTE.  When  the  inside  diameter,  Dz',  the  internal  pressure,  p; 
and  the  working  fiber  stress,  /,  are  given  and  it  is  required  to  find  the 
thickness  of  wall,  t:  proceed  by  finding  first  the  value  of  the  outside 
diameter,  D\,  by  means  of  equation  (7),  after  which  the  required  thick- 
ness may  be  had  by  taking  one-half  the  difference  of  the  outside  and 
inside  diameters,  or 

Di  -  D2  . 

t  = •  (9) 

2 

Birnie's  Formula.  This  formula  is  based  upon  the  conditions  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  1 14.  In  its  derivation,  precisely  the  same  assumptions 
are  made  as  for  Clavarino's  Formula  with  the  single  exception  that  the 
longitudinal  stress,  fi,  due  to  the  internal  fluid  pressure  acting  upon 
attached  heads  is  assumed  not  to  exist.  Birnie's  Formula  consequently 
is  theoretically  correct  for  tubes,  pipes,  and  cylinders  that  are  sub- 
jected to  an  internal  fluid  pressure  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  give  rise 
to  longitudinal  stress  in  the  wall;  provided  the  stress  on  the  most 
strained  fiber  does  not  exceed  the  elastic  limit  of  the  material. 

Using  the  same  notation  as  before  and  assuming  the  value  of  the 
"Coefficient  of  Lateral  Contraction"  for  steel  to  be  0.3,  this  formula 


p      io(Di2-Z)22)         _io(£i2-Z)22)  /  IQ/+  7  P . 

2 


°f~I3p  (10) 


iof+7P 

Birnie's  Formula,  like  Clavarino's  Formula,  has  the  disadvantage  of 
being  difficult  to  apply  directly  in  making  calculations.  In  order  to 
remove  this  difficulty  the  table  on  page  221  has  been  prepared,  the 
entries  being  the  values  in  Birnie's  Formula  of  the  factor 


This  table  is  used  in  a  manner  precisely  similar  to  the  table  of  factors 
for  Clavarino's  Formula.  See  explanation  and  solution  of  problems 
on  page  216. 


218         Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure 

Comparis 

.22 
.21 
.20 
.19 
.18 
.1  7 
•£*M6 

$   .15 
K 

S.14 

LJ 

m 
C    .13 

fe 

0   .12 
g 
>    .1  1 
O 
id 

§  >1° 

(O 
CO 

£   .09 
CL 
-.08 

to 
^    .07 

< 
>   .06 

.05 
.04 
.03 
.02 
.01 

0 

on  of  Internal  Fluid  Pressure  Formulae  for  Tubes,  Pipes  and 
Cylinders 

/  / 

/ 

// 

// 

/  / 

'/,' 

'  // 

/ 
// 

'       / 
/       t 

/  / 
/' 

/, 

/    // 

/ 

^/x 

'V 

''// 

///, 

/, 

'/// 

///, 

t/ 

/ 

m 

m 

% 

/ 

'/// 

//; 

•//- 
y 

/    I* 

///' 

1 

* 

// 

I 

7_ 

E  FOR  CLAVARINO'S  FORMULA 
Z  FOR  BIRNIE'S  FORMULA 
=  FOR  COMMON  FORMULA 
E  FOR  LAME'S  FORMULA 
E  FOR  BARLOW'S  FORMULA 

CURV 
CURV 
CURV 

// 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

.01          .02         .03         .04         .05         .06          .07         .08         .09       .10 
VALUES  OF  THICKNESS  DIVIDED  BY  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER,^ 

Fig.  116 

Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure         219 

Comparh 

.75 

.70 
.65 
^.60 

U) 

t- 
m 
E  .55 

.50 
.45 

5  .40 

.35 
.30 
.25 
.20 

>on  of  Internal  Fluid  Pressure  Formulae  for  Tubes,  Pipes  and 
Cylinders  (Concluded) 

/ 

/ 

/ 
/ 
/ 

/ 

/ 
/ 
/ 

/ 

/ 
/ 
/ 

/ 
/ 

/ 
/ 

/ 
/ 

/ 
/ 
/ 

/ 

/ 
/ 

/ 
/ 

/ 

x/ 

/ 
/ 

X. 

/ 

1 

/ 
/ 

/ 

/' 

,/ 

1 

/ 

/ 

/ 

,^ 

j 

/ 

/   y 

k/ 

/s 

/ 

/ 

/ 
/ 

/ 

// 
// 

/ 
/ 

//i 

// 

/ 

i 
i 

/ 
/  > 

/  \ 

// 

/ 

// 
// 

/y 

/ 

/ 

'/      / 
/.' 

/ 

/ 

/  , 

// 

/ 

/ 

1  '  /y 

E  FOR  CLAVARINO'S  FORMULA 
E  FOR  BIRNIE'8  FORMULA   . 
E  FOR  COMMON  FORMULA 
E  FOR  LAME'S  FORMULA 

—  CURV 
--  CURV 
-  CURV 

/ 

//, 

Y 

im 



// 

25 

^UnVCi     .   wr.     wr,r,wv.     »    .    wr....wwr. 

m 

•x 

'/ 

10       .12        .14         .16         .18         .20         .22         .24         .26        .28       .30 
VALUES  OF  THICKNESS  DIVIDED  BY  OUTSIDE  DIAMETER,^} 

Fig.  117 

220    Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure 

Internal  Fluid  Pressure  Factors,  k,  for  Conditions  shown  in  Fig.  115 

[Calculated  by  Clavarino's  Formula,  assuming  for  steel  a  "Coefficient  of 

Lateral  Contraction"  (Poisson's  Ratio)  equal  0.3.] 

Rule.  Divide  thickness  of  tube  or  pipe  by  its  outside  diameter,  both  being 

expressed  in  inches,  then  multiply  the  tabular  value  corresponding  to  this  quo- 

tient by  the  working  fiber  stress  in  pounds  per  square  inch.  The  result  will 

be  the  safe  internal  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

For  further  use  of  table,  see  page  216. 

t/Dl 

.OOO 

.001 

.002 

.003 

.004 

.005 

.006 

.007 

.008 

.009 

.01 

.0235 

.0259 

.0282 

.0306 

.0329 

.0352 

.0376 

•  0399 

•  0423 

.0446 

.02 

.0470 

•  0493 

.0517 

.0540 

.0564 

•  0587 

.0610 

.0634 

•  0657 

.0681 

.03 

.0704 

.0727 

.0751 

.0774 

.0797 

.0821 

.0844 

.0867 

.0891 

.0914 

.04 

•  0937 

.0961 

.0984 

.1007 

.1031 

•  1054 

.1077 

.IIOO 

.1123 

.1147 

•  05 

.1170 

•  1193 

.I2l6 

•  1239 

.1263 

.1286 

.1309 

.1332 

•  1355 

•  1378 

.06 

.1401 

.1424 

.1448 

.1471 

.1494 

.1517 

.1540 

.1563 

.  1586 

.1609 

.07 

.1632 

.1655 

.1678 

.1700 

•  1723 

.1746 

.1709 

.1792 

.1815 

.1838 

.08 

.1861 

.1883 

.1906 

.1929 

.1952 

.1974 

.1997 

.2020 

.2043 

.2065 

.09 

.2088 

.2111 

.2133 

.2156 

.2178 

.2201 

.2223 

.2246 

.2269 

.2291 

.10 

.2314 

.2336 

.2358 

.  2381 

.2403 

•2425 

.2448 

.2470 

•  2493 

.2515 

.11 

.2537 

•  2559 

.  2582 

.2604 

.2626 

.2648 

.2670 

.2692 

.2715 

•2737 

.12 

•  2759 

.2781 

.2803 

.2825 

•  2847 

.2869 

.2890 

.2912 

•  2934 

.2956 

.13 

.2978 

.300O 

.3022 

•  3043 

.3065 

.3087 

.3108 

•  3130 

.3152 

•  3173 

•  14 

-3I9S 

.3216 

-3238 

•  3259 

.3281 

•3302 

.  3323 

•3345 

•  3366 

.3388 

•  15 

•  3409 

•  3430 

•  3451 

•3472 

•  3494 

•3515 

.3536 

•  3557 

•  3578 

•3599 

.16 

.3620 

.3641 

.3662 

.3683 

•3704 

•3724 

.3745 

.3766 

.3787 

.3808 

.17 

.3828 

.3849 

.3869 

.3890 

•  3910 

•  3931 

-3951 

•  3972 

•3992 

•  4013 

.18 

•  4033 

•  4053 

.4073 

.4094 

.4114 

•  4134 

•  4154 

•  4174 

.4194 

.4214 

-19 

•  4234 

•  4254 

.4274 

.4294 

-4314 

•4333 

•  4353 

•  4373 

•4393 

.4412 

.20 

.4432 

•4452 

•  4471 

•  4490 

•  4510 

•  4529 

•  4548 

.4568 

.4587 

.4606 

.21 

.4626 

.4645 

.4664 

.4683 

•  4702 

•  4721 

•  4740 

•  4758 

•  4777 

.4706 

.22 

.4815 

.4834 

.4852 

.4871 

.4889 

.4908 

.4926 

•  4945 

.4964 

.4982 

•23 

.5001 

.5019 

•  5037 

•  5055 

•  5073 

.5091 

.5109 

•  5127 

.5145 

•  5163 

.24 

.5181 

•5199 

.5216 

.5234 

.5252 

•  5269 

•  5287 

.5304 

•  5322 

•  5340 

•25 

•  5357 

•  5374 

•  5391 

.5408 

.5426 

•  5443 

•  546o 

.5477 

•  5494 

•  5511 

.26 

.5528 

•  5545 

.556l 

•  5578 

•  5594 

.5611 

.5628 

.5644 

.5661 

•  5677 

-27 

.5694 

•  5710 

.5726 

•  5742 

•  5758 

-5774 

.5790 

.5806 

.5822 

•  5838 

28 

.5854 

.5870 

.5885 

•  5901 

.5916 

•  5932 

•  5947 

.  5963 

.5978 

•5994 

.29 

.6009 

.6024 

.6039 

.6054 

.6069 

.6084 

.6099 

.6114 

.6129 

•  6l43 

•  30 

.6158 

.6173 

.6187 

.6201 

.6216 

•  6230 

.6244 

.6259 

.6273 

.6287 

Strength  of  Tubes  Under  Internal  Fluid  Pressure    221 

Internal  Fluid  Pressure  Factors,  k,  for  Conditions  shown  in  Fig.  114 

[Calculated  by  Birnie's  Formula,  assuming  for  steel  a  "Coefficient  of  Lateral 

Contraction"  (Poisson's  Ratio)  equal  0.3.] 

Rule.  Divide  thickness  of  tube  or  pipe  by  its  outside  diameter,  both  being 

expressed  in  inches,  then  multiply  the  tabular  value  corresponding  to  this  quo- 

tient by  the  working  fiber  stress  in  pounds  per  square  inch.  The  result  will 

be  the  safe  internal  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

For  further  use  of  table,  see  page  217. 

t/D1 

.000 

.001 

.002 

.003 

.004 

.005 

.006 

.007 

.008 

.009 

.01 

.0201 

.0221 

.O24I 

.0261 

.0282 

.0302 

.0322 

.0342 

.0363 

.0383 

.02 

.0403 

.0423 

.0444 

.0464 

.0485 

•  0505 

•  0525 

.0546 

.0566 

.0586 

.0.3 

.0607 

.0627 

.0648 

.0668 

.0689 

.0709 

.0730 

.0750 

.0771 

.0791 

.04 

0812 

.0832 

.0853 

.0873 

.0894 

.0915 

0935 

.0956 

.0976 

.0997 

.05 

.1018 

.1038 

.1059 

.1080 

.IIOO 

.1121 

.1142 

.1163 

.1183 

.1204 

.06 

.1225 

.1245 

.1266 

.1287 

.  1308 

•  1329 

•  1349 

.1370 

-  1391 

.1412 

.07 

•1433 

•  1453 

•  1474 

•  1495 

.1516 

•  1537 

.1558 

.1579 

•  1599 

.1620 

.08 

.1641 

.1662 

.1683 

.1704 

•  1725 

.1746 

.1767 

.1787 

.1808 

.1829 

.09 

.1850 

.1871 

.1892 

.1913 

.1934 

•  1955 

.1976 

.1997 

.2018 

.2039 

.10 

.2059 

.2080 

.2101 

.2122 

.2143 

.2164 

.2185 

.2206 

.2227 

.2248 

.11 

.2269 

.2290 

.2311 

.2332 

.2353 

.2374 

.2395 

.2416 

•  2437 

.2457 

.12 

.2478 

2499 

.2520 

.2541 

.2562 

.2583 

.2604 

.2625 

.2646 

.2667 

.13 

.2688 

.2708 

.2729 

.2750 

.2771 

.2792 

.2813 

.2834 

.2854 

.2875 

.14 

.2896 

2917 

.2938 

•2959 

.2979 

.3000 

.3021 

.3042 

.3062 

.  3083 

.15 

•  3104 

.3125 

.3145 

.3166 

.3187 

.3208 

.3228 

.3249 

.3270 

.3290 

.16 

•  3311 

•  3332 

•3352 

.3373 

•  3393 

.3414 

.3434 

•  3455 

.3476 

.3496 

.17 

•  3517 

.3537 

•  3558 

•  3578 

.3598 

.3619 

.3639 

.3660 

.3680 

.3700 

.18 

.3721 

•  3741 

•  376T 

.3782 

.3802 

.3822 

.3842 

.3863 

.3883 

.3903 

•  19 

.3923 

•  3943 

.3963 

.3983 

.4003 

.4024 

•  4044 

.4064 

.4084 

.4104 

.20 

4124 

.4144 

•4163 

.4183 

.4203 

•  4223 

.4243 

.4262 

.4282 

•  4302 

.21 

.4322 

•  4341 

.4361 

.438o 

.4400 

.4419 

-4439 

•  4459 

.4478 

.4498 

.22 

.4517 

.4536 

.4556 

•  4575 

•  4594 

.4613 

.4633 

.4652 

.4671 

.4690 

.23 

.4710 

.4729 

•  4748 

.4767 

.4785 

.4804 

.4823 

.4842 

.4861 

.4880 

.24 

.4899 

.4918 

.4936 

•  4955 

•  4973 

•  4992 

•  5010 

.5029 

.5048 

.5066 

.25 

.5085 

.5103 

•  5121 

-5I39 

.5157 

.5176 

•  5194 

.5212 

.5230 

.5248 

.26 

.5266 

.5284 

•  5302 

•  5320 

.5338 

•  5355 

.5373 

•  5391 

.5409 

.5427 

.27 

•  5444 

.5462 

.5479 

•  5496 

.5514 

•  5531 

.5548 

.5566 

.5583 

.5600 

.28 

.5617 

.5634 

.5651 

.5668 

•  5685 

.5702 

.5718 

.5735 

•  5752 

.5769 

.29 

.5786 

.5802 

.5818 

.5835 

.5851 

.5867 

.5884 

•  5900 

.5916 

.5933 

.30 

•  5949 

.5965 

.5981 

.5996 

.6012 

.6028 

.6044 

.6059 

.6075 

.6091 

222      Strength  of  Tubes  to  Resist  Internal  Fluid  Pressures 


Strength  of  Commercial  Tubes,  Pipes  and  Cylinders 
to  Resist  Internal  Fluid  Pressures 

In  the  preceding  portion  of  this  chapter  there  appears  a  full  statement 
of  the  basis  of  each  of  the  five  theoretical  formulae  for  the  strength  of 
tubes,  pipes,  and  cylinders  when  subjected  to  internal  fluid  pressures, 
together  with  a  comparison  of  results  obtained  by  their  use.  One  or 
other  of  these  formulae,  taken  apparently  at  random,  has  often  been 
used  without  sufficient  understanding  of  their  application  to  practical 
conditions.  It  is  the  purpose  of  what  follows  to  illustrate  the  proper 
application  of  these  formulae  making  use  of  the  results  of  hydrostatic 
tests  recently  made  on  commercial  pipes  at  one  of  the  mills  of  the 
National  Tube  Company. 

Yield  Point  Tests  on  Commercial  Pipe.  Tests  were  made  under 
Clavarino's  condition,  Fig.  115,  on  195  specimens  of  lo-inch  and  279 
specimens  of  1 2-inch  lap- welded  steel  pipes,  all  of  which  were  made  up 
into  cylinders  with  heads  welded  to  the  pipe.  The  hydrostatic  pressure 
was  raised  until  the  yield  point  of  the  material  was  reached.  The  unit 
stresses  on  the  most  strained  fibers  were  then  calculated  by  means  of 
Clavarino's  formula,  the  pipes  having  been  measured  by  micrometer, 
before  welding  in  the  head,  to  determine  the  least  thickness  of  wall. 

The  average  results  of  the  yield  points  of  the  most  strained  fibers  of 
the  material  constituting  these  pipes  when  compared  with  the  average 
yield  point  of  tensile  test  specimens  cut  from  about  400  similar  pipes 
may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

Outside  diameter  of  pipe,  inches 10.00  12.00 

Least  thickness  of  wall,  inch .172  . 164 

Hydrostatic  pressure  at  yield  point,  pounds 

per  square  inch 1 435  i  195 

Yield  point  by  Clavarino's  formula,  pounds 

per  square  inch 35  600  37  100 

Yield  point,  average  of  tensile  tests,  pounds 

per  square  inch 37  00°  37  00° 

Apparent  error  in  yield  point  by  Clavarino's 

formula -3-8%  +0.3% 

This  summary  of  the  average  results  of  474  tests  is  a  very  satisfactory 
confirmation  of  the  accuracy  of  Clavarino's  Formula  when  applied  to 
commercial  steel  pipes  for  the  conditions  under  which  the  formula 
theoretically  applies. 

Other  tests  show  that  when  the  heads  are  attached  to  the  pipe,  as 
m  Fig.  115,  it  lengthens  upon  application  of  an  internal  fluid  pressure, 
and  that  when  the  heads  are  held  independently,  as  in  Fig.  1 14,  it  shortens 
in  accord  respectively  with  the  assumptions  which  constitute  the  basis 
of  Clavarino's  and  Birnie's  formulae  regarding  change  of  length  under 
internal  fluid  pressure. 

Applicability  of  Clavarino's  and  Birnie's  Formulae.  The  above 
summary  of  results  of  tests  on  pipes  shows  that  Clavarino's  formula 
is  applicable  to  commercial  wrought  steel  pipe  for  the  condition  shown  in 


Strength  of  Tubes  to  Resist  Internal  Fluid  Pressures      223 


Fig.  115,  when  the  yield  point  of  the  most  strained  fiber  is  not  exceeded 
and  the  least  thickness  of  wall  is  accurately  known. 

Tests  made  at  the  Watertown  Arsenal  in  1892-3-4-7  and  1902  on 
sections  of  steel  guns  show  that  Birnie's  formula  for  the  condition 
shown  in  Fig.  114,  when  applied  up  to  the  elastic  limit  of  the  most 
strained  fiber,  gives  results  which  agree  with  the  results  of  direct  tests 
that  are  within  the  ordinary  range  of  experimental  error.  These  Water- 
town  Arsenal  tests  were  all  made  on  tubes  the  material  and  dimensions 
of  which  were  uniform  to  a  degree  obtainable  only  by  boring  and  turn- 
ing from  forgings  of  the  choicest  portion  of  selected  ingots. 

It  is  apparent  that  any  variation  below  the  nominal  or  average  value 
in  strength  of  material,  thickness  of  wall  and  efficiency  of  joint  in  welded 
pipe,  or  above  the  nominal  in  diameter,  will  give  results  which  err  on 
the  side  of  danger  when  making  use  of  either  Clavarino's  or  Birnie's 
formulae.  These  formulae  then  should  be  restricted  in  their  use  to  cer- 
tain classes  of  seamless  tubes  and  cylinders  and  to  critical  examinations 
of  ordinary  tubes,  pipes  and  cylinders,  when  exact  results  are  desired 
and  sufficiently  accurate  data  are  available. 

For  all  ordinary  calculations  of  strength  of  commercial  tubes,  pipes 
and  cylinders  Barlow's  simple  approximate  formula  is  preferable. 

Bursting  Tests  of  Commercial  Tubes  and  Pipes.  The  tables, 
pages  225-226,  show  the  average  results  of  several  hundred  tests  of 
commercial  tubes  and  pipes,  all  of  which  were  burst  by  hydrostatic 
pressure  at  one  of  the  mills  of  the  National  Tube  Company. 

Of  the  steel  tubes  and  pipes,  95  per  cent  was  made  by  this  Company, 
while  86  per  cent  of  the  wrought  iron  pipe  tested  was  obtained  by 
purchase  in  the  open  market. 

The  average  ultimate  tensile  strength  of  pipe  steel  is  57  ooo  pounds 
per  square  inch,  whether  taken  in  the  direction  of  rolling  or  trans- 
versely thereto,  while  that  of  the  seamless  steel  tested  is  60  ooo  pounds 
per  square  inch.  No  tensile  tests  were  made  of  the  material  of  the 
wrought  iron  pipes. 

An  examination  of  these  tables  will  lead  to  the  following  general 
conclusions: 

1.  In  commercial  welded  pipe  the  variations  in  thickness  of  wall, 
perfection  of  weld,  etc.,  give  rise  to  variations  in  bursting  strength  of 
sufficient  magnitude  to  render  unnecessary  any  consideration  of  Clava- 
rino's or  Birnie's  condition  of  head  support  as  shown  in  Figs.  115  and 
114,  respectively. 

2.  The  relative  strengths  of  steel  pipes  and  tubes,  when  using  Barlow's 
Formula  and  basing  the  calculations  on  average  diameter,  thickness  of 
wall  and  ultimate  tensile  strength  of  material,  are  as  follows:  For  butt- 
welded  steel  pipe,  73  per  cent;   for  lap- welded  steel  pipe,  92  per  cent; 
and  for  seamless  steel  tubes,  approximately  100  per  cent. 

In  steel  pipe,  then,  the  strength  of  the  butt-weld  is  about  80  per  cent 
of  that  of  the  lap-weld. 

3.  The  relative  strengths  of  wrought  iron  and  steel  pipe,  from  the 
accompanying  tables,  are  as  follows:    Butt- welded  wrought-iron  pipe  is 


224      Strength  of  Tubes  to  Resist  Internal  Fluid  Pressures 


70  per  cent  as  strong  as  similar  butt-  welded  steel  pipe;  and  lap-  welded 
wrought  iron  pipe  is  60  per  cent  as  strong  as  similar  lap-welded  steel 
pipe. 

Applicability  of  Barlow's  Formula.  Of  the  five  formulae  con- 
sidered in  this  chapter  that  by  Barlow  is  the  best  suited  for  all  ordinary 
calculations  pertaining  to  the  bursting  strength  of  commercial  tubes, 
pipes  and  cylinders. 

The  theoretical  error  on  the  side  of  safety  resulting  from  its  use  will 
generally  not  exceed  the  actual  combined  error  on  the  side  of  danger 
when  using  either  Birnie's  or  Clavarino's  formula  due  to  the  ordinary 
range  of  variation  in  the  thickness  of  wall,  strength  of  the  material, 
etc.,  when  applied  to  the  ordinary  commercial  product. 

This  is  true,  at  least  up  to  the  yield  point  of  the  material,  for  any 
ratio  of  thickness  of  wall  to  outside  diameter  less  than  three-tenths. 
In  this  respect  Barlow's  formula  is  very  superior  to  the  common  approxi- 
mate formula  which  gives  errors  that  are  absurdly  large  on  the  side  of 
danger  for  very  thick  walls.  See  Fig.  117. 

For  certain  classes  of  seamless  tubes  and  cylinders  and  for  critical 
examinations  of  welded  pipe,  where  the  least  thickness  of  wall,  yield 
point  of  material,  etc.,  are  known  with  accuracy,  and  close  results  are 
desired,  see  Clavarino's  formula  and  Birnie's  equations  (7)  and  (10). 

For  all  ordinary  calculations  pertaining  to  the  bursting  strength  of 
commercial  tubes,  pipes  and  cylinders  use  Barlow's  Formula,  which  is 


Where  D  =  outside  diameter,  inches; 

/  =  average  thickness  of  wall,  inches; 
p  =  internal  fluid  pressure,  pounds  per  square  inch; 
/=  working  or  safe  fiber  stress,  pounds  per  square  inch. 
When    n  =  safety  factor  as  based  on  ultimate  strength  then 
/=  40  ooo  In  for  butt-  welded  steel  pipe; 
=  50  ooo/n  for  lap-welded  steel  pipe; 
=  60  ooo/n  for  seamless  steel  tubes; 
=  28  ooo/n  for  wrought  iron  pipe. 

These  average  values  of  /  are  based  upon  the  accompanying  tables 
of  bursting  tests  of  commercial  tubes  and  pipes.  They  are  intended 
for  substitution  in  Barlow's  Formula  in  case  more  exact  data  for  the 
working  fiber  stress  are  not  at  hand. 


Strength  of  Tubes  to  Resist  Internal  Fluid  Pressures       225 

Bursting  Tests  of  Commercial  Tubes  and  Pipes 

(Tests  made  by  National  Tube  Company.) 

£  £ 

•*  w 

Bursting  pressures 

G 
.0 

£ 

*  c3  — 

«*-,  ""*> 

"*  +* 

.SH^ 

pounds  per  square 

£ 

J^W  c 

OJ  J3 

-  a 

«  * 

inch 

G 

% 

"S-QO 

Class  of 

Size 

G-Sn    «3 

nf^0* 

g 

a 

8 

-g 

a?  w*w 

material 

ffj 

'§2-g 

fc  w-g 

i  g 

«  3 

fe  o> 

•8 

G 

%  <8"£ 

0.3 

>  5? 

OJ 

>  •*-»  o 

2  a 

Z    «• 

< 

*, 

g 

<ri 

s 

m 

<  w- 

r  vs 

10 

•405 

.066 

11840 

17320 

14  266 

(" 

i 

44  oi  I 

Standard  pipe 

•^4 

10 

•540 

.085 

8830 

14680 

12  2O6 

c 

i 

38645 

Standard  pipe 

% 

IO 

•675 

.088 

5850 

13030 

10330 

c 

i 

39272 

Standard  pipe 

% 

10 

.840 

.101 

11380 

16  310 

14038 

(2 

0 

58163 

Standard  pipe 

1 

IO 

.050 

.109 

7150 

9  ISO 

8  020 

^ 

0 

38657 

Standard  pipe 

i 

10 

.315 

.131 

45oo 

8800 

6990 

^ 

0 

35085 

Standard  pipe 

1 

JV4 

IO 

.660 

.139 

4400 

73oo 

5808 

^ 

0 

34603 

Standard  pipe 

| 

*Vi 

IS 

.660 

.140 

55oo 

11900 

7  700 

C 

I 

45215 

Redrawn 

3        " 

ri4 

IO 

.900 

.143 

3000 

6  loo 

4960 

c 

0 

33031 

Standard  pipe 

.Q 

2 

II 

2.375 

.149 

3830 

6060 

4951 

c 

0 

40485 

Standard  pipe 

| 

2V2 

IO 

2.875 

.198 

43io 

5740 

5  134 

c 

0 

37351 

Standard  pipe 

T3 

3 

10 

3-500 

.204 

4650 

6370 

5398 

c 

0 

46234 

Standard  pipe 

j§ 

1*4 

IO 

1.  660 

.180 

7910 

14280 

10514 

c 

0 

48922 

Extra  strong 

C/3 

2 

10 

2.375 

.213 

7250 

8940 

8238 

c 

0 

45935 

Extra  strong 

2 

IO 

2.375 

.220 

6160 

8  920 

7661 

^ 

0 

41347 

Extra  strong 

2 

10 

2.375 

.445 

8500 

18314 

14992 

c 

0 

40023 

XX  strong 

General  average 

41686 

2 

10 

2.375 

.155 

4890 

7940 

6645 

c 

I 

50962 

Standard  pipe 

2 

10 

2.375 

.182 

4860 

10060 

736i 

c 

0 

47889 

Standard  pipe 

3 

IO 

3-500 

.210 

3830 

8200 

6368 

c 

7 

5356o 

Standard  pipe 

*d 

4 

10 

4-500 

.232 

4810 

568o 

5  249 

c 

I 

51462 

Standard  pipe 

T) 

5 

IO 

5.563 

.258 

3410 

5260 

4538 

c 

I 

48882 

Standard  pipe 

13 

6 

5 

6.625 

•  275 

2450 

5210 

4088 

c 

0 

49286 

Standard  pipe 

i 

6 

5 

6.625 

.275 

3170 

476o 

3666 

B 

0 

44106 

Standard  pipe 

3     < 

IO 

5 

10.750 

•  349 

356o 

4730 

4290 

c 

I 

66080 

Standard  pipe 

1 

IO 

5 

10.750 

•  347 

2770 

3940 

3396 

B 

2 

52692 

Standard  pipe 

1 

2 

IO 

2.375 

.218 

2500 

9870 

7909 

C 

0 

43254 

Extra  strong 

<B 

2 

IO 

2.0OO 

.108 

Sioo 

6560 

6062 

C 

7 

55607 

Boiler  tubes 

CO 

3 

IO 

3.000 

.112 

3220 

4860 

3967 

C 

I 

52957 

Boiler  tubes 

4 

5 

4.000 

.135 

3640 

4070 

3840 

C 

2 

56978 

Boiler  tubes 

4 

5 

4.000 

.136 

3720 

4040 

3914 

B 

I 

57440 

Boiler  tubes 

I 

General  average 

52225 

.     r  2 

10 

2.000 

.098 

5420 

6590!  6052 

C 

10 

6i53o 

Boiler  tubes 

J,gJ    3 

10 

3.000 

.112 

3940 

4730    4272 

C 

10 

57075 

Boiler  tubes 

6 

4.000 

.134 

4160 

4440    43i8 

C 

6 

64450 

Boiler  tubes 

•^co"*  i    4 

4 

4.000 

.134 

4250 

4440]  4328 

B 

4 

64488 

Boiler  tubes 

CO             ^ 

General  average 

61886 

f!^4 

10 

1.  660 

.136 

2880 

6290 

5283 

C 

3 

32126 

Standard  pipe 

1% 

10. 

1.660 

.136 

3640 

5680 

4891 

c 

I 

29817 

Standard  pipe 

2 

10 

2.375 

.156 

2930 

4250 

3687 

c 

2 

28051 

Standard  pipe 

1% 

10 

i.  660 

.188 

2770 

7330 

5895 

c 

I 

26678 

Extra  strong 

General  average 

29168 

1  .*S  (  2 

10 

2.375 

.152 

2400 

3940 

3213 

c 

j 

25122 

Standard  pipe 

«  rt  2  1   2 

10 

2.375 

.207 

5530 

7120 

6349 

c 

8 

36461 

Extra  strong 

^^  1  ' 

General  average 

30792 

The  column  marked  "See  note  below"  gives  the  number  burst  by  failure  of 

material  not  at  weld. 

C  —  Clavarino  conditions,  Fig.  115. 

B  —  Birnie  conditions,  Fig.  114. 

226      Strength  of  Tubes  to  Resist  Internal  Fluid  Pressures 

Strength  of  Weld  of  Commercial  Tubes  and  Pipes 

(Selected  from  Preceding  Table  of  Bursting  Tests.) 

Size 

Number 
burst  in 

•nrol  r\  * 

Average 
fiber  stress 
by  Barlow's 

Class  of 
material 

weld 

formula 

Steel  —  Butt-welded 

Vs 

9 

43938 

Standard  pipe 

•Vi 

9 

37  777 

Standard  pipe 

% 

9 

38954 

Standard  pipe 

i£ 

0 

58  163 

Standard  pipe 

SA 

o 

38657 

Standard  pipe 

i 

0 

35085 

Standard  pipe 

J-V4 

o 

34603 

Standard  pipe 

1^4. 

4 

45  643 

Redrawn 

1^/2 

10 

33031 

Standard  pipe 

2 

II 

40485 

Standard  pipe 

3 

10 
IO 

37351 
46234 

Standard  pipe 
Standard  pipe 

2 

10 
10 

48922 
45935 

Extra  strong 
Extra  strong 

2 

10 

41  347 

Extra  strong 

2 

10 

40023 

XX  strong 

Gen.  average 

41  634 

Steel  —  Lap-welded 

2 

9 

50052 

Standard  pipe 

2 

10 

47889 

Standard  pipe 

3 

3 

54510 

Standard  pipe 

4 

9 

51019 

Standard  pipe 

5 

9 

48852 

Standard  pipe 

6 

IO 

47026 

Standard  pipe 

IO 

7 

59537 

Standard  pipe 

2 

10 

43254 

Extra  strong 

2 

3 

56933 

Boiler  tubes 

3 

9 

51  98o 

Boiler  tubes 

4 

7               57  521 

Boiler  tubes 

Gen.  average 

51688 

Iron  —  Butt-welded 

lU 

7 

31  136 

Standard  pipe 

9 

30680 

Standard  pipe 

2 

8 

27323 

Standard  pipe 

!^4 

9 

27073 

Extra  strong 

Gen.  average 

29053 

Iron  —  Lap-welded 

2 

9 

24581 

Standard  pipe 

2 

2 

34340 

Extra  strong 

Gen.  average 

29  461 

*  These  only  are  included  in  averages. 

Collapsing  Pressures  227 


COLLAPSING  PRESSURES 

Until  recently  Sir  Wm.  Fairbairn's  classic  experiments  on  tubes  sub- 
jected to  external  fluid  pressure  were  the  basis  of  the  rules  for  collapse. 
The  results  of  his  tests  on  40  odd  tubes  made  up  of  riveted  sheets 
soldered  tight  were  transmitted  to  the  Royal  Society  in  1858.  As 
might  be  expected,  conclusions  and  formulae  based  on  tests  of  such 
tubes  could  hardly  be  expected  to  apply  to  modern  welded  tubes  with 
any  approach  to  accuracy. 

In  view  of  the  urgent  need  for  experimental  data  of  a  highly  reliable 
character  on  which  a  formula  for  collapsing  strength  could  be  based, 
Prof.  R.  T.  Stewart,  Dean  of  the  Mechanical  Engineering  Department 
of  the  University  of  Pittsburgh,  was  authorized  to  plan  and  direct  a 
series  of  experiments  on  full-sized  tubing  up  to  twenty  feet  in  length, 
which  work  was  carried  out  at  the  National  Department  of  National 
Tube  Company,  at  McKeesport,  Pa.,  occupying  the  time  of  from  one 
to  six  men  continuously  for  a  period  of  four  years. 

A  full  report  of  the  details  of  these  experiments  will  be  found  in 
Professor  Stewart's  paper  presented  before  the  American  Society  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  May,  1906.  The  general  scope  of  the  tests  and 
conclusions  arrived  at  are  described  in  an  abstract  of  this  paper  as 
follows: 

Series  One.  This  series  of  tests  was  made  on  tubes  that  were 
S%  inches  outside  diameter,  for  all  of  the  different  commercial  thick- 
nesses of  wall,  and  in  lengths  of  2^,  5,  10,  15  and  20  feet  between 
transverse  joints  tending  to  hold  the  tube  to  a  circular  form.  The 
chief  purpose  of  this  series  was  to  furnish  data  for  determining  which 
of  the  existing  formulae,  if  any,  were  applicable  to  modern  lap-welded 
steel  tubes,  especially  when  used  in  comparatively  long  lengths,  such  as 
well  casing,  boiler  tubes  and  long,  plain  flues. 

Series  Two.  This  series  of  tests  was  made  on  single  lengths  of  20 
feet  between  end  connections  tending  to  hold  the  tube  to  a  circular 
form.  Seven  sizes,  from  3  to  10  inches  outside  diameter,  and  in  all  the 
commercial  thicknesses  obtainable,  were  tested.  The  chief  purpose  of 
these  tests  was  to  obtain,  for  commercial  tubes,  the  manner  in  which  the 
collapsing  pressure  of  a  tube  is  related  to  both  the  diameter  and  thickness 
of  the  wall. 

Inapplicability  of  Previously  Published  Formulae.  Preparatory 
to  entering  upon  the  research  all  existing  published  formulae  that  could 
be  found  were  collected,  and,  after  the  completion  of  Series  One,  were 
tested  as  to  their  applicability  to  modern  steel  tubes.  Among  the 
formulae  thus  tested  were  two  each  by  Fairbairn,  Unwin,  Wehage  and 
Clark,  and  one  each  by  Nystrom,  Grashof,  Love,  Belpaire,  and  the  Board 
of  Trade  (British),  all  of  which,  with  possibly  two  exceptions,  appear  to 
be  based  upon  Fairbairn's  experiments  made  upon  tubes  wholly  unlike 
the  modern  product.  Without  exception,  all  of  these  formulae,  when  thus 
tested,  proved  to  be  inapplicable  to  the  wide  range  of  conditions  found 


228  Collapsing  Pressures 


in  modern  practice.  As  an  illustration  of  this,  the  very  first  tube  tested 
in  connection  with  this  research  failed  under  a  pressure  that  exceeded 
by  about  300  per  cent,  that  calculated  by  means  of  Fairbairn's  formula. 

Results  of  Research.     The  principal  conclusions  to  be  drawn  from 
the  results  of  this  research  may  be  briefly  stated  as  follows: 

1.  The  length  of  tube,  between  transverse  joints  tending  to  hold  it 
to  a  circular  form,  has  no  practical  influence  upon  the  collapsing  pressure 
of  a  commercial  lap-welded  steel  tube  so  long  as  this  length  is  not  less 
than  about  six  times  the  diameter  of  the  tube. 

2.  The  formulae,  as  based  upon  the  research,  for  the  collapsing  pressures 
of  modern  lap-welded  Bessemer  steel  tubes,  are  as  follows: 

P  =  86  670^  -  1386 (B) 


P  =  50  210  ooo    -     (G) 


where  P  =  collapsing  pressure,  pounds  per  square  inch; 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches; 
/  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Formula  (B)  is  for  values  of  P  greater  than  581  pounds  per  square 
inch,  or  for  values  of  —  greater  than  0.023,  while  formula  (G)  is  for 

values  less  than  these. 

These  formulae,  while  strictly  correct  for  tubes  that  are  20  feet  in 
length  between  transverse  joints  tending  to  hold  them  to  a  circular  form, 
are  at  the  same  time  substantially  correct  for  all  lengths  greater  than 
about  six  diameters.  They  have  been  tested  for  seven  sizes,  ranging 
from  3  to  10  inches  outside  diameter,  in  all  obtainable  thicknesses  of 
wall,  and  are  known  to  be  correct  for  this  range. 

For  the  convenience  of  those  who  wish  to  apply  these  formulae  to  prac- 
tice, a  table  (pages  232-243)  has  been  calculated,  giving  the  collapsing 
pressures  of  tubes  from  i  to  12%  inches,  outside  diameter. 

When  applying  these  formulae  and  tables  to  practice  it  should  be 
remembered  that  a  suitable  factor  of  safety  should  be  applied.  The 
selection  of  a  proper  safety  factor  in  any  particular  case  should  be  left 
to  the  judgment  of  one  who  is  quite  familiar  with  the  conditions  under 
which  the  tube  is  to  be  used. 

Ordinarily  a  safety  factor  of  five  is  sufficient  when  the  stresses  due  to 
actions  other  than  a  constant  fluid  pressure  are  more  or  less  trivial. 
In  case  there  are  repeated  fluctuations  of  the  fluid  pressure,  vibration, 
shock,  internal  strain  due  to  unequal  heating,  etc.,  then  a  larger  safety 
factor  of  from  six  to  twelve  or  more  should  be  used,  depending  upon  the 
severity  of  these  actions. 

3.  The  apparent  fiber  stress  under  which  the  different  tubes  failed 
varied  from  about  7000  pounds  for  the  relatively  thinnest  to  35  ooo 
pounds  per  square  inch  for  the  relatively  thickest  walls.  Since  the 
average  yield  point  of  the  material  was  37  ooo  and  the  tensile  strength 
58  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch,  it  would  appear  that  the  strength  of  a 


Collapsing  Pressures 


229 


tube  subjected  to  a  fluid  collapsing  pressure  is  not  dependent  alone 
upon  either  the  elastic  limit  or  the  ultimate  strength  of  the  material 
constituting  it. 

Marine  law  fixes  the  thickness  of  tubes  that  may  be  used  subject 
to  external  or  collapsing  pressure,  on  Merchant  (not  Naval)  Marine 
Vessels.  The  following  is  taken  from  the  "Rules  and  Regulations  pre- 
scribed by  the  Board  of  Supervising  Inspectors  of  the  Steamboat  Inspec- 
tion Service  of  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  U.  S.  A.,  as 
amended  January,  1912." 

From  page  32,  paragraph  15:  Working  pressures  and  corresponding 
minimum  thicknesses  of  wall  for  long,  plain,  lap-welded  and  seamless 
steel  flues,  7  to  18  inches  diameter,  subjected  to  external  pressure  only, 
shall  be  determined  by  the  following  table  and  formula: 


Working  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch 

Outside 
diameter 

100                120 

140 

160 

180 

200 

220 

of  flue 

1 

Thickness  of  flue  in  inches.     Safety  factor,  5 

Inches 

7 

•  152 

.160 

.168 

.177 

.185 

.193 

.2OI 

8 

.174 

.183 

•  193 

.202 

.211 

.220 

.229 

9 

.196 

.206 

.217 

.227 

-237 

.248 

.258 

10 

.218 

.229 

.241 

.252 

.264 

.275 

.287 

ii 

.239 

.252 

.265 

.277 

.290 

.303 

.316 

12 

.261 

•  275 

.289 

.303 

.317 

.330 

.344 

13 

.283 

.298 

•  313 

-328 

•  343 

.358 

•  373 

14 

.301 

.320 

•  337 

•  353 

.369 

.385 

.402 

15 

•  323 

•  343 

.361 

.378 

.396 

•  413 

•  430 

16 

•  344 

.366 

.385 

.404 

.422 

.440 

•  459 

17 

.366 

.389 

.409 

.429 

.448 

.468 

.488 

18 

.387 

.412 

•  433 

•  454 

.475 

.496 

.516 

Thicknesses  in  this  table  were  calculated  by  formula: 


where 


86  670 

j)  _  outside  diameter  of  flue  in  inches; 
T  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches; 
P  =  working  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 
F  =  factor  of  safety. 

This  formula  is  applicable  to  lengths  greater  than  six  diameters  of 
flue,  to  working  pressures  greater  than  100  pounds,  to  outside  diameters 
of  from  7  to  1  8  inches  and  to  temperatures  less  than  650°  F. 

From  page  34,  paragraph  16:  Lap-welded  and  seamless  tubes,  used 
in  boilers  whose  construction  was  commenced  after  June  30,  1910, 
having  a  thickness  of  material  according  to  their  respective  diameters, 
shall  be  allowed  a  working  pressure  as  prescribed  in  the  following  table, 
provided  they  are  deemed  safe  by  the  inspectors.  Where  heavier 
material  is  used,  pressure  may  be  allowed  as  prescribed  in  formula  of 
paragraph  15,  given  above.  Any  length  of  tube  is  allowable. 


230 


Collapsing  Pressures 


Outside 
diameter 

Thickness  of 
material 

Maximum 
pressure 
allowed 

Inches 

Inch 

Pounds 

2                        .095 

427 

2*4                             .095 

380 

21/2 

.109 

392 

2% 

•     .109 

356 

3 

.109 

327 

M 

.120 

332 

3V2 

.120 

308 

3% 

.120 

282 

4 

.134 

303 

m 

.134 

238 

5 

.148 

235 

6 

.165 

199 

Comparison  of  Collapse  and  Column  Formulae.  To  connect  these 
collapse  tests  with  the  known  properties  of  material  under  compression, 
consider  their  relation  to  the  supporting  power  of  columns  as  pointed 
out  in  1876  by  Prof.  W.  C.  Unwin*  Consider  a  short  portion  of  the  pipe, 
say,  one  inch  long.  The  thickness  bears  a  relation  to  the  radius  of  gyra- 
tion and  the  circumference  a  relation  to  the  length  of  a  column  whose 
ends  are  "fixed."  Expressed  in  symbols,  these  relations  are 

f-..SpJ 

By  this  rule  can  be  computed  the  value  of  —  that  corresponds  to  — 

D  K 

of  any  column  tested.     The  pressure  (P)  corresponding  to  the  support- 
Pi  Pi 
ing  power  —  of  a  column  is  obtained  by  putting  —  =  S  in  the  rule 

S      D        A  A 

—  *»  — .     By  these  rules  a  diagram,  Fig.  118,  has  been  constructed  from 

tests  of  columns.  The  diagram  is  plotted  to  show  the  relation  between 
collapsing  pressure  and  ratio  of  thickness  to  diameter.  It  is  evident 
from  this  diagram  that  collapsing  pressure  can  be  calculated  either  from 
tests  of  columns  or  directly  from  tests  of  collapse. 

The  heavy  full  line  is  by  formulae  (B)  and  (G),  page  228.  The  solid 
dots  are  from  Christie's  tests  on  fixed  end  columns.  The  circles  are 
from  Watertown  tests  on  pipe  columns.  The  dot  and  dash  line  is  from 
Christie's  tests  of  columns  of  steel  having  0.12  per  cent.  Carbon  and  the 
dotted  line  from  Christie's  tests  of  columns  of  steel  having  0.36  per  cent. 
Carbon.  The  last  two  indicate  what  increase  in  collapsing  pressure 
may  be  expected  from  the  use  of  high  strength  steel. 

The  change  in  the  direction  of  the  lines  (from  column  tests),  which 

starts  at  about  ^=  o.io,  indicates  that  the  straight  line  formula  for 
*  Proc.  Ins.  Civ.  Engrs.,  Vol.  46,  p.  225. 


Collapsing  Pressures                                231 

collapse  should  not  be  extrapolated  far  outside  the  range  of  experiments 
on  which  it  was  based.     This  diagram  indicates  the  remarkable  con- 
firmation that  column  tests  lend  to  the  results  of  these  collapse  tests. 

1 

/ 

HARD  STEEL 
C-06    ~> 

/ 

/ 

SOFT  STEEL/ 

Csa'12  /^4'' 

^ 

/ 

//f 

'S 

z 

'  s/ 

u 
cc     7  000 

/ 

'  s6 

/ 

/ 

<    7,oo 

W     5,000 
£     4,000 

CO 

CO     3,000 

UI 

cc 
C 

a. 

0 

1    1.000 

a. 

3        70° 
o 

500 

400 
300 

200 

100 
.C 

Prof.  \\ 
that  used 

formula  f 

empirical 
mula,  beir 
formula,  £ 
umns  and 

s 

•/ 

c  /• 

/ 

/,•' 

- 

~j 

'/ 

« 

/, 

'/ 

f£ 

fr 

i 

f: 

•   WROUGHT 
O   STEEL  PIPE 

ION  COL 
COLUMN 

IMNS 
\ 

I 

i 

jj 

ir 

! 

I 

// 

J 

./ 

1                     .02          .C 

r.  E.  Lilly,  *  pro 
in  obtaining  a 

or  collapse,  P  = 

and  based  on  1 
ig  derived  by  the 
;ives  another  con 
the  colla-pse  of  ti 

* 

3     .04  .05        .07 
RATIO     J 

Fig.  118 

:eeding  by  a  p 
column  formu 
80000 

.10                    .20         .30      .40.50 
ft 

rocess  of  reasoning  similar  to 
la,  has  derived  the  following 

,  in  which  the  constants  are 

rt's  collapse  tests.     This  for- 
lat  is  used  to  obtain  a  column 
ti  the  supporting  power  of  col- 

Cngrs. 

/         1000  \  t  ) 

'rofessor  Stewa 
same  process  t 
nection  betwee 
ibes. 
Tish  Ins.  of  Civ. 

232                                Collapsing  Pressures 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch 
(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 
Formula 
P  =  86  670  t/D-  1386  (B).        P=  50  210  ooo  (t/D)*  (G). 
Where  P  —  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 
D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;    /  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Thick- 
ness 

Outside  diameter—  Inches 

1.  000 

1.050 

1.  125 

1.250 

I.3I5 

1-375 

I.50O 

i.  660 

.01 
.02 

.03 
.04 
.05 
.06  • 
.07 
.08 
.09 

.10 

.11 

.12 

.13 
.14 
.15 
.16 
.17 
.18 
.19 
.20 

.21 
.22 
.23 
.24 
.25 

.26 
•27 
.28 
.29 

.30 
•  31 
•32 
.33 
.34 
.35 
•  36 
•  37 
.38 
.39 
.40 
.41 
•  42 
.43 
•  44 
•45 
.46 
•  47 
.48 
.49 

402 
i  214 
2081 
2948 
3814 
4681 
5548 
6414 
7  281 
8  148 
9014 
9881 
10  748 
ii  615 

12  481 
13348 
14  215 
I508I 

15948 
I68I5 
I768I 
18548 
I94I5 
20  282 
21  148 
22015 
22  882 
23748 

24615 

347 
I  090 
I  916 
2741 
3567 
4392 
5217 
6043 
6868 
7694 
8519 
9345 
10  170 
IQ995 
ii  821 

12  646 
13472 
14297 

15  123 
15948 
16773 
17599 
18424 
19250 
20075 
20901 

21  726 
22551 

23377 
24  2O2 

282 
925 
1696 
2466 
3236 
4007 

4777 
5548 

6318 
7088 
7859 
8629 
9400 
10  170 
10  940 
II  711 

12  481. 
13252 

14  O22 
14792 
15563 
16333 
17104 
17874 
l8644 

I94I5 
20185 
20  956 

21  726 
22  496 

206 
694 
1387 
2081 
2774 
3468 

4  161 
4854 

5548 
6  241 
6934 
7628 
8321 
9014 
9708 
10  401 
II  094 
11788 

12  481 

T3i75 
13868 
14561 
15255 
15948 
16  641 
17335 
18028 
18  721 

I94I5 
20  108 

20  802 
21495 
22  l88 
22  882 
23575 
24  268 

596 
I  250 
1909 
2568 
3228 
3887 
4546 

5205 
5864 
6523 

7  182 
7841 
8500 
9  159 
9818 
10478 
ii  137 
ii  796 
12455 
13114 
13773 
14432 
15091 
15750 
16409 
17068 
17728 

18387 
19  046 
19705 
20364 

21  023 
21  682 
•  22  341 

23  ooo 

521 

I  135 
1766 
2396 
3026 
3657 
4287 

4917 
5548 
6178 
6808 
7439 
8069 
8699 
9330 
9960 
10590 

II  221 
II85I 
12  481 
13  112 
13742 
14372 
15003 

'5633 
16  263 
16893 

17524 
18154 
18784 
I94I5 
20045 
20675 

21  306 
21  936 

402 

925 

I  503 
2081 
2659 
3236 
3814 

4392 
4970 
5548 
6  125 
6703 
7  281 
7859 
8437 
9014 
9592 

10  170 
10  748 
II  326 

II  903 

12  481 
13059 
13637 
I42I5 
14792 
15370 

r|948 
1  6  526 
17104 
17681 
18259 
18837 
I94I5 
19993 

i  747 

2  269 

2791 
3313 
3835 

4357 
4879 
5401 
5923 
6446 
6968 
7490 
8012 
8534 
9056 
9578 

IO  IOO 

10  622 

II  145 

II  667 

12  189 
12  711 

13233 

13755 

14277 
14799 
15321 
15844 
16366 
16888 
17410 
17932 

18976 

Collapsing  Pressures                                233 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 

(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 

Formula 

P=  86  670  t/D-  1386  (B).         P  =50  2  10  ooo  (t/D)*  (G). 

Where  P=  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;     /  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Outside  diameter  —  Inches 

Thick- 

ness 

1.750 

1.875 

1.900 

2.  OOO 

2.250 

2.375 

2.500 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

1586 

1387 

1351 

I  214 

925 

804 

694 

.07 

2081 

I  850 

1807 

I  647 

i  310 

I  169 

I  041 

.08 

2576 

2  312 

2  263 

2081 

1696 

1533 

1387 

.09 

3071 

2774 

2719 

2514 

2081 

1898 

I  734 

.10 

3567 

3236 

3176 

2948 

2466 

2  263 

2081 

.11 

4062 

3699 

3632 

3381 

2851 

2628 

2427 

.12 

4557 

4  161 

4088 

3814 

3236 

2993 

2774 

•13 

5052 

4623 

4544 

4248 

3  622 

3358 

3  121 

•  14 

5548 

5085 

5  ooo 

4681 

4007 

3723 

3468 

•  IS 

6043 

5548 

5456 

5  H4 

4392 

4088 

3814 

.16 

6538 

6  oio 

5913 

5548 

4777 

4453 

4  161 

•  I? 

7033 

6472 

6369 

598i 

5  162 

4818 

4508 

.18 

7529 

6934 

6825 

6414 

5548 

5183 

4854 

.19 

8024 

7397 

7281 

6848 

5933 

5548 

5201 

.20 

8519 

7859 

7  737 

7  281 

6318 

5913 

5548 

.21 

9014 

8  321 

8  193 

7714 

6703 

6277 

5894 

.22 

95io 

8783 

8649 

8  148 

7088 

6642 

6  241 

.23 

10005 

9246 

9  106 

8581 

7474 

7007 

6588 

.24 

10  500 

9708 

9  562 

9014 

7859 

7372 

6934 

.25 

10995 

10  170 

0018 

9448 

8244 

7737 

7281 

.26 

II  491 

10632 

0474 

9881 

8629 

8  102 

7628 

.27 

II  986 

11094 

0930 

10314 

9014 

8467 

7974 

.28 

12  481 

II  557 

1386 

10748 

9400 

8832 

8321 

.29 

12976 

12  019 

1843 

ii  181 

9785 

9  197 

8668 

.30 

13  472 

I248I 

12299 

ii  615 

10  170 

9562 

9014 

•  31 

13967 

12943 

12  755 

12048 

10555 

9927 

936i 

•  32 

14462 

13406 

13  211 

12  48l 

10940 

10  292 

9708 

.33 

14957 

13868 

13667 

12915 

ii  326 

10657 

10054 

•  34 

15453 

14330 

14  123 

13348 

II  711 

II  O2I 

10  401 

•  35 

15948 

14792 

I458o 

13781 

12  096 

II386 

10748 

.36 

16443 

I52S5 

15036 

14215 

12  48l 

II  751 

ii  094 

.37 

16939 

I57I7 

15492 

14648 

12866 

12  Il6 

ii  44i 

.38 

17434 

16  179 

15948 

15081 

13252 

12  481 

11788 

.39 

17929 

16  641 

16  404 

15515 

13637 

12  846 

12  135 

.40 

18424 

17104 

16860 

15948 

14022 

I32II 

12481 

.41 

16381 

14  407 

13  576 

12  828 

•  42 

16  815 

14  792 

13  941 

13  175 

•  43 

17  248 

15  178 

14  306 

13  521 

•  44 

17681 

15  563 

14  671 

13868 

•  45 

15  036 

14  215 

.46 

15  401 

14  56l 

•  47 

.48 

.49 

234                               Collapsing  Pressures 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 

(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 

Formula 

P=  86  670  t/D-  1386  (B).        P=  50  210  ooo  (t/DF  (G). 

Where  P—  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;    /  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Outside  diameter  —  Inches 

Thick- 

ness 

2.750 

2.875 

3-OOO 

3.250 

3-500 

3.750 

4.000 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

521 

.07 

820 

.08 

i  135 

.09 

1450 

1327 

I  214 

I  OI4 

843 

.10 

1766 

I  629 

1503 

I  28l 

i  090 

.11 

2081 

I  930 

I  792 

I  547 

1338 

.12 

2396 

2  232 

2081 

I  814 

i  586 

1387 

1214 

.13 

2711 

2533 

2370 

2081 

1833 

1619 

1431 

.14 

3026 

2834 

2  659 

2347 

2081 

1850 

1647 

.15 

3341 

3  136 

2948 

2  614 

2328 

2081 

1864 

.16 

3657 

3437 

3236 

2881 

2576 

2312 

2081 

17 

3972 

3739 

3525 

3148 

2824 

2543 

2297 

.18 

4287 

4040 

3814 

3414 

3071 

2774 

2514 

.19 

4  602 

4342 

4  103 

3681 

3319 

3005 

2731 

.20 

4917 

4643 

4392 

3947 

3567 

3236 

2948 

.21 

5232 

4945 

4681 

4  214 

3814 

3468 

3164 

.22 

5548 

5246 

4970 

4481 

4  062 

3699 

338i 

.23 

5863 

5548 

5259 

4748 

4309 

3930 

3598 

.24 

6178 

5849 

5548 

5014 

4557 

4161 

3814 

.25 

6493 

6  151 

5836 

5  281 

4805 

4392 

4031 

.26 

6808 

6452 

6  125 

5548 

5052 

4623 

4248 

.27 

7  123 

6753 

6414 

5814 

53oo 

4854 

4464 

.28 

7439 

7055 

6703 

6081 

5548 

5085 

4681 

.29 

7754 

7356 

6992 

6348 

5795 

5316 

4898 

.30 

8069 

7658 

7  281 

6614 

6043 

5548 

5H4 

.31 

8384 

7959 

7570 

6881 

6  290 

5779 

5331 

.32 

8699 

8261 

7859 

7148 

6538 

6010 

5548 

.33 

9014 

8562 

8  148 

7414 

6786 

6241 

5764 

.34 

9330 

8864 

8437 

7681 

7033 

6472 

5981 

.35 

9645 

9  165 

8726 

7948 

7  281 

6703 

6198 

.36 

9960 

9467 

9014 

8214 

7529 

6934 

6414 

.37 

10275 

9768 

9303 

8481 

7776 

7105 

6631 

.38 

10590 

10070 

9592 

8748 

8024 

7397 

6848 

•  39 

10905 

10371 

9881 

9014 

8272 

7628 

7064 

.40 

II  221 

10  672 

10  170 

9  281 

8519 

7759 

7281 

.41 

H536 

10974 

10459 

9548 

8767 

8090 

7498 

.42 

II85I 

II  275 

10748 

9814 

9014 

8321 

7714 

.43 

I2I66 

II  577 

II  037 

10  08  1 

9  262 

8552 

7931 

•  44 

12  481 

II  878 

II  326 

10348 

9  5io 

8783 

8148 

.45 

12796 

12  180 

II  615 

10  615 

9757 

9014 

8364 

.46 

13  H2 

12  481 

11903 

10  88  1 

10  005 

9246 

8581 

«47 

12  783 

12  192 

ii  148 

10  253 

9477 

8798 

.48 

13  084 

12  481 

II  414 

10  500 

9708 

9014 

.49 

13386 

12  770 

ii  681 

10  748 

9939 

9231 

Collapsing  Pressures                               235 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 
(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 
Formula 
P  =  86  670  t/D-  1386  .  .  .  .  (B).         P  =  50  210  ooo  (///>)»  (G). 
Where  P=  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 
D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;  /  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Thick- 
ness 

Outside  diameter  —  Inches 

2.750 

2.875 

3  ooo 

3.250 

3.500 

3-750 

4.000 

•  So 
.51 
•  52 
.53 
.54 

$ 

.57 
.58 
.59 
.60 
.61 
.62 
.63 
.64 

1 

-67 
.68 
.69 
.70 
•  71 
.72 
.73 
•  74 
•  75 
.76 
•  77 
•  78 
.79 
.80 
.81 

.82 

.83 
.84 
.85 
.86 
.87 
.88 
.89 
.90 
•  9i 
.92 
•  93 
.94 
•  95 
.96 
•  97 
.98 
.99 

1.  00 

13687 
13988 
14290 
I459I 
14893 
I5I94 
15496 

13059 
13348 
13637 
13926 
14  215 
14503 
14792 

ii  948 

12  215 
12  481 
12748 
I30I5 
13  281 
13548 

0995 
I  243 
I  491 
I  738 
1986 
2234 
2  481 
2729 
2976 
13224 
13472 

10  170 
10  401 
10  632 

10863 

II  094 
II  326 
II  557 
II  788 

12  019 
12  250 
12  481 
12  712 
12943 
I3I75 
13406 

9448 
9664 
9881 
0098 
0314 
0531 
o  748 

0964 

I  181 
1398 
I  615 
I  831 
2048 

12  265 
12  481 

236             Collapsing  Pressures 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 

(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 

Formula 

P=  86  670//D-  1386  (B).    P=  50  210000  (//£)»  (G). 

Where  P=  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;  /  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Outside  diameter  —  Inches 

Thick- 

ness 

4.250 

4.500 

4-750 

S.ooo 

5.250 

5  5oo 

5.563 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.12 

1061 

925 

.13 

1265 

1118 

986 

867 

760 

663 

.14 

1469 

1310 

1169 

1041 

925 

820 

795 

.15 

1673 

1503 

1351 

1214 

IOOO 

978 

951 

.16 

1877 

1696 

1533 

1387 

1255 

1  135 

1107 

.17 

2081 

1888 

1716 

1561 

1420 

1293 

1263 

.18 

2285 

2081 

1898 

1734 

1586 

1450 

1418 

.19 

2489 

2273 

2081 

1907 

1751 

1608 

1574 

.20 

2693 

2466 

2263 

2081 

1916 

1766 

1730 

.21 

2897 

2659 

2446 

2254 

2081 

1923 

1886 

.22 

3100 

2851 

2628 

2427 

2246 

2081 

.2042 

•23 

3304 

3044 

2811 

2601 

2411 

2238 

2197 

.24 

35o8 

3236 

2993 

2774 

2576 

2396 

2353 

.25 

3712 

3429 

3176 

2948 

2741 

2554 

2509 

.26 

39i6 

3622 

3358 

3121 

2906 

2711 

2665 

.27 

4120 

3814 

3540 

3294 

3071 

2869 

2821 

.28 

4324 

4007 

3723 

3468 

3236 

3026 

2976 

.29 

4528 

4199 

3905 

3641 

3401 

3184 

3132 

•  30 

4732 

4392 

4088 

3814 

3567 

3341 

3288 

.31 

4936 

4585 

4270 

3988 

3732 

3499 

3444 

•  32 

5140 

4777 

4453 

4161 

3897 

3657 

3600 

.33 

5344 

4970 

4635 

4334 

4062 

3814 

3755 

•  34 

5548 

5162 

4818 

4508 

4227 

3972 

391  1 

•  35 

5752 

5355 

5000 

4681 

4392 

4129 

4067 

.36 

5955 

5548 

5183 

4854 

4557 

4287 

4223 

•  37 

6i59 

5740 

5365 

5028 

4722 

4445 

4378 

.38 

6363 

5933 

5548 

5201 

4887 

4602 

4534 

.39 

6567 

6125 

5730 

5374 

5052 

476o 

4690 

.40 

6771 

6318 

5913 

5548 

5217 

4917 

4846 

.41 

6975 

6511 

6095 

5721 

5383 

5075 

5002 

.42 

7179 

6703 

6277 

5894 

5548 

5232 

5157 

•  43 

7383 

6896 

6460 

6068 

5713 

5390 

5313 

.44 

7587 

7088 

6642 

6241 

5878 

5548 

5469 

•  45 

7791 

7281 

6825 

6414 

6043 

5705 

5625 

.46 

7995 

7474 

7007 

6588 

6208 

5863 

578i 

.47 

8199 

7666 

7190 

6761 

6373 

6020 

5936 

.48 

8403 

7859 

7372 

6934 

6538 

6178 

6092 

.49 

8607 

8051 

7555 

7108 

6703 

6336 

6248 

Collapsing  Pressures                               237 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 
(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 
Formulas, 
P=  S667ot/D-  1386  (B).         P=so2ioooo(//Z))3  (G). 
Where  P=  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 
D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;  t  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Thick- 
ness 

Outside  diameter  —  Inches 

4.250 

4.500 

4-750 

5.000 

5.250 

5-500 

5.563 

.50 
.51 
•  52 
•  53 
.54 
.55 
.56 
.57 
-58 
.59 
.60 
.61 
.62 
.63 
.64 
.65 
.66 
.67 
.68 
.69 
.70 
•  71 
.72 
.73 
•  74 
.75 
.76 
•  77 
.78 
.79 
.80 
.81 
.82 
.83 
.84 
.85 
.86 
.87 
.88 
.89 
.90 
•  91 
•  92 
•  93 
.94 
•95 
.96 
•  97 
.98 
.99 

i       1.  00 

I 

8810 
9014 
9  218 
9422 
9  626 
9830 
10034 
10238 
10  442 
10  646 
10850 
ii  054 
ii  258 
ii  462 
11665 

8244 
8437 
8629 
8822 
9014 
9207 
9  400 
9592 
9785 
9977 
o  170 
0363 
0555 
0748 
0940 
II  133 
II  326 
II  518 
II  711 

7  737 
7920 

8  102 

8285 
8467 
8649 
8832 
9014 
9  197 
9379 
9562 
9  744 
9927 
o  109 
o  292 
0474 
0657 
0839 

II  022 

7  281 
7454 
7628 
7801 
7974 
8  148 
8321 
8  494 
8668 
8841 
9014 
9  188 
936i 
9534 
9708 
9881 
0054 
o  228 
o  401 
0574 
0748 
o  921 

6868 
7033 
7  198 
7364 
7529 
7694 
7859 
8024 
8  189 
8354 
8519 
8684 
8849 
9014 
9  179 
9345 
95io 
9675 
9840 
10  005 
10  170 
IQ335 

6493 
6651 
6808 
6966 
7123 
7281 
7439 
7596 
7754 
7911 
8069 
8226 
8384 
8542 
8699 
8857 
9014 
9172 
9330 
9487 
9645 
9802 

6404 
6560 
6715 
6871 
7027 
7183 
7339 
7494 
7650 
7806 
7962 
8118 
8273 
8429 
8585 
8741 
8897 
9052 
9208 
9364 
9520 
9676 
9831 
9987 
10143 
10299 

238             Collapsing  Pressures 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 

(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 

Formula 

P=  86  670  t/D-  1386  (B).    P=  50  210  ooo  (//D)3  (G). 

Where  P  =  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;  t  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Thick- 

Outside diameter  —  Inches 

ness 

6.000 

6.500 

6.625 

7.000 

7-500 

7.625 

8  ooo 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

•  07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.12 

.13 

.14 

636 

502 

.15 

78i 

614 

583 

494 

402 

382 

331 

.16 

925 

747 

707 

600 

488 

464 

402 

•  17 

1070 

881 

838 

719 

585 

556 

482 

.18 

1214 

1014 

969 

843 

694 

660 

572 

.19 

1359 

1147 

1  100 

966 

810 

774 

672 

.20 

1503 

1281 

1230 

1090 

925 

887 

781 

.21 

1647 

1414 

1361 

1214 

1041 

1001 

889 

.22 

1792 

1547 

1492 

1338 

1156 

IH5 

997 

.23 

1936 

1681 

1623 

.  1462 

1272 

1228 

1106 

.24 

2081 

1814 

1754 

1586 

1387 

1342 

1214 

.25 

2225 

1947 

1885 

1709 

1503 

1456 

1322 

.26 

2370 

2081 

2015 

1833 

1619 

1569 

I43i 

.27 

2514 

2214 

2146 

1957 

1734 

1683 

1539 

.28 

2659 

2347 

2277 

2081 

1850 

1797 

1647 

.29 

2803 

2481 

2408 

2205 

1965 

1910 

1756 

•  30 

2948 

2614 

2539 

2328 

2081 

2024 

1864 

•  31 

3092 

2747 

2670 

2452 

2196 

2138 

1972 

•  32 

3236 

2881 

2800 

2576 

2312 

2251 

2081 

•  33 

338i 

3014 

2931 

2700 

2427 

2365 

2189 

•  34 

3525 

3148 

3062 

2824 

2543 

2479 

2297 

•  35 

3670 

3281 

3193 

2948 

2659 

2592 

2406 

.36 

3814 

3414 

3324 

3071 

2774 

2706 

2514 

•  37 

3959 

3548 

3454 

3195 

2890 

2820 

2622 

.38 

4103 

368i 

3585 

3319 

3005 

2933 

2731 

•  39 

4248 

3814 

37i6 

3443 

3121 

3047 

2839 

.40 

4392 

3948 

3847 

3567 

3236 

3i6l 

2948 

.41 

4536 

4081 

3978 

3690 

3352 

3274 

3056 

.42 

4681 

4214 

4109 

3814 

3468 

3388 

3164 

•43 

4825 

4348 

4239 

3938 

3583 

3502 

3273 

.44 

4970 

4481 

4370 

4062 

3699 

36i5 

3381 

.  -45 

5H4 

4614 

4501 

4186 

38i4 

3729 

3489 

.46 

5259 

4748 

4632 

4309 

3930 

3843 

3598 

•  47 

5403 

4881 

4763 

4433 

4045 

3956 

37o6 

.48 

5548 

5014 

4894 

4557 

4161 

4070 

3814 

•  49 

5692 

5148 

5024 

4681 

4276 

4184 

3923 

Collapsing  Pressures             239 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 
(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 
Formula 
P=  86  670  //Z>-  1386  (B).    P=  50  210  ooo  (t/D)*  (G). 
Where  P  =  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  ; 
D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;  t  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Thick- 
ness 

Outside  diameter  —  Inches 

6.  ooo 

6.500 

6.625 

7.000 

7-500 

7-625 

8.000 

•  So 

.51 
.52 
•  53 
.54 
•  55 
-56 
•  57 
.58 
•  59 
.60 
.61 
.62 
.63 
.64 
.65 
.66 
.67 
.68 
.69 
.70 
•  71 
•  72 
.73 
•  74 
.75 
•  76 
•  77 
.78 
•  79 

1 

.81 

.82 
.83 
.84 
.85 
.86 
.87 
.88 
.89 
.90 
.91 
•  92 
•  93 
.94 
.95 
.96 
.97 
.98 
•  99 

I.OO 

5837 
598i 
6125 
6270 
6414 
6559 
6703 
6848 
6992 
7137 
7281 
7425 
7570 
7714 
7859 
8003 
8148 
8292 
8437 
8581 
8726 
8870 
9014 
9159 
9303 
9448 

5281 
5414 
5548 
5681 
5814 
5948 
6081 
6214 
6348 
6481 
6614 
6748 
6881 
7014 
7148 
7281 
7414 
7548 
7681 
7814 
7948 
8081 
8214 
8348 
8481 
8614 

5155 
5286 
5417 
5548 
5678 
5809 
5940 
6071 
6202 
6333 
6463 
6594 
6725 
6856 
6987 
7117 
7248 
7379 
75io 
7641 
7772 
7902 
8033 
8164 
8295 
8426 
8557 
8687 
8818 
8949 
9080 
9211 
9341 
9472 
9603 
9734 
9865 
9996 

4805 
4929 
5052 
5176 
5300 
5424 
5548 
5671 
5795 
5919 
6043 
6167 
6290 
6414 
6538 
6662 
6786 
6910 
7033 
7157 
7281 
7405 
7529 
7652 
7776 
7900 
8024 
8148 
8272 
8395 
8519 
8643 
8767 
8891 
9014 
9138 
9262 
9386 

4392 
4508 
4623 
4739 
4854 
4970 
5085 
5201 
5316 
5432 
5548 
5663 
5779 
5894 
6010 
6125 
6241 
6357 
6472 
6588 
6703 
6819 
6934 
7050 
7165 
7281 
7397 
7512 
7628 
7743 
7859 
7974 
8090 
8205 
8321 
8437 
8552 
8668 

4297 
44i  I 
4525 
4638 
4752 
4866 
4979 
5093 
5207 
5320 
5434 
5548 
566i 
5775 
5889 
6002 
6116 
6230 
6343 
6457 
6571 
6684 
6798 
6912 
7025 
7139 
7253 
7366 
748o 
7594 
7707 
7821 
7935 
8048 
8162 
8276 
8389 
8503 
8617 

4031 
4139 
4248 
4356 
4464 
4573 
4681 
4789 
4898 
5006 
5H4 
5223 
5331 
5439 
5548 
5656 
5764 
5873 
598l 
6089 
6198 
6306 
6414 
6523 
6631 
6739 
6848 
6956 
7064 
7173 
7281 
7389 
7498 
7606 
7714 
7823 
7931 
8039 
8148 

240             Collapsing  Pressures 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 

(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 

Formula 

P=  86  670//.D-  1386  (B).    P=502ioooo(//Z))3  (G)  . 

Where  P=  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;  t  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Thick- 

Outside diameter  —  Inches 

ness 

8.500 

8.625 

9.000 

9.500 

9.625 

10.000 

10.500 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.12 

.13 

.14 

•  IS 

276 

.16 

335 

320 

282 

240 

230 

.17 

402 

385 

338 

288 

277 

247 

213 

.18 

477 

456 

402 

341 

328 

293 

253 

.19 

56l 

537 

472 

402 

386 

344 

297 

.20 

653 

624 

551 

468 

450 

402 

347 

.21 

755 

724 

636 

542 

521 

465 

402 

.22 

857 

825 

733 

621 

600 

535 

.  462 

.23 

959 

925 

829 

712 

685 

611 

528 

•  24 

1061 

1026 

925 

804 

775 

694 

600 

•25 

1163 

1126 

1022 

895 

865 

78i 

678 

.26 

1265 

1227 

1118 

986 

955 

867 

760 

.27 

1367 

1327 

1214 

1077 

1045 

954 

843 

.28 

1469 

1428 

1310 

1168 

1  135 

1041 

925 

.29 

I57i 

1528 

1407 

1260 

1225 

1127 

1008 

•  30 

1673 

1629 

1503 

1351 

1315 

1214 

1090 

•  31 

1775 

1729 

1599 

1442 

1405 

1301 

H73 

.32 

1877 

1830 

1696 

1495 

1387 

1255 

•  33 

1979 

1930 

1792 

1625 

1586 

1474 

1338 

.34 

2081 

2031 

1888 

1716 

1676 

1561 

1420 

•  35 

2183 

2131 

1985 

1807 

1766 

1647 

1503 

.36 

2285 

2232 

2081 

1898 

1856 

1734 

1586 

.37 

2387 

2332 

2177 

1990 

1946 

1821 

1668 

.38 

2489 

2433 

2273 

2081 

2036 

1907 

1751 

•  39 

2591 

2533 

2370 

2172 

2126 

1994 

1833 

•  40 

2693 

2633 

2466 

2263 

2216 

2081  I   1916 

.41 

2795 

2734 

2562 

2355 

2306 

2167 

1998 

.42 

2897 

2834 

2659 

2446 

2396 

2254 

2081 

•  43 

2998 

2935 

2755 

2537 

2486 

2341 

2163 

.44 

3100 

3035 

2851 

2628 

2576 

2427 

2246 

•  45 

3202 

3136 

2948 

2719 

2666 

2514 

2328 

.46 

3304 

3236 

3044 

2811 

2756 

2601 

2411 

•  47 

34o6 

3337 

3140 

2902 

2846 

2687 

2494 

.48 

3508 

3437 

3236 

2993 

2936 

2774 

2576 

.49 

3610 

3538 

3333 

3084 

3026 

2861 

2659  1 

1 

Collapsing  Pressures             241 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 

(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 

Formula 

P=8667o//Z>-i386  (B).    P=  50  210000  (//Z>)»  (G). 

Where  P  =  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;  /  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Outside  diameter  —  Inches 

Thick- 

ness 

8.500 

8.625 

9.000 

9.500 

9.625 

10.000 

10.500 

•  50 

3712 

3638 

3429 

3176 

3116 

2948 

2741 

•  51 

3814 

3739 

3525 

3267 

3206 

3034 

2824 

•  52 

39i6 

3839 

3622 

3358 

3296 

3121 

2906 

•  53 

4018 

3940 

3718 

3449 

3386 

3208  i   2989 

•  54 

4120 

4040 

3814 

3541 

3477 

3294  1   3071 

•  55 

4222 

4141 

39io 

3632 

3567 

338i 

3154 

.56 

4324 

4241 

4007 

3723 

3657 

3468 

3236 

.57 

4426 

4342 

4103 

3814 

3747 

3554 

3319 

.58 

4528 

4442 

4199 

3905 

3837 

3641 

3401 

.59 

4630 

4543 

4296 

3997 

3927 

3728 

3484 

.60 

4732 

4643 

4392 

4088 

4017 

38i4 

3567 

.61 

4834 

4744 

4488 

4179 

4107 

3901 

3649 

.62 

4936 

4844 

4585 

4270 

4197 

3988 

3732 

.63 

5038 

4945 

4681 

4362 

4287 

4074 

3814 

.64 

5140 

5045 

4777  • 

4453 

4377 

4161 

3897 

.65 

5242 

5146 

4873 

4544 

4467 

4248 

3979 

.66 

5344 

5246 

4970 

4635 

4557 

4334 

4062 

-67 

5446 

5347 

5066 

4727 

4647 

4421 

4144 

.68 

5548 

5447 

5162 

4818 

4737 

4508 

4227 

.69 

5650 

5548 

5259 

4909 

4827 

4594 

4309 

.70 

5752 

5648 

5355  i   5ooo 

4917 

4681 

4392 

•  71 

5853 

5749 

5451  !   5091 

5007 

4768 

4475 

•  72 

5955 

5849 

5548 

5i83 

5097 

4854 

4557 

•  73 

6057 

5950 

5644 

5274 

5187 

4941 

4640 

•  74 

6i59 

6050 

5740 

5365 

5277 

5028 

4722 

•  75 

6261 

6151 

5836 

5456 

5368 

5114 

4805 

•  76 

6363 

6251 

5933 

5548 

5458 

5201 

4887 

•  77 

6465 

6351 

6029 

5639 

5548 

5288 

4970 

•  78 

6567 

6452 

6125 

5730 

5638 

5374 

5052 

•  79 

6669 

6552 

6222 

5821 

5728 

546i 

5135 

.80 

6771 

6653 

6318 

5913 

5818 

5548 

5217 

.81 

6873 

6753 

6414 

6004 

5908 

5634 

53oo 

.82 

6975 

6854 

6511 

6095 

5998 

5721 

5383 

.83 

7077 

6954 

6607 

6186 

6088 

58o8 

5465 

.84 

7179 

7055 

6703 

6277 

6178 

5894 

5548 

•  85 

7281 

7155 

6799 

6369 

6268 

598i 

5630 

.86 

7383 

7256 

6896 

6460 

6358 

6068 

5713 

.87 

7485 

7356 

6992 

6551 

6448 

6i54 

5795 

.88 

7587 

7457 

7088 

6642 

6538 

6241 

5878 

.89 

6734 

6628 

6328 

5960 

.00 

6825 

6718 

6414 

6043 

.91 

6916 

6808 

6501 

6125 

.92 

7007 

6898 

6588 

6208 

•  93 

7099 

6988 

6674 

6290 

•  94 

7190 

7078 

6761 

6373 

•  95 

7281 

7168 

6848 

6456 

.96 

7372 

7258 

6934 

6538 

•  97 

7464 

7349 

7021 

6621 

.98 

7555 

7439 

7108 

6703 

•  99 

7646 

7529 

7194 

6786 

I.OO 

7737 

7619 

7281 

6868 

242             Collapsing  Pressures 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Continued) 

(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 

Formula 

P  =  86  670  t/D-  1386  (B).    P=so  210000  (t/D)*  (G). 

Where  P=  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;  t  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Thick- 

Outside diameter  —  Inches 

ness 

10.750 

II.OOO 

11.500 

11.750 

12.000 

12.500 

12.750 

.01 

.02 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.12 

•  13 

.14 

.15 

.16 

•  I? 

.18 

236 

220 

192 

180 

170 

150 

141 

.19 

277 

259 

226 

212 

199 

176 

166 

.20 

323 

302 

264 

248 

232 

206 

194 

.21 

374 

349 

3o6 

287 

269 

238 

224 

.22 

430 

402 

351 

329 

309 

274 

258 

.23 

492 

459 

402 

377 

353 

313 

295 

.24 

559 

522 

456 

428 

402 

355 

335 

.25 

630 

589 

5i6 

484 

454 

402 

379 

.26 

710 

663 

58o 

544 

511 

452 

426 

•  27 

791 

741 

649  . 

609 

572 

506 

477 

.28 

871 

820 

724 

679 

636 

564 

532 

.29 

952 

899 

800 

753 

709 

625 

591 

.30 

1033 

978 

875 

827 

781 

694 

653 

.31 

IH3 

1057 

950 

901 

853 

763 

721 

.32 

1194 

H35 

1026      974 

925 

833 

789 

.33 

1275 

1214 

noi  |   1048 

997 

902 

857 

•  34 

1355 

1293 

1176   !    1122 

1070 

971 

925 

•  35 

1436 

1372 

1252 

1196 

1142 

1041 

993 

.36 

1516 

I45o 

1327 

1269 

1214 

IIIO 

1061 

•  37 

1597 

1529 

1403 

1343 

1286 

1  179 

1129 

•  38 

1678 

1608 

1478 

1417 

1359 

1249 

1  197 

.39 

1758 

1687 

1553 

1491 

1431 

1318 

1265 

.40 

1839 

1766 

1629 

1564 

1503 

1387 

1333 

.41 

1920 

1844 

1704 

1638 

1575 

1457 

1401 

.42 

200O 

1923 

1779 

1712 

1647 

1526 

1469 

.43 

2081 

2O02 

1855 

1786 

1720 

1595 

1537 

.44 

2161 

2081 

1930 

1860 

1792 

1665 

1605 

•  45 

2242 

2l6o 

2205 

1933 

1864 

1734 

1673 

.46 

2323 

2238 

2081 

2007 

1936 

1803 

1741 

.47 

2403 

2317 

2156 

2081 

2009 

1873 

1809 

.48 

2484 

2396 

2232 

2155 

2081 

1942 

1877 

•  49 

2565 

2475 

2307 

2228 

2153 

201  1 

I94'5 

Collapsing  Pressures             243 

Collapsing  Pressures  —  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  (Concluded) 

(Based  on  Professor  Stewart's  Formulae  B  and  G.) 

Formula 

P=86  670  t/D-  1386  (B).    P=  50  210  ooo  (t/D}»  (G). 

Where  P=  collapsing  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches;  I  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Outside  diameter  —  Inches 

Thick- 

ness 

10.750 

11.000 

11.500 

H.750 

12.000 

12.500 

12.750 

•  So 

2645 

2554 

2382 

2302 

2225 

2081 

2013 

.51 

2726 

2632 

2458 

2376 

2297 

2150 

2081 

•  52 

2806 

2711 

2533 

2450 

2370 

2219 

2149 

•  53 

2887 

2790 

2608 

2523 

2442 

2289 

2217 

.54 

2968 

2869 

2684 

2597 

2514 

2358 

2285 

.55 

3048 

2947 

2759 

2671 

2586 

2427 

2353 

-56 

3129 

3026 

2834 

2745 

2659 

2497 

2421 

•  57 

3210 

3io5 

2910 

2818 

2731 

2566 

2489 

•  58 

3290 

3184 

2985 

2892 

2803 

2635 

2557 

.59 

3371 

3263 

3061 

2966 

2875 

2705 

2625 

.60 

3451 

3341 

3136 

3040 

2948 

2774 

2693 

.61 

3532 

3420 

321  1 

3H3 

3020 

2843 

2761 

.62 

3613 

3499 

3287 

3i87 

3092 

2913 

2829 

.63 

3693 

3578 

3362 

3261 

3164 

2982 

2897 

-64 

3774 

3657 

3437 

3335 

3236 

3052 

2964 

.65 

3855 

3735 

3513 

3409 

3309 

3121 

3032 

.66 

3935 

3814 

3588 

3482 

3381 

3190 

3100 

.67 

4016 

3893 

3663 

3556 

3453 

3260 

3168 

.68 

4096 

3972 

3739 

3630 

3525 

3329 

3236 

.69 

4177 

4051 

38i4 

3704 

3598 

3398 

3304 

.70 

4258 

4129 

3890 

3777 

3670 

3468 

3372 

•  7i 

4338 

4208 

3965 

3851 

3742 

3537 

3440 

•  72 

4419 

4287 

4040 

3925 

38i4 

3606 

3508 

-73 

4499 

4366 

4116 

3999 

3886 

3676 

3576 

•  74 

458o 

4445 

4191 

4072 

3959 

3745 

3644 

•  75 

4661 

4523 

4266 

4146 

4031 

3814 

3712 

.76 

4741 

4602 

4342 

4220 

4103 

3884 

378o 

•  77 

4822 

4681 

4417 

4294 

4175 

3953 

3848 

.78 

4903 

476o 

4492 

4367 

4248 

4022 

3916 

•  79 

4983 

4838 

4568 

4441 

4320 

4092 

3984 

.80 

5064 

4917 

4643 

4515 

4392 

4161 

4052 

.81 

5144 

4996 

4719 

4589 

4464 

4230 

4120 

.82 

5225 

5075 

4794 

4662 

4536 

4300 

4188 

.83 

5306 

5154 

4869 

4736 

4609 

4369 

4256 

.84 

5386 

5232 

4945 

4810 

4681 

4438 

4324 

.85 

5467 

5311 

5020 

4884 

4753 

45o8 

4392 

.86 

5548 

5390 

5095 

4958 

4825 

4577 

4460 

.87 

5628 

5469 

5171 

5031 

4898 

4646 

4528 

.88 

5709 

5548 

5246 

5105 

4970 

4716 

4596 

.89 

5789 

5626 

5322 

5179 

5042 

4785 

4664 

.90 

5870 

5705 

5397 

5253 

5114 

4854 

4732 

-91 

5951 

5784 

5472 

5326 

5186 

4924 

4800 

•92 

6031 

5863 

5548 

5400 

5259 

4993 

4868 

•  93 

6112 

5942 

5623 

5474 

5331 

5062 

4936 

.94 

6i93 

6020 

5698 

5548 

5403 

5132 

5004 

•  95 

6273 

6099 

5774 

5621 

5475 

5201 

5072 

-96 

6354 

6178 

5849 

5695 

5548 

5270 

5140 

•  97 

6434 

6257 

5924 

5769 

5620 

5340 

5208 

•  98 

6515 

6336 

6000 

5843 

5692 

5409 

5276 

-99 

6506 

6414 

6075 

59i6 

5764 

5478 

5344 

I.OO 

6676 

6493 

6151 

5990 

5836 

5548 

5412 

244  Pipe  Columns 


PIPE  COLUMNS 

Those  parts  of  a  structure  that  resist  thrust  or  compressive  stress  are 
known  as  columns  or  struts.  Except  when  comparatively  quite  short, 
columns  and  struts  tend  to  fail  by  lateral  bending  or  buckling.  While 
apparently  similar  in  this  respect  to  beams,  the  real  stresses  in  a  loaded 
column  are,  however,  of  such  an  obscure  nature  that  no  satisfactory 
theoretical  formula  has  yet  been  produced  for  columns  of  the  propor- 
tions commonly  used  in  practice.  The  only  really  useful  formulae  for 
columns  and  struts  are  those  based  directly  upon  experimental  data. 

Radius  of  Gyration.  The  radius  of  gyration  is  the  property  of  the 
cross-section  of  a  column  that  determines  its  strength.  The  relation 
of  the  radius  of  gyration,  R,  to  the  moment  of  inertia,  /,  and  area  of 
cross-section,  A,  is  such  that  it  equals  the  square  root  of  the  quotient 
resulting  from  dividing  the  former  by  the  latter,  or  R  =  v  7  H-  A . 

Slenderness  Ratio.  The  strength  of  a  column  or  strut  is  most  easily 
expressed  in  terms  of  its  slenderness  ratio,  which  is  the  length  divided 

by  the  least  radius  of  gyration,  — ,  both  being  stated  in  inches. 
R 

Strength  of  Columns.  The  strength  of  a  column  or  strut  depends 
(i)  upon  the  manner  in  which  the  ends  are  connected  to  the  rest  of  the 
structure,  whether  fixed  in  direction,  hinged,  etc.,  and  upon  the  placing 
of  the  loading,  whether  axial  or  eccentric;  (2)  upon  the  slenderness 

L 

ratio,  — ;  (3)  upon  the  area  of  cross-section,  A;  and  (4)  upon  the  pltysi- 
R 

cal  properties  of  the  material. 

Tables  of  Safe  Loads  for  Pipe  Columns.  The  tables,  pages  245 
to  249,  give  the  safe  loads  in  tons  of  2000  pounds  for  Standard,  Extra 
Strong,  and  Double  Extra  Strong  Pipe,  computed  by  the  formulae  of 
the  New  York  and  Chicago  Building  Laws. 

According  to  the  New  York  Building  Code,  the  allowable  compressive 
stress  per  square  inch  for  steel  columns  with  flat  ends  is  given  by  the 

formula  S  =  15  200  —  58  — ,  where  L  is  the  length  of  the  column  and 
R 

R  is  the  least  radius  of  gyration,  both  in  inches.  It  further  states  that 
no  column  shall  be  used  whose  unsupported  length  is  greater  than  120 
times  its  least  radius  of  gyration. 

According  to  the  Chicago  Building  Ordinances  the  allowable  com- 
pressive stress  per  square  inch  for  steel  columns  shall  be  determined 

by  the  formula  S  =  16  ooo  —  70  —  ,  with  a  maximum  allowable  stress 

R 

of  14  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch.  The  length  of  column  is  limited  to 
120  times  the  least  radius  of  gyration,  except  in  the  case  of  struts  for 
wind  bracing,  in  which  case  the  limit  is  150  times  the  least  radius  of 
gyration. 


Pipe  Columns 


245 


Standard  Pipe  Columns 

(Loads  in  tons  of  2000  pounds,  based  on  New  York  Building  Code.) 

S  =  15  200  -  58  L/R. 

S  =  allowable  compressive  stress  for  steel,  pounds  per  square  inch; 
L  =  length  of  column  in  inches; 
R  =  least  radius  of  gyration  in  inches. 


Length, 
feet 

Size  of  pipe 

2    2V2    3   1  3Va  1   4     4V2  1   S     6     7 

Thickness 

.154 

.203 

216 

.226 

•237 

.247 

.258 

.280 

.301 

40 
36 
33 
30 
27 
24 
22 
20 
18 

16 

14 

13 

12 
II 
10 

9 

8 

6 
5 

19.16 
21-95 

24-74 
27  53 

13-87 
16.47 
19.06 
21.66 

2 

5 
8 

0 

ii.  16 
13-55 
15.15 

16.74 

9-7 

II.  2 

12.7 

14.3 

30  32 

8.02 

9-49 
10.95 

12.42 

23-39 
25.12 

32.18 
34-04 
35.90 
37.76 
39.62 
40.55 
41.48 
42.41 
43-34 
44-27 
45-20 

46.13 
47.06 
47-99 

6.41 
7.81 
9.20 
10.  60 

6.27 
7.61 
8.27 
8-94 

18.34 
19-93 
21.52 
22.32 
23.12 
23.91 
24.71 
25-51 
26.30 
27.10 
27.90 
28.69 

26.85 
28.58 
30.31 
31-17 
32.04 
32.90 
33-77 
34.63 
35-50 
36.36 
37-23 
38.09 

15-83 
17-35 

18.11 
18.88 
19.64 
20.40 
21.17 
21.93 
22.69 
23-45 
24.22 

4.19 
4.81 
5-44 
6.07 
6.69 

13.88 
14.61 
15-34 
16.07 
16.81 

17-54 
18.27 
19.00 
19-73 
20.46 

ii 
ii 

12 

13 
14 
14 
15 
16 
16 

•  30 
-99 
.69 
•39 
.09 
.78 
.48 
.18 
.88 

2.94 
3-42 

9.61 
10.27 
10.94 
II.  60 
12.27 
12.94 
I3.6o 

3-89 
4-37 

7-32 
7-94 
8.57 
9.20 
9.82 

4.84 
5-32 
5-79 

Length, 
feet 

Size  of  pipe 

8   |   9   1   10 

II     12   |   13   |   14     15 

Thickness 

.322 

•  342 

.365 

-375 

•  375 

•  375 

.375 

-375 

40 
36 
33 
30 

27 

24 

22 

20 

18 
16 
14 
13 

12 
II 
10 

9 

8 

6 
5 

24.04 
28.02 
31.00 
33-99 

33-53 

37.76 
40.93 

45.38 

55-49 
60.12 
63-60 
67.08 
70.55 
74-03 
76.35 
78.67 
80.99 
83.30 
85.62 
86.78 
87.94 
89.10 
90.26 
91.42 
92  .  57 
93-73 
94.89 
96.05 

64.44 
69.07 
72.55 
76.03 

79-51 
82.98 
85.30 
87.62 
89.94 
92.26 
94-57 
95-73 
96.89 
98.05 
99-21 
100.37 
101.53 

102  .  69 
103.85 
105.00 

75.63 
80.26 
83.74 
87.22 
90.69 
94-17 
96.49 
98.81 

101  .  13 

103  .  45 
105  76 
106  .  92 
108.08 
109.24 
110.40 
111.56 
112.72 
113.88 
115.04 
116  20 

84.58 
89.21 
92.69 
96.17 
99.65 
03.12 
05-44 
07.76 
10.08 
12.40 
14.72 
15-88 
17-03 
18.19 
19-35 
20.51 
21.67 
22.83 
23-99 
25  .  15 

93-53 
98.17 
101  .  64 
105.12 
108.60 
112.08 
114.40 
116.71 
119.03 
121.35 
123.67 
124  83 
125  99 
127  15 
128.31 
129  47 
130.62 
131.78 
132.94 
134  -  10 

49.90 
53.28 
56.66 

60.05 
63.43 
65.69 
67.94 
70.20 
72.46 
74-71 
75-84 
76.97 
78.10 
79-22 
80.35 
81.48 
82.61 
83-74 
84.86 

44.10 

36.97 
39.96 
41-95 
43-94 
45-93 
47-92 
49-90 
50.90 
51.89 
52.89 
53-88 
54.88 
55-87 
56.87 
57-86 
58.86 

47-27 
50.44 
52.55 
54-66 
56.78 
58.89 
61.01 
62.06 
63-12 
64.18 
65-23 
66.29 
67.35 
68.40 
69.46 
70.52 

NOTE.  —  Loads 
L/R  greater  than 


above  or  to  the  left  of  the  zigzag  line  correspond  to  values  of 
120. 


246 


Pipe  Columns 


Standard  Pipe  Columns  (Concluded) 
(Loads  in  tons  of  2000  pounds,  based  on  Chicago  Building  Ordinances.) 

S  =  16000-  ?oL/R. 

S  —  allowable  compressive  stress  for  steel,  pounds  per  square  inch ; 
L  =  length  of  column  in  inches;  R  —  least  radius  of  gyration  in  inches; 

Maximum  allowable  compressive  stress  =  14  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 


Length, 
feet 

Size  of  pipe 

2          2Ya        3          3%    1      4      1     4%     1       S             6       |       7 

Thickness 

.154 

.203 

.216 

.226 

.237 

.247 

.258 

.280 

.301 

40 
36 
33 
30 
27 

24 
22 
20 

18 
16 
14 
13 

12 

ii 

IO 

9 
8 

7 
6 
5 

15.00 
18.37 
21.73 
25  10 

IO.20 
13-33 
16.46 
19.60 

8.43 
11.32 
13-24 
15.16 

7.41 
9-25 
11.09 

12.94 

28.47 

5-96 
7-73 
9-50 
11.26 

21.68 
23-77 
25.86 
27-95 
30.04 
31.08 
32.12 
33-17 
34-21 
35-26 
36.30 
37-34 
38.39 
39-07 

30.71 
32.96 

35-20 

37-45 
39.69 
40.81 
41-94 
43.o6 
44-iS 
45-30 
46.43 
47-55 
48.48 
48.48 

4.60 
6.28 

7-97 
9-65 

17.09 
19.01 
20.93 
21.90 

22.86 

23.82 
24-78 
25-74 
26.71 

27.67 
28.63 
29-59 

*3'o6 
3.8i 

4-57 
5-32 
6.08 

4.96 
6.57 
7-37 
8.18 

14.78 
16.62 

17-54 
18.46 
19.38 
20.30 
21.22 
22.14 
23.06 
23.98 
24.90 

13-03 
13-91 
14.79 
15-68 
16.56 
17-44 
18.33 
19.21 
20.09 
20.98 

2.29 
2.86 

10.49 
11.33 
12.18 
13.02 
13-86 
14.70 
15-54 
16.38 
17.23 

8.98 
9.78 
10.59 
H.39 

12.20 
13.00 
I3.8I 

3-44 
4.01 

6.83 
7-59 
8.34 
9.10 
9.86 

4.58 
5.16 
5-73 

Length, 
feet 

Size  of  pipe 

8      |      9              10           ii      |       12       |       13      I    •   14             15 

Thickness 

.322 

•  342 

.365 

•  375 

•  375 

.375 

•  375 

•  375 

40 
36 
33 
30 
27 
24 

22 
20 
18 

16 
14 
13 

12 
II 
10 

9 
8 

6 

S 

19.16 
23.96 
27-57 
31.17 

28.77 
33.87 
37-70 

40.81 

51 

.26 

60.68 
66.27 
70.47 
74.67 
78.86 
83-06 
85.86 
88.65 
91-45 
94-25 
97-05 
98-45 
99-85 
101  .  24 
102.05 
102.05 
102.05 
102.05 
102.05 
102.05 

72.45 
78.05 
82.25 
86.44 
90.64 
94.84 
97.64 
100.43 
103.23 
106.03 
108.83 
110.23 
111.62 
I  2.36 
I  2.36 
i  2.36 
I  2.36 
I  2.36 
I  2.36 
i  2.36 

81.88 
87.47 
91.67 
95-87 
100.06 
104  .  26 
107.06 
109.86 
112.65 
115-45 
118.25 
119-65 
120.61 
120.61 
120.61 
120.61 
120.61 
120.61 
120.61 

120  .  6l 

91.30 
96.89 
01.09 
05.29 

09.49 
13-68 
16.48 
19.28 
22.08 
24.88 
27.67 
28.85 
28.85 
28.85 
28.85 
28.85 
28.85 
28.85 
128.85 
128.85 

46.26 
50.34 
54-43 
58.51 
62.59 
65.32 
68.04 
70.76 
73.48 
76.21 
77-57 
78.93 
80.29 
81.65 
83.01 
83.36 
83-36 
83.36 
83.36 

56.85 
61.05 
65.24 
69.44 
73.64 
76.43 
79-23 
82.03 
84.83 
87.62 
89.02 
90.42 
91.82 

93-22 

93.81 
93.81 
93.81 
93.81 
93.81 

41-53 

34-77 
38.37 
40.78 
43-18 
45-58 
47.98 
50.38 
51.58 
52.78 
53-99 
55-19 
56.39 
57-59 
58.79 
58.79 
58.79 

45-35 
49-iS 
51-73 
54.28 
56.83 
59.38 
6i.93 
63.21 
64.49 
65.76 
67.04 
68.31 
69.59 
69.82 
69.82 
69.82 

NOTE.  —  Loads  above  or  to  the  left  of  the  zigzag  line  correspond  to  values  of 
L/R  greater  than  120. 


Pipe  Columns 


247 


Extra  Strong  Pipe  Columns 

(Loads  in  tons  of  2000  pounds,  based  on  New  York  Building  Code.) 

5=  15  200-  58  L/R. 

S  =  allowable  compressive  stress  for  steel,  pounds  per  square  inch; 
L  =  length  of  column  in  inches; 
R  =  least  radius  of  gyration  in  inches. 


Length, 
feet 

Size  of  pipe 

2         21/2    1     3      1    3V2    1      4           4Va     I       5       1      6           .7 

Thickness 

.218 

.276  |    .300 

.318 

•  337 

.355 

•  375 

.432 

.500 

40 
36 
33 
30 
27 
24 
22 
2O 

18 
16 
14 
13 

12 
II 
IO 

9 
8 

6 
5 

19.90 
23.90 
27.90 
31.89 

29-53 
34.16 
38.79 

43-42 

0 

9 
8 

7 

15-22 
18.69 

21.01 
23-32 

I3-I 
15-2 
17-4 
19-  1 

48.04 
51.13 
54-21 
57-30 
60.38 
63.47 
65.01 
66.55 
68.09 
69.64 
71.18 
72.72 
74.26 
75.8o 
77-35 

10.65 
12.72 
14.80 
16.88 

34.56 
37-23 

8.36 

10.32 
12.28 
14.24 

25.63 
27-95 
30.26 
31.42 
32.57 

33-73 
34-89 
36.04 
37-20 
38.35 
39-51 
40.67 

39.89 
42.56 

45-22 

46.55 
47.89 

49-22 

50.55 

51.88 

53-22 

54-55 
55-88 
57-21 

8.14 
9-99 
10.91 
11.84 

21.86 
24-05 
25.14 
26.24 

27-33 

28.43 
29-52 
30.61 

31-71 
32.80 
33-90 

"z'.&s 

4-52 

5-25 
6.09 
6.94 

18.95 
19.99 
21.03 
22.07 
23.11 
24.15 
25.19 
26.23 
27.26 
28.30 

15.22 

16.20 

17.18 

18.16 
19.14 

20.12 
21.  IO 
22.08 
23  06 

7-79 
8.64 

12.76 
13.68 
I4.6l 
15-53 
16.46 
17.38 
18.30 

5-19 
5.86 

9-49 
10.34 
11.19 
12.03 
12.88 

6.53 
7.20 
7-87 

Length, 
feet 

Size  of  pipe 

8             9    I      10     |       II             12       |       13             14             15 

Thickness 

.500 

.500 

.500 

.500 

.500 

-500 

.500 

.500 

40 
36 
33 
30 
27 

24 
22 
20 
18 

16 

.14 
13 
12 

II 

10 

9 
8 

6 

5 

35-27 

41.44 
46.07 
50.70 

47-18 
53.36 
57-99 

60.59 

72.52 
78.70 
83.33 
87.97 
92.6o 
97-23 
100.32 
103.41 

106  .  50 
109-59 
112.68 
114.22 
115-77 
117-31 
118.86 
120.40 
121.95 
123-49 
125.04 
126.58 

84.45 
90.63 
95.26 
99-90 
104-53 
109.17 
112.25 
115-34 
118.43 
121.52 
124.61 
126.16 
127.70 
129.25 
130.79 
132.34 
133-88 
135-43 
136.97 
138.52 

99.36 
105-54 
IIO.I8 
114.81 

119-45 
124.08 
127.17 
130.26 
133-35 
136.44 
139-53 
141.08 
142.62 
I44-I7 
145.71 
147.26 
148.80 
150.35 
151.89 
153-44 

111.29 
117-47 

122.  II 
126.75 
I3L38 
136.02 
139.11 
142.20 
145.29 
148.38 
151.47 

I53-OI 
154.56 
156.10 
157.65 
159.19 
160.74 
162  .  29 
163.83 
165.38 

123-23 
129.41 
134-04 
138.68 
143-32 
147-95 
151.04 
154  •  13 
157-22 
160.31 
163-41 
164.95 
166.50 
168.04 
169.59 
I7LI3 
172.68 
174-22 
175-77 
177.31 

66.77 
71.40 

62.62 

76.04 
80.67 
85.30 
88.39 
91.48 
94-57 
97-66 
100.74 

IO2  .  29 
103.83 
105.38 
106.92 
108.47 
IIO.OI 

111.56 
113.10 
114.64 

55-33 
59.96 
63.05 
66.13 
69.22 
72.31 
75-39 
76.94 
78.48 
80.02 
81.56 
83.11 
84-65 
86.19 
87.74 
89.28 

67.25 
71.88 
74-97 
78.06 
81.15 
84.23 
87.32 
88.87 
90.41 
91-95 
93-50 
95-04 
96.58 
98.13 
99.67 

IOI  .  22 

NOTE.  —  Loads 
L/R  greater  than 


above  or  to  the  left  of  the  zigzag  line  correspond  to  values  of 
1 20. 


248 


Pipe  Columns 


Extra  Strong  Pipe  Columns  (Concluded) 
(Loads  in  tons  of  2000  pounds,  based  on  Chicago  Building  Ordinances.) 

S  =  16000  —  ^oL/R. 

S  =  allowable  compressive  stress  for  steel,  pounds  per  square  inch; 
L  =  length  of  column  in  inches;  R  =  least  radius  of  gyration  in  inches; 

Maximum  allowable  compressive  stress  =14  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 


Length, 
feet 

Size  of  pipe 

2     2i/2  |  3   1  3%  I  4      4V2  i   5   I   6      7 

Thickness 

.218 

.276 

.300 

.318 

•  337 

•  355 

•  375 

•  432 

.500 

40 
36 
33 
30 
27 
24 

22 
2O 

18 
16 
14 
13 

12 
II 
10 

9 
8 

7 
6 
5 

"* 

22.52 
28.11 
33.69 
39  28 

14.16 
18-99 
23.81 
28.64 

II.  21 

15-39 
18.19 
20.98 

9-74 
12.38 
15.02 
17.66 

44  86 

7.68 
10.19 
12.69 
15.20 

31.86 
35-07 
38.29 
4i.5i 
44-72 
46.33 
47-94 
49  55 
5I.I6 
52.76 
54-37 
55-98 
57-59 
58.83 

48.58 
52.31 
56.03 
59-75 
63-48 
65.34 
67.20 
69.06 
70.92 
72.78 
74.64 
76.51 
78.34 
78.34 

6.29 
8.52 
9-64 

10.75 

5.78 

8.14 
10.51 

12.87 

23-77 
26.56 
29-35 
30.75 
32.15 
33-54 
34-94 
36.33 
37-73 
39-12 
40.52 
41-92 

20.31 

22.95 

24.27 
25.59 
26.91 
28.23 

29  55 
30.88 
32.20 
33-52 
34.84 

2.91 
3-72 

3.69 
4-71 
5-74 
6.76 

7-79 

17.71 
18.96 

20.22 

21.47 

22.72 
23.98 
25-23 

26.48 
27.74 
28.99 

14.06 
15-24 
16.42 
17.60 
18.79 
19-97 
21.15 
22.33 
23.52 

11.87 
12.98 
14.09 
15.21 
16.32 
17-44 
18.55 

4-53 
5-34 

8.81 
9-83 
10.86 
11.88 
12.91 

6.15 
6.96 

7-77 

Length, 
feet 

Size  of  pipe 

8   |   9     10     ii   |   12     13   |   14   |   15 

Thickness 

.500 

.500 

.500 

.500 

.500 

.500 

.500 

•  500 

40 
36 
33 
30 
27 
24 
22 
20 

18 
16 
14 
13 

12 

II 

10 

9 
8 

6 

5 

27.60 
35-05 
40.64 
46.23 

40.14 
47-59 
53-18 

54-25 

66.80 
74.26 
79-85 
85-45 
91.04 
96.63 
100.36 
104.09 
107.82 
ill.  54 
115.27 
117.14 
119.00 
120.87 
122.73 
123.70 
123.70 
123.70 
123.70 
123-70 

79.36 
86.82 
92.41 
98.00 
103.60 
109  19 
112.92 
II6.65 
120.38 
124.11 
127.84 
129.70 
131.56 
133-43 
134.70 
134-70 
134.70 
134.70 
134-70 
134  •  70 

95.o6 

102  .  52 

io8.ii 
113.70 
119.30 
124.89 
128  .  62 
132.35 
136.08 
I39-8I 
143-54 
145-40 
147.27 
148.44 
148  .  44 
148.44 
148.44 
148.44 
148.44 
148.44 

107.62 
115.08 
120.67 
126.27 
131.86 
137-45 
141  .  18 
144-91 
148  .  64 
152.37 
156.10 
157-97 
159-44 
159-44 
159-44 
159-44 
159-44 
159-44 
159-44 
159-44 

120.18 
127.64 
133.23 
138.83 
144.42 
150.02 
153-75 
157.48 
161.21 
164.94 
1  68.  67 
170.43 
170-43 
170.43 
170.43 
170.43 
170.43 
170.43 
170.43 
170.43 

61.71 
67.30 
72.89 
78.48 
84-07 
87.80 
91-53 
95.26 
98.98 
02.71 
04.58 
06.44 
08.30 
0.17 
2.03 

2.70 
2.70 
2.70 
2.70 

58-77 

51-81 
57-40 
61.13 
64.85 
68.58 
72.30 
76.03 
77-89 
79-75 
81.61 
83-48 
85-34 
87.20 
89.06 
89.34 
89.34 

64.36 
69.95 
73.68 
77-40 
81.13 
84.86 
88.58 
90.45 
92.31 
94-17 
96.04 
97-90 
99.76 
100.33 
100.33 
100.33 

NOTE.  —  Loads  above  or  to  the  left  of  the  zigzag  line  correspond  to  values  of 
L/R  greater  than  120. 


Pipe  Columns                                     249 

Double  Extra  Strong  Pipe  Columns 

(Loads  in  tons  of  2000  pounds,  based  on  New  York  Building  Code.) 
S  =  15  200-  58  L/R. 
S  =  allowable  compressive  stress  for  steel,  pounds  per  square  inch; 
L  =  length  of  column  in  inches;  R  =  least  radius  of  gyration  in  inches. 

Length, 
feet 

Size  of  pipe 

2         2%         3       1    ZV-2         4       1    4%         5            6           7            8 

Thickness 

.436 

.552 

.600 

.636 

.674 

•710        -750 

.864 

-875 

.875 
54-36 

65  .  12 
73-18 
&I.  25 

40 
36 
33 
30 
27 
24 
22 
2O 

18 
16 
14 
13 

12 
II 
IO 

9 
8 
7 
6 
5 

31.65 
39-58 
47-51 
55-43 
60.72 

44.42 
52.47 
60.52 

68.57 

24-32 
31.19 
35-77 
40.36 
44-94 

89-32 
97-38 
102.76 
108.14 
II3-5I 
II8.89 
124.27 
126.96 
129.65 
132.33 
135-02 
137-71 
140.40 
143-09 
145.78 
148.47 

20.74 
25.07 
29.40 
33-74 
38.07 

76.62 
81.99 
87.35 
92.72 
98.09 
03-45 
06.14 
08.82 
11.50 

14.19 
16.87 

19-55 
22.24 
124.92 
127.60 

5-72 

7-03 
8.35 
9.66 

7-37 
9-03 
10.69 
12.35 
14.01 
15.67 

12.47 
16.11 
17-93 
19-74 
21.56 

12.43 
16.30 
20.  16 
24-03 
25.96 

16.41 
20.52 
24.62 
28.73 
32-83 

66.00 
71.28 
76.57 
81.85 
84.50 
87.14 
89.78 
92.42 
95.o6 
97.71 
100.35 
102.99 
105-63 

49-52 
54." 
56.40 
58.69 
60.98 
63.27 
65.56 
67-85 
70.15 
72.44 
74-73 

42.40 
44-57 
46.73 
48.90 
5i.o6 
53-23 
55-40 
57.56 
59-73 
61.89 

34.89 

27.89 
29.83 
31.76 
33.69 
35.62 
37.56 
39-49 
41.42 

36.94 
38.99 
41.04 
43-10 
45.15 
47.20 
49-25 
51-31 

23.38 
25.19 
27.01 
28.83 
30.64 
32.46 

17-33 
18.99 
20.65 
22.31 

10.98 
12.29 
13.61 

Double  Extra  Strong  Pipe  Columns  (Concluded) 
(Loads  in  tons  of  2000  pounds,  based  on  Chicago  Building  Ordinances.) 
5  =  1  6  ooo  -  70  L/R.                (S,  L,  R,  same  as  above.) 
Maximum  allowable  compressive  stress  =  14  ooo  pounds  per  square  inch. 

40 
36 
33 

30 
27 
24 

22 
20 
18 

16 
14 
13 

12 
II 
IO 

9 
8 

6 
5 

31-86 
41-57 
51-29 
6i.oa 

40.04 
53.61 
63.35 
73.08 

82.82  : 
92.55 
99-04  . 
105.53 

112.02 
IlS.51 
125.00 
128.25 
131.49 
134-74 
137.98 
141.23 
144-47 
147.72 
149.13 
149.13 

19.87 
29-43 
39-00 
48.57 
54-94 

16.05 
24-35 
29.88 

35-41 

40.94 

13.81 
19-04 
24.27 
29.50 
34-73 

70.72 
77-19 
83.67 
90.15 
96.63 
103.10 
106.34 
109.58 
112.82 
116.06 
119.29 

122.53 

125-77 
129.01 
129.89 

10.31 
15.27 

20.22 
25.17 
30.13 

7-13 
H.79 
16.46 

21.12 

23-45J 

61.32 
67.70 
74.08 
80.46 
83.64 
86.83 
90.02 
93-21 
96.40 
99-59 
102.78 
105-97 
109.15 

8.65 
13.03 
15.22 

17.42 
19.61 

46.47 
52.00 
54.77 
57-54 
60.30 
63.07 
65-83 
68.60 
71.36 
74-13 
76.89 

'3178 
5-37 
6.96 

_L55 
10.13 
11.72 
13.31 

4-1? 
6.17 
8.18 
10.18 
12.  18 
14  19 

39-95 
42.57 
45-18 
47-80 

50.41 
53-02 

55.64 
58.25 
60.87 
63-48 

32.6l 
35.08 
37.56 
40.04 
42.52 
44-99 
47-47 
49-95 
52.42 

25.78 
28.12 

30.45 
32.78 
35.ii 
37-45 
39.78 
42.11 

21.80 
24.00 
26.19 
28.38 
30.57 
32.77 

16.19 
18.20 
20.20 

22.21 

NOTE.  —  Loads  above  or  to  the  left  of  the  zigzag  line  correspond  to  values  of 
L/R  greater  than  120. 

250        Mechanical  Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams 


MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  SOLID  AND   TUBU- 
LAR BEAMS 

All  those  parts  of  a  structure,  such  as  a  simple  lever,  an  automobile 
axle,  or  a  trolley  pole,  which  have  to  resist  bending  actions  are  known 
as  beams. 

The  bending  actions  upon  a  beam  give  rise  to  both  stresses  and  defor- 
mations, whose  precise  nature  will  of  course  depend  upon  the  manner  of 
support  and  the  nature  of  the  loading.  These  will  be  treated,  in  what 
follows,  for  straight  solid  and  tubular  beams  having  a  uniform  cross 
section  throughout  their  lengths. 

Tensile  and  Compressive  Stresses  in  Beams.  The  principal 
stresses  in  a  loaded  beam  are  tension  and  compression.  These  are 
illustrated  in  Fig.  119  for  the  case  of  a 
beam  supported  at  the  ends  and  loaded 
at  the  middle.  In  this  case  the  lower 
longitudinal  fibers  are  subjected  to 
tensile  stress,  while  the  upper  fibers 
are  subjected  to  compressive  stress. 
The  former  will,  therefore,  lengthen  and 
the  latter  shorten  to  an  extent  that 
will  depend  upon  the  amount  of  the 
loading.  Within  the  elastic  limit  of 
the  material  the  lengthening  or  shortening  of  any  fiber  is  directly  pro- 
portional to  its  distance  from  the  neutral  surface,  JJ. 

For  steel,  and  other  similar  elastic  materials  not  stressed  beyond  the 
elastic  limit,  the  neutral  surface,  JJ,  will  always  pass  through  the  centers 
of  gravity  of  the  different  cross  sections.  This  neutral  surface  will  of 
course  always  divide  the  beam  longitudinally  into  two  parts,  one  of 
which  is  subjected  to  tensile  stress  and  the  other  to  compressive  stress. 
The  stresses  on  the  individual  fibers  of  a  loaded  beam  are  proportional 
to  their  distances  from  the  neutral  surface,  when  all  stresses  are  less 
than  the  elastic  limit  of  the  material.  There  is  of  course  no  stress  upon 
the  fibers  lying  in  the  neutral  surface,  this  being  the  place  where  the 
stress  passes  from  tension  on  one  side  to  compression  on  the  other. 

While  selecting  a  value  for  the  working  fiber  stress,  when  applying 
the  formulae  given  in  the  table,  pages  258  to  263,  of  the  Properties  of 
Solid  and  Tubular  Beams,  it  should  be  remembered  (i)  that  the  fiber 
of  a  beam  that  is  subjected  to  the  greatest  stress  is  the  one  that  lies  at 
the  greatest  distance  from  the  neutral  surface,  and  (2)  that  this  most 
remote  fiber  in  practice  should  never  be  stressed  beyond  a  certain  frac- 
tion of  the  elastic  limit  of  the  material,  the  value  of  the  fraction  depend- 
ing upon  the  nature  and  frequency  of  the  loading.  See  pages  268  to  270. 

Shearing  Stress  in  Beams.  Every  beam  when  loaded  is  subjected 
to  a  transverse  stress  that  tends  to  shear  the  beam  across,  as  illustrated 
at  section  YY  of  Fig.  120.  The  vertical  shear,  s,  for  any  section  of  a 
beam  is  the  algebraic  sum  of  all  the  external  vertical  forces  on  either 


Shearing  Stress  in  Beams 


251 


side  of  that  section,  upward  forces,  or  reactions,  being  considered  as  posi- 
tive, and  downward  forces  or  loads  as  negative  to  the  left  of  the  section. 
To  the  right  of  the  section  the  algebraic  signs 
are  reversed.  When  s  is  positive,  as  at  sec- 
tion YY,  Fig.  1 20,  the  part  of  the  beam  to  the 
left  of  the  section  tends  to  slide  upward  with 
respect  to  the  part  to  the  right,  and  when 
s  is  negative  the  left-hand  part  tends  to  slide 
downward  with  respect  to  the  right-hand 
part. 

In  most  cases  the  shearing  action  may  be 
ignored  for  steel  beams,  especially  for  those 
having  comparatively  bulky  cross  sections, 
such  as  tubes  with  sufficiently  thick  walls  rel- 
ative to  their  diameters.  When,  however, 
the  beam  is  very  short,  or  the  loading  is 
quite  close  to  a  support,  or  the  web  is  com- 
paratively thin,  then  the  shearing  stress  may 
become  of  equal  or  even  greater  importance 


Fig.  1 20 


than  the  tension  or  compression  in  the  beam,  in  which  case  it  should 
be  taken  into  consideration. 

In  the  table,  pages  258  to  263,  of  the  Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular 
Beams,  the  maximum  numerical  values  of  the  shearing  stress  will  be 
found  tabulated  for  the  different  kinds  of  beam  support  and  loading. 
The  locations  of  these  maximum  shears  are  also  given. 

Elastic  Curve.  Since  the  materials  of  which  beams  are  constructed 
are  more  or  less  elastic,  a  beam  under  load  will  assume  a  curved  form. 

The  nature  of  this  curve  will  of 
course  depend  upon  the  manner  of 
support  and  loading. 

Fig.  121  shows  in  a  general  way 
the  curved  form  assumed  by  a  beam 
that  is  fixed  at  one  end,  supported  at 
the  other,  and  loaded  at  the  middle 
point  of  its  length.  The  curved  line 
JJ  assumed  by  the  neutral  axis  of 
the  beam,  the  material  not  being 

stiessed  beyond  the  elastic  limit,  is  known  as  the  elastic  curve.     This 
curve  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  theoretical  discussion  of  beams. 

Elastic  Deflection  of  Beams.  The  greatest  departure  of  the  elastic 
curve  of  a  loaded  beam  from  the  position  of  the  neutral  surface  when  the 
beam  is  in  an  unloaded  condition  is  known  as  the  elastic  deflection  of 
the  beam.  This  is  shown  as  d  in  Fig.  121,  and  is  also  represented  by  the 
same  letter  in  the  different  formulae  of  the  table,  pages  258  to  263,  of 
the  Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams.  It  is  to  be  understood,  of 
course,  that  these  formulae  apply  only  to  beams  of  uniform  cross  section 
and  when  the  most  strained  fiber  of  the  beam  is  not  stressed  beyond  the 
elastic  limit  of  the  material. 


Fig.  121 


252  Reactions  of  Supports 


Reactions  of  Supports.  Two  kinds  of  external  forces  act  upon  a 
beam.  These  are  the  loads  which  tend  to  move  the  beam  bodily  down- 
ward and  the  reactions  of  the  supports  which  oppose  this  tendency. 
Thus,  in  Fig.  122,  the  load  P  acting  down- 
ward, because  of  the  rigidity  of  the  beam, 
will  be  carried  to  the  supports,  and  will 
rest  upon  them  jointly.  The  portion  of 
the  load,  in  this  case,  carried  by  the 


1  T       left  support,  will  be — —P-     The  reaction 

»— *  I 

1 J        offered   by   that    support,    then,  will  be 

Ui  IU2    Ui  =  —j—  P,  and  similarly  that  carried  by 

the  right-hand  support  will  be  Uz  =  -  P. 

It  is  a  fundamental  principle  of  mechanics  that  the  sum  of  the  reac- 
tions must  equal  the  sum  of  the  loading,  or,  in  the  case  of  the  simple 
beam  shown  in  Fig.  122,  Ui  +  Uz  —  P- 

In  the  table  of  the  Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams,  pages  258 
to  263,  the  reactions,  designated  by  U,  are  given  for  the  different  kinds 
of  support  and  loading,  and  are  expressed  in  the  same  unit  as  the  loading. 

It  should  be  noted  that  these  formulae  assume  that  the  reactions  act 
in  directions  that  are  parallel  to  the  action  of  the  loading,  that  is  to  say, 
in  Fig.  122,  the  forces  Ui,  Uz,  and  P  all  act  in  parallel  directions. 

When  a  simple  beam  is  subjected  at  the  same  time  to  both  uniform  and 
concentrated  loads,  the  reaction  may  be  obtained  by  taking  the  sum  of  the 
respective  reactions  due  to  the  uniform  load  and  to  each  concentrated  load. 

Bending  Moment.  The  chief  action  of  the  external  forces  upon  a 
beam  is  most  easily  expressed  as  a  bending  moment,  which  is  the  ten- 
dency of  the  external  forces  to  produce  rotation  of  the  beam  around 
any  of  its  sections.  Thus,  in 
Fig.  123,  the  force  P,  acting  down- 
ward at  the  free  end,  will  tend  to 
cause  a  bodily  rotation  of  the  beam 
in  a  downward  direction  about  the 
section  KK,  at  the  fixed  end.  . 

This     tendency    to     rotate     is 
measured  by  the  force,  P,  multi- 
plied by  the  lever  arm,  I,  the  result,  FiS-  I23 
PI,  being  the  bending  moment  at 

the  section  KK.  Similarly,  the  bending  moment  at  any  other  section 
YY  will  be  Px.  A  bending  moment  is  commonly  expressed  in  inch 
pounds,  the  lever  arm  being  stated  in  inches  and  the  force  in  pounds. 

Considering  the  portion  of  a  beam  that  lies  to  the  left  of  any  section, 
bending  moments  that  tend  to  cause  rotation  in  a  clockwise  direction 
are  taken  as  positive,  while  those  that  tend  to  cause  rotation  in  the 
opposite  direction  are  taken  as  negative.  For  that  portion  that  lies 
to  the  right  of  any  section,  bending  moments  that  tend  to  cause  rotation 


Bending  Moment  and  Resisting  Moment 


253 


Fig.  124 


in  a  clockwise  direction  are  negative,  while  those  that  tend  to  cause 
rotation  in  the  opposite  direction  are  positive. 

The  bending  moment  at  any  section  of  a  beam  is  equal  to  the  algebraic 
sum  of  the  moments  of  all  the  external  forces  on  either  side  of  that  section. 

In  case  the  force  P  does  not  act  in  a  direction  at  right  angles  to  the 
beam,  then  the  lever  arm  is  to  be  taken  as  the  perpendicular  or  shortest 
distance  from  the  section  considered  ...j. 

to  the  line  of  action  of  the  force. 
Thus,  in  Fig.  124,  the  lever  arm  is 
x  =  I  sin  a  for  the  fixed  end  of  the 
inclined  beam,  and  the  corresponding 
bending  moment  will  be  PI  sin  a,  a 
being  the  angle  that  the  line  of  action 
of  the  loading,  or  other  force,  makes 
with  the  axis  of  the  beam. 

The  bending  moments  of  the  table 
of  the  Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubu- 
lar Beams,  pages  258  to  263,  are  ex- 
pressed in  inch  pounds,  and  assume  that  the  direction  of  loading  is  at 
right  angles  to  the  direction  of  the  beam  when  in  its  unloaded  condition. 

Resisting  Moment.  The  strength  of  a  beam  to  resist  bending  action 
is  known  as  its  resisting  moment.  Thus,  in  Fig.  125,  which  represents 
a  beam  fixed  at  one  end  and  loaded  at  the  other,  the  external  force  P 
will  evidently  give  rise  to  stresses  that  are  held  in  equilibrium  by  the 
internal  forces  shown.  These  internal  resisting  forces,  shown  in  this 
case  for  section  KK,  are  due  to  the  tensile 
strength  of  the  material  of  the  beam  ly- 
ing above  the  neutral  surface  JJ,  and  to 
the  compressive  strength  of  the  material 
lying  below  JJ.  The  beam  in  this  case 
tends  to  rotate  downward  about  the  cen- 
ter of  gravity  of  the  section  KK,  and  this 
tendency  is  precisely  counteracted  by 
the  internal  forces  shown.  It  is  evident 
that  the  bending  moment  PI,  Fig.  125, 
must  equal  the  sum  of  the  individual 
moments  of  each  of  the  internal  resisting 
forces  shown,  all  lever  arms  being  measured  from  the  center  of  gravity 
of  section  KK  In  works  on  mechanics  it  is  shown  that  this  sum,  or  the 
total  resisting  moment,  is,  for  steel  not  stressed  beyond  the  elastic  limit, 

Mr  =  /Z=/->  (i) 

y 

where  M r  =  resisting  moment  in  inch  pounds; 

/  =  stress  on  farthest  fiber  from  neutral  surface  JJ,  in  pounds 

per  square  inch; 

/  =  moment  of  inertia  of  cross  section; 
y  =  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  neutral  surface  JJ; 
Z  =  section  modulus  =  I/y. 


Fig.  125 


254  Strength  of  Beams 


Moment  of  Inertia,  JT,  and  Section  Modulus,  Z.  These  are  the  prop- 
erties of  the  cross  section  that  determine  respectively  the  elasticity  and 
strength  of  beams.  By  referring  to  the  table  of  the  Properties  of  Solid 
and  Tubular  Beams,  pages  258  to  263,  it  will  be  observed  that  every  deflec- 
tion formula  contains  as  a  factor  the  reciprocal  of  the  moment  of  inertia  of 
cross  section,  /,  and  that  every  formula  for  the  strength  of  beams  contains 
as  a  factor  the  section  modulus,  Z.  Other  things  being  equal,  then,  the 
stiffness  of  beams  will  be  proportional  to  their  moments  of  inertia  of  cross 
section,  while  the  strengths  will  be  proportional  to  their  section  moduli. 

These  two  properties  of  the  cross  sections  of  beams  are,  therefore,  of 
the  greatest  importance  in  the  practical  application  of  mechanics  to 
all  parts  of  structures  that  are  subjected  to  bending  actions.  The 
relation  of  these  two  properties  is  such  that  the  value  of  the  section 
modulus  can  be  obtained  by  dividing  the  corresponding  moment  of  inertia 
by  the  distance  of  the  farthest  fiber  from  the  neutral  axis,  or 

ZJ-  <„ 

y 

These  properties  of  the  cross  section  of  pipe  can  be  obtained  from  the 
table  of  properties,  pages  58  to  65.  For  Seamless  Tubing  see  tables,  pages 
204  and  205.  For  other  sizes  use  table,  pages  424  to  459.  For  the  prop- 
erties of  cross  sections  other  than  circular  see  tables,  pages  264  to  267. 

Strength  of  Beams.  In  order  that  a  beam  for  any  kind  of  support 
and  loading  may  have  sufficient  strength,  the  following  conditions  must 
be  satisfied: 

1.  The  resisting  moment  due  to  the  internal  longitudinal   stresses 
at  any  section  must  equal  the  bending  moment  at  that  section  due  to 
the  external  forces,  or  / 

fZ=f-=M.  (3) 

2.  The  resisting  shear  due  to  the  internal  transverse  stresses  at  any 
section  must  equal  the  transverse  shear  at  that  section  due  to  the 
external  forces,  or  fsA  =  S,  (4) 

where    M  =  bending  moment  in  inch  pounds; 

/  =  moment  of  inertia  of  cross  section; 

Z  =  section  modulus; 

y  =»  distance  from  farthest  fiber  to  neutral  axis  in  inches; 

A  =  area  of  cross  section  in  square  inches; 

/=  safe  working  fiber  stress  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

fs  =  safe  working  shearing  stress  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

S  =  shearing  force  in  pounds. 

Comparative  Strength  of  Beams.  The  strength  of  a  beam  is 
measured  by  the  load  that  it  can  carry  when  the  most  strained  fiber  is 
stressed  to  the  safe  working  strength  of  the  material.  An  examination 
of  the  beam  formulae,  pages  258  to  263,  will  show,  for  well-proportioned 
beams,  where  the  tendency  to  shear,  crimp,  or  buckle  is  kept  subordinate, 
that  the  strength  of  beams  for  any  kind  of  support  and  loading  will  vary 
(i)  directly  as  the  safe  working  fiber  stress  of  the  material,  fs,  (2)  directly 
as  the  section  modulus,  Z,  and  (3)  inversely  as  the  length  of  beam,  /. 


Strength,  Stiffness  and  Weight  of  Beams 


255 


It  is  apparent,  then,  that  for  similar  beams  of  given  material,  length, 
and  weight,  the  one  which  has  the  greatest  section  modulus,  Z,  will  be 
the  strongest.  For  example,  the  strength  of  a  tubular  beam  which  is 
4  inches  diameter  by  Y2  inch  wall,  as  compared  with  that  of  a  similar 
solid  round  beam  of  the  same  length,  weight,  and  manner  of  support 
and  loading,  will  be  as  follows:  The  weight  of  the  tubular  beam  is  i8.6g 
pounds  per  foot.  From  the  table,  page  429,  the  diameter  of  a  solid 
round  beam  of  the  same  weight  is  found  to  be  2.65  inches.  The  respec- 
tive section  moduli  are,  then,  4.30  and  1.83.  This  tubular  beam  will, 
then,  be  theoretically  2.4  times  as  strong  as  a  similar  solid  round  beam 
of  the  same  length  and  weight. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  for  extreme  cases,  where  beams  tend  to 
fail  by  shearing,  crimping,  or  lateral  buckling,  the  above  simple  relations 
do  not  strictly  apply.  For  well-proportioned  beams,  however,  these 
laws  apply  with  sufficient  accuracy  for  practical  purposes,  irrespective 
of  the  manner  of  support  and  loading. 

Comparative  Stiffness  of  Beams.  The  stiffness  of  a  beam  is  indi- 
cated by  the  load  that  it  can  carry  with  a  given  deflection.  An  exami- 
nation of  the  beam  formulae,  pages  258  to  263,  will  show  that  the  stiffness 
of  a  beam,  when  stressed  within  the  elastic  limit  of  the  material,  for 
any  kind  of  support  and  loading,  varies  (i)  directly  as  the  modulus  of 
elasticity  of  the  material,  E,  (2)  directly  as  the  moment  of  inertia  of 
cross  section,  /,  and  (3)  inversely  as  the  cube  of  the  length  of  beam,  I3. 

Other  things  being  equal,  then,  the  stiffness  of  beams  is  directly 
proportional  to  their  moments  of  inertia  of  cross  section,  /.  For  exam- 
ple, the  above  tubular  beam,  whose  strength  was  shown  to  be  2.4  times 
that  of  a  similar  solid  round  beam  of  the  same  length,  weight,  and  manner 
of  support  and  loading,  will  be  found  to  be  3.5  times  as  stiff,  since  their 
respective  moments  of  inertia  of  cross  section  are  as  8.59  to  2.42. 

Sections  Giving  Minimum  Weight  of  Beams  fora  Given  Strength  or 
Stiffness.  For  material,  such  as  steel,  which  has  practically  the  same  phys- 
ical properties  in  tension  as  in  compression,  the  most  economical  forms 
of  beam  cross  section  are  as  follows: 

•i.  For  vertical  loading  only,  that  is 
to  say,  for  loading  in  a  single  direction, 
a  beam  of  given  length  will  have  a  mini- 
mum weight  for  a  given  strength  or  stiff- 
ness when  it  has  the  "I"  section  shown 
in  Fig.  126.  This  form  of  cross  section  x_ 
permits  of  the  most  advantageous  dispo- 
sition of  the  material  to  resist  stress  for 
loading  in  a  single  direction,  because  for 
this  condition  both  the  moments  of  in- 
ertia  of  cross  section,  7,  and  the  section 
modulus,  Z,  can  be  made  a  maximum. 

When  designing  beams  of  this  character  it  should  be  remembered, 
however,  that  sufficient  material  must  be  put  in  the  web  to  resist  the 
greatest  shear,  and  that  the  width  of  the  flange  in  compression  must  be 


- — X 


Fig.  126 


256 


Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams 


sufficient  to  prevent  lateral  buckling.     Sufficient  material  must  also  be 

put  into  the  web  to  prevent  crushing  or  buckling  of  the  web  underneath 

the  loading  and  at  the  supports. 

2.   For  vertical  and  horizontal  loading,  that  is  to  say,  for  loading  in 

two  directions  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  a  beam  of  given  length  will 

have  a  minimum  weight  for  a  given 
strength  or  stiffness  when  it  has  the 
hollow  rectangular  section  shown 
in  Fig.  127.  This  form  of  cross  sec- 
tion permits  of  the  most  advanta- 
geous disposition  of  the  material  to 
resist  stresses,  for  the  conditions  as- 
sumed, since,  for  this  form  of  beam, 
the  moments  of  inertia,  I,  and  the 
section  moduli,  Z,  for  a  given  sec- 


X- 

h 

__ 

Fig.  127 


tional  area,  can  be  made  a  maxi- 


Fig.  128 


mum  for  both  the  vertical  and  horizontal  bending  actions.     When  these 
two  actions  are  equal  the  cross  section  should  of  course  be  a  hollow  square. 

3.  For  equal  loading  in  any  direction,  a  beam  of  given  length  will  have 
a  minimum  weight  for  a  given  strength  or  stiffness  when  it  has  the  tubu- 
lar section  shown  in  Fig.  128.  The  ordinary  tubular  form  of  beam  per- 
mits of  the  most  advantageous 
disposition  of  the  material  to 
resist  stresses  for  the  conditions 
assumed,  since  for  the  circular 
section  the  moment  of  inertia  of 
cross  section,  /,  and  the  section 
modulus,  Z,  can  be  made  a  max- 
imum for  loading  in  all  direc- 
tions around  the  beam. 

It  is  evident  that  the  cylindri- 
cal tubular  beam  will  approximate  closely  to  a  hollow  square  beam  with 
respect  to  strength  and  stiffness  for  equal  loading  in  directions  at  right 
angles  to  each  other;  also,  that  the  hollow  oval  section  will  give  results 
approximating  closely  to  those  of  the  hollow  rectangular  section,  Fig.  127. 

TABLE  OF  THE  MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OP 

SOLID  AND   TUBULAR  BEAMS  OF 

UNIFORM  CROSS  SECTION 

This  table  of  the  mechanical  properties  of  beams  is  based  upon  the 
assumptions:  (i)  that  the  beam  is  straight  when  in  its  unloaded  condition; 
(2)  that  it  has  a  uniform  cross  section  from  end  to  end;  and  (3)  that  the 
directions  of  the  loading  and  reactions  lie  in  the  same  plane  and  are  at 
right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  beam  when  in  its  unloaded  condition. 

All  the  formulae  contained  in  this  table  of  the  properties  of  beams  have 
been  calculated  anew,  because  it  was  desired  to  eliminate  any  errors 
and  misprints  in  the  data  on  beams  as  found  in  the  different  standard 
works  on  mechanics. 


Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams  257 


Notation.    In  this  table  of  the  mechanical  properties  of  beams  the 
following  notation  is  used: 

A  =  area  of  cross  section  of  beam  in  square  inches.  For  a  hollow,  or  tu- 
bular beam,  the  area  of  the  actual  wall  cross  section  must  be  used. 

D  =  diameter  of  a  solid  round  beam,  in  inches,  or  the  outside  diameter 
of  a  tubular  beam. 

d  =  greatest  deflection  of  a  beam,  in  inches,  or  the  greatest  deviation 
from  straightness  when  the  beam  is  subjected  to  a  given  loading. 

E  —  modulus  of  elasticity  of  the  material  in  pounds.  The  value  of  E 
is  approximately  29  ooo  ooo  for  steel  tubing,  as  obtained  by  ex- 
periments on  long  tubular  beams. 

/  =  fiber  stress  in  pounds  per  square  inch  on  the  most  strained  fiber  of 
the  beam. 

f9  =  shearing  stress  in  pounds  per  square  inch  of  cross  section  of  the 
beam. 

/  =  moment  of  inertia  of  cross  section  of  the  beam. 

Values  of  /  for  pipe  can  be  obtained  from  the  table  of  properties, 
pages  58  to  65.  For  Seamless  Tubing  see  table,  pages  204  and 
205.  For  other  sizes  use  table,  pages  424  to  459.  For  sections 
that  are  not  round  see  table,  pages  264  to  267. 

/  =  polar  moment  of  inertia.     For  circular  sections:  J  =  2  I. 

I  =  length  of  beam  in  inches. 

M  =  bending  moment  in  inch  pounds  due  to  the  loading  on  the  beam. 
The  greatest  value  of  M  and  its  location,  for  each  style  of  beam 
support  and  loading,  is  tabulated  to  the  left  and  shown  on  the 
moment  diagram  to  the  right,  immediately  underneath  the 
figure  of  the  beam. 
Mr  =  resisting  moment  of  the  beam  cross  section  in  inch  pounds  =  fZ. 

P  =  pressure  in  pounds  due  to  a  load  or  force  acting  at  right  angles  to 
the  axis  of  a  beam.  

R  =  radius  of  gyration  of  cross  section  in  inches  =  v  /  -=-  A . 

Values  of  R  for  pipe  can  be  obtained  from  the  table  of  prop- 
erties, pages  58  to  65.    For  Seamless  Tubing  see  table,  pages 
206  and  207.     For  other  sizes  see  table,  pages  424  to  459.     For 
sections  that  are  not  round  see  table,  pages  264  to  267. 
S,  Si,  Sz  =  vertical  shearing  forces  in  pounds  acting  on  the  beam,  due 

to  the  loading. 

U,  Ui,  Uz  =  reactions  of  the  supports  of  a  beam  in  pounds. 
W  —  weight  of  a  beam  in  pounds  per  lineal  inch,  also  weight  of  a  uni- 
formly distributed  load  in  pounds  per  lineal  inch. 

y  =  distance  from  neutral  axis  of  beam  to  the  most  distant  fiber  in 
inches.  Values  of  y  for  tubular  beams  are  given  in  the  table, 
pages  424  to  459. 

Z  =  section  modulus,  or  /  -5-  y. 

Values  of  Z  for  pipe  are  given  in  the  table  of  properties,  pages 
58  to  65.  For  Seamless  Tubing  see  table,  pages  204  and  205. 
For  other  sizes  calculate  from  the  corresponding  values  of  / 
and  y,  in  the  table,  pages  424  to  459.  For  sections  that  are  not 
round  see  table,  pages  264  to  267. 


258               Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams 

i     Greatest  bending  moment,  at  K  PI 

1  

2    Greatest  fiber  stress,  at  K  —  or  — 

/         Z 

7     Greatest  safe  load                                —  or  — 

"~-  —  3! 

PI 
A.    Section  modulus  (2)   — 

p 

p/3          m 
5.   Greatest  deflection,  at  J  —  —  or  —  —  - 

P/3 

6    Moment  of  inertia  (7)   .    .     .         ...  

M         ^^^^' 

3  Ed 

\ 

7.   Load  in  terms  of  deflection  —  —  • 

I.   Beam  fixed  at  one  end 
and  loaded  at  the  other. 

o    Greatest  shear  from  J  to  K.  .    .      .             P 

Wl2 
i    Greatest  bending  moment  at  K.              

fe-^, 

2 

Wfty      Wl2 
2    Greatest  fiber  stress,  at  K   ....  or  

2/            2Z 

*.   Greatest  safe  load  —  —  or  ^— 

ly          I 

Wl2 
A.    Section  modulus  (2)           — 

f-""'"-"^ 

Wl*        fP 

o  till       4  Eij 
Wl* 

M    ^^^ 

8  Ed 

II.   Beam  fixed  at  one  end 
and  uniformly  loaded. 

8.   Fiber  stress  in  terms  of  deflection.  .  .  .  -  —  — 
/2 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams               259 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams  (Continued) 

PI 
i.   Greatest  bending  moment,  at  K  — 
4 

2.   Greatest  fiber  stress,  at  K  —  -  or  — 
4/         4Z 

3    Greatest  safe  load  .                     —  or  — 

k;                             J 

Ji                                                                     J    l« 

P 

Ui                                  U2 

^^^  |M\^ 

ly           I 

PI 
4    Section  modulus  (Z~)   :                               — 

4/ 
p/3           m 
5.   Greatest  deflection,  at  K  .  .  or  —  
48  El       12  Ey 

PP 

48  Ed 
7.  Load  in  terms  of  deflection  -  —  -  — 

l 

III.   Beam  supported  at 
both  ends  and  loaded 
at  the  middle. 

P 
p 
9    Greatest  shear,  Ji  to  J2  ~ 

2 

p 

10    Reactions                .               .  U  \  =  I/j  ==  ~ 

2 

i.   Greatest  bending  moment,  at  K  — 

j^         _,.    »___„      ^  | 

8 

WPy      WP 
2.   Greatest  fiber  stress,  at  K  or  
87        8  Z 

8  f.  I       8  fZ 
3     Greatest  safe  load                       —  ^~  or  —  — 

^"2"1K 
Ui                                  U2 

/^^    IM^^X^ 

ly          I 

Wlz 
4    Section  modulus  (Z)           .    .                 • 

&/ 

<?  TF/4          «:  #2 
5.   Greatest  deflection,  at  K,  or  ~^— 
384  El       48  Ey 

384  Ed 

i              j 

5  I3 

8.  Fiber  stress  in  terms  of  deflection.  .  — 

5^2 

Wl 
Q    Greatest  shear  at  ends  of  beam             — 

IV.  Beam  supported  at 
both    ends    and    uni- 
formly loaded. 

Wl 
10    Reactions  U\  =  U%  :=  — 

2 

260               Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams  (Continued) 

i.   Greatest  bending  moment,  K  to  K  Pb 
2.   Greatest  fiber  stress,  K  to  K  —-  or  —  - 

1              <L 

•?    Greatest  safe  load     —  or  —  • 

L.                ,                  ' 

J  ^                           ~~^j 

U&JK            ^^n 

1  p        p  I 

by       b 

Pb 
4    Section  modulus  (Z)       — 

5.   Greatest  deflection  (f  I2  -  b2)  or 
6  El 

J-V-v 

6.  Moment  of  inertia  (/)......  (f  P-  V) 

/M                 MK 

sH        i 

LJs, 

V.   Beam     supported     at 
both    ends,    with     two 
equal  symmetrical  loads. 

STTIKar  atroiae   III    torme   rvf  Aaflf*f*tir\n         -    -         -^ 

9.   Greatest  shear,  from  each  end  to  load  P 
10.   Reactions  U\  =  U%  —  P 

i.   Greatest  bending  moment,  K  to  K  Pbi 
2.   Greatest  fiber  stress,  K  to  K.  .  .  ^  or  ^ 

fi     fz, 

3    Greatest  safe  load                                —  or  — 

r~      ^-^^^1 

biy      &i 
4    Section  modulus  (Z)  —  - 

-Ckj^,  K        ^d\     ^/r^Ni^ 

*u&j»-            *^cL 

p                      p 

U!                                  U2 

5    Greatest  deflection  ...     </,  =  Pb^  Or  ^~ 

8  El        8  Ey 

d*=  -^  (3  »!-  4  *i2)  or  -^-  (3  /6i~  4  ^2) 
6  El                            6Ey 

6.  Moment  of  inertia  (/)  —  —  or 
&Edi 

^7(3^i-4^2) 
6£a2 

7.  Load  in  terms    (  S  Eldi             6  EIdz 

\    M                M  /    ! 
\                         /     I 

i        ns, 

s,U 

VI.   Beam  supported  sym- 
metrically,    with     two 
equal  end  loads. 

of  deflection,               (    M22        &i(3^i-4*i2) 
8.  Fiber  stress  in   (  8  Eydi             6  Eyd2 

terms  of  deflection,     (      b£      ^  (3^1-4i12) 
9.   Greatest  shear,  from  each  end  to  support,  P 
10.  Reactions  V\  =  U%  =  P 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams               261 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams 

(Continued) 

bend.n          ient  at  K            Phb* 

Jl; 
(. 

S 

V 

2 

Pbib*y      P0i&2 
2.   Greatest  fiber  stress,  at  K.  .  .  —  —  —  or  —  —  - 

3.   Greatest  safe  load  or 

Ji        p                         L 
/y&        ^^^--^ 

5.   Greatest       (  _W|.  ^3  W*  /  -  W»  or 
deflection  (  27  /£/ 

27  Ey 

r~i        L 

27  /  hd 

II.   Beam  supported  at 
both  ends  and  loaded 
at   any    point    of    its 
length. 

0102V302(2/-02)3 

10    Reactions                  ....  U\  =  —  —    (/^  = 

>st  bendin    moment  at  K            A  P/ 

I 

^ 

V 

,    

J 

J 

3  P/y       3  P/ 
2.   Greatest  fiber  stress,  at  K  -—  or  —  ; 
i67        i6Z 

i6/7       i6/Z 
3    Greatest  safe  load             —  —  or  —  *  — 

ri^r^^ 

p 
( 

240  £7        45  Ey 
P/3  \/5 

^    \ 
/^ 

240  Ed 
7    Load  in  terms  of  deflection        ...  d 

[II.  Beam  fixed  at  one 
end,  supported  at  the 
other,   and   loaded   at 
the  middle. 

8.  Fiber  stress  in  terms  of  deflection,  ** 
9    Greatest  shear  at  K  .                  .     .  .  .  y^  P 

10.   Reaction  V  '  =  ^  P 

262                Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams  (Continued) 

i.   Greatest  bending  moment,  at  K,  Pbfo  2 

2/2 

2.   Greatest  fiber  (  Pbib%y(l-\-bz)      Pbib%(l-{-bz) 

stress  at  K,  \          2PI                   zPZ 
G                fid         2/^7                2^Z 

b]b^y(l-\-  62)       bib2(l-\-b%) 
4.  Section  modulus  (Z)       • 

•/ffi,  <                I  —    —  *•{  . 

U 

5.  Greatest  deflection,  —  ;—  -  I/       '    •  or 
6  El     T  2  /  +  62 

;  

P 

s, 

IX.   Beam   fixed  at   one 
end,  supported  at  the 
other,  and  loaded  at  any 
point  of  its  length. 

9.   Greatest  shear  from  K  to  load,  —  (623  —  3  b2P) 

2/3 

10.   Reaction                U  =  —  (2  /3  —  3  62/2  -j-  £>23) 

2  /3 

WP 
i.   Greatest  bending  moment,  at  K              

8 
2.   Greatest  fiber  stress  at  K            —  —  or  —  • 

ly          I 
4.  Section  modulus  (Z)  .      

U 

of 
r             -i-A-'tS^SA                          Wl*                    W 

5.   Greatest  deflection.  .  .  .0054  —  or  .0432  — 

Wfi 
6.  Moment  of  inertia  (7)  0054  — 

"Y 

Ed 

/3 
8.  Fiber  stress  in  terms  of  deflection  .  .  23.15  -~ 
9.  Greatest  shear,  at  K  f  Wl 

X.   Beam    fixed    at    one 
end,   supported  at  the 
other,    and    uniformly 
loaded. 

xo.  Reaction  U  =  f  Wl 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams                263 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubular  Beams  (Concluded) 

PI 
i.   Greatest  bending  moment,  at  K                  — 

Ply       PI 

81       8Z 
3.   Greatest  safe  load                          —  —  or        • 

qk                                    % 

ly          I 

PI 

4.   Section  modulus  (Z)   .  . 

8/ 
5.   Greatest  deflection  or  —  -  — 

192  El      24  Ey 

P/3 

6.  Moment  of  inertia  (7)  

*V             \|M 

192  Ed 

T        T  mrJ    in    fnrmc  nf  Anflnrtinn                               1.Q2  till     , 

Is, 

I3 

8.  Fiber  stress  hi  terms  of  deflection.  .  .  —  —  -d 
P 

9.   Greatest  shear,  K  to  K  J  p 

XI.   Beam  fixed  at  both 
ends  and  loaded  at  the 
middle. 

Wl2 
i.   Greatest  bending  moment,  at  K  

12 

2.   Greatest  fiber  stress,  at  K  —  *  or  

12  /          12  Z 

3.   Greatest  safe  load                     —  *•  or  —  — 

ly            I 

Wft 
4.   Section  modulus  (Z)  -L^- 

I 

384  £7       32£y 
6    Moment  of  inertia  (7)                          - 

384  Ed 
7.  Load  in  terms  of  deflection  384  £7  d 

XII.  Beam  fixed  at  both 
ends    and   uniformly 
loaded. 

8.  Fiber  stress  in  terms  of  deflection.  .  .  —  -d 
9.   Greatest  shear,  at  K.            \  Wl 

264               Properties  of  Beam  and  Column  Sections 

Properties  of  Beam  and  Column  Sections 

A  —  Area  of  Section.                                                /  =  Moment  of  Inertia. 
W  =  Weight  in  pounds  per  foot,  based  on  weight    Z  =  Section  Modulus, 
of  cubic  inch  of  steel  =  0.2833  pound.             R—  Radius  of  Gyration. 

i 
A=bh 

2                                             4  =  &i^i  —  £>2//2 
=  2(b1+h1-2t)t 

\             W  =  *Mb,ki  -  bM 

j          W  =  3-4bh 

%       I                  T            1     AZ.3 

T          *  m  Ta  on 

\-)L         Z  =  i  6&2 

H3 

12  =  0.2887  ^ 

Frirn       =6.8(61+^-2/)/ 

h   %L    SK*& 

f  'j!  |~|           I  =  T2  (&i^i3-  M23) 

'LjfeU      7    w  -  b*h* 

6h, 

R=  VI  +  A 

3 

A=P 

4                            A  =  b?  -b£ 

=  4(bi  -  t)  t 

$                     W  =  *.AfW  -  6,2) 

|         W  —  3-4  62 

/  =  A64 

i  p"  f  |         «  13.6(61-0* 
M  1- 

li-  1  ^^  |               /  =  1  2  (*14  ~  *24) 

^-6-*j    *       Z  =  i&» 
£  =  0.2887  & 

l^-Vi 

z:|f^?j 

U  =  0.2887  V6i2  +  62z 

5 

X"                  .4  —  J2 

y  =0.7071  6         #  =  0.28876 

6                            ^  =  6^  -  622 
=  4(6i-/)< 

/°^A:"vpr=3-4(ii2~ft22) 
*a|r^Jt-   "  I3'6(&1  ~  °  ' 

^^^^^r  /mA0i4-v) 

/^^x/               /*i4  —  ^24\ 

V               z  =  0.1179  (     .      ) 
y-  0.7071  6,                                &» 

R  =  0.2887  A/6i2  +  622 

Properties  of  Beam  and  Column  Sections 


265 


Properties  of  Beam  and  Column  Sections  (Continued) 

A  =  Area  of  Section.  /  =  Moment  of  Inertia. 

W  =  Weight  in  pounds  per  foot,  based  on  weight    Z  =  Section  Modulus. 

of  cubic  inch  of  steel  =  0.2833  pound.          R=  Radius  of  Gyration. 


0.2041  h 


A=*  0.7854  D2 

I  =  0.049 1  D* 
Z  =  0.09821)3 


i  -t)t 


266 


Properties  of  Beam  and  Column  Sections 


Properties  of  Beam  and  Column  Sections  (Continued) 

A  =  Area  of  Section.  7  =  Moment  of  Inertia. 

W  '=  Weight  in  pounds  per  foot,  based  on  weight    Z  =  Section  Modulus. 

of  cubic  inch  of  steel  =  0.2833  pound.          R=  Radius  of  Gyration. 

Note  that  position  of  axis  through  center  of  these  sections  affects  the  Section 
Modulus  only. 


A  =  0.866  D% 
Zaa  =0.1042  D3 

Zbb  =  o.  1  203  D3 


0.8284  Z?2 


R  =  0.257  D 

Zaa  =0.101  1  03 
Z66  =  0.1095  £>3 


0.4142  Z) 
0.54120 


15 


=  0.866  D^ 

-  0.7854  ^22 
=  0.0806  DJ 


18 


A  =  0.8284  Z?!2 

-  0.7854  Da2 
=0.0430  Z?i2+ 

3.1416  (ZV-0* 
=  2.816  Z>i2 

-  2.670  Z)22 
=0.1463  Z>  i2 

+io.68(ZV-0/ 


Z«a=O.IOII013 

/D24\ 
-0.0907^—  j 

Z66=  0.1095  Pi3 

-—  © 


Properties  of  Beam  and  Column  Sections 


267 


Properties  of  Beam  and  Column  Sections  (Concluded) 


A  =  Area  of  Section. 
R  =  Radius  of  Gyration. 


/  =  Moment  of  Inertia. 
Z  =  Section  Modulus. 


26  27  A  =  bihi  _ 


28 


Let  7  be  the  Moment  of  Inertia  of  a 
cross-section  with  respect  to  an  axis 
through  its  center  of  gravity,  and  1\ 
the  corresponding  moment  with  re- 
spect to  a  parallel  axis  at  a  distance  k 
from  the  first. 

Also  let  A  be  the  area  of  cross- 
section. 

Then  h  =  I 


268  Safety  Factors 


SAFETY  FACTORS  AND  SAFE  WORKING  FIBER 

STRESSES 

Each  member  of  a  mechanical  structure  should  be  capable  of  resisting 
the  greatest  straining  action  to  which  it  can  ordinarily  be  subjected  when 
in  use.  The  designer  should,  therefore,  consider  under  what  conditions 
the  straining  actions  are  greatest.  When  these  actions  are  of  a  variable 
character,  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  take  into  consideration  the 
effects  of  this  variation  upon  the  endurance  of  the  material.  For 
example,  a  member  may  fail  under  a  straining  action  that  causes  stresses 
which  fluctuate,  or  which  alternate  repeatedly  from  tension  to  compres- 
sion, when  the  same  straining  action  would  be  successfully  resisted  under 
the  conditions  of  steady  loading. 

Margin  of  Security.  It  is  apparent  that  the  working  load  on 
a  member  of  a  mechanical  structure  should  be  less  than  the  calculated 
breaking  load  for  that  member,  in  order  to  allow  for  inaccuracies,  dete- 
rioration, and  probable  contingencies,  and  thus  provide  a  margin  of 
security.  It  is  customary,  therefore,  to  design  a  member  so  that 
either  (i)  the  statical  breaking  load,  or  (2)  the  load  that  causes  the  most 
strained  fiber  of  the  material  to  just  reach  its  elastic  limit,  shall  be  a 
number  of  times  the  working  load.  This  number  is  called  the  safety 
factor.  Thus,  in  the  first  case,  if  the  statical  breaking  strength  were 
12  ooo  pounds  and  the  working  load  upon  it  2000  pounds,  then  the 
safety  factor  would  be  12  ooo  divided  by  2000,  or  6.  In  the  second  case, 
if  the  statical  load  that  causes  the  most  strained  fiber  of  the  member 
to  just  reach  the  elastic  limit  of  the  material  were  6000  pounds  and  the 
working  load  upon  it  2000  pounds,  then  the  safety  factor  on  this  basis 
would  be  3. 

The  elastic  and  ultimate  strengths  of  the  materials  under  static  load- 
ing can  be  easily  obtained.  The  strength,  therefore,  under  an  assumed 
steady  loading,  of  any  member  of  a  mechanical  structure  can  ordinarily 
be  calculated  with  sufficient  accuracy.  But  the  proper  safety  factor 
to  use  under  a  given  set  of  actual  working  conditions,  involving  ac- 
tions of  a  more  or  less  variable  or  uncertain  character,  can  be  arrived 
at  in  most  cases  only  as  the  result  of  long  experience,  or  by  tedious 
experiment. 

Safety  Factor  for  Static  Loading.  For  static  loading,  which  can 
be  estimated  with  a  reasonable  degree  of  exactness,  a  safety  factor  of 
2,  as  based  upon  the  elastic  limit  of  the  material,  will  ordinarily  be 
found  sufficient.  By  "  static  loading  "  is  here  meant  one  that  causes  a 
permanent  and  unvarying  straining  action. 

Safety  Factors  for  Variable  Loading.  In  the  absence  of  more 
precise  data,  the  following  formula,  based  upon  the  notable  tests  on  the 
fatigue  of  steel  under  repeated  loading,  by  Wohler  and  Spangenberg, 
and  the  later  tests  by  Bauschinger  and  at  the  Watertown  Arsenal,  may 


Safety  Factors  269 


be  used  in  finding  the  proper  safety  factor  to  use  for  variable  loading 
of  an  indefinite  number  of  repetitions: 

>«\ 

(i) 

Or,  assuming  a  safety  factor  of  2  for  static  loading,  as  based  upon 
the  elastic  limit  of  the  material, 

F2=4~~'  (2) 

where  Pi  =  safety  factor  under  static  loading; 

Fz  =  corresponding  safety  factor  under  a  loading  that  varies  re- 
peatedly between  the  limits  Pi  and  P2j 

Pi  =  greatest  pressure  due  to  the  variable  loading,  to  be  taken 
as  plus  ( +)  if  causing  tension,  and  minus  ( — )  if  causing 
compression  in  the  most  strained  fiber  of  the  member; 

Pz  =  least  pressure  due  to  the  variable  loading,  to  be  taken  as 
plus  ( +)  if  causing  tension,  and  minus  ( — )  if  causing  com- 
pression in  the  most  strained  fiber  of  the  member. 

This  formula  is  general  in  its  application  to  an  indefinitely  great 
number  of  repetitions  of  loading  with  a  known  variation  of  stress.  When 
the  loading  is  of  such  a  character  as  to  cause  the  stress  on  the  most 
strained  fiber  to  alternate  from  tension  to  compression,  care  must  be 
taken  to  give  to  Pi  and  Pz  their  proper  algebraic  signs.  When  Pz  is 
zero,  or  when  the  variable  stress  on  the  most  strained  fiber  is  either  con- 
stantly tension  or  compression,  then  the  algebraic  signs  of  Pi  and  Pi 
will  be  the  same  and  may  therefore  be  ignored. 
The  following  special  cases  are  of  frequent  occurrence: 
i.  For  a  loading  that  causes  an  indefinite  number  of  reversals  of  stress, 
that  is  to  say,  when  the  alternating  tension  and  compression  on  the  most 
strained  fiber  of  a  member  are  equal,  then  Pz  =  -Pi  and  equation  (i) 
becomes 


Or,  assuming  a  safety  factor  of  2  for  static  loading,  as  based  upon  the 
elastic  limit  of  the  material, 

Fz  =  6.  (4) 

This  shows  for  sudden  reversals  of  stress,  indefinitely  repeated  between 
equal  limits  of  tension  and  compression,  that  the  safety  factor  used 
should  be  three  times  that  for  static  loading  under  otherwise  similar 
conditions. 

2.  For  a  loading  that  causes  stresses  that  alternate  indefinitely 
between  zero  and  a  fixed  value,  Pz  =  o,  and  equation  (i)  becomes 


270  Safe  Working  Fiber  Stresses 


Or,  assuming  a  safety  factor  of  2  for  static  loading,  as  based  upon  the 
elastic  limit  of  the  material, 

F2  =  4.  (6) 

This  shows,  for  a  suddenly  applied  loading  indefinitely  repeated,  that 
the  safety  factor  used  should  be  twice  that  for  static  loading  under 
otherwise  similar  conditions. 

3.  For  a  steadily  applied  loading  Pz  will  of  course  equal  Pi,  and 
equation  (i)  becomes  F2  =  (2  -  i)  Fi  =  Fi  which  shows  that  formula  (i) 
is  correct  at  its  inferior  limit. 

Safe  Working  Fiber  Stresses.  Since  for  any  given  material  the 
working  fiber  stresses  for  the  different  conditions  of  variable  loading  are 
inversely  proportional  to  the  corresponding  safety  factors,  it  is  apparent 
that  formula  (i)  may  be  put  into  the  following  form: 


(7) 


where,  in  addition  to  the  notation  as  used  above,  /i  =  working  fiber 

stress  under  static  loading,  in  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  /z  =>  corre- 

sponding working  fiber  stress  under  a  loading  that  varies  repeatedly 

between  the  limits  Pi  and  PI. 
This  formula  is  general  in  its  application,  care  being  taken  to  give  to 

Pi  and  Pi  their  proper  algebraic  signs,  as  fully  explained  in  connection 

with  formula  (i)  above. 

The  following  are  important  special  cases  of  this  formula: 
i.   For  a  loading  that  causes  an  indefinite  number  of  reversals  of  stress, 

the  alternating  tension  and  compression  on  the  most  strained  fiber  being 

equal,  Pz  =  —Pi,  and  equation  (7)  becomes 

/2  =          -  =  -1/,  (8) 


Or,  the  safe  working  fiber  stress  under  this  condition  is  one-third  of  that 
under  similar  static  loading. 

2.  For  a  loading  that  causes  stresses  that  alternate  indefinitely 
between  zero  and  a  fixed  value,  whether  tension  or  compression,  Pz  =  o, 
and  equation  (7)  becomes 

liiif         <«> 

Or,  the  safe  working  fiber  stress  under  this  condition  is  one-half  of  that 
under  similar  static  loading. 


Water  271 


WATER 

Properties  PAGE 

Weight 272 

Volume 272 

Pressure 273 

Ice  and  Snow. .  . 


274 

Specific  Heat 275 

Compressibility 275 

Boiler  Incrustation  and  Corrosion 275 

Flow  in  Pipes 

Fundamental  Ideas 277 

Quantity  Discharged 278 

Mean  Velocity  of  Flow 280 

Approximate  Formula 280 

Kutter's  Formula 281 

Darcy's  Formula 282 

Williams  &  Hazen's  Exponential  Formula 283 

Effect  of  Curves  and  Valves 283 

Hydraulic  Grade  Line 284 

Air-bound  Pipes 284 

Water  Hammer 284 

Flow  in  House  Service  Pipes 285 

Loss  of  Head  by  Friction , 286 

Cox's  Formula  for  Friction 289 

Measurement  of  Flowing  Water 

Piezometer 291 

Pitot  Tube 291 

Maximum  and  Mean  Velocity  in  Pipes 292 

Venturi  Meter 292 

Discharge  of  Pumping  Engines 293 

Miner's  Inch 294 

Water  Power 

Power  of  a  Fall  of  Water-Efficiency 297 

Horse  Power  of  a  Running  Stream 297 

Current  Motors 298 

Bernoulli's  Theorem 298 

Horse  Power  of  Water  Heads 299 

Tables 

Gallons  and  Cubic  Feet 300 

Contents  of  Pipes  and  Cylinders 301 

Cylindrical  Vessels,  Tanks,  etc ,  302 

Weight  of  Water  in  Pipes , 303 

Barrels  in  Cylindrical  Tanks 304 

Capacity  of  Rectangular  Tanks 305 

Relative  Discharge  Capacity  of  Pipes 306 

Pressure  in  Equivalent  Heads  of  Water  and  Mercury 310 

Conversion  Table 311 

Hydraulic  Equivalents 312 


272 

Water 

WATER 

Water  is  composed 

of  two  gases, 

hydrogen  and 

oxygen,  in  the  ratio 

of  two  volumes  of  the  former  to  one 

of  the  latter.     It  is  never  found 

pure  in  nature,  owing 

to  the  readiness  with 

which 

it  absorbs  impurities 

from  the  air  and  soil 

Water  boils  under 

atmospheric  pressure  (14.7 

pounds  at  sea  level)  at  212°,  passing  off  as  steam. 

Its 

greatest  density 

is  at  39.1°  F.,  when  it  weighs  62.425 

pounds  per  cubic  foot. 

Weight  of  Water  per  Cubic  Foot  at  Different  Temperatures 

$ 

Ms 

& 

III 

& 

Ms 

¥ 

$ 

& 

t-i    .. 

Sl| 

§  £ 

•5.2  1 

§  1 

*§.a  | 

S  § 

i 

)  SH    § 

i 

0  § 

"§•£  o 

H  •*•* 

'55*2  ft 

£-)-*-> 

°a>*^  ft 

HIS 

*3    ft 

H 

£H  4-> 

'Jo^  ft 

^  o 

£o 

N 

0 

£o 

32 

62.42 

ISO 

61.18 

260 

58.55 

380 

54 

36 

500 

48.7 

40 

62.42 

160 

60.98 

270 

58.26 

390 

53-94 

48.1 

So 

62.41 

170 

60.77 

280 

57.96 

4< 

X) 

53 

5 

520 

47-6 

60 

62.37 

180 

60.55 

290 

57.65 

410 

53-0 

530 

47-0 

TO 

62.31 

190 

60.32 

300 

57-33 

420 

52 

6 

540 

46.3 

80 

62.23 

200 

60.12 

3io 

57.00 

4 

JO 

52 

2 

550 

45-6 

90 

62.13 

210 

59-88 

320 

56.66 

440 

Si 

7 

56o 

44-9 

IOO 

62.02 

212 

59.83 

330 

56.30 

450 

51.2 

570 

44-1 

1  10 

61.89 

220 

59  63 

340 

55-94 

460 

50.7 

58o 

43-3 

120 

61.74 

230 

59-37 

350 

55-57 

470 

So 

2 

590 

42.6 

130 

61.56 

240 

59.li 

360 

55-18 

4* 

to 

49 

7 

600 

41.8 

140 

61.37 

250 

58.83 

370 

54.78 

490 

49 

2 

Volume  of  Water 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Volume 

5     Cent. 

Fahr. 

Volume 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Volume 

4° 

39-1° 

.ooooc 

35° 

95° 

.00586 

70° 

158° 

.02241 

5 

.00001 

40 

104 

I 

.007 

67 

75 

i 

67 

.02548 

10 

So 

.00025 

45 

H3 

.00967 

80 

176 

.02872 

IS 

59 

.00083 

So 

122 

.01186 

85 

185 

.03213 

20 

68 

.00171 

55 

131 

.01423 

90 

194 

.03570 

25 

77 

.00286 

1       60 

I4C 

MA 

78 

95 

2 

•03 

.03943 

30 

86 

.00425 

65 

149 

.01951 

IOO 

212 

.04332 

Water  Pressure  273 


WATER  PRESSURE 

(From  Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket  Book.) 

Comparison  of  Heads  of  Water  in  Feet  with  Pressures  in 
Various  Units 

One  foot  of  water  at  39.1°  F.  =  62.425  pounds  per  square  foot; 

One  foot  of  water  at  39.1°  F.  =  0.4335  pound  per  square  inch; 

One  foot  of  water  at  39.1°  F.  =  0.0295  atmosphere; 

One  foot  of  water  at  39.1°  F.  =  0.8826  inch  of  mercury  at  30°  F.; 

One  foot  of  water  at  39.1°  F.  =  773-3  j  feet  °f  df  at  32°  K  and  atmosPheric 

/      pressure; 

One  pound  on  the  square  foot,  at  39.1°  F.    =  0.01602  foot  of  water; 

One  pound  on  the  square  inch,  at  39.1°  F.    =  2.307  feet  of  water; 
One  atmosphere  of  29.922  inches  of  mercury  =33.9  feet  of  water; 

One  inch  of  mercury  at  32°  F =  1.133  feet  of  water; 

One  foot  of  air  at  32°  F.  and  i  atmosphere   =  0.001293  foot  of  water; 

One  foot  of  average  sea-water =  1.026  feet  of  pure  water; 

One  foot  of  water  at  62°  F =  62.355  pounds  per  square  foot; 

One  foot  of  water  at  62°  F =  0.43302  pound  per  square  inch; 

One  inch  of  water  at  62°  F.  =  0.5774  ounce  =  0.036085  pound  per  square  inch; 
One  pound  of  water  on  the  square  inch  at 

62°  F =  2.3094  feet  of  water; 

One  ounce  of  water  on  the  square  inch  at 

62°  F =  1.732  inches  of  water. 

Pressure  of  Water  Due  to  Its  Weight.  The  pressure  of  still  water 
in  pounds  per  square  inch  against  the  sides  of  any  pipe,  channel,  or 
vessel  of  any  shape  whatever  is  due  solely  to  the  "head"  or  height  of  the 
level  surface  of  the  water  above  the  point  at  which  the  pressure  is  con- 
sidered, and  is  equal  to  0.43302  pound  per  square  inch  for  every  foot 
of  head,  or  62.355  pounds  per  square  foot  for  every  foot  of  head  (at 
62°  F.). 

The  pressure  per  square  inch  is  equal  in  all  directions,  downwards, 
upwards,  or  sideways,  and  is  independent  of  the  shape  or  size  of  the 
containing  vessel. 

The  pressure  against  a  vertical  surface,  as  a  retaining-wall,  at  any 
point,  is  in  direct  ratio  to  the  head  above  that  point,  increasing  from  o 
at  the  level  surface,  to  a  maximum  at  the  bottom.  The  total  pressure 
against  a  vertical  strip  of  a  unit's  breadth  increases  as  the  area  of  a 
right-angled  triangle  whose  perpendicular  represents  the  height  of  the 
strip  and  whose  base  represents  the  pressure  on  a  unit  of  surface  at  the 
bottom;  that  is,  it  increases  as  the  square  of  the  depth.  The  sum  of  all 
the  horizontal  pressures  is  represented  by  the  area  of  the  triangle,  and 
the  resultant  of  this  sum  is  equal  to  this  sum  exerted  at  a  point  one-third 
of  the  height  from  the  bottom.  (The  center  of  gravity  of  the  area  of  a 
triangle  is  one-third  of  its  height.) 

The  horizontal  pressure  is  the  same  if  the  surface  is  inclined  instead  of 
vertical. 

The  amount  of  pressure  on  the  interior  walls  of  a  pipe  has  no  appre- 
ciable effect  upon  the  amount  of  flow. 


274 

Water  Pressure 

Pressure  in  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  for  Different  Heads  of  Water 

(At  62' 

F.,  i  foot  head  =  0.433  pound  per  square  inch;  0.433  X  144  =  62.352 

pounds  per  cubic  foot.) 

Head, 
feet 

0 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0 

0.433 

0.866 

1.299 

1.732 

2.165 

2.598 

3.031 

3.464 

3.897 

10 

4-330 

4.763 

5.196 

5-629 

6.062 

6.495 

6.928 

7.36i 

7-794 

8.227 

20 

8.660 

9-093 

9.526 

9-959 

10.392 

10.825 

11.258 

11.691 

12.124 

12.557 

30 

12.990 

13.423 

13.856 

14.289 

14.722 

15.155 

15.588 

16.021 

16.454 

16.887 

40 

17.320 

17-753 

18.186 

18.619 

19.052 

19.485 

19.918 

20.351 

20.784 

21.217 

50 

21  .  650 

22.083 

22.516 

22.949 

23.382 

23.815 

24.248 

24.681 

25.114 

25-547 

60 

25.980 

26.413 

26.846 

27.279 

27.712 

28.145 

28.578 

29.011 

29.444 

29.877 

70 

30.310 

30.743 

31.176 

31.609 

32.042 

32.475 

32.908 

33-341 

33-774 

34-207 

80 

34.640 

35-073 

35.5o6 

35-939 

36.372 

36.805 

37.238 

37.671 

38.104 

38.537 

90 

38.970 

39.403 

39.836 

40.269 

40.702 

41  •  135 

41.568 

42.001 

42.434 

42.867 

Head  in  Feet  of  Water,  Corresponding  to  Pressures  in  Pounds 

per  Square  Inch 

(i  pound 

per  square  inch  =  2.30947  feet  head;  i  atmosphere  =  14.7  pounds 

per  square  inch  =  33.94  feet  head.) 

Pres- 

o 

sure, 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Ibs. 

o 

2.309 

4.619 

6.928 

9.238 

11.547 

13.857 

16.166 

18.476 

20  .  785 

10 

23.0947 

25.404 

27.714 

30.023 

32.333 

34.642 

36.952 

39.261 

41.570 

43.88o 

20 

4 

6.1894 

48.499 

50.8o8 

53-118 

55.427 

57-737 

60.046 

62.356 

64.665 

66.975 

30 

69.2841 

71.594 

73.903 

76.213 

78.522 

80.831 

83.141 

85.450 

87.760 

90.069 

40 

92.3788 

94-688 

96.998 

99.307 

101.62 

103-93 

106  .  24 

108.55 

110.85 

II3.I6 

50 

II 

5-4735 

117.78 

120.09 

122.40 

124.71 

127.02 

129-33 

131  .  64 

133-95 

136  .  26 

60 

138.5682 

140.88 

143.19 

145.50 

147.81 

150.12 

152.42 

154-73 

157.04 

159  35 

70 

161  .  6629 

163.97 

166.28 

168.59 

170.90 

173-21 

175.52 

177.83 

180.14 

182.45 

80 

184.7576 

187.07 

189.38 

191.69 

194.00 

196.31 

198.61 

200.92 

203.23 

205.54 

90 

207.8523 

210.16 

212.47 

214.78 

217.09 

219.40 

221.71 

224.02 

226.33 

228.64 

Ice  and  Snow.     (From  Clark.)     i  cubic  foot  of  ice  at  32°  F.  weighs 

57.50  pounds;  i  pound  of  ice  at  32°  F.  has  a  volume  of  0.0174  cubic 

foot  = 

30.067  cubic  inches.                          * 

Relative  volume  of  ice  to  water  at  32°  F.,  1.0855,  the  expansion  in 

passing  into  the  solid  state  being  8.55  per  cent.     Specific  gravity  of 

ice  =  0.922,  water  at  62°  F.  being  i. 

At  high  pressures  the  melting-point  of  ice  is  lower  than  32°  F.,  being 

at  the 

rate  of  0.0133°  F.  for  each  additional  atmosphere  of  pressure. 

Specific  heat  of  ice  is  0.504,  that  of  water  being  i. 

i  cubic  foot  of  fresh  snow,  according  to  humidity  of  atmosphere, 

weighs 

5  pounds  to  12  pounds,     i  cubic  foot  of  snow  moistened  and 

compacted  by  rain  weighs  15  pounds  to  50  pounds  (Trautwine). 

Boiler  Incrustation  and  Corrosion 


275 


Specific  Heat  of  Water 

(From  Marks  and  Davis's  Steam  Tables.) 


fc 

o 

fc 

O 

fc 

y 

*j 

o 

£ 

o 

fe 

o 

c8 

tC+j 

w 

c£^ 

od 

0) 

S-s 

<8 

OH  40 

o 

t£  .»-> 

<8 

£-8 

g, 

11 

g, 

'o  ^ 

O 

i 

ilS 

& 

u 

g, 

11 

g, 

£1 

0> 

Q 

co 

Q 

CO 

1 

en 

1 

CO 

Q 

CO 

P 

CO 

20 

.0168 

120 

0.9974 

220 

.007 

320 

.035 

420 

.072 

520 

.123 

30 

.0098 

130 

0.9979 

230 

.009 

330 

.038 

430 

.077 

530 

.128 

40 

.0045 

140 

0.9986 

24O 

.012 

340 

.041 

440 

.082 

540 

.134 

50 

.0012 

ISO 

0.9994 

250 

.015 

350 

.045 

450 

.086 

55o 

.140 

60 

.9990 

160 

I.OO02 

260 

.018 

360 

.048 

460 

.091 

560 

.146 

70 

•  9977 

170 

I.  0010 

270 

.021 

370 

.052 

470 

.096 

57o 

.152 

80 

.9970 

180 

I.OOI9 

280 

.023 

380 

.056 

480 

.101 

580 

.158 

90 

.9967 

190 

1.0029 

290 

.026 

390 

.060 

490 

.106 

590 

.165 

IOO 

0.9967 

200 

1.0039 

3oo 

.029 

400 

.064 

500 

.112 

600 

1.172 

no 

0.9970 

210 

1.0050 

3io 

.032 

410 

.068 

5io 

.117 

Compressibility  of  Water.  Water  is  very  slightly  compressible. 
Its  compressibility  is  from  0.000040  to  0.000051  for  one  atmosphere, 
decreasing  with  increase  of  temperature.  For  each  foot  of  pressure, 
distilled  water  will  be  diminished  in  volume  0.0000015  to  0.0000013. 
Water  is  so  incompressible  that  even  at  a  depth  of  a  mile,  a  cubic  foot 
of  water  will  weigh  only  about  half  a  pound  more  than  at  the  surface. 


BOILER  INCRUSTATION  AND  CORROSION 

Water,  from  natural  sources,  as  a  rule  contains  more  or  less  carbon 
dioxide,  which  holds  in  solution  carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia.  On 
boiling  the  water  the  carbon  dioxide  is  driven  out,  and  the  lime  and 
magnesium  in  solution  are  thrown  down  in  the  form  of  a  white  or 
grayish  mud,  that  may  be  easily  removed  from  the  boiler  by  thorough 
washing.  The  presence  of  other  impurities,  such  as  organic  matter  or 
sulphate  of  lime,  is  likely  to  make  the  deposit  hard  and  adhering. 

Sulphate  of  lime  is  more  soluble  in  cold  than  in  hot  water,  and  is 
entirely  thrown  down  at  a  temperature  of  280°  Fahrenheit.  It  forms  a 
hard  and  adhering  s.cale  and  has  a  bad  effect  upon  scales  and  deposits, 
composed  chiefly  of  carbonates.  The  bad  effect  of  deposits  from  water 
containing  calcium  sulphate  is  much  ameliorated  by  introducing  car- 
bonate of  soda  or  soda-ash  into  the  boiler  with  the  feed-water.  The 
result  is  to  give  a  deposit  of  calcium  carbonate  in  the  form  of  a  fine 
white  powder,  which  must  be  washed  or  swept  out,  and  sodium  sulphate 
in  solution,  which  must  be  blown  out  from  time  to  time. 

A  deposition  may  arise  from  the  settling  of  clay  and  other  matter 
held  in  suspension  in  the  water.  In  water  otherwise  free  from  impurities 
this  matter  commonly  deposits  in  the  form  of  a  soft  mud  that  may  be 
easily  removed  from  the  boiler.  In  conjunction,  however,  with  other 
impurities,  as,  for  example,  sulphate  of  lime,  it  may  form  an  adhesive 


276 


Boiler  Incrustation  and  Corrosion 


scale,  in  which  case  it  is  usually  best  to  free  the  feed-water  from  sus- 
pended matter  by  nitration. 

In  some  cases  chemical  treatment,  either  internally  or  externally, 
should  be  resorted  to.  This  is  especially  the  case  with  feed-waters 
containing  much  free  acid,  in  which  case  the  free  acid  should  be  neu- 
tralized by  chemical  treatment,  preferably  before  entering  the  boiler. 

If  more  than  100  parts  per  100  ooo  of  total  solid  residue  be  present  in 
the  water,  it  will  ordinarily  cause  trouble  from  scale,  and  should  be  con- 
demned for  use  in  the  boiler  unless  a  better  supply  be  unobtainable. 
Scale  reduces  the  efficiency  of  the  heating  surface  by  detracting  from 
the  conducting  quality  of  the  metal  and  is  apt  to  cause  overheating  or 
burning  of  the  metal,  or  even  bulging  of  the  plates  that  are  subjected  to 
the  intense  heat  of  the  furnace.  Grease,  owing  to  its  adhesive  nature, 
may,  by  collecting  impurities  contained  in  the  water,  become  sufficiently 
heavy  to  sink.  In  this  condition  it  is  apt  to  attach  itself  to  a  plate  or 
pipe  near  the  furnace,  and  may,  owing  to  its  nonconducting  qualities, 
cause  serious  overheating,  resulting  in  burning,  bulging,  or  even  blowing 
out. 

If  water  contains  more  than  5  parts  per  100  ooo  of  free  sulphuric  or 
nitric  acid,  serious  corrosion  will  ensue,  not  only  in  boiler  plates,  but 
also  in  tubes,  pipes,  cylinders  and  other  parts  with  which  the  steam 
comes  in  contact. 

Animal  and  vegetable  oils  and  greases  decompose  into  fatty  acids 
when  subjected  to  the  temperature  of  high-pressure  steam.  Because 
of  this  their  presence  in  a  high-pressure  steam  engine  or  boiler  will  cause 


serious  corrosion. 


Tabular  View 


Troublesome  substance 

Trouble 

Remedy  or  palliation 

Sediment,  mud,  clay,  etc. 

Incrustation. 

Filtration;  bio  wing  off. 

Readily  soluble  salts. 

Incrustation. 

Blowing  off. 

Bicarbonates  of  lime,) 

Incrustation. 

(  Heating  feed.    Addition   of 
caustic  soda,  lime  or  mag- 

magnesia,  iron.               J 

(     nesia,  etc. 

Sulphate  of  lime. 

Incrustation. 

(  Addition  of  carbonate  of 
\     soda,  barium  chloride,  etc. 

Chloride  and  sulphate  of  ) 

Corrosion. 

{Addition  of  carbonate  of 
j  •     4. 

magnesium.                     ) 

soda,  etc. 

Carbonate    of    soda    in  ) 
large  amounts.                ) 

Priming. 

{Addition  of  barium  chloride, 
etc. 

Acid  (in  mine  waters). 

Corrosion. 

Alkali. 

Dissolved  carbonic  acid  ) 
j                                   i 

Corrosion. 

!  Heating  feed.    Addition    of 
caustic  soda,  slaked  lime, 

and  oxygen. 

etc. 

Grease  (from  condensed  ) 

Corrosion. 

(  Slaked  lime  and  filtering. 
I  Carbonate  of  soda. 

steam)  .                            ) 

(  Substitute  mineral  oil. 

Organic  matter  (sewage). 

Corrosion. 

(  Precipitate    with    alum    or 
\     ferric  chloride  and  filter. 

Flow  of  Water  in  Pipes  277 


Experiments  have  shown  that  pure  water,  into  which  air  has  been 
forced,  on  heating  causes  corrosion. 

Highly  heated  surfaces  in  contact  with  water  containing  common  salt 
corrode  and  pit  rapidly.  The  sides  of  the  furnace,  the  tube  plates  and 
the  hottest  tubes  suffer  most. 

It  is  clear,  then,  that  feed-water,  free  from  solids,  combined  or  in  sus- 
pension, organic  matter,  acids  of  all  kinds,  and  air,  would  be  best  for 
the  life  of  boilers. 

In  cases  where  water  containing  large  amounts  of  total  solid  residue 
is  necessarily  used,  a  heavy  petroleum  oil,  free  from  tar  or  wax,  which 
is  not  acted  upon  by  acids  or  alkalies,  not  having  sufficient  wax  in  it  to 
cause  saponification,  and  which  has  a  vaporizing-point  at  nearly  600°  F., 
will  give  the  best  results  in  preventing  boiler-scale.  Its  action  is  to 
form  a  thin,  greasy  film  over  the  boiler  linings,  protecting  them  largely 
from  the  action  of  acids  in  the  water  and  greasing  the  sediment  which  is 
formed,  thus  preventing  the  formation  of  scale  and  keeping  the  solid 
residue  from  the  evaporation  of  the  water  in  such  a  plastic  suspended 
condition  that  it  can  be  easily  ejected  from  the  boiler  by  the  process 
of  "blowing  off."  If  the  water  is  not  blown  off  sufficiently  often,  this 
sediment  forms  into  a  "putty"  that  will  necessitate  cleaning  the  boilers. 

Practical  experience  is  decidedly  in  favor  of  water  purification,  both 
from  the  standpoint  of  preserving  the  life  of  the  boiler  and  for  the  best 
efficiency  in  operation.  Air  in  solution,  if  allowed  to  enter  the  boiler, 
will  accelerate  corrosion  more  than  any  other  cause,  hence  water  heaters 
should  be  used  with  open  feed  and  careful  regulation  of  the  temperature, 
which  should  always  be  about  190°  F. 


FLOW  OF  WATER  IN  PIPES 

The  quantity  of  water  discharged  through  a  pipe  depends  on  the 
head.  If  the  discharge  occurs  freely  into  the  air,  this  head  is  the  differ- 
ence in  level  between  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  reservoir  and  the 
center  of  the  discharge  end  of  the  pipe;  if  the  lower  end  of  the  pipe  is 
submerged,  the  head  is  the  difference  in  elevation  between  the  two 
water  levels.  The  discharge  for  a  given  diameter  depends  also  upon 
the  length  of  the  pipe,  upon  the  character  of  its  interior  surface  as  to 
smoothness  and  upon  the  number  and  sharpness  of  its  bends. 

The  head,  instead  of  being  an  actual  distance  between  levels,  may  be 
caused  by  pressure,  as  by  pumping,  in  which  case  the  head  is  calculated 
as  a  vertical  distance  corresponding  to  the  pressure,  i  pound  per  square 
inch  being  equal  to  2.309  feet  head,  or  i  foot  head  being  equal  to  a 
pressure  of  0.433  pound  per  square  inch. 

The  total  head  operating  to  cause  flow  is  divided  into  three  parts: 
(i)  The  velocity  head,  which  is  the  height  through  which  a  body  must 
fall  in  a  vacuum  to  acquire  the  velocity  with  which  the  water  flows  in 
the  pipe.  This  is  equal  to  v*  -4-  2  g,  in  which  v  is  the  velocity  in  feet 
per  second,  and  2  g  =  64.32;  (2)  The  entry  head,  which  is  required  to 
overcome  the  resistance  to  entrance  to  the  pipe.  With  sharp-edged 


278  Flow  of  Water  in  Pipes 


entrance  the  entry  head  equals  about  one-half  of  the  velocity  head; 
with  smooth,  rounded  entrance  the  entry  head  is  inappreciable;  (3)  The 
friction  head,  due  to  the  frictional  resistance  to  flow  in  the  pipe. 

In  ordinary  cases  of  pipes  of  considerable  length  the  sum  of  the  entry 
and  velocity  heads  scarcely.. exceeds  one  foot;  in  the  case  of  long  pipes 
with  low  heads  it  is  so  small  that  it  may  be  neglected. 

When  the  flow  becomes  steady,  the  pipe  is  entirely  filled  throughout 
its  length,  and  hence  the  mean  velocity  at  any  section  is  the  same  as 
that  at  the  end,  when  the  size  is  uniform.  This  velocity  is  found  to 
decrease  as  the  length  of  the  pipe  increases,  other  things  being  equal, 
and  becomes  very  small  for  great  lengths,  which  shows  that  nearly  all 
the  head  has  been  lost  in  overcoming  the  resistances.  The  length  of 
the  pipe  is  measured  along  its  axis,  following  all  the  curves,  if  there  be 
any.  The  velocity  considered  is  the  mean  velocity,  which  is  equal  to 
the  discharge  divided  by  the  area  of  the  cross  section  of  the  pipe.  The 
actual  velocities  in  the  cross  section  are  greater  than  this  mean  velocity 
near  the  center  and  less  than  it  near  the  interior  surface  of  the  pipe. 

The  object  of  the  discussion  of  flow  in  pipes  is  to  enable  the  discharge 
which  will  occur  under  given  conditions  to  be  determined,  or  to  ascertain 
the  proper  size  which  a  pipe  should  have  in  order  to  deliver  a  given  dis- 
charge. The  subject  cannot,  however,  be  developed  with  the  definite- 
ness  which  characterizes  the  flow  from  orifices  and  weirs,  partly  because 
the  condition  of  the  interior  surface  of  the  pipe  greatly  modifies  the  dis- 
charge, partly  because  of  the  lack  of  experimental  data,  and  partly  on 
account  of  defective  theoretical  knowledge  regarding  the  laws  of  flow. 
In  orifices  and  weirs  errors  of  two  or  three  per  cent  may  be  regarded  as 
large  with  careful  work;  in  pipes  such  errors  are  common,  and  are  gen- 
erally exceeded  in  most  practical  investigations. 

It  fortunately  happens,  however,  that  in  most  cases  of  the  design  of 
systems  of  pipes  errors  of  five  and  ten  per  cent  are  not  important,  al- 
though they  are  of  course  to  be  avoided  if  possible,  or,  if  not  avoided, 
they  should  occur  on  the  side  of  safety. 

Quantity  of  Water  Discharged 

The  quantity  of  water  which  flows  through  a  pipe  is  the  product  of 
the  area  of  its  cross  section  and  the  mean  velocity  of  flow.  That  is, 

Q  =  av, 

in  which  Q  is  the  quantity  discharged  in  cubic  feet  per  second,  a  is  the 
area  in  square  feet  and  v  is  the  velocity  in  feet  per  second. 

For  U.  S.  gallons  per  second  multiply  by  7 . 4805 

For  U.  S.  gallons  per  minute  multiply  by          448.  83 
For  U.  S.  gallons  per  hour  multiply  by  26929. 9 

For  U.  S.  gallons  per  24  hours  multiply  by  646317. 

The  diagram,  page  279,  gives  the  discharge  in  gallons  per  minute, 
when  the  velocity  in  the  pipe  line  is  known. 


Quantity  of  Water  Discharged 

279 

r—  150000 

—looooo                 Chart  for  Flow  of  Water  in  Wrought  Pipe 

^  90000 

If  any  two  of  the  three  factors  represented  by  the 

scales  are  known,  the  third  may  be  found  by  passing  a 

—  eoooo         straight  line  through  these  quantities  on  their  respective 

^-50000         scales.     This  line  will  intersect  the  third  scale  at  the 

0,5—1 

L_  4oooo        number  representing  the  desired  factor. 
Example.    For  4000  gallons  per  minute  with  12  inch 

0.6— 

;—  30000        PiPe»  velocity  =  11.4  feet  per  second. 

0.7— 

E  25000 

0.8— 

-  —  20000 

0.9— 

• 

1  

15000 

r72 

- 

10000 

-60 

1.5- 

9000 

-48 

8000 

-42 

~ 

7000 

—36 

2  

6000 

0 

;  5000 

-30                                                                             0 
O 

2.J 

k^°  I 

-24 

- 
3~ 

sooo^i 

-20       g                                                  a! 

E          >\ 

—18          I                                                                 {[] 

3.5— 

r-    2500       w  ^->. 

-16          Z                                                                 JJJ 

- 

2000          -5                         ^"^V^ 

-14          Z                                                                     Z 

- 

E            §              ^ 

<*nf                i 

B'*~ 

—      1500          < 

a 

-1<>S5. 

-    • 

I 

6  

1000 

-8          S           ^\ 

7  

900 

Q.                           ^sv. 
^•^ 

800 

R                                                              ^^^ 

8  

700 

^Vx_^ 

g  ~ 

600 

—  5                                                                             \ 

10_I 

BOO 

^^v^ 

—  4 

_I 

2  400 

-i 

r  —  soo 

—  3 

16-r 

E—        260 

-2-2- 

"^ 

^  200 

-2 

20^ 

~—        150 

*J 

100 

:  —     90 

70 

60 

'  50 

280 


Flow  of  Water  in  Pipes 


Mean  Velocity  of  Flow 

The  velocity  of  flow,  depending  as  it  does  to  such  a  great  extent  upon 
the  condition  of  the  interior  surface  of  the  pipe,  is  difficult  to  compute. 
Below  are  given  the  formulae  most  generally  accepted.  In  the  solution 
of  any  problem  a  comparison  of  the  results  obtained  by  the  use  of  these 
formulae  is  advisable.  There  are  so  many  conditions  affecting  the  flow 
of  water  that  all  hydraulic  formulae  give  only  approximations  to  accu- 
rate results. 

Approximate  Formula  (Trautwine).  To  find  the  velocity  of  water 
discharged  from  a  pipe  line,  knowing  the  head,  length  and  inside  diameter, 
use  the  following  formula: 


in  which         v  =  approximate  mean  velocity  in  feet  per  second; 
m  =  coefficient  from  table  below; 
D  =  diameter  of  pipe  in  feet; 
h  =  total  head  in  feet; 
L  =  total  length  of  line  in  feet. 


Values  of  Coefficient  "m" 


Diameter  of  pipe 

Diameter  of  pipe 

Feet 

Inches 

m 

Feet 

Inches 

m 

O.I 

1.2 

23 

1-5 

18 

53 

0.2 

2.4 

30 

2.0 

24 

57 

0.3 

3-6 

34 

2.5 

30 

60 

0.4 

4-8 

37 

3-0 

36 

62 

0.5 

6.0 

39 

3-5 

42 

64 

0.6 

7.2 

42 

4.0 

48 

66 

0.7 

8.4 

44 

S.o 

60 

68 

0.8 

9-6 

46 

6.0 

72 

70 

0.9 

10.8 

47 

7.0 

84 

72 

I.O 

12.0 

48 

10.  0 

120 

77 

The  above  coefficients  are  averages  deduced  from  a  large  number  of 
experiments.  In  most  cases  of  pipes  carefully  laid  and  in  fair  condition, 
they  should  give  results  within  5  to  10  per  cent  of  the  truth. 

Example:  Given  the  head,  h  =  50  feet,  the  length,  L  =  5280  feet, 
and  the  diameter,  D  =  2  feet;  to  find  the  velocity  and  quantity  of 
discharge. 

The  value  of  the  coefficient  m  from  the  table  when  D  =  2  feet  is 


Kutter's  Formula  281 


Substituting  these  values  in  the  formula,  we  get: 

i  - 

—  —  =  57  X  0.136  =  7-752  feet  per  sec. 

To  find  the  discharge  in  cubic  feet  per  second,  multiply  this  velocity 
by  the  area  of  cross  section  of  the  pipe  in  square  feet. 

Thus,  3-1416  X  (i)2  X  7-752  =  24.35  cubic  feet  per  second. 

Since  there  are  7.48  gallons  in  a  cubic  foot,  the  discharge  in  gallons 
per  second  =  24.35  X  7.48  =  182.1. 

The  above  formula  is  only  an  approximation,  since  the  flow  is  modified 
by  bends,  joints,  incrustations,  etc.  Wrought  pipes  are  smoother  than 
cast-iron  ones,  thereby  presenting  less  friction  and  less  encouragement 
for  deposits;  and,  being  in  longer  lengths,  the  number  of  joints  is  re- 
duced, thus  lessening  the  undesirable  effects  of  eddy  currents. 

Kutter's  Formula.  This  formula,  although  originally  designed  for 
open  channels,  can  be  used  in  the  case  of  long  pipes  with  low  heads.  It 
is  the  joint  production  of  two  eminent  Swiss  engineers,  E.  Ganguillet 
and  W.  R.  Kutter,  and  is,  properly  speaking,  a  formula  for  finding  the 
coemcient  C  in  the  well-known  Chezy  formula: 


in  which 

v  =  mean  velocity  in  feet  per  second; 
r  =  mean  hydraulic  radius  in  feet; 
s  =  slope  =  head  -r-  length,  measured  in  a  straight  line 
from  end  to  end. 

The  mean  hydraulic  radius  is  the  area  of  wet  cross-section  divided  by 
the  wet  perimeter,  which  for  pipes  running  full,  or  exactly  half  full,  is 
equal  to  one-quarter  of  the  diameter. 

According  to  Kutter  the  value  of  this  coefficient  C  is 

0.00281      1.811 
41.6  +  -  +  -  • 
^  s  n 


in  which  s  is  the  slope,  r  is  the  mean  hydraulic  radius  in  feet  and  n  is 
the  "  coefficient  of  roughness. "  The  value  of  n  varies  from  .010  for  very 
smooth  pipes  to  .015  for  pipes  in  a  very  poor  condition.  For  ordinary 
wrought  pipe  .012  can  be  used.  For  clean  steel  riveted  pipe  .015  can  be 
used. 

The  following  table  gives  values  of  the  coefficient  C  as  obtained  by 
Kutter's  formula  for  different  slopes,  hydraulic  radii  and  degrees  of 
roughness. 


282                                   Darcy's  Formula 

Table  of  Coefficient  "  C  " 

Coeffi- 
cient 
"  n  " 

Hydraulic  radius  in  r  feet 

.1 

•  15 

.2 

•  3 

.4 

.6 

.8 

I.O 

I  5 

2  O 

3  o 

Slope  s  =.0004 

.009 
.010 
.on 

.012 

104 
89 
78 
69 

116 

IOI 

90 

80 

126 
1  10 

97 
87 

138 

120 
107 
96 

148 
129 
115 

104 

157 
140 
126 
H3 

166 
148 
133 

121 

172 
154 
138 
125 

183 
164 
148 
135 

190 
170 

154 
141 

199 
179 
162 
149 

.013 
.015 
.017 

62 

50 
43 

71 
59 
So 

78 
65 
54 

87 
73 
62 

94 
79 
68 

103 
87 
75 

1  10 

93 
81 

"5 
98 
85 

124 
106 
93 

130 

112 
98 

138 
119 
105 

Slope  5  =.0010 

.009 

.010 
.Oil 
.012 

no 
94 
83 
73 

121 

105 
92 
82 

129 
113 
99 
89 

141 

124 
109 
98 

ISO 
131 
117 
105 

161 
142 
127 
H5 

I69 

ISO 
134 

122 

175 
155 
139 
127 

184 
165 
149 
136 

191 
171 

155 
142 

199 
179 
163 
149 

.013 
.015 
.017 

65 

54 
45 

74 
61 
51 

81 
66 

57 

89 
74 
63 

96 
80 
69 

104 
88 
76 

III 

94 
82 

116 
99 
86 

124 
108 
93 

130 

112 

98 

138 
119 
105 

Slope  5  =.0100 

.009 
.010 

.Oil 
.012 

no 
95 
83 

74 

122 
105 

93 
83 

130 
114 

100 

90 

143 

125 

III 

100 

151 
133 
119 

107 

162 
143 
129 
116 

170 
151 
135 
123 

175 
156 
141 
128 

185 
165 
149' 
136 

191 
171 
155 
142 

199 
179 
162 
149 

.013 

.015 
.017 

66 

2 

75 
62 
52 

81 
67 

57 

90 
76 
64 

98 

82 

70 

106 
90 

77 

112 

95 
82 

H7 
99 

87 

125 

107 
94 

130 

112 
99 

138 
H9 
105 

For  slopes  steeper  than  .01  per  unit  of  length,  =  52.8  feet  per  mile, 
C  remains  practically  the  same  as  at  that  slope.     But  the  velocity  (being 
C  X  Vrs)  of  course  continues  to  increase  as  the  slope  becomes  steeper. 

Darcy's  Formula.    The  simplest  form  of  Darcy's  formula  is 

C&  =  Ds, 

in  which  v  is  the  velocity  in  feet  per  second,  D  is  the  diameter  of  the  pipe 
in  feet,  s  is  the  slope  and  C  is  a  coefficient,  varying  with  the  diameter 
and  roughness  of  the  pipe.     For  cast-iron  pipe  and  wrought  pipes  of  the 
same  roughness,  the  values  of  C  are  given  below.     For  rough  pipe 
Darcy  doubled  the  coefficient. 

Williams  and  Hazen's  Formula 


283 


Values  of  "C"  in  Darcy's  Formula 


Diameter, 
inches 

Rough  pipe 

Smooth  pipe 

3 
4 
6 
8 

0.00080 
0.00076 
0.00072 
0.00068 

0.00040 
0.00038 
0.00036 
0.00034 

10 
12 

14 
16 

0.00066 
0.00066 
0.00065 
0.00064 

0.00033 
0.00033 
0.000325 
0.00032 

24 
30 
36 

48 

0.00064 
0.00063 
0.00062 
0.00062 

0.00032 
0.000315 
0.00031 
0.00031 

Williams  and  Hazen's  Exponential  Formula.  From  Chezy's 
formula,  v  =  C  VW,  it  would  appear  that  the  velocity  varies  as  the 
square  root  of  the  head;  this  is  not  true,  however,  for  C  is  not  a  constant, 
but  a  variable  depending  upon  the  roughness  of  the  pipe  and  upon  the 
hydraulic  radius  and  the  slope.  Hazen  and  Williams,  as  a  result  of  a 
study  of  the  best  records  of  experiments  and  plotting  them  on  logarithmic 
ruled  paper,  found  an  exponential  formula  v  =  O0-63^-54,  in  which  the 
coefficient  C  is  practically  independent  of  the  diameter  and  the  slope, 
and  varies  only  with  the  condition  of  the  surface.  In  order  to  equalize 
the  numerical  value  of  C  to  that  of  the  C  in  the  Chezy  formula,  at  a 
slope  of  o.ooi,  they  added  the  factor  o.ooi-°-04  to  the  formula,  so  that 
the  working  formula  of  Hazen  and  Williams  is 


The  value  of  C  varies  to  a  great  extent,  depending  on  the  condition 
of  the  interior  of  the  pipe.  A  fair  value  for  iron  or  steel  pipe  is  C  =  100. 
Computations  of  the  exponential  formula  are  made  by  logarithms  or  by 
the  Hazen-  Williams  hydraulic  slide  rule. 

Effect  of  Curves  and  Valves  (American  Civil  Engineers'  Pocket 
Book).  The  effect  of  curvature  is  to  increase  the  loss  of  head.  This 
increased  loss  is  partly  due  to  the  cross  currents  and  eddies  set  up  in 
the  bend,  but  also  to  the  changes  of  velocity  along  the  stream  lines  and 
increased  friction  along  the  walls  of  the  channels,  due  to  increased 
velocities  over  part  of  the  circumference.  The  loss  of  head  due  to  a 
curve  may  be  stated  in  terms  of  the  velocity  head  or,  better,  in  terms  of 
the  equivalent  length  of  straight  pipe  which  would  give  the  same  loss 
as  the  curve.  Experiments  upon  the  loss  of  head  in  pipes  show  the 
radius  of  the  curve  of  minimum  resistance  for  a  right-angled  bend  to  be 
about  three  diameters  of  the  pipe.  For  six-inch  pipe  the  loss  due  to 
such  a  curve  is  about  the  same  as  that  in  eight  feet  of  straight  pipe, 
and  for  a  thirty-inch  pipe  about  the  same  as  that  in  forty  feet  of  straight 


284  Water  Hammer 


pipe.    For  intermediate  sizes  the  loss  may  be  expected  to  fall  between 
these  limits  and  to  vary  approximately  as  the  diameter. 

The  losses  due  to  valves  in  pipe  lines  have  been  investigated  with 
accuracy  in  only  a  few  instances.  From  these  experiments  it  appears 
that  a  fully  open  gate  valve  in  a  pipe  causes  a  loss  of  head  corresponding 
to  about  six  oliameters  of  length  of  the  pipe. 

Hydraulic  Grade-line.  In  a  straight  tube  of  uniform  diameter 
throughout,  running  full  and  discharging  freely  into  the  air,  the  hydrau- 
lic grade-line  is  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  discharge  end  to  a  point 
immediately  over  the  entry  end  of  the  pipe,  and  at  a  depth  below  the 
surface  equal  to  the  entry  and  velocity  heads  (Trautwine) . 

In  a  pipe  leading  from  a  reservoir,  no  part  of  its  length  should  be  above 
the  hydraulic  grade-line. 

Air-bound  Pipes.  A  pipe  is  said  to  be  air-bound  when,  in  conse- 
quence of  air  being  entrapped  at  the  high  points  of  vertical  curves  in 
the  line,  water  will  not  flow  out  of  the  pipe,  although  the  supply  is 
higher  than  the  outlet.  The  remedy  is  to  provide  cocks  or  valves  at 
the  high  points,  through  which  the  air  may  be  discharged.  The  valve 
may  be  made  automatic  by  means  of  a  float. 

Water  Hammer.  When  a  valve  in  a  pipe  is  closed  while  the  water 
is  flowing,  the  velocity  of  the  water  behind  the  valve  is  retarded  and  a 
dynamic  pressure  is  produced.  When  the  valve  is  closed  quickly  this 
dynamic  pressure  may  be  much  greater  than  that  due  to  the  static 
pressure,  and  it  is  then  called  "water  hammer"  or  "water  ram."  This 
action  is  dangerous  and  causes  in  many  cases  fracture  of  the  pipe.  It 
is  provided  against  by  arrangements  which  prevent  a  rapid  closing  of 
the  valve.  The  formulae  for  the  pressure  produced  by  this  shock  are 

ID 
p=  0.027  -  -  po  +  pi,  (i) 

£  =  63  a  -  po  +  pi,  (2) 

where  po  =  the  static  pressure  when  there  is  no  flow,  pi  =  the  static  pressure 
when  the  flow  is  in  progress,  p  =  the  maximum  dynamic  pressure  due  to 
the  water  hammer  in  excess  over  the  pressure  po,  v  =  the  velocity  in  feet 
per  second,  /  =  length  of  pipe  back  from  the  valve  in  feet,  and  /  =  time 
of  closing  of  valve  in  seconds.  The  pressures  in  the  formulae  are  expressed 
in  pounds  per  square  inch.  Formula  (i)  is  to  be  used  when  /  is  greater 
than  0.000428  /  and  formula  (2)  when  /  is  equal  to  or  less  than  this. 

From  the  first  of  these  formulae  the  value  of  /  when  p  =  o  is  found 
to  be  fc 


/  =  O.O27  - 

Po-  pi 

which  is  the  time  of  valve  closing  in  order  that  there  may  be  no  water 
hammer.  To  prevent  the  effects  of  water  hammer,  it  is  customary  to 
arrange  valves  so  that  they  cannot  be  closed  very  quickly,  and  the  last 
formula  furnishes  the  means  of  estimating  the  time  required  in  order 
that  no  excess  of  dynamic  pressure  over  the  static  pressure  po  may  occur. 


Flow  of  Water  in  House-Service  Pipes               285 

Flow  of  Water  in  House-service  Pipes 

(Thomson  Meter  Company.) 

Pressure 

Discharge  in  cubic  feet  per  minute 

Condition 

pounds 

Nominal  internal  diameter  of  pipe  (inches) 

of  discharge 

per 

square 

inch 

V'2 

% 

% 

I 

i% 

2 

3 

4 

6 

30 

1.  10 

1.92 

3-01 

6.13 

16.58 

33.34 

88.16 

173.85 

444.63 

Through  35 

40 

1.27 

2.22 

3.48 

7.08 

19.14 

38.50 

101.80 

200.75 

513.42 

feet  of 

So 

1.42 

2.48 

3.89 

7.92 

21.40 

43-04 

113.82 

224.44 

574-02 

service 

60 

1.56 

2.71 

4.26 

8.67 

23-44 

47-15 

124.68 

245.87 

628.81 

pipe,  no 

back 

75 

1.74 

3-03 

4-77 

9-70 

26.21 

52.71 

139.39 

274.89 

703.03 

pressure. 

IOO 

130 

2.01 

2.29 

3-50 
3-99 

5-50 
6.28 

11.20 

12.77 

30.27 
34-51 

60.87 
69.40 

160.96 
183.52 

317.41 
361.91 

811.79 
925.58 

30 

0.66 

1.16 

1.84 

3.78 

10.40 

21.30 

58.19 

118.13 

317.23 

Through 

40 

o.77 

1.34 

2.12 

4.36 

12.01 

24.59 

67.19 

136.41 

366.30 

100  feet 

50 

0.86 

1.50 

2.37 

4.88 

13-43 

27.50 

75-13 

152.51 

409.54 

of  service 

60 

o.94 

1.65 

2.60 

5-34 

14.71 

30.12 

82.30 

167.06 

448.63 

pipe,  no 

i-i 
back 

75 

1.05 

1.84 

2.91 

5-97 

16.45 

33-68 

92.01 

186.78 

501.58 

pressure. 

IOO 

1.22 

2.13 

3.36 

6.90 

18.99 

38.89 

106.24 

215.68 

579.18 

130 

1.39 

2.42 

3.83 

7.86 

21.66 

44-34 

121.14 

245.91 

660.36 

Through 
100  feet 
of  service 
pipe  and 

30 
40 
50 
60 

0.55 
0.66 
o.75 
0.83 

0.96 
I.  IS 
1.31 
1.45 

1.52 

1.81 
2.06 
2.29 

3-  ii 
3-72 

4-24 
4-70 

8.57 

10.24 
11.67 
12.94 

17-55 
20.95 
23-87 
26.48 

47-90 
57-20 
65.18 
72.28 

97.17 
116.01 
132.20 
146.61 

260.56 
3H.09 
354-49 
393.13 

15  feet 
vertical 

75 

IOO 

o.94 

1.  10 

1.64 
1.92 

2.59 

3-02 

5-32 

6.21 

14.64 
17.10 

29.96 
35-00 

81.79 
95-55 

165.90 
193.82 

444.85 
519.72 

rise. 

130 

1.26 

2.20 

3.48 

7-14 

19.66 

40.23 

109.82 

222.75 

597-31 

Through 
ico  feet 
of  service 
pipe  and 

30 
40 
50 
60 

o.44 
0.55 
0.65 
o.73 

o.77 
0.97 
1.  14 
1.28 

1.22 

1.53 
1-79 

2.  02 

2.50 
3.15 
3.69 
4-15 

6.80 
8.68 
10.  16 
H.45 

14.11 
17-79 
20.82 
23-47 

38.63 
48.68 
56.98 
64.22 

78.54 
98.98 
115.87 
130.59 

2H.54 
266.59 
312.08 
351.73 

30  feet 
vertical 
rise. 

75 

IOO 

130 

0.84 

I.OO 

1.  15 

1.47 
1.74 

2.  02 

2.32 

2.75 
3.19 

4-77 
5.65 
6.55 

I3-I5 
15.58 
18.07 

26.95 
31-93 
37-02 

73.76 
87.38 
101.33 

149-99 
177.67 
206.04 

403.98 
478.55 
554.96 

286                    Loss  of  Head  in  Pipe  by  Friction 

Loss  of  Head  in  Pipe  by  Friction 
(Pelton  Water  Wheel  Company.) 

The  following  table  shows  the  loss  of  head  by  friction  in  each  100  feet 
in  length  of  different  diameters  of  pipe,  when  discharging  the  tabulated 
quantities  of  water  per  minute: 
v  —  velocity  in  feet  per  second; 
H  =  loss  of  head  by  friction  in  feet; 
Q  =  discharge  in  cubic  feet  per  minute. 

V 

Inside  diameter  of  pipe  in  inches 

6 

7 

8 

9 

IO 

II 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

2.0 
2.2 

2.4 

2.6 

•  39 
.46 
.54 
.63 

23.5 
25.9 
28.2 

30.6 

.33 

.40 
.46 
.54 

32.0 
35-3 
38.5 
41-7 

•  30 
.35 
•  41 
•  47 

41.9 
46.1 
50.2 

54.4 

.26 
•  31 
.36 
.42 

53.o 
58.3 
63.6 
68.9 

\2\ 

.32 

.37 

65-4 
72. 
78.5 
85.1 

.21 
.25 
.29 

.34 

79. 
87. 
95- 
103. 

2.8 

3.o 
3.2 
3.4 

.72 
.81 
.91 

1.02 

32.9 
35-3 
37-7 
40.0 

.61 

.69 
•  78 
.87 

44-9 
48.1 
5L3 
54-5 

•  54 
.61 
.68 
.76 

58.6 
62.8 
67.0 
71.2 

.48 
•  54 
.60 
.68 

74-2 
79-5 
84.8 
90.1 

.43 
.48 
•  54 
.61 

91.6 
98.2 
105. 
in. 

•  39 
..44 
.49 
.55 

in. 
119. 
127. 
134. 

3.6 
3.8 
4-0 
4.2 

1.  13 

1.25 
1.37 
1.49 

42.4 
44-7 
47-1 
49-5 

•  96 

.07 
.17 
.28 

57-7 
60.9 
64.1 
67.3 

.84 
•  93 
1.  02 

1.  12 

75.4 
79-6 
83-7 
87.9 

•  75 
•  83 
.91 
.99 

95-4 

101. 

106. 
in. 

.67 

•  74 
.82 
.89 

118. 
124. 
131- 
137- 

.61 
.68 

•  74 
.81 

142. 
150. 
158. 
166. 

4.4 
4-6 
4-8 
5.o 

1.62 
1.76 
1.90 
2.05 

51.8 
54.1 
56.5 
58.9 

.39 
•  51 
.63 
1.76 

70-5 
73-7 
76.9 
80.2 

1.22 
•  32 
•  43 

.54 

92.1 
96.3 
oo.o 

05. 

.08 
•  17 
•  27 
•  37 

116. 

122. 
127. 
132. 

•  97 
.05 
.14 
.23 

144. 
150. 
157. 
163. 

.88 
.96 

.04 

.12 

174. 
182. 
190. 
198. 

5.2 
5-4 
5.6 
5.8 

2.21 

2.37 
2.53 
2.70 

61.2 
63.6 
65.9 
68.3 

1.89 
2.03 
2.17 
2.31 

83.3 
86.6 
89.8 
93-0 

.65 

•  77 
-89 
.01 

09. 
13. 
17. 

21. 

•  47 

!68 
i.  80 

138. 
143. 
I48. 
154- 

•  32 
.41 
•  51 
1.61 

170. 
177. 
183. 
190. 

.20 

.28 

.37 

.46 

206. 
214. 

222. 
229. 

6.0 

2.87 

70.7 
82.4 

2.46 
3.26 

96.2 

[12.0 

.15 
.85 

125. 
146. 

1.92 
2.52 

159- 
185. 

1.71 
2.28 

196. 
229. 

.56 

.07 

237- 
277. 

V 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

2.0 
2.2 
2.4 
2  6 

.19? 

.273 
.315 

94- 
103- 
113- 
122. 

.183 
.216 
.252 
.290 

no. 

121. 

133- 

144. 

.169 
.200 
.234 
.270 

128. 
141. 

154. 
167. 

.158 
.187 
.218 
.252 

147. 
162. 
176. 
191. 

.147 
.175 
.205 
.236 

167. 
184. 

201. 

218. 

.132 
.156 
.182 

.210 

212. 

233. 

254- 

275 

2.8 

3.o 
3.2 

3.4 

.36c 

.407 
•  45^ 
.Sic 

132. 
141. 
I5L 

160. 

.332 
.375 
.422 
.471 

156. 
166. 
177- 
188. 

.308 
•  349 
.392 
•  438 

179- 
192. 
205. 
218. 

.288 
.325 
.366 
.408 

206. 

221. 
235- 
250. 

.270 
.306 
.343 
-383 

234- 
251. 
268. 

284. 

.240 
.271 
.305 

.339 

297. 
318. 
339- 
36o. 

Loss  of  Head  in  Pipe  by  Friction                   287 

Loss  of  Head  in  Pipe  by  Friction  (Continued) 

Inside  diameter  of  pipe  in  inches 

V 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

3.6 

.566 

169. 

.522 

199. 

.485 

231. 

.452 

265. 

.425 

301. 

.377 

382. 

3-8 

.624 

179. 

.576 

210. 

•  535 

243. 

.499 

280. 

.468 

318. 

.416 

403. 

4.0 

.685 

188. 

.632 

221. 

.587 

256. 

.548 

294. 

•  513 

335. 

.456 

424. 

4-2 

.749 

198. 

.691 

232. 

.641 

269. 

.598 

309. 

.561 

352. 

•  499 

445. 

4-4 

.815 

207. 

•  751 

243- 

.698 

282. 

.651 

324. 

.611 

368. 

.542 

466. 

4-6 

.883 

217. 

.815 

254- 

•  757 

295. 

.707 

339- 

.662 

385. 

.588 

488. 

4-8 

-954 

226. 

.881 

265. 

.818 

308. 

.763 

353- 

•  715 

402. 

.636 

509. 

5-0 

1.028 

235- 

.949 

276. 

.881 

321. 

.822 

368. 

.770 

419. 

.685 

530. 

5-2 

1.104 

245. 

.020 

287. 

.947 

333. 

.883 

383. 

.828 

435- 

•  736 

551. 

5-4 

1.183 

254- 

.092 

298. 

1.014 

346. 

-947 

397- 

.888 

452. 

.788 

572. 

5-6 

1.26 

264. 

.167 

309. 

1.083 

359- 

I.  Oil 

412. 

•  949 

469- 

.843 

594- 

5-8 

1.34 

273- 

.245 

321. 

1.  155 

372. 

1.078 

427. 

i.  on 

486. 

.899 

615. 

6.0 

1-43 

283. 

•  325 

332. 

1.229 

385. 

1.148 

442. 

1.076 

502. 

•  957 

636. 

7.0 

1.91 

330. 

•  75 

307- 

1.630 

449- 

1.520 

515. 

1.430 

586. 

1.270 

742- 

V 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

2.0 

.119 

262. 

.108 

316. 

.098 

377- 

.091 

442. 

.084 

513. 

.079 

589. 

2.2 

.140 

288. 

.127 

348. 

.116 

414. 

.108 

486. 

.099 

564. 

.093 

648. 

2-4 

.164 

314. 

.149 

380. 

.136 

452. 

.126 

531. 

.116 

616. 

.109 

707. 

2.6 

.189 

340. 

.171 

412. 

.157 

490. 

.145 

575- 

.134 

667. 

.126 

766. 

2.8 

.216 

366. 

.195 

443. 

.180 

528. 

.165 

619. 

.153 

718. 

.144 

824. 

3.o 

•  245 

393- 

.222 

475. 

.204 

565. 

.188 

663. 

.174 

770. 

.163 

883. 

3-2 

.275 

419- 

.249 

507. 

.229 

603. 

.211 

708. 

.195 

821. 

.182 

942. 

3.4 

.306 

445- 

.278 

538. 

.255 

641. 

.235 

752. 

.218 

872. 

.204 

1001. 

3-6 

.339 

471- 

.308 

570. 

.283 

678. 

.261 

796. 

.242 

923. 

.226 

1060. 

3-8 

.374 

497- 

.340 

601. 

.312 

716. 

.288 

840. 

.267 

973. 

.249 

1119. 

4-0 

.410 

523. 

.373 

633. 

.342 

754- 

.315 

885. 

.293 

1026. 

.273 

1178. 

4.2 

.449 

550. 

.408 

665. 

.374 

79L 

.345 

929. 

.320 

1077. 

.299 

1237. 

4-4 

.488 

576. 

.444 

697. 

.407 

829. 

.375 

973. 

•  348 

1129. 

•  325 

1296. 

4.6 

.529 

602. 

.482 

728. 

•  441 

867. 

.407 

1017. 

•  378 

1180. 

.353 

1355. 

4-8 

.572 

628. 

.521 

760. 

.476 

90S. 

.440 

1062. 

.409 

1231. 

.381 

1414. 

5.0 

.617 

654. 

.561 

792. 

513 

942. 

.474 

1106. 

•  440 

1283. 

.411 

1472. 

5-2 

.662 

680. 

.602 

823. 

•  552 

980. 

.510 

1150. 

.473 

1334  - 

.441 

1531. 

5-4 

.710 

707. 

645 

855. 

.591 

1018. 

.546 

H94. 

.507' 

1385. 

.473 

1590. 

5.6 

•  758 

733. 

.690 

887. 

.632 

1055- 

.583 

1239. 

•  542 

1437- 

.506 

1649. 

5.8 

.809 

759. 

.735 

918. 

.674 

1093- 

.622 

1283. 

.578 

1488. 

540 

1708. 

6.0 

.861 

785. 

.782 

950. 

.717 

H3I. 

.662 

1327. 

.615 

1539- 

.574 

1767. 

7-0 

1.  143 

916. 

1.040 

1109. 

•  953 

1319. 

.879 

1548. 

.817 

1796. 

.762 

2061. 

288 


Loss  of  Head  in  Pipe  by  Friction 


Loss  of  Head  in  Pipe  by  Friction  (Concluded) 


V 

2.0 
2.2 

2.4 
2.6 

Inside  diameter  of  pipe  in  inches 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

H 

.073 
.085 

.100 

.115 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

.061 
.072 
.084 
.097 

Q 

H 

Q 

H 

Q 

1325. 
1456. 
1590. 

1721. 

H 

Q 

712. 
785. 
855. 
927. 

.066 
.078 
.091 
.104 

848. 
933- 
1018. 

IIOO. 

995- 
1094. 
1194- 
1294. 

.057 
.067 
.079 
.090 

1155. 
1270. 

1385. 

1500. 

.053 
.063 

•  073 
.084 

.050 
.059 
.069 
.079 

1508. 
1658. 
1809. 
1960. 

2.8 

3.0 
3.2 
3.4 

.131 
.148 
.167 
.186 

IOOO. 

1070. 
1140. 

1210. 

.119 
.135 
.152 
.169 

1188. 
1273. 
1367. 
1442. 

.in 
.125 
.141 
.157 

1394- 
1492. 
1591. 
1690. 

.103 
.117 
.131 
.146 

1617. 

1730. 
1845. 

1961. 

.096 
.109 

.122 
.136 

1855. 
1987. 

2I2O. 
2250. 

.090 

.102 

.115 
.128 

21  10. 
2260. 
2410. 
2560. 

3.6 

3-8 
4.o 
4.2 

.206 
.226 
.248 
.270 

1282. 
1355- 
1425. 
1495- 

.188 
.207 
.228 
.249 

1527. 
1612. 
1697. 
1782. 

.174 
.191 

.210 
.229 

1790. 
1891. 
1990. 
2091. 

.162 
.178 
.195 
.213 

2079. 

2190. 
2310. 
2422. 

.151 
.166 
.182 
.198 

2382. 
2515. 
2650. 
2780. 

.142 
.156 
.171 
.186 

2715. 
2865. 
3016. 
3165. 

4-4 
4-6 
4.8 
S.o 

.295 
.321 
.346 
.374 

1568. 
1640. 
I7IO. 
1780. 

.271 
.294 
.318 
.342 

1866. 
1951. 
2036. 

2121. 

.250 
.271 
.293 
.316 

2190. 
2290. 
2389. 
2490. 

.232 

.252 

.270 
•  294 

2540. 
2658. 
2770. 
2885. 

.216 

.235 
.254 
.273 

2910. 
3045. 
3180. 

3310. 

.203 

.220 
.238 
.256 

3318. 
3470. 
3619. 
3770. 

5.2 
5-4 
5.6 
5.8 

.403 
•  430 
•  453 
•  495 

1852. 
1922. 
1995- 
2065. 

.368 
.394 
.421 
.450 

2206. 
2291. 
2376. 
2460. 

•  342 
.364 
.393 
.419 

2590. 
2689. 
2790. 
2886. 

.317 
.338 
.374 
.389 

3000. 
3II5- 
3230. 
3348. 

.296 
.315 
.340 
.363 

3442. 
3578. 
37io. 
3840. 

.278 
.295 
.319 
.340 

3920. 
4071. 
4222. 

4373. 

6.0 
7.o 

.520 
.693 

2I4O. 
2495- 

•  479 
.636 

2545. 
2968. 

.441 
.586 

2986. 

3484. 

.408 
.545 

346i. 
4030. 

.382 
.509 

3970. 
4638. 

.358 
.476 

4524. 
5277. 

The  above  table  is  based  on  Cox's  reconstruction  of  Weisbach's 
formula,  using  the  denominator  1000  instead  of  1200,  to  be  on  the  safe 
side,  allowing  20%  for  the  loss  of  head  due  to  the  laps  and  rivet -heads 
in  the  pipe.  Cox's  formula,  using  the  denominator  1 200,  is  given  below. 

Example.  Given  200  feet  head  and  600  feet  of  n-inch  pipe,  carry- 
ing 119  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute.  To  find  the  effective  head:  In 
right-hand  column,  under  n-inch  pipe,  find  119  cubic  feet;  opposite  this 
will  be  found  the  loss  by  friction  in  100  feet  of  length  for  this  amount 
of  water,  which  is  0.44.  Multiply  this  by  the  number  of  hundred  feet 
of  pipe,  which  is  6,  and  we  have  2.64  feet,  which  is  the  loss  of  head. 
Therefore  the  effective  head  is  200—  2.64=  197.36. 

Explanation.  The  loss  of  head  by  friction  in  a  pipe  depends  not 
only  upon  diameter  and  length,  but  upon  the  quantity  of  water  passed 
through  it.  The  head  or  pressure  is  what  would  be  indicated  by  a 
pressure-gage  attached  to  the  pipe  near  the  outlet.  Readings  of  gage 
should  be  taken  while  the  water  is  flowing  from  the  nozzle. 

To  reduce  heads  in  feet  to  pressure  in  pounds  multiply  by  0.433.  To 
reduce  pounds  pressure  to  feet  multiply  by  2.309. 


Cox's  Formula                                     289 

Cox's   Formula.     (Kent's    Mec 
Weisbach's  formula  for  loss  of  heac 
pipes  is  as  follows: 

Friction-head  =  (  o.oi; 

hanical   Engineers'   Pocket   Book.) 
I  caused  by  the  friction  of  water  in 

0.01716^    /  •  v* 

Vv    /  5-367  <*' 

where                 /  =  length  of  pipe  in  feet; 
v  =  velocity  of  the  water  in  feet  per  second; 
d  —  diameter  of  pipe  in  inches. 

William  Cox  (Amer.  Mach.,  Dec 
which  gives  almost  identical  results 

H  =  friction-head  in  f( 

.  28,  1893)  gives  a  sim 

pier  formula 
d) 

d         1200 

He  gives  a  table  by  i 
once  obtained  when  v  is 

Hd     4  z)2  +  5  v  —  2 

(2) 

I 
neans  of  w' 
known,  anc 

Values  of  - 

1200 

lich  the  val 
vice  versa. 

1200 

1  200 

v 

0.0 

O.I 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

i 

2 

3 

4 

.00583 

.02000 

.04083 
.06833 

.00695 
.02178 
.04328 
.07145 

.00813 
.02363 
.04580 
.07463 

.00938 

.02555 
.04838 
.07788 

.01070 
.02753 
.05103 
.08120 

6 
8 

.  10250 
.  14333 
.19083 
.24500 

.  10628 
.  14778 
.  19595 
.  25078 

.  11013 
.  15230 
.20113 
.25663 

.11405 
.15688 
.20638 
.26255 

.11803 
.  16153 
.21170 
.26853 

9 

10 

ii 

12 

.30583 

.37333 
.44750 
.52833 

.31228 
.38045 
.45528 
.53678 

.31880 
.38763 
.46313 
.54530 

.32538 
•39488 
.47105 
.55388 

.33203 
.40220 
.47903 
.56253 

13 
14 
IS 
16 

.61583 
.71000 
.81083 
.91833 

.62495 
.  71978 
.82128 
.92945 

.63413 
.72963 
.83180 
.94063 

.64338 
•73955 
.84238 
.95188 

.65270 
.74953 
.85303 
.96320 

17 
18 
19 
20 

1.03250 
I.  15333 
1.28083 
1.41500 

1.04428 
I  .  16578 
I  •  29395 
I  .  42878 

1.05613 
I  .  17830 
I.307I3 
1.44263 

1.06805 
1.19088 
1.32038 
1.45655 

1.08003 
1.20353 
1.33370 
1.47053 

21 

1.55583 

1.57028 

1.58480 

1.59938 

1.61403 

290 


Cox's  Formula 


V 

0.5 

0.6 

0.7 

0.8 

0.9 

I 

.01208 

.01353 

.01505 

.01663 

.01828 

2 

.02958 

.03170 

.03388 

.03613 

.03845 

3 

.05375 

.05653 

.05938 

.06230 

.06528 

4 

.08458 

.08803 

.09155 

.09513 

.09878 

5 

.12208 

.  12620 

.  13038 

.  13463 

.  13895 

6 

.  16625 

.  17103 

.17588 

.  18080 

.  18578 

7 

.21708 

.22253 

.22805 

.  22363 

.23928 

8 

.27458 

.28070 

.28688 

.29313 

.29945 

9 

.33875 

.34553 

.35238 

•35930 

.36628 

10 

.40958 

.41703 

.42455 

-432I3 

•43978 

ii 

.48708 

.49520 

.50338 

.51163 

.51995 

12 

.57125 

.58003 

.58888 

.5978o 

.60678 

13 

.66208 

.67153 

.68105 

.69063 

.70028 

14 

.75958 

.76970 

•77988 

.79013 

.80045 

IS 

.86375 

.87453 

.88538 

.89630 

.90728 

16 

.97458 

.98603 

•99755 

1.00913 

1.02078 

17 

1.09208 

I  .  10420 

1.11638 

i  .  12863 

i  .  14095 

18 

i  .  21625 

I  .  22903 

1.24188 

i  .  25480 

I  .  26778 

19 

1.34708 

1.36053 

1.37405 

1.38763 

I  .  40128 

20 

1.48458 

I  .  49870 

1.51288 

i  •  52713 

I.54I45 

21 

i  .  62875 

I  -  64353 

i  65838 

i  67330 

i  68828 

The  use  of  the  formula  and  table  is  illustrated  as  follows: 

Given  a  pipe  5  inches  diameter  and  1000  feet  long,  with  49  feet  head, 

what  will  the  discharge  be? 

If  the  velocity  v  is  known  in  feet  per  second,  the  discharge  is  0.32725 

dzv  cubic  foot  per  minute. 

-D  ,  x  4  a2  +  5  0  -  2      Hd      49  X  5 

By  equation  (2)  we  have =  —  =  —    —  =  0.245; 

1200  /         1000 

whence,  by  table,  v  =  real  velocity  =  8  feet  per  second. 

The  discharge  in  cubic  feet  per  minute,  if  v  is  velocity  in  feet  per 
second  and  d  diameter  in  inches,  is  0.32725  dzv,  whence,  discharge  = 
0.32725  X  25  X  8  =  65.45  cubic  feet  per  minute. 

The  velocity  due  to  the  head,  if  there  were  no  friction,  is  8.025  V  H 
=  56.175  feet  per  second,  and  the  discharge  at  that  velocity  would  be 
0.32725  X  25  X  56.175  =  460  cubic  feet  per  minute. 

Suppose  it  is  required  to  deliver  this  amount,  460  cubic  feet,  at  a 
velocity  of  2  feet  per  second;  what  diameter  of  pipe  of  the  same  length 
and  under  the  same  head  will  be  required  and  what  will  be  the  loss  of 
head  by  friction?  

d  =  diameter  =  \  — —  =  \  — ;  —  =  V  703  =  26.5  inches. 


vX  0.32725 


2  X  0.32725 


Having  now  the  diameter,  the  velocity,  and  the  discharge,  the  friction- 
head  is  calculated  by  equation  (i)  and  use  of  the  table;  thus, 


H-- 


-  X  0.02  = 


-  =  0.75  foot, 


s    1200  26.5    "  26.5 

thus  leaving  49  —  0.75  =  say  48  feet  effective  head  applicable  to  power- 
producing  purposes. 


Measurement  of  Flowing  Water  291 


MEASUREMENT   OF  FLOWING  WATER 

(From  Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket  Book.) 

Piezometer.  If  a  vertical  or  oblique  tube  be  inserted  into  a  pipe  con- 
taining water  under  pressure,  the  water  will  rise  in  the  former,  and  the 
vertical  height  to  which  it  rises  will  be  the  head  producing  the  pressure 
at  the  point  where  the  tube  is  attached.  Such  a  tube  is  called  a  piezom- 
eter or  pressure  measure.  If  the  water  in  the  piezometer  falls  below 
its  proper  level  it  shows  that  the  pressure  in  the  main  pipe  has  been 
reduced  by  an  obstruction  between  the  piezometer  and  the  reservoir. 
If  the  water  rises  above  its  proper  level  it  indicates  that  the  pressure 
there  has  been  increased  by  an  obstruction  beyond  the  piezometer. 

If  we  imagine  a  pipe  full  of  water  to  be  provided  with  a  number  of 
piezometers,  then  a  line  joining  the  tops  of  the  columns  of  water  in  them 
is  the  hydraulic  grade-line. 

Pitot  Tube.  The  Pitot  tube  is  used  for  measuring  the  velocity  of 
fluids  in  motion.  It  has  been  used  with  great  success  in  measuring  the 
flow  of  natural  gas.  (S.  W.  Robinson,  Report  Ohio  Geol.  Survey,  1890.) 
(See  also  Van  Nostrand's  Mag.,  Vol.  XXXV.)  It  is  simply  a  tube  so 
bent  that  a  short  leg  extends  into  the  current  of  fluid  flowing  from  a 
tube,  with  the  plane  of  the  entering  orifice  opposed  at  right  angles  to 
the  direction  of  the  current.  The  pressure  caused  by  the  impact  of 
the  current  is  transmitted  through  the  tube  to  a  pressure-gage  of  any 
kind,  such  as  a  column  of  water  or  of  mercury,  or  a  Bourdon  spring- 
gage.  From  the  pressure  thus  indicated  and  the  known  density  and 
temperature  of  the  flowing  fluid  is  obtained  the  head  corresponding  to 
the  pressure,  and  from  this  the  velocity.  In  a  modification  of  the  Pitot 
tube  described  by  Professor  Robinson,  there  are  two  tubes  inserted  into 
the  pipe  conveying  the  gas,  one  of  which  has  the  plane  of  the  orifice  at 
right  angles  to  the  current,  to  receive  the  static  pressure  plus  the  pressure 
due  to  impact;  the  other  has  the  plane  of  its  orifice  parallel  to  the  current 
so  as  to  receive  the  static  pressure  only.  These  tubes  are  connected  to 
the  legs  of  a  U  tube  partly  filled  with  mercury,  which  then  registers  the 
difference  in  pressure  in  the  two  tubes,  from  which  the  velocity  may 
be  calculated.  Comparative  tests  of  Pitot  tubes  with  gas-meters,  for 
measurement  of  the  flow  of  natural  gas,  have  shown  an  agreement  within 
3%. 

It  appears  from  experiments  made  by  W.  M.  White,  described  in  a 
paper  before  the  Louisiana  Eng'g  Socy.,  1901,  by  Williams,  Hubbell  and 
Fenkel  (Trans.  A.  S.  C.  E.,  1901),  and  by  W.  B.  Gregory  (Trans.  A.  S. 
M.  E.,  1903),  that  in  the  formula  for  the  Pitot  tube,  V  =  c  V2  gH,  in 
which  V  is  the  velocity  of  the  current  in  feet  per  second,  H  the  head  in 
feet  of  the  fluid  corresponding  to  the  pressure  measured  by  the  tube, 
and  c  an  experimental  coefficient,  c  =  i  when  the  plane  at  the  point  of 
the  tube  is  exactly  at  right  angles  with  the  direction  of  the  current,  and 
when  the  static  pressure  is  correctly  measured.  The  total  pressure 
produced  by  a  jet  striking  an  extended  plane  surface  at  right  angles  to 


292  Measurement  of  Flowing  Water 


it,  and  escaping  parallel  to  the  plate,  equals  twice  the  product  of  the 
area  of  the  jet  into  the  pressure  calculated  from  the  "head  due  to  the 

yt  v2 

velocity,"  and  for  this  case  H  =  2  X — ,  instead  of  — ;  but  as  found 

2g  2g 

in  White's  experiments  the  maximum  pressure  at  the  point  on  the  plate 

V2 
exactly  opposite  the  jet  corresponds  to  h  =  — .    Experiments  made 

2  g 

with  four  different  shapes  of  nozzles  placed  under  the  center  of  a  falling 
stream  of  water  showed  that  the  pressure  produced  was  capable  of  sus- 
taining a  column  of  water  almost  exactly  equal  to  the  height  of  the  falling 
water. 

Tests  by  J.  A.  Knesche  (Indust.  Eng'g,  Nov.,  1909),  in  which  a  Pitot 
tube  was  inserted  in  a  4-inch  water  pipe,  gave  C  =  about  0.77  for  veloci- 
ties of  2.5  to  8  feet  per  second,  and  smaller  values  for  lower  velocities. 
He  holds  that  the  coefficient  of  a  tube  should  be  determined  by  experi- 
ment before  its  readings  can  be  considered  accurate. 

Maximum  and  Mean  Velocities  in  Pipes.  Williams,  Hubbell  and 
Fenkel  (Trans.  A.  S.  C.  E.,  1901)  found  a  ratio  of  0.84  between  the 
mean  and  the  maximum  velocities  of  water  flowing  in  closed  circular 
conduits,  under  normal  conditions,  at  ordinary  velocities;  whereby 
observations  of  velocity  taken  at  the  center  under  such  conditions,  with 
a  properly  rated  Pitot  tube,  may  be  relied  on  to  give  results  within 
3%  of  correctness. 

The  Venturi  Meter,  invented  by  Clemens  Herschel,  and  described 
in  a  pamphlet  issued  by  the  Builders'  Iron  Foundry  of  Providence,  R.  I., 
is  named  for  Venturi,  who  first  called  attention,  in  1796,  to  the  relation 
between  the  velocities  and  pressures  of  fluids  when  flowing  through 
converging  and  diverging  tubes.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  —  the  tube, 
through  which  the  water  flows,  and  the  recorder,  which  registers  the 
quantity  of  water  that  passes  through  the  tube.  The  tube  takes  the 
shape  of  two  truncated  cones  joined  in  their  smallest  diameters  by  a 
short  throat-piece.  At  the  up-stream  end  and  at  the  throat  there  are 
pressure-chambers,  at  which  points  the  pressures  are  taken. 

The  action  of  the  tube  is  based  on  that  property  which  causes  the 
small  section  of  a  gently  expanding  frustum  of  a  cone  to  receive,  with- 
out material  resultant  loss  of  head,  as  much  water  at  the  smallest  diam- 
eter as  is  discharged  at  the  large  end,  and  on  that  further  property 
which  causes  the  pressure  of  the  water  flowing  through  the  throat  to  be 
less,  by  virtue  of  its  greater  velocity,  than  the  pressure  at  the  up-stream 
end  of  the  tube,  each  pressure  being  at  the  same  time  a  function  of  the 
velocity  at  that  point  and  of  the  hydrostatic  pressure  which  would 
obtain  were  the  water  motionless  within  the  pipe. 

The  recorder  is  connected  with  the  tube  by  pressure-pipes  which  lead 
to  it  from  the  chambers  surrounding  the  up-stream  end  and  the  throat 
of  the  tube.  It  may  be  placed  in  any  convenient  position  within 
1000  feet  of  the  meter.  It  is  operated  by  a  weight  and  clockwork.  The 
difference  of  pressure  or  head  at  the  entrance  and  at  the  throat  of  the 


Measurement  by  Venturi  Tubes  293 


meter  is  balanced  in  the  recorder  by  the  difference  of  level  in  two  columns 
of  mercury  in  cylindrical  receivers,  one  within  the  other.  The  inner 
carries  a  float,  the  position  of  which  is  indicative  of  the  quantity  of  water 
flowing  through  the  tube.  By  its  rise  and  fall  the  float  varies  the  time 
of  contact  between  an  integrating  drum  and  the  counters  by  which  the 
successive  readings  are  registered. 

There  is  no  limit  to  the  sizes  of  the  meters  nor  the  quantity  of  water 
that  may  be  measured.  Meters  with  24-inch,  36-inch,  48-inch,  and 
even  2o-foot  tubes  can  be  readily  made. 

Measurement  by  Venturi  Tubes  (Trans.  A.  S.  C.  E.,  Nov.,  1887, 
and  Jan.,  1888).  Mr.  Herschel  recommends  the  use  of  a  Venturi  tube, 
inserted  in  the  force  main  of  the  pumping  engine,  for  determining  the 
quantity  of  water  discharged.  Such  a  tube  applied  to  a  24-inch  main 
has  a  total  length  of  about  20  feet.  At  a  distance  of  4  feet  from  the 
end  nearest  the  engine  the  inside  diameter  of  the  tube  is  contracted  to 
a  throat  having  a  diameter  of  about  8  inches.  A  pressure  gage  is  attached 
to  each  of  two  chambers,  the  one  surrounding  and  communicating  with 
the  entrance  or  main  pipe,  the  other  with  the  throat.  According  to 
experiments  made  upon  two  tubes  of  this  kind,  one  4  inches  in  diameter 
at  the  throat  and  12  inches  at  the  entrance,  and  the  other  about  36 
inches  in  diameter  at  the  throat  and  9  feet  at  its  entrance,  the  quantity 
of  water  which  passes  through  the  tube  is  very  nearly  the  theoretical 
discharge  through  an  opening  having  an  area  equal  to  that  of  the  throat, 
and  a  velocity  which  is  that  due  to  the  difference  in  head  shown  by  the 
two  gages.  Mr.  Herschel  states  that  the  coefficient  for  these  two  widely 
varying  sizes  of  tubes,  and  for  a  wide  range  of  velocity  through  the  pipe, 
was  found  to  be  within  2%,  either  way,  of  98%.  In  other  words,  the 
quantity  of  water  flowing  through  the  tube  per  second  is  expressed  within 
two  per  cent  by  the  formula  W  =  0.98  A  V  2  gh,  in  which  A  is  the 
area  of  the  throat  of  the  tube,  h  the  head,  in  feet,  corresponding  to  the 
difference  in  the  pressure  of  the  water  entering  the  tube  and  that  found 
at  the  throat,  and  g  =32.16. 

Measurement  of  Discharge  of  Pumping  Engines  by  Means  of 
Nozzles  (Trans.  A.  S.  M.  E.,  Vol.  XII,  575).  The  measurement  of 
water  by  computation  from  its  discharge  through  orifices,  or  through 
the  nozzles  of  fire  hose,  furnishes  a  means  of  determining  the  quantity 
of  water  delivered  by  a  pumping  engine,  which  can  be  applied  without 
much  difficulty.  John  R.  Freeman  (Trans.  A.  S.  C.  E.,  Nov.,  1889) 
describes  a  series  of  experiments  covering  a  wide  range  of  pressures  and 
sizes,  and  the  results  show  that  the  coefficient  of  discharge  for  a  smooth 
nozzle  of  ordinary  good  form  was  within  one-half  of  i%,  either  way, 
of  .977;  the  diameter  of  the  nozzle  being  accurately  calipered,  and  the 
pressures  being  determined  by  means  of  an  accurate  gage  attached  to  a 
suitable  piezometer  at  the  base  of  the  play-pipe. 

In  order  to  use  this  method  for  determining  the  quantity  of  water 
discharged  by  a  pumping  engine,  it  would  be  necessary  to  provide  a 
pressure-box  to  which  the  water  would  be  conducted,  and  attach  to  the 


294  The  Miner's  Inch 


box  as  many  nozzles  as  would  be  required  to  carry  off  the  water.  Accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Freeman's  estimate,  four  i^-inch  nozzles,  thus  connected, 
with  a  pressure  of  80  pounds  per  square  inch,  would  discharge  the  full 
capacity  of  a  2V£-million  engine.  He  also  suggests  the  use  of  a  port- 
able apparatus  with  a  single  opening  for  discharge,  consisting  essentially 
of  a  Siamese  nozzle,  so-called,  the  water  being  carried  to  it  by  three  or 
more  lines  of  fire  hose. 

To  insure  reliability  for  these  measurements,  it  is  necessary  that  the 
shut-off  valve  in  the  force-main,  or  the  several  shut-off  valves,  should  be 
tight,  so  that  all  the  water  discharged  by  the  engine  may  pass  through 
the  nozzles. 


THE   MINER'S  INCH 

(From  Merriman's  Treatise  on  Hydraulics.) 

The  miner's  inch  may  be  roughly  defined  to  be  the  quantity  of  water 
which  will  flow  from  a  vertical  standard  orifice  one  inch  square,  when 
the  head  on  the  center  of  the  orifice  is  6l/2  inches.  The  coefficient  of 
discharge  is  about  0.623,  and  accordingly  the  actual  discharge  from  the 
orifice  in  cubic  feet  per  second  is 


. 
q  =  -  X  0.623  X  8.02  i/  —  =  0.0255, 

and  the  discharge  in  one  minute  is  60X0.0255=1.53  cubic  feet. 
The  mean  value  of  one  miner's  inch  is  therefore  about  1.5  cubic  feet  per 
minute. 

The  actual  value  of  the  miner's  inch,  however,  differs  considerably 
in  different  localities.  Bowie  states  that  in  different  counties  of  Cali- 
fornia it  ranges  from  1.20  to  1.76  cubic  feet  per  minute  The  reason 
for  these  variations  is  due  to  the  fact  that  when  water  is  bought  for 
mining  or  irrigating  purposes,  a  much  larger  quantity  than  one  miner's 
inch  is  required,  and  hence  larger  orifices  than  one  square  inch  are 
needed.  Thus  at  Smartsville,  a  vertical  orifice  or  module,  4  inches  deep 
and  250  inches  long,  with  a  head  of  7  inches  above  the  top  edge,  is  said  to 
furnish  1000  miner's  inches.  Again  at  Columbia  Hill,  a  module  12  inches 
deep  and  12%  inches  wide,  with  a  head  of  6  inches  above  the  upper  edge, 
is  said  to  furnish  200  miner's  inches.  In  Montana  the  customary  method 
of  measurement  is  through  a  vertical  rectangle,  one  inch  deep,  with  a 
head  on  the  center  of  the  orifice  of  4  inches,  and  the  number  of  miner's 
niches  is  said  to  be  the  same  as  the  number  of  linear  inches  in  the  rec- 
tangle; thus  under  the  given  head  an  orifice  one  inch  deep  and  60  inches 
long  would  furnish  60  miner's  inches.  The  discharge  of  this  is  said  to 
be  about  1.25  cubic  feet  per  minute,  or  75  cubic  feet  per  hour. 

The  following  are  the  values  of  the  miner's  inch  in  different  parts 
of  the  Unites  States.  In  California  and  Montana  it  is  established  by 
law  that  40  miner's  inches  shall  be  the  equivalent  of  one  cubic  foot  per 
second,  and  in  Colorado  38.4  miner's  inches  is  the  equivalent.  In 


The  Miner's  Inch  295 


other  States  and  Territories  there  is  no  legal  value,  but  by  common 
agreement  50  miner's  inches  is  the  equivalent  of  one  cubic  foot  per 
second  in  Arizona,  Idaho,  Nevada,  and  Utah;  this  makes  the  miner's 
inch  equal  to  1.2  cubic  feet  per  minute. 

A  module  is  an  orifice  which  is  used  in  selling  water,  and  which  under 
a  constant  head  is  to  furnish  a  given  number  of  miner's  inches,  or  a 
given  quantity  per  second.  The  size  and  proportions  of  modules  vary 
greatly  in  different  localities,  but  in  all  cases  the  important  feature  to 
be  observed  is  that  the  head  should  be  maintained  nearly  constant  in 
order  that  the  consumer  may  receive  the  amount  of  water  for  which 
he  bargains  and  no  more. 

The  simplest  method  of  maintaining  a  constant  head  is  by  placing 
the  module  in  a  chamber  which  is  provided  with  a  gate  that  regulates 
the  entrance  of  water  from  the  main  reservoir  or  canal.  This  gate  is 
raised  or  lowered  by  an  inspector  once  or  twice  a  day  so  as  to  keep  the 
surface  of  the  water  in  the  chamber  at  a  given  mark.  This  plan  is  a 
costly  one,  on  account  of  the  wages  of  the  inspector,  except  in  works 
where  many  modules  are  used  and  where  a  daily  inspection  is  necessary 
in  any  event,  and  it  is  not  well  adapted  to  cases  where  there  are  frequent 
and  considerable  fluctuations  in  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  feeding 
canal. 

Numerous  methods  have  been  devised  to  secure  a  constant  head  by 
automatic  appliances;  for  instance,  the  gate  which  admits  water  into 
the  chamber  may  be  made  to  rise  and  fall  by  means  of  a  float  upon  the 
surface;  the  module  itself  may  be  made  to  decrease  in  size  when  the 
water  rises,  and  to  increase  when  it  falls,  by  a  gate  or  by  a  tapering  plug 
which  moves  in  and  out  and  whose  motion  is  controlled  by  a  float. 
These  self-acting  contrivances,  however,  are  liable  to  get  out  of  order, 
and  require  to  be  inspected  more  or  less  frequently.  Another  method 
is  to  have  the  water  flow  over  the  crest  of  a  weir  as  soon  as  it  reaches 
a  certain  height. 

The  use  of  the  miner's  inch,  or  of  a  module,  as  a  standard  for  selling 
water,  is  awkward  and  confusing,  and  for  the  sake  of  uniformity  it 
is  greatly  to  be  desired  that  water  should  always  be  bought  and  sold 
by  the  cubic  foot  per  second.  Only  in  this  way  can  comparison  readily 
be  made,  and  the  consumer  be  sure  of  obtaining  exact  value  for  his 
money. 

The  cut,  Fig.  129,  shows  the  form  of  measuring-box  ordinarily  used, 
and  the  following  table  gives  the  discharge  in  cubic  feet  per  minute 
of  a  miner's  inch  of  water,  as  measured  under  the  various  heads  and 
different  lengths  and  heights  of  apertures  used  in  California. 


296 


The  Miner's  Inch 


Fig.  129.     Miner's  Inch  Measuring  Box 

Miner's  Inch  Measurements 

(Pelton  Water  Wheel  Company.) 


Length  of 
opening 
in  inches 

Opening  2  inches  high 

Opening  4  inches  high 

Head  to 
center, 
5  inches 

Head  to 
center, 
6  inches 

Head  to 
center, 
7  inches 

Head  to 
center, 
5  inches 

Head  to 
center, 
6  inches 

Head  to 
center, 
7  inches 

Cubic  feet 

Cubic  feet 

Cubic  feet 

Cubic  feet 

Cubic  feet 

Cubic  feet 

4 

-348 

•  473 

.589 

.320             .450 

1-570 

6 

•  355 

.480 

.596 

.336 

.470 

1-595 

8 

.359 

.484 

.600 

•  344 

.481 

.608 

10 

.361 

.485 

.602 

•  349 

.487 

.615 

12 

.363 

•  487 

.604 

•  352 

•  491 

.620 

14 

.364 

.488 

.604 

•  354 

•  494 

.623 

16 

.365 

.489 

.605 

.356 

.496 

.626 

18 

.365 

.489 

.606 

•  357 

.498 

.628 

20 

.365 

.490 

.606 

•  359 

•  499 

.630 

22 

.366 

.490 

.607 

•  359 

.500 

.631 

24 

.366 

•  490 

.607 

.360 

.501 

.632 

26 

.366 

•  490 

.607 

.361 

.502 

.633 

28 

.367 

.491 

.607 

.361 

•  503 

.634 

30 

.367 

•  491 

.608 

.362 

.503 

.635 

40 

.367 

.492 

.608 

.363 

.505 

.637 

50 

.368 

•  493 

.609 

.364 

.507 

.639 

60 

.368 

•  493 

.609 

.365 

.508 

.640 

70 

.368 

•  493 

.609 

.365 

.508 

.641 

80 

.368 

•  493 

.609 

.366 

.509 

.641 

90 

.369 

•  493 

.610 

.366 

•  509 

.641 

100 

1.369 

1.494 

1.610 

1.366 

1.509 

1.642 

Water  Power  297 


WATEE  POWER 

(From  Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket  Book.) 

Power  of  a  Fall  of  Water  —  Efficiency.  The  gross  power  of  a 
fall  of  water  is  the  product  of  the  weight  of  water  discharged  in  a  unit 
of  time  into  the  total  head,  i.e.,  the  difference  of  vertical  elevation  of 
the  upper  surface  of  the  water  at  the  points  where  the  fall  in  question 
begins  and  ends.  The  term  "head"  used  in  connection  with  water- 
wheels  is  the  difference  in  height  from  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the 
wheel-pit  to  the  surface  in  the  penstock  when  the  wheel  is  running. 

If  Q  =  cubic  feet  of  water  discharged  per  second,  D  =  weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  of  water  =  62.36  pounds  at  60°  F.,  H  =  total  head  in  feet; 
then 

DQH  =  gross  power  in  foot-pounds  per  second, 

and 

DQH  -r-  550  =  0.1134  QH  =  gross  horse-power. 

If  Q'  is  taken  in  cubic  feet  per  minute, 


33000 

A  water-wheel  or  motor  of  any  kind  cannot  utilize  the  whole  of  the 
head  H,  since  there  are  losses  of  head  at  both  the  entrance  to  and  the 
exit  from  the  wheel.  There  are  also  losses  of  energy  due  to  friction  of 
the  water  in  its  passage  through  the  wheel.  The  ratio  of  the  power 
developed  by  the  wheel  to  the  gross  power  of  the  fall  is  the  efficiency  of 

O'H 

the  wheel.    For  75%  efficiency,  net  horse-power  =  0.00142  Q'H  =  —  —  • 

706 

A  head  of  water  can  be  made  use  of  in  one  or  other  of  the  following 
ways,  viz.: 

First.  By  its  weight,  as  in  the  water-balance  and  in  the  overshot 
wheel. 

Second.  By  its  pressure,  as  in  turbines  and  in  the  hydraulic  engine, 
hydraulic  press,  crane,  etc. 

Third.  By  its  impulse,  as  in  the  undershot  wheel,  and  in  the  Pelton 
wheel. 

Fourth.    By  a  combination  of  the  above. 

Horse-power  of  a  Running  Stream.  The  gross  horse-power  is 
H.P.  =  QHX  62.36-;-  550=  o.i  134  QH,  in  which  Q  is  the  discharge 
in  cubic  feet  per  second  actually  impinging  on  the  float  or  bucket,  and 

tf         iP 
H  =  theoretical  head  due  to  the  velocity  of  the  stream  =  —  =  -  —  » 

2  g          644 

in  which  v  is  the  velocity  in  feet  per  second.    If  Q'  be  taken  in  cubic 
feet  per  minute  H.P.  =  0.00189  Q'H  . 

Thus,  if  the  floats  of  an  undershot  wheel  driven  by  a  current  alone 
be  5  feet  X  i  foot,  and  the  velocity  of  stream  =210  feet  per  minute, 


298  Bernoulli's  Theorem 


or  sV2  feet  per  second,  of  which  the  theoretical  head  is  0.19  feet,  Q  = 
5  square  feetx  210=  1050  cubic  feet  per  minute;  H.P.  =  1050X0.19 
X  0.00189  =  0.377  H.P. 

The  wheels  would  realize  only  about  0.4  of  this  power,  on  account  of 
friction  and  slip,  or  0.151  H.P.,  or  about  0.03  H.P.  per  square  foot  of 
float,  which  is  equivalent  to  33  square  feet  of  float  per  H.P. 

Current  Motors.  A  current  motor  could  only  utilize  the  whole 
power  of  a  running  stream  if  it  could  take  all  the  velocity  out  of  the 
water,  so  that  it  would  leave  the  floats  or  buckets  with  no  velocity  at 
all;  or  in  other  words,  it  would  require  the  backing  up  of  the  whole 
volume  of  the  stream  until  the  actual  head  was  equivalent  to  the  theo- 
retical head  due  to  the  velocity  of  the  stream.  As  but  a  small  fraction 
of  the  velocity  of  the  stream  can  be  taken  up  by  a  current  motor,  its 
efficiency  is  very  small.  Current  motors  may  be  used  to  obtain  small 
amounts  of  power  from  large  streams,  but  for  large  powers  they  are  not 
practicable. 

Bernoulli's  Theorem.      Energy  of  Water  Flowing  in  a  Tube. 

The  head  due  to  the  velocity  is  — ;  the  head  due  to  the  pressure  is  -  J 

2  g  W 

the  head  due  to  actual  height  above  the  datum  plane  is  h  feet.    The 

tf  f 

total  head  is  the  sum  of  these  = \-h  +  - ,  in  feet,  in  which  v  = 

2  g  W 

velocity  in  feet  per  second,  /=  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  foot, 
w=  weight  of  i  cubic  foot  of  water  =  62.36  pounds.  If  p  =  pressure 

in  pounds  per  square  inch  -  =  2.309  p.     If  a  constant  quantity  of  water 

w 

is  flowing  through  a  tube  in  a  given  time,  the  velocity  varying  at  differ- 
ent points  on  account  of  changes  in  the  diameter,  the  energy  remains 
constant  (loss  by  friction  excepted)  and  the  sum  of  the  three  heads  is 
constant,  the  pressure  head  increasing  as  the  velocity  decreases,  and 
vice  versa.  This  principle  is  known  as  "Bernoulli's  Theorem." 

In  hydraulic  transmission  the  velocity  and  the  height  above  datum 
are  usually  small  compared  with  the  pressure-head.  The  work  or  energy 
of  a  given  quantity  of  water  under  pressure—  its  volume  in  cubic  feet 
X  its  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  foot;  or  if  Q  =  quantity  in  cubic 
feet  per  second,  and  p  =  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch,  W  = 

144  pQ  and  the  H.P.  =  *44  ^  =  0.2618  pQ. 
55° 


Water  Power  Tables                               299 

Table  for  Calculating  the  Horse-power  of  Water  Heads 

(Pelton  Water  Wheel  Company.) 

The  following  table  gives  the  horse-power  of  i  cubic  foot  of  water 
per  minute  under  heads  from  i  up  to  2100  feet. 

Heads 
in  feet 

Horse- 
power 

Heads 
in  feet 

Horse- 
power 

Heads 
in  feet 

Horse- 
power 

Heads 
in  feet 

Horse- 
power 

i 

20 

30 

40 

.0016098 
.032196 
.048294 
.064392 

220 

230 
240 
250 

.354156 
.370254 
.386352 
.402450 

430 
440 
450 
460 

.692214 
.708312 
.724410 
.740508 

1050 

1  100 

1150 

1200 

1.690290 
1.770780 
1.851270 
1.931760 

So 
60 
70 
80 

.080490 
.096588 
.112686 
.  128784 

260 
270 
280 
290 

.418548 
.434646 
.450744 
.466842 

470 
480 
490 
500 

.756606 

.772704 
.788802 
.804900 

1250 
1300 
1350 

1400 

2.012250 
2.092740 
2.173230 
2.253720 

90 

100 

no 

120 

.  144882 
.  160980 
.  177078 
•  I93I76 

300 
3io 
320 
330 

.  482940 
.499038 
.515136 
.531234 

520 
540 
•  560 
58o 

.837096 
.869292 
.901488 
.933684 

1450 
1500 
1550 
1600 

2.334210 
2.414700 
2.495190 
2.57568o 

130 

140 
ISO 
160 

.  209274 
.  225372 
.  241470 
.257568 

340 
350 
360 
370 

.547332 
.563430 
.579528 
.595626 

600 
650 
700 
750 

.965880 
1.046370 
i  .  126860 
1.207350 

1650 
1700 
1750 
1800 

2.656170 
2.736660 
2.817150 
2.897640 

170 
180 
190 
200 

210 

.273666 
.289764 
.305862 
.321960 
.338058 

380 
390 

400 
410 
.420 

.611724 
.627822 
.  643920 
.660018 
.676116 

800 
850 
900 
950 

IOOO 

1.287840 
1.368330 
i  .  448820 
1.529310 
1.609800 

1850 
1900 

1950 

2000 
2100 

2.978130 
3.058620 
3.I39HO 
3.219600 
3.380580 

When  the  Exact  Head  is  Found  hi  Above  Table 

Example;    Have  loo-foot  head  and  50  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute. 
How  many  horse-power? 
By  reference  to  the  above  table  the  horse-power  of  each  cubic  foot 
under  zoo-foot  head  will  be  found  to  be  .16098.     This  amount  multi- 
plied by  the  number  of  cubic  feet  per  minute,  50,  will  give  8.05  horse- 
power. 

When  Exact  Head  is  Not  Found  in  Table 

Take  the  horse-power  of  i  cubic  foot  per  minute  under  i-foot  head, 
and  multiply  by  the  number  of  cubic  feet  available,  and  then  by  the 
number  of  feet  head.     The  product  will  be  the  required  horse-power. 
Note;   The  above  table  is  based  upon  an  efficiency  of  85  per  cent. 

300                            Gallons'  and  Cubic  Feet 

Gallons  and  Cubic  Feet 

United  States  Gallons  in  a  Given  Number  of  Cubic  Feet 

(i  cubic  foot  =  7.480519  U.  S.  gallons;  i  gallon  =  231  cubic  inches  =  0.13368056 

cubic  foot.) 

Cubic  feet 

Gallons 

Cubic  feet 

Gallons 

Cubic  feet 

Gallons 

O.I 

0.75 

50 

374-0 

8000 

59844.2 

0.2 

1.50 

60 

448.8 

9  ooo 

67324.7 

0.3 

2.24 

70 

523-6 

10  OOO 

74805.2 

0.4 

2.99 

80 

598.4 

20  000 

149  610.4 

o.S 

3-74 

90 

673.2 

30  ooo 

224  415.6 

0.6 

4-49 

100 

748.1 

40  ooo 

299  220.8 

0.7 

5-24 

200 

i  496.1 

50  ooo 

374025.9 

0.8 

5.98 

300 

2244.2 

60  ooo 

448  831  .  1 

0.9 

6.73 

400 

2992.2 

70000 

523  636.3 

I 

7.48 

500 

3740.3 

80  ooo 

598441.5 

2 

14.96 

600 

4488.3 

90000 

673246.7 

3 

22.44 

700 

5236.4 

IOOOOO 

748051.9 

4 

29.92 

800 

5984.4 

2OOOOO 

I  496  103.8 

5 

37-40 

900 

6732.5 

300000 

2  244  155.7 

6 

44-88 

IOOO 

7480.5 

400000 

2  992  207.6 

7 

52.36 

2OOO 

14  961.0 

500  ooo 

3740259.5 

8 

59.84 

3000 

22  441  .  6 

600000 

44883H.4 

9 

67.32 

4000 

29922.1 

700  ooo 

5  236363.3 

10 

74-81 

5000 

37402.6 

800000 

5  984415.2 

20 

149-6 

6000 

44883.1 

900000 

6732467.1 

30 

224.4 

7000 

52363.6 

I  OOO  OOO 

7480519.0 

40 

299.2 

Cubic  Feet  in  a  Given  Number  of  Gallons 

Gallons 

Cubic  feet 

Gallons 

Cubic  feet 

Gallons 

Cubic  feet 

i 

.134 

I  OOO 

I33-68I 

I  OOO  OOO 

133  680.6 

2 

.267 

2  000 

267.361 

2  OOO  OOO 

•267  361.1 

3 

.401 

3000 

401.042 

3  ooo  ooo 

401041.7 

4 

.535 

4  ooo 

534-722 

4  ooo  ooo 

534722.2 

5 

.668 

5000 

668.403 

5  ooo  ooo 

668  402.8 

6 

.802 

6  ooo 

802.083 

6  ooo  ooo 

802083.4 

7 

.936 

7000 

935  764 

7  ooo  ooo 

935  763.9 

8 

1.069 

8000 

I  069  .  444 

8  ooo  ooo 

1069444.5 

9 

1.203 

9  ooo 

I  203.125 

9  ooo  ooo 

I  203  125.0 

10 

1.337 

10  000 

I  336.806 

10  OOO  000 

i  336805.6 

Cubic  Feet  per  Second,  Gallons  in  24  Hours,  etc. 

Cubic  feet  per  second  %0               i                 T  •  5472           2  .  2280 

Cubic  feet  per  minute....        i               60                 92.834          133.681 

U.  S.  gallons  per  minute.       7.480519  448.83          694.444       i  ooo 
U.  S.  gallons  per  24  hours    10  771-95  646  317        I  ooo  ooo       i  440  ooo 

Pounds  of  water  (at  62°  F.  ) 

per  mi 

nute                ....    62  355 

3741-3          5788.65        8335.65 

Contents  of  Pipes  and  Cylinders                     301 

Contents  in  Cubic  Feet  and  United  States  Gallons  of  Pipes  and  Cylinders 

of  Various  Inside  Diameters  and  One  Foot  in  Length 

(i  gallon  =  231  cubic  inches,     i  cubic  foot  =  7.4805  gallons.) 

b 

For  i  ft.  in  length 

j. 

For  i  ft.  in  length 

*j 

For  i  ft.  in  length 

*   1 

Cubic 

•§  a! 

Cubic 

1LJ 

Cubic 

wl 

rt       3 

feet.also 

U.  S. 

S'a! 

feet,  also 

U.  S. 

8;S*S 

rt       2 

feet,  also 

U.  S. 

3   f 

area  in 
square 

gallons 

p 

area  in 
square 

gallons 

5   ' 

area  in 
square 

gallons 

feet 

feet 

feet 

% 

.0003 

.0025 

-     63/4 

.2485 

1.859 

19 

1.969 

14-73 

5/4e 

.0005 

.0040 

7 

.2673 

1.999 

191/2 

2.074 

I5-5I 

% 

.0008 

.0057 

7i/4 

.2867 

2.145 

20 

2.182 

16.32 

%e 

.0010 

.0078 

7V2 

.3068 

2.295 

201/2 

2.292 

17.15 

% 

.0014 

.0102 

7% 

.3276 

2.450 

21 

2.405 

17-99 

9/16 

.0017 

.0129 

8 

•  3491 

2.611 

2iy2 

2.521 

18.86 

% 

.0021 

.0159 

81/4 

•  3712 

2.777 

22 

2.640 

19-75 

!Vl6 

.0026 

.0193 

81/2 

•  3941 

2.948 

221/2 

2.761 

20.66 

3/4 

.0031 

.0230 

8% 

.4176 

3-125 

23 

2.885 

21.58 

13/16 

.0036 

.0269 

9 

.4418 

3.305 

23V2 

3-012 

22.53 

7/8 

.0042 

.0312 

9}4 

.4667 

3-491 

24 

3.142 

23.50 

15/16 

.0048 

.0359 

9V2 

.4922 

3-682 

25 

3  409 

25.50 

I 

.0055 

.0408 

93/4 

.5185 

3.879 

26 

3-687 

27.58 

1% 

.0085 

.0638 

10 

.5454 

4.080 

27 

3.976 

29-74 

iV2 

.0123 

.0918 

ioV4 

•  5730 

4.286 

28 

4.276 

31-99 

1% 

.0167 

.1249 

ioV2 

.6013 

4.498 

29 

4.587 

34-31 

2 

.0218 

.1632 

103/4 

.6303 

4-715 

30 

4.909 

36.72 

44 

.0276 

.2066 

II 

.6600 

4-937 

31 

5-241 

39-21 

2V2 

.0341 

.2550 

Hl/4 

.6903 

5.164 

32 

5.585 

41.78 

23/4 

.0412 

.3085 

nV2 

.7213 

5.396 

33 

5-940 

44-43 

3 

.0491 

.3672 

H3/4 

•  7530 

5.633 

34 

6.305 

47-16 

3V4 

.0576 

.4309 

12 

.7854 

5.875 

35 

6.681 

49.98 

3V2 

.0668 

.4998 

I2V2 

.8522 

6.375 

36 

7.069 

52.88 

33/4 

.0767 

-5738 

13 

.9218 

6.895 

37 

7.467 

55-86 

4 

.0873 

.6528 

I3V2 

.9940 

7.436 

38 

7.876 

58.92 

4V4 

.0985 

.7369 

14 

1.069 

7-997 

39 

8.296 

62.06 

4% 

.1104 

.8263 

I4V2 

1.  147 

8.578 

40 

8.727 

65-28 

48/4 

.1231 

.9206 

15 

1.227 

9.180 

41 

9.168 

68.58 

5 

.1364 

1.  020 

isV2 

1.310 

9.801 

42 

9.621 

71.97 

5H 

.1503 

.125 

16 

1.396 

10.44 

43 

10.085 

75-44 

sV2 

.1650 

.234 

i<% 

1.485 

II.  II 

44 

10.559 

78.99 

53/4 

.1803 

.349 

17 

1.576 

11.79 

45 

11.045 

82.62 

6 

.1963 

.469 

I7V2 

1.670 

12.49 

46 

11.541 

86.33 

6V4 

.2131 

•  594 

18 

1.767 

13.22 

47 

12.048 

90.13 

6V2 

.2304 

.724 

I8VX2 

1.867 

13.96 

48 

12.566 

94.00 

To  find  the  capacity  of  pipes  greater  than  the  largest  given  in  the  table, 

look  in  the  table  for  a  pipe  of  one-half  the  given  size,  and  multiply  its 

capacity  by  4;  or  one  of  one-third   its  size,  and  multiply  its  capacity 

by  9,  etc. 

To  find  the  weight  of  water  in  any  of  the  given  sizes,  multiply  the 

capacity  in  cubic  feet  by  62  1  or  the  capacity  in  gallons  by  8j,  or,  if 

a  more  accurate  result  is  required,  by  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  water 

at  the  actual  temperature  in  the  pipe. 

Given  the  dimensions  of  a  cylinder  in  inches,  to  find  its  capacity  in 

U.  S.  gallons:   Square  the  diameter,  multiply  by  the  length  and  by 

0.0034.    If  d  =  diameter,  /  =  length,  gal 

d2  X  0.7854  X  I 

.0034  dn. 

231 

If  D  and  L  are  in  feet,  gallons  =  5.875  DZL. 

302                                  Cylindrical  Vessels 

Cylindrical  Vessels,  Tanks  and  Cisterns 

Diameter  in  Ft.  and  Ins.,  Area  in  Sq.  Ft.  and  Capacity  in  U.  S.  Gals,  for  i  Ft.  in  Depth 

(i  gallon  =  231  cubic  inches  =  i  cubic  £001/7.4805  =  0.13368  cubic  foot.) 

Diam- 

Area, 

Gallons, 

Diam- 

Area, 

Gallons, 

Diam- 

Area,   Gallons, 

eter, 

square 

i  foot 

eter, 

square 

i  foot 

eter, 

square     i  foot 

ft.  in. 

feet 

depth 

ft.  in. 

feet 

depth 

ft.  in. 

feet 

depth 

o 

.785 

5.87 

5    8 

25.22 

188.66 

19    o 

283.53 

2120.9 

i 

.922 

6.89 

5    9 

25-97 

194.25 

19    3 

291.04 

2177.1     ' 

2 

.069 

8.00 

5  10 

26.73 

199-92 

19    6 

298.65 

2234.0 

3 

.227 

9.18 

5  ii 

27-49 

205.67 

19    9 

306.35 

2291.7 

4 

.396 

10.44 

6    o 

28.27 

211.51 

20     0 

314.16 

2350.1 

5 

.576 

i-i  .  79 

6    3 

30.68 

229.50 

20      3 

322.06 

2409.2 

6 

.767 

13.22 

6    6 

33.18 

248.23 

20      6 

330.06 

2469.1 

7 

1.969 

14-73 

6    9 

35-78 

267.69 

20      9 

338.16 

2529.6 

8 

2.182 

16.32 

7    o 

38.48 

287.88 

21      0 

346.36 

2591-0 

9 

2.405 

17-99 

7    3 

41.28 

308.81 

21      3 

354-66 

2653-0 

10 

2.640 

19-75 

7    6 

44-18 

330.48 

21      6 

363.05 

2715.8 

II 

2.885 

21.58 

7    9 

47-17 

352.88 

21     9 

371-54 

2779-3 

o 

3.142 

23.50 

8    o 

50.27 

376.01 

22     0 

380.13 

2843.6 

2        I 

3.409 

25.50 

8    3 

53.46 

399,88 

22     3 

388.82 

2908.6 

2        2 

3-687 

27.58 

8    6 

56.75 

424.48 

22     6 

397-6.1 

2974-3 

2        3 

3.976 

29-74 

8    9 

60.13 

449.82 

22     9 

406.49 

3040.8 

2      4 

4.276 

31-99 

9    o 

63.62 

475.89 

23    o 

415.48 

3108.0 

2      5 

4.587 

34-31 

9    3 

67.20 

502.70 

23     3 

424.56 

3175.9 

2        6 

4.909 

36.72 

9    6 

70.88 

530.24 

23    6 

433-74 

3244.6 

2        7 

5.241 

39-21 

9    9 

74.66 

558.51 

23    9 

443-01 

3314.0 

2        8 

5.585 

41.78 

10     O 

78.54 

587.52 

24   o 

452.39 

3384.1 

2      9 

5-940 

44-43 

10    3 

82.52 

617.26 

24    3 

461.86 

3455-0 

2      10 

6.305 

47-16 

10    6 

86.59 

647.74 

24    6 

471-44 

3526.6 

2      II 

6.681 

49.98 

10    9 

90.76 

678.95 

24    9 

481.11 

3598.9 

3      o 

7.069 

52.88 

II      0 

95-03 

710.90 

25    o 

490.87 

3672.0 

3      i 

7.467 

55.86 

ii    3 

99-40 

743-58 

25    3 

500.74 

3745-8 

3      2 

7.876 

58.92 

ii    6 

103.87 

776.99 

25    6 

510.71 

3820.3 

3      3 

8.296 

62.06 

II     9 

108.43 

811.14 

25    9 

520.77 

3895.6 

3      4 

8.727 

65-28 

12      0 

113.10 

846.03 

26    o 

530.93 

3971.6 

3      5 

9.168 

68.58 

12     3 

117.86 

881.65 

26    3 

541.19 

4048.4 

3      6 

9.621 

71-97 

12     6 

122.72 

918.00 

26    6 

55L55 

4125.9 

3      7 

10.085 

75-44 

12      9 

127.68 

955-09 

26    9 

562.00 

4204.1 

3      8 

10.559 

78.99 

13    o 

132.73 

992.91 

27    o 

572.56 

4283.0 

3      9 

11.045 

82.62 

13    3 

137.89 

1031.5 

27    3 

583.21 

4362.7 

3     10 

11-541 

86.33 

13    6 

143.14 

1070.8 

27    6 

593.96 

4443-1 

3     II 

12.048 

90.13 

13    9 

148.49 

ino.8 

27    9  • 

604.81 

4524.3 

4      o 

12.566 

94.00 

14    o 

153-94 

H5I.5 

28    o 

615.75 

4606.2 

4       I 

13.095 

97.96 

14     3 

159.48 

1193-0 

28    3 

626.80 

4688.8 

4      2 

13.635 

102.00 

14    6 

165.13 

1235-3 

28    6 

637.94 

4772.1 

4      3 

14.186 

106.12 

14    9 

170.87 

1278.2 

28    9 

649  .  18 

4856.2 

4      4 

14.748 

110.32 

IS    o 

176.71 

1321.9 

29    o 

660.52 

4941.0 

4      5 

15-321 

II4.6I 

15    3 

182.65 

1366.4 

29    3 

671.96 

5026  .  6 

4      6 

15.90 

118-97 

15    6 

188.69 

1411.5 

29    6 

683.49 

5112.9 

4      7 

16.50 

123.42 

15    9 

194.83 

1457-4 

29     9 

695.13 

5199.9 

4      8 

17.10 

127-95 

16    o 

201.06 

1504.1 

3O      0 

706.86 

5287.7 

4      9 

17.72 

132.56 

16    3 

207.39 

I55L4 

30    3 

718.69 

5376.2 

4     10 

18.35 

137.25 

16    6 

213-82 

1599-5 

30    6 

730.62 

5465.4 

4     II 

18.99 

142.02 

16    9 

220.35 

1648.4 

30    9 

742.64!  5555-4 

5      o 

19.63 

146.88 

17    o 

226.98 

1697.9 

31    o 

754-77 

5646.1 

5       I 

20.29 

151.82 

17    3 

233.71 

1748  .  2 

31     3 

766.99 

5737-5 

5      2 

20.97 

156.83 

17    6 

240.53 

1799-3 

31     6 

779-31 

5829.7 

5      3 

21.65 

I6I.93 

17    9 

247.45 

I85I.I 

31     9 

791-73 

5922.6 

5      4 

22.34 

167.12 

18    o 

254.47 

1903.6 

32    o 

804.25 

6016.2 

5      5 

23-04 

172.38 

18    3 

261.59 

1956.8 

32    3 

816.86 

6110.6 

5      6 

23.76 

177.72 

18    6 

268.80 

2010.8 

32    6 

829.58 

6205.7 

5      7 

24.48 

183.15 

18    9 

276.12 

2065  .  5 

32    9 

842.39 

6301.5 

Weight  of  Water  in  Foot  Lengths                    303 

Weight  of  Water  in  Foot  Lengths  of  Pipe  of  Different  Inside  Diameters 

(62.425  pounds  per  cubic  foot.) 

Diam- 
eter, 
inches 

Water, 
pounds 

Diam- 
eter,, 
inches 

Water, 
pounds 

Diam- 
eter, 
inches 

Water, 
pounds 

Diam- 
eter, 
inches 

Water, 
pounds 

% 

0.0053 

3 

3.0643 

7% 

20.450 

17 

98.397 

$ 

0.0213 

3% 

3.3250 

8 

21.790 

i7y2 

104.27 

% 

0.0479 

3% 

3.5963 

sy4 

23.174 

18 

110.31 

y2 

0.0851 

3% 

3.8782 

sy2 

24-599 

isy2 

116.53 

% 

0.1330 

3V2 

4.1708 

8% 

26.068 

19 

122.91 

% 

0.1915 

3% 

4-4741 

9 

27.579 

i9y2 

129.47 

% 

0.2607 

3% 

4.7879 

914 

29.132 

20 

136.19 

i 

0.3405 

3% 

5.H25 

9^2 

30.728 

21 

150.15 

iji 

0.4309 

4 

5.4476 

9% 

32.366 

22 

164.79 

m 

0.5320 

4# 

6.1498 

10 

34-048 

23 

180.11 

i% 

0.6437 

4V2 

6.8946 

IOl/2 

37-537 

24 

196.11 

iy2 

0.7661 

4% 

7.6820 

II 

41  .  198 

25 

212.80 

i% 

0.8991 

5 

8.5119 

IlV2 

45.028 

26 

230.16 

i% 

1.0427 

5*4 

9.3844 

12 

49.028 

27 

248.21 

i% 

i  .  1970 

5V2 

10.299 

12% 

53-199 

28 

266.93 

2 

1.3619 

58/4 

11.257 

13 

57-540 

29 

286.34 

2% 

1.5375 

6 

12.257 

i3y2 

62.052 

30 

306.43 

aJS 

i  •  7237 

6U 

13.300 

14 

66.733 

31 

327.20 

2% 

1.9205 

6y2 

14.385 

14% 

7L585 

32 

348.6s 

2y2 

2.1280 

6% 

15.513 

15 

76.607 

33 

370.78 

2% 

2.3461 

7 

16.683 

isy2 

81.799 

34 

393-59 

2% 

2.5748 

•PA 

17.896 

16 

87.162 

35 

417.08 

2% 

2.8142 

7V2 

19.152 

i6y2 

92.694 

36 

441  .  26 

Weights  of  water  in  cylinders  of  the  same  length  are  proportional  to 

the  squares  of  the  diameters.     Therefore,  to  get  weight  of  cylinder  of 

water  one  foot  long  and  60  inches  diameter,  take  from  above  table 

weight  of  water  of  so-inch  pipe  and  multiply  it  by  the  square  of  60  -f-  30, 

or  the  square  of  two;  thus,  306.43  X4  =  1225.72  =  the  weight  of  water 

in  one  foot  length  of  a  6o-inch  pipe. 

304                         Water  Contents 

,  in  Barrels 

Number  of  Barrels  (311/2  Gallons)  in  Cylindrical  Cisterns  and  Tanks 

(i  barrel  =  311^  gallons  =31.5X231/1728  = 

4.21094  cu.  ft.;  reciprocal  =0.237477.) 

u 

Diameter  in  feet 

0)  *** 

Q.S 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

i 

4-663 

6.714 

9-139 

11.937 

I5.io8 

18.652 

22.569 

26.859 

31.522 

5 

23-3 

33-6 

45-7 

55 

.7 

75 

•  5 

93-3 

112.  8 

134-3 

157-6 

6 

28.0 

40.3 

54-8 

71.6 

90 

.6 

in.  9 

135.4 

161.2 

189.1 

7 

32.6 

47-0 

64.0 

8: 

i-6 

105 

.8 

130.6 

158.0 

188.0 

220.7 

8 

37-3 

53-7 

73-1 

95.5 

120 

.9 

149.2 

180.6 

214.9 

252.2 

9 

42.0 

60.4 

82.3 

107 

•  4 

136 

.0 

167.9 

203.1 

241.7 

283.7 

10 

46.6 

67.1 

91.4 

119.4 

151 

.1 

186.5 

225.7 

268.6 

315-2 

ii 

51.3 

73-9 

100.5 

I3I-3 

1  66 

.2 

205.2 

248.3 

295.4 

346.7 

12 

56.0 

80.6 

109.7 

143 

.2 

181 

.3 

223.8 

270.8 

322.3 

378.3 

13 

60.6 

87-3 

118.8 

155-2 

196 

•  4 

242.5 

293.4 

349-2 

409.8 

14 

65.3 

94-0 

127-9 

167 

.1 

211 

•  5 

261.1 

316.0 

376.0 

441-3 

15 

69.9 

100.7 

137-  1 

179.1 

226 

.6 

279.8 

338.5 

402.9 

472.8 

16 

74-6 

107.4 

146.2 

191 

.0 

241 

7 

298.4 

361.1 

429.7 

504.4 

17 

79-3 

114.1 

155-4 

202.9 

256 

8 

3I7-I 

383.7 

456.6 

535-9 

18 

83-9 

120.9 

164.5 

214 

-9 

271 

9 

335-7 

406.2 

483.5 

567.4 

19 

88.6 

127.6 

173-6 

226.8 

287 

I 

354-4 

428.8 

510.3 

598-9 

20 

93-3 

134-3 

182.8 

238.7 

302 

2 

373-0 

451.4 

537-2 

630.4 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

I 

36.557 

41.966 

47.748 

53.903 

60 

431 

67.332 

74.606 

82.253 

90.273 

5 

182.8 

209.8 

238.7 

2t 

9-5 

30 

2.2 

336.7 

373-0 

4II.3 

451-4 

6 

219-3 

251.8 

286.5 

323.4 

362.6 

404.0 

447.6 

493-5 

541-6 

7 

255-9 

293-8 

334-2 

37 

7-3 

42 

3-0 

471-3 

522.2 

575-8 

631-9 

8 

292.5 

335-7 

382.0 

431-2 

483.4 

538.7 

596.8 

658.0 

722.2 

9 

329.0 

377-7 

429-7 

& 

5-1 

54 

3-9 

606.0 

67L5 

740.3 

812.5 

10 

365.6 

419-7 

477-5 

539-0 

604.3 

673-3 

746.1 

822.5 

902.7 

ii 

402.1 

461.6 

525.2 

55 

2.0 

66 

4-7 

740.7 

820.7 

904.8 

993-0 

12 

438.7 

503.6 

573-0 

646.8 

725.2 

808.0 

895-3 

987.0 

1083.3 

13 

475-2 

545-6 

620.7 

70 

•0.7 

78 

5-6 

875-3 

969.9 

1069.3 

1173-  5 

14 

511-  8 

587.5 

668.5 

754-6 

846.0 

942.6 

1044.5 

II5I-5 

1263.8 

IS 

548.4 

629.5 

716.2 

8c 

8.5 

90 

6-5 

IOIO.O 

1119.1 

1233.8 

I354.I 

16 

584.9 

67L5 

764.0 

8t 

2.4 

966.9 

1077.3 

II93-7 

1316.0 

1444-4 

17 

621.5 

713.4 

811.7 

91 

6.4 

102 

7-3 

1144.6 

1268.3 

1398.3 

1534-5 

18 

658.0 

755-4 

859-5 

970.3 

1087.8 

I2I2.0 

1342.9 

1480.6 

1624.9 

19 

694-6 

797-4 

907.2 

IO2 

4-2 

114 

B.2 

1279  3 

I4I7.5 

1562.8 

I7I5-2 

20 

731-  1 

839-3 

955  o 

1078  .  I 

1208  .  6 

1346.6 

1492.1 

1645-1 

1805.5 

23 

24             25 

26 

27 

28              29 

30 

I 

98.66( 

)    107.432    116.571 

126.083 

135.968 

146.226  156.858 

167-863 

5 

493-3 

537-2       582.9 

630.4 

679.8 

731.  1        784.3 

839.3 

6 

592.0 

644-6       699.4 

756.5 

815.8 

877.4        941-  I 

[007.2 

7 

690.7 

752.0       816.0 

882.6 

951.8 

1023.6      1098.0 

[175-0 

8 

789.3 

859.5       932.6 

1008.7 

1087.7 

1169.8      1254.9 

[342.9 

9 

888.0 

966.9      1049.1 

II34-7 

1223.7 

1316.0      1411.7 

[510.8 

10 

986.7 

1074.3      1165.7 

1260.8 

1359-7 

1462.2      1568.6 

[678.6 

ii 

1085.3 

1181.8      1282.3 

1386.9 

1495-6 

1608.5      1725.4 

[846.5 

12 

1184.0 

1289  2      1398.8 

I5I3.0 

1631  .  6 

1754.7      1882.3 

2014.4 

13 

1282.7 

1396.6      I5I5.4 

1639-1 

1767.6 

1900.9      2039.2 

2182.2 

14 

1381.3 

1504.0      1632.0 

1765-2 

1903.6 

2047.2      2196.0 

2350.1 

15 

1480.0 

1611.5      1748.6 

1891.2 

2039.5 

2193.4      2352.9 

2517.9 

16 

1578.7 

1718.9      1865.1 

2017.3 

2175-5 

2339-6      2509.7 

2685.8 

17 

1677.3 

1826.3      1981.7 

2143-4 

2311.5 

2485.8      2666.6 

2853-7 

18 

1776.0 

1933-8      2098.3 

2269.5 

2447-4 

2632.0      2823.4 

3021.5 

19 

1874.7 

2041.2      2214.8 

2395-6 

2583.4 

2778.3      2980.3 

3189.4 

20 

1973.3 

2148.6      2321.4 

2521.7 

2719.4 

2924.5      3137.2      . 

3357  3 

Capacities  of  Rectangular  Tanks                    305 

Capacities  of  Rectangular  Tanks 

U.  S.  Gallons  for  Each  Fool  in  Depth  (i  cubic  foot  =  7.4805  U.  S.  gallons.) 

1" 

Length  of  tank 

| 

«l 

4-t 

11 

3 

i| 

% 

1| 

« 

«! 

1 

9.92 

37-40 
46.75 

44-88 
56.10 
67-32 

65  =  4! 
78.5^ 
91.6; 

104-73 
)  130.91 
i  157-09 
5  183.27 

>  209.  45 
>  235-  63 
[  261  .  82 
5  288.00 

\  314-18 
>  340.36 
366.54 

ft.in. 

2  O    < 
2  6 

3  o 
36 

4  o 
4  6 
5  o 
5  6 

6  o 
6  6 
7  o 

>    59.8^ 
74.  8c 
i    89.77 
I  104.7; 

119.65 

67.32 

84.  ie 
100.95 
117.82 

134.6= 
151.4* 

74.81 
93-51 

112.  21 
130.91 

149.6] 
168.3] 
187.0] 

82.  2f 
102.  8( 
123.4; 

144.  oc 

164.5^ 
185.1^ 
205.7] 
226.  2* 

89.7, 

112.  2] 
134-6= 
>  157.05 

179.5; 
201.9- 

224.4] 

;  246.  8( 

269.  3C 

97.2= 

121.  5( 

145.8' 

170  .  I* 

\  194-  4< 
r  2i8.8c 
243-1 
>  267.  4V 

>  291.7, 

Capacities  of  Rectangular  Tanks  (Concluded) 
U.  S.  Gallons  for  Each  Foot  in  Depth  (i  cubic  foot=  7.4805  U.  S.  gallons.) 

Width  of 
tank 

Length  of  tank 

ij 

1 
oo 

-MJj 

1 

o\ 

-1 

2 

10  feet 
6  inches 

1 

ii  feet 
6  inches 

£ 

ft.in. 

2     0 
2     6 

11 

4    o 
4    6 
5    o 
5    6 

6    o 
6    6 
7    o 
7    6 

8    o 
8    6 

9    2 
9    6 

10     0 

10    6 

II     0 

ii    6 

12     0 

112.  21 
140.26 
I68.3I 
196.36 

224.41 
252.47 
280.52 
308.57 

336.62 
364.67 
392.72 
420.78 

119.69 
149.61 
179.53 
209.45 

239.37 
269.30 
299.22 
329.14 

359.06 

388.98 
418.91 
448.83 

478.75 

127.17 
158.96 
190.75 

222.54 

254-34 
286.13 
317.92 
349-71 

381.50 
413.30 
445.09 
476.88 

508.67 
540.46 

134.65 
168.31 

202.97 
235.63 

269.30 
302.96 
336.62 
370.28 

403.94 
437.6o 
471  .  27 
504.93 

538.59 
572.25 
605.92 

142.13 
177-66 
213.19 
248.73 

284.26 
319.79 
355.32 
J90.85 

126.39 
461.92 
197-45 
532.98 

568-51 
x>4-05 
539.58 
575.ii 

149.61 
187.01 
224.41 
261.82 

299.22 
336.62 
374.03 
411.43 

448.83 
486.23 
523.64 
561.04 

598.44 

>35.84 
>73.25 
710.65 

748.05 

157.09 
196.36 
235.63 
274.90 

3I4.I8 
353-45 
392.72 
432.00 

17L27 
510.54 
549.8i 
589.08 

)28.36 
)67.63 
706.90 
746.17 

785.45 
524.73 

164.57 
205  .  71 
246.86 
288.00 

329.14 
370.28 
4H.43 
452.57 

493.71 
534.85 
575.99 
517.14 

558.28 
>99-42 
740.56 
78I.7I 

522.86 

^64.00 
X>5.I4 

172.05 
215.06 
258.07 
301.09 

344-10 
387.11 
430.13 
473-14 

5I6.I5 
559.16 
602.18 
645.19 

588.20 
731-21 
774-23 
317.24 

$60.26 

X53-26 

M6.27 

179.53 
224.41 
269.30 
314.18 

359.06 
403.94 
448.83 
493.71 

538.59 
583.47 
628.36 
673.24 

718.12 
763.00 
807.89 
852.77 

897.66 
942.56 
987.43 
032.3 

077.2 

306                       Discharging  Capacities  of  Pipe 

Relative  Discharging  Capacities  of  Pipe 

Actual 

internal 

.269 

.364 

•  493 

.622 

.824 

1.049 

1.380 

1.610 

diameter 

Nominal 

internal 

% 

V4 

8/8 

y2 

% 

I 

1% 

i% 

diameter 

% 

Vl 

i 

2.1 

I 

% 

4-5 

2.1 

I 

y2 

8 

3-8 

1.8 

i 

8/4 

16 

8 

3-6 

2 

I 

i 

30 

14 

6.6 

37 

1.8 

I 

jM, 

60 

28 

13 

7 

36 

2 

I 

i% 

88 

41 

19 

ii 

5-3 

2-9 

1-5 

i 

2 

164 

77 

36 

20 

10 

5-5 

2-7 

1.9 

2Y2 

255 

I2O 

56 

31 

16 

8 

4-3 

2.9 

3 

439 

206 

97 

54 

27 

15 

7 

5 

3*4 

632 

297 

139 

78 

38 

21 

ii 

7 

4 

867 

407 

191 

107 

53 

29 

15 

10 

4% 

i  148 

539 

253 

141 

70 

38 

19 

13 

5 

1525 

716 

335 

188 

93 

51 

26 

17 

6 

2414 

I  133 

531 

297 

147 

80 

40 

28 

7 

3483 

I  635 

766 

428 

212 

116 

58 

40 

8 

4795 

2  251 

1054 

590 

292 

160 

80 

55 

9 

6369 

2990 

i  401 

783 

388 

212 

107 

73 

10 

8468 

3976 

1862 

i  042 

516 

282 

142 

97 

II 

10693 

5020 

2352 

1315 

651 

356 

179 

122 

12 

13292 

6  240 

2923 

1635 

809 

443 

223 

152 

13 

17028 

7994 

3745 

2094 

1037 

567 

286 

194 

14 

20425 

9589 

4492 

2  512 

1244 

680 

343 

233 

15 

24  199 

II  361 

5322 

2976 

1474 

806 

406 

276 

18  O.  D. 

31  750 

14906 

6982 

3905 

1933 

1057 

533 

362 

20  O.  D. 

41  928 

19685 

9  221 

5157 

2553 

1396 

703 

478 

22  O.  D. 

53848 

25281 

II  842 

6623 

3279 

1793 

903 

614 

24  O.  D. 

67599 

31  737 

14866 

8315 

4116 

2251 

1  134 

771 

26  O.  D. 
28  O.  D. 
30  O.  D. 

83267 
100932 

120  675 

39093 
47387 
"56655 

I83I2 

22197 

26539 

10  242 

I24I5 
14843 

5070 
6146 
7348 

2773 
336i 
4018 

1397 
1693 
2024 

950 
1152 
1377 

Nominal 

internal 

% 

¥* 

% 

V2 

8/4 

I 

1% 

itt 

diameter 

Actual 

internal 

.269 

.364 

.493 

.622 

.824 

1.049 

1.380 

1.610 

diameter 

Discharging  Capacities  of  Pipe                       307 

Relative  Discharging  Capacities  of  Pipe  (Continued) 

Actual 

internal 

2.067 

2.469 

3.068 

3-548 

4.026 

4.506 

5-047 

6.065 

diameter 

Nominal 

internal 

2 

2% 

3 

3V2 

4 

4V2 

5 

6 

diameter 

Vs 
If 

Calculations  based  on  the  inside  diameters  of 

standard  pipe,  page  22. 

i 

Formula 

i% 

Relative  discharge  capacity  =  V  inside  diameter6. 

2 

I 

2^2 

1.6 

i 

3 

2-7 

1-7 

I 

3V2 

3.9 

2.5 

1-4 

I 

4 

5.3 

3-4 

2 

1.4 

I 

4H 

7 

4-5 

2.6 

1.8 

1.3 

i 

5 

9 

6 

3-5 

2.4 

1.8 

1-3 

I 

6 

15 

9 

5-5 

3-8 

2.8 

2.1 

1.6 

I 

7 

21 

14 

8 

5-5 

4 

3 

2.3 

1.4 

8 

29 

19 

10.9 

7-6 

5-5 

4-2 

3.1 

2 

9 

39 

25 

14 

10 

7-3 

5.5 

4-2 

2.6 

10 

52 

33 

19 

13 

10 

7-4 

5-6 

3-5 

ii 

65 

42 

24 

17 

12 

9-3 

7 

4-4 

12 

81 

52 

30 

21 

15 

12 

8.7 

5-5 

13 

104 

67 

39 

27 

20 

15 

ii 

7 

14 

125 

80 

46 

32 

24 

18 

13 

8.5 

15 

148 

95 

55 

38 

28 

21 

16 

10 

18  O.  D. 

194 

124 

72 

So 

37 

28 

21 

13 

20  O.  D, 

256 

164 

95 

66 

48 

37 

27 

17 

22  O.  D. 

329 

211 

123 

85 

62 

47 

35 

22 

24  O.  D. 

413 

265 

154 

107 

78 

59 

44 

28 

26  O.  D. 

509 

326 

190 

132 

96 

73 

55 

34 

28  O.  D. 

617 

395 

230 

160 

116 

88 

66 

42 

30  0.  D. 

737 

473 

275 

191 

139 

105 

79 

50 

[    Nominal 

internal 

2 

2^2 

3 

sfi 

4 

4V2 

5 

6 

diameter 

Actual 

internal 

2.067 

2.469 

3-068 

3.548 

4.026 

4.506 

5-047 

6.065 

diameter 

308                      Discharging  Capacities  of  Pipe 

Relative  Discharging  Capacities  of  Pipe  (Continued) 

Actual 

internal 

7.023 

7.981 

8.941 

10.  O20 

II.OOO 

12.000 

13.250 

14.250 

diameter 

Nominal 

internal 
diameter 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

14 
O.D. 

O.  D. 

Vs 

i 

i 

if* 

2 

3 

3V2 

4 

4V2 

5 

6 

7 

I 

8 

1-3 

I 

9 

1.8 

1.3 

I 

10 

2.4 

1.8 

1.3 

i 

ii 

3 

2.2 

1.7 

1-3 

I 

12 

3-8 

2.8 

2.1 

1.6 

1.2 

I 

13 

4-9 

3-6 

2.7 

2 

1.6 

1.3 

I 

14 

5-9 

4-3 

32 

2.4 

1.9 

1.5 

1.2 

i 

18  O.  D. 

6.9 
9-1 

Ll 

3-8 
5 

2.9 

3.7 

2.3 
3 

1.8 

2.4 

1.4 
1-9 

1.2 

1.6 

20  0.  D. 

22  O.  D. 

12 

15 

8.7 
ii 

6.6 
8.5 

u 

3-9 

5 

3-2 

4-1 

2.5 
3-2 

2.1 
2.6 

24  O.  D. 

19 

14 

ii 

8 

6.3 

5-1 

4 

3-3 

26  O.  D. 

24 

17 

13 

9-8 

7-8 

6.3 

4-9 

4-1 

28  O.  D. 

29 

21 

16 

12 

9-4 

7-6 

5-9 

4-9 

30  O.  D. 

35 

25 

19 

14 

II 

9-1 

7-1 

5-9 

Nominal 

internal 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

diameter 

Actual 

internal 
diameter 

7.023 

7.981 

8.941 

10.020 

II.OOO 

12.000 

13.250 

14.250 

Discharging  Capacities  of  Pipe                       309 

Relative  Discharging  Capacities  of  Pipe  (Concluded) 

Actual 

internal 

15.250 

17.000 

19.000 

21.000 

23.000 

25.000 

27.000 

29.000 

diameter 

Nominal 
internal 
diameter 

16 
0.  D. 

18 
0.  D. 

20 

0.  D. 

22 
0.  D. 

24 

0.  D. 

26 
0.  D. 

28 

0.  D. 

30 
0.  D. 

Vj 

4 

Calculations  based  on  the  inside  diameters  of 

SA 

standard  pipe,  page  22. 

I 

Formula 

1  74 

Relative  discharge  capacity  =  V  inside  diameter5. 

2 

3 

4  f- 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

ii 

12 

13 

14 

IS 

i 

18  O.  D. 

1.3 

i 

20  O.  D. 

1.7 

1.3 

i 

22  0.  D. 

2.2 

1-7 

1.3 

I 

24  O.  D. 

2.8 

2.1 

1.6 

1-3 

i 

26  O.  D. 

3-4 

2.6 

2 

1-5 

1.2 

i 

28  O.  D. 

4-2 

3-2 

2.4 

1-9 

i.S 

1.2 

i 

30  0.  D. 

5 

3.8 

2.9 

2.2 

1.8 

1-4 

1.2 

i 

Nominal 
internal 
diameter 

IS 

18 
0.  D. 

20 

0.  D. 

22 

0.  D. 

24 

O.  D. 

26 
0.  D. 

28 

0   D. 

ti& 

Actual 

internal 

15.250 

17.000 

19.000 

2I.OOO 

23.000 

25.000 

27.000 

29.000 

diameter 

310                                       Equivalents 

Equivalents  of  Ounces  per  Square  Inch  in  Inches  of  Water  and  Mercury 

(Water  at  62°  F.  weighs  62.355  pounds  per  cubic  foot.) 

(Specific  gravity  of  mercury  at  62°  F.  =  13.58.) 

Ounces  per                Pound  per 
square  inch              square  inch 

Inches  of  water            ^g 

0.25                        .015625 

0.433                             -03I9 

0.50                       .03125 

0.866                           .0638 

i                             .06250 

1.732                           .1275 

2                                       .  I250O 

3-464                           -2551 

3                              •  18750 

5.196                          .3826 

4                               .25000 

6.928                          .5102 

5                              .31250 

8.660                          .6377 

6                              .37500 

10.392                          .7653 

7                             -43750 

12.124                          .8928 

8                             .50000 

13.856                          .020 

9                              .56250 

15.588                           .148 

10                             .  62500 

17.320                          .275 

ii                             .68750 

19-052                          .403 

12                                       .75OOO 

20.784                           .531 

13                                       .81250 

22.516                           .658 

14                                       .87500 

24.248                           .786 

15                                       -93750 

25.980                          .913 

16                           i.ooooo 

27.712                           .041 

Equivalents  of  Pounds  per  Square  Inch  in  Inches  and  Feet  of  Water 

and  Mercury 

(Water  at  62°  F.  weighs  62.355  pounds  per  cubic  foot.) 

(Specific  gravity  of  mercury  at  62°  F.  =  13.58.) 

Pounds  per 

Inches  of 

Feet  of 

Inches  of 

Feet  of 

square  inch 

water 

water 

mercury 

mercury 

i 

27.71 

2.31 

2.041 

.1701 

2 

55-42 

4.62 

4.081 

.3401 

3 

83-14 

6.93 

6.122 

.5102 

4 
5 

110.85 
138.56 

9-24 
11.55 

8.163 

IO.2O 

.6802 
.8503 

6 

166.27 

13-86 

12.24 

i.  020 

7 

193-99 

16.17 

14.28 

1.190 

8 

221.70 

18.47 

16.33 

1.360 

9 

249.41 

20.78 

18.37 

I.53I 

10 

277.12 

23.09 

20.41 

1.701 

ii 

304.84 

25.40 

22.45        . 

1.871 

12 

332.55 

27.71 

24.49 

2.041 

13 

360.26 

30.02 

26.53 

2.  211 

14 

387.97 

32.33 

28.57 

2.381 

14-7 

407.37 

33-95 

30.00 

2.5OO 

IS 

415-68 

34.64 

30.61 

2.551 

16 

443-40 

36.95 

32.65 

2.721 

17 

471.11 

39.26 

34.69 

2.891 

18 

498.82 

41-57 

36.73 

3.061 

19 

526.53 

43-88 

38.77 

3.231 

20 

554-25 

46.19 

40.81 

3-401 

21 

581.96 

48.50 

42.85 

3.571 

22 

609.67 

50.81 

44.89 

3.741 

23 

637.38 

53-12 

46.94 

3-9II 

24 

665.10 

55-42 

48.98 

4.081 

25 

692.81 

57-73 

51.02 

4-251 

Conversion  Table 


311 


Conversion  Table 

BASIS:  i  cubic  foot  of  water  at  3g.i°F.  =  62.425  pounds, 

i  U.  S.  gallon  =  231  cubic  inches, 
i  imperial  gallon  =  277.274  cubic  inches.* 

U.  S.  gallon =  231 .000000  cubic  inches. 

U.  S.  gallon =      o.  133681  cubic  foot. 

U.  S.  gallon =      0.833111  imperial  gallon. 

U.  S.  gallon =      3  •  7§5434  liters. 

U.  S.  gallon  of  water  at  39.1°  F =      8.345009  pounds. 

Imperial  gallon =  277 . 274000  cubic  inches.* 

Imperial  gallon =      o.  160459  cubic  foot. 

Imperial  gallon =      i .  200320  U.  S.  gallons. 

Imperial  gallon. =      4.543734  liters. 

Imperial  gallon  of  water  at  39.1°  F =    10.016684  pounds.* 

Cubic  foot =      7 .480519  U.  S.  gallons. 

Cubic  foot =      6. 232103  imperial  gallons. 

Cubic  foot =    28.317016  liters. 

Cubic  foot  of  water  at  39.1°  F =    62 .425000  pounds. 

Cubic  foot  of  water  at  39.1°  F =      0.031212  ton. 

Cubic  inch =      0.004329  U.  S.  gallon. 

Cubic  inch =      0.003607  imperial  gallon. 

Cubic  inch =      0.016387  liter. 

Cubic  inch  of  water  at  39.1°  F =      0.036126  pound. 

Cubic  inch  of  water  at  39.1°  F =      0.578009  ounce. 

Pound  of  water  at  39.1°  F: =    27.681217  cubic  inches. 

Pound  of  water  at  39.1°  F =      0.016019  cubic  foot. 

Pound  of  water  at  39.1°  F =      o.  119832  U.  S.  gallon. 

Pound  of  water  at  39.1°  F =      0.099833  imperial  gallon. 

Pound  of  water  at  39.1°  F =      0.453617  liter. 

Liter =      o. 264170  U.  S.  gallon. 

Liter =      o .  220083  imperial  gallon. 

Liter =    61 .023378  cubic  inches. 

Liter «=      0.035314  cubic  foot. 

Liter  of  water  at  39.1°  F =      2 . 204505  pounds. 

*  The  British  imperial  gallon  is  usually  defined  as  being  equal  to  277.274 

cubic  inches,  or  10  pounds  of  pure  water  at  the  temperature  of  62°  F.  when 
the  barometer  is  at  30  inches. 


312  Equivalents 


CONVENIENT  EQUIVALENTS 

i  second-foot  equals  40  California  miner's  inches.  (Law  of  March  23, 
IQOI.) 

i  second-foot  equals  38.4  Colorado  miner's  inches. 

i  second-foot  equals  7.48  United  States  gallons  per  second;  equals 
448.8  gallons  per  minute;  equals  646  317  gallons  per  day. 

i  second-foot  equals  6.23  British  imperial  gallons  per  second. 

i  second-foot  for  one  year  covers  one  square  mile  1.131  feet  deep; 
13.57  inches  deep. 

i  second-foot  for  one  year  equals  31  536  ooo  cubic  feet. 

i  second-foot  equals  about  one  acre-inch  per  hour. 

i  second-foot  falling  10  feet  equals  1.136  horse-power. 

100  California  miner's  inches  equal  18.7  United  States  gallons  per 
second. 

100  California  miner's  inches  equal  96.0  Colorado  miner's  inches. 

100  California  miner's  inches  for  one  day  equal  4.96  acre-feet. 

100  Colorado  miner's  inches  equal  2.60  second-feet. 

100  Colorado  miner's  inches  equal  19.5  United  States  gallons  per 
second. 

100  Colorado  miner's  inches  equal  104  California  miner's  inches. 

100  Colorado  miner's  inches  for  one  day  equal  5.17  acre-feet. 

loo  United  States  gallons  per  minute  equal  0.223  second-foot. 

100  United  States  gallons  per  minute  for  one  day  equal  0.442  acre- 
foot. 

i  ooo  ooo  United  States  gallons  per  day  equal  i  .55  second-feet. 

i  ooo  ooo  United  States  gallons  equal  3.07  acre-feet. 

i  ooo  ooo  cubic  feet  equal  22.96  acre-feet. 

i  acre-foot  equals  325  851  gallons. 

i  inch  deep  on  i  square  mile  equals  2  323  200  cubic  feet. 

i  inch  deep  on  i  square  mile  equals  .0737  second-foot  per  year. 


Gas  313 


GAS 

Physical  Properties  of  Gases 

PAGE 

Expansion  of  Gases;  Marietta's  Law 314 

Law  of  Charles 314 

Avogadro's  Law 314 

Saturation  Point  of  Vapors 315 

Dalton's  Law  of  Gaseous  Pressures 315 

Mixtures  of  Vapors  and  Gases 315 

Flow  of  Gases. 316 

Absorption  of  Gases  by  Liquids 316 

Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes  —  Low  Pressure 

Formulas  for  Discharge 317 

Supply  of  Gas  through  Pipes. 317 

Table  of  Sizes  of  House  Pipes 319 

Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes  —  High  Pressure 

Fundamental  Considerations 320 

Formulae  for  Discharge 321 

Effect  of  Bends  and  Fittings 324 

Adiabatic  Compression  of  Natural  Gas 324 


314  Gas 

PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  GASES 

(From  Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket  Book.) 

When  a  mass  of  gas  is  inclosed  in  a  vessel  it  exerts  a  pressure  against 
the  walls.  This  pressure  is  uniform  on  every  square  inch  of  the  surface 
of  the  vessel;  also,  at  any  point  in  the  fluid  mass  the  pressure  is  the 
same  in  every  direction. 

In  small  vessels  containing  gases  the  increase  of  pressure  due  to  weight 
may  be  neglected,  since  all  gases  are  very  light;  but  where  liquids  are 
concerned,  the  increase  in  pressure  due  to  their  weight  must  always  be 
taken  into  account. 

Expansion  of  Gases;  Mariotte's  Law.  The  volume  of  a  gas 
diminishes  in  the  same  ratio  as  the  pressure  upon  it  is  increased,  if  the 
temperature  is  unchanged. 

This  law,  by  experiment,  is  found  to  be  very  nearly  true  for  all  gases, 
and  is  known  as  Boyle's  or  Mariotte's  law. 

If  p  =  pressure  at  a  volume  v,  and  pi  =  pressure  at  a  volume  vi,  pivi  = 

v 
pv;   pi  =  -  p;  pv  =  a  constant,  C. 

Vl 

The  constant,  C,  varies  with  the  temperature,  everything  else  remain- 
ing the  same. 

Air  compressed  by  a  pressure  of  seventy-five  atmospheres  has  a  volume 
about  2  per  cent  less  than  that  computed  from  Boyle's  law,  but  this 
is  the  greatest  divergence  that  is  found  below  160  atmospheres  pressure. 

Law  of  Charles.  The  volume  of  a  perfect  gas  at  a  constant  pres- 
sure is  proportional  to  its  absolute  temperature.  If  20  be  the  volume  of 
a  gas  at  32°  F.,  and  vi  the  volume  at  any  other  temperature,  /i,  then 

//i+459.2\  /      ,  h  -32°\ 

Vl  =  VQ  [  -  ;      vi  =      I  +  —         -  }VQ, 

\    491.2    J  \        491.2  I 

or,  vi  =[i  +  0.002036  (/i  -  32°)]  »o. 

If  the  pressure  also  changes  from  po  to  pi, 


po  (ti  +  459.2^ 
Vi  =  VQ 

pi  \     491.2      I 


The  Densities  of  the  elementary  gases  are  simply  proportional  to 
their  atomic  weights.  The  density  of  a  compound  gas,  referred  to  hydro- 
gen as  i,  is  one-half  its  molecular  weight;  thus  the  relative  density  of 
CO2is  y2  (12+32)  =  22. 

Avogadro's  Law.  Equal  volumes  of  all  gases,  under  the  same  con- 
ditions of  temperature  and  pressure,  contain  the  same  number  of 
molecules. 


Physical  Properties  of  Gases  315 


To  find  the  weight  of  a  gas  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot  at  32°  F.,  multi- 
ply half  the  molecular  weight  of  the  gas  by  0.00559.  Thus  i  cubic 
foot  of  marsh-gas, 


=  Vz  (12  +  4)  X  0.00559  =  0.0447  pound. 

When  a  certain  volume  of  hydrogen  combines  with  one-half  its  volume 
of  oxygen,  there  is  produced  an  amount  of  water  vapor  which  will  occupy 
the  same  volume  as  that  which  was  occupied  by  the  hydrogen  gas  when 
at  the  same  temperature  and  pressure. 

Saturation  Point  of  Vapors.  A  vapor  that  is  not  near  the  satu- 
ration point  behaves  like  a  gas  under  changes  of  temperature  and  pres- 
sure; but  if  it  is  sufficiently  compressed  or  cooled,  it  reaches  a  point  where 
it  begins  to  condense;  it  then  no  longer  obeys  the  same  laws  as  a  gas, 
but  its  pressure  cannot  be  increased  by  diminishing  the  size  of  the 
vessel  containing  it,  but  remains  constant,  except  when  the  temper- 
ature is  changed.  The  only  gas  that  can  prevent  a  liquid  evaporating 
seems  to  be  its  own  vapor. 

Dalton*s  Law  of  Gaseous  Pressures.  Every  portion  of  a  mass  of 
gas  inclosed  in  a  vessel  contributes  to  the  pressure  against  the  sides 
of  the  vessel  the  same  amount  that  it  would  have  exerted  by  itself  had 
no  other  gas  been  present. 

Mixtures  of  Vapors  and  Gases.  The  pressure  exerted  against  the 
interior  of  a  vessel  by  a  given  quantity  of  a  perfect  gas  inclosed  in  it 
is  the  sum  of  the  pressures  which  any  number  of  parts  into  which  such 
quantity  might  be  divided  would  exert  separately,  if  each  were  inclosed 
in  a  vessel  of  the  same  bulk  alone,  at  the  same  temperature.  Although 
this  law  is  not  exactly  true  for  any  actual  gas,  it  is  very  nearly  true  for 
many.  Thus  if  0.080728  pound  of  air  at  32°  F.,  being  inclosed  in  a 
vessel  of  i  cubic  foot  capacity,  exerts  a  pressure  of  one  atmosphere, 
or  14.7  pounds,  on  each  square  inch  of  the  interior  of  the  vessel,  then 
will  each  additional  0.080728  pound  of  air  which  is  inclosed,  at  32°  F., 
in  the  same  vessel,  produce  very  nearly  an  additional  atmosphere  of 
pressure.  The  same  law  is  applicable  to  mixtures  of  gases  of  different 
kinds.  For  example,  0.12344  pound  of  carbonic-acid  gas,  at  32°  F., 
being  inclosed  in  a  vessel  of  one  cubic  foot  capacity,  exerts  a  pressure  of 
one  atmosphere;  consequently,  if  0.080728  pound  of  air  and  0.12344 
pound  of  carbonic-acid,  mixed,  be  inclosed  at  the  temperature  of  32°  F., 
in  a  vessel  of  one  cubic  foot  capacity,  the  mixture  will  exert  a  pressure  of 
two  atmospheres.  As  a  second  example:  let  0.080728  pound  of  air,  at 
212°  F.,  be  inclosed  in  a  vessel  of  one  cubic  foot;  it  will  exert  a  pressure  of 

212  +459-2 

-  =  1.366  atmospheres. 
32  +459-2 

Let  0.03797  pound  of  steam,  at  212°  F.,  be  inclosed  in  a  vessel  of  one 
cubic  foot;  it  will  exert  a  pressure  of  one  atmosphere.  Consequently, 


316  Flow  of  Gas 


if  0.080728  pound  of  air  and  0.03707  pound  of  steam  be  mixed  and 
inclosed  together,  at  212°  F.,  in  a  vessel  of  one  cubic  foot,  the  mixture 
will  exert  a  pressure  of  2.366  atmospheres.  It  is  a  common  but  erro- 
neous practice,  in  elementary  books  on  physics,  to  describe  this  law  as 
constituting  a  difference  between  mixed  and  homogeneous  gases;  whereas 
it  is  obvious  that  for  mixed  and  homogeneous  gases  the  law  of  pressure 
is  exactly  the  same,  viz.,  that  the  pressure  of  the  whole  of  a  gaseous 
mass  is  the  sum  of  the  pressures  of  all  its  parts.  This  is  one  of  the  laws 
of  mixture  of  gases  and  vapors. 

A  second  law  is  that  the  presence  of  a  foreign  gaseous  substance  in 
contact  with  the  surface  of  a  solid  or  liquid  does  not  affect  the  density 
of  the  vapor  of  that  solid  or  liquid  unless  there  is  a  tendency  to  chemical 
combination  between  the  two  substances,  in  which  case  the  density  of 
the  vapor  is  slightly  increased. 

If  0.591  pound  of  air  =  i  cubic  foot  at  212°  F.  and  atmospheric  pres- 
sure is  contained  in  a  vessel  of  i  cubic  foot  capacity,  and  water  at  212°  F. 
is  introduced,  heat  at  2i2°F.  being  furnished  by  a  steam  jacket,  the 
pressure  will  rise  to  two  atmospheres. 

If  air  is  present  in  a  condenser  along  with  water  vapor,  the  pressure 
is  that  due  to  the  temperature  of  the  vapor  plus  that  due  to  the  quan- 
tity of  air  present 

Flow  of  Gases.  By  the  principle  of  the  conservation  of  energy, 
it  may  be  shown  that  the  velocity  with  which  a  gas  under  pressure  will 
escape  into  a  vacuum  is  inversely  proportional  to  the  square  root  of  its 
density;  that  is,  oxygen,  which  is  sixteen  times  as  heavy  as  hydrogen, 
would,  under  exactly  the  same  circumstances,  escape  through  an  open- 
ing only  one-fourth  as  fast  as  the  latter  gas. 

Absorption  of  Gases  by  Liquids.  Many  gases  are  readily  absorbed 
by  water.  Other  liquids  also  possess  this  power  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree.  Water  will,  for  example,  absorb  its  own  volume  of  carbonic- 
acid  gas,  430  times  its  volume  of  ammonia,  2^  times  its  volume  of 
chlorine,  and  only  about  MJO  of  its  volume  of  oxygen. 

The  weight  of  gas  that  is  absorbed  by  a  given  volume  of  liquid  is 
proportional  to  the  pressure.  But  as  the  volume  of  a  mass  of  gas  is  less 
as  the  pressure  is  greater,  the  volume  which  a  given  amount  of  liquid 
can  absorb  at  a  certain  temperature  will  be  constant,  whatever  the 
pressure.  Water,  for  example,  can  absorb  its  own  volume  of  carbonic- 
acid  gas  at  atmospheric  pressure;  it  will  also  dissolve  its  own  volume  if 
the  pressure  is  twice  as  great,  but  in  that  case  the  gas  will  be  twice  as 
dense,  and  consequently  twice  the  weight  of  gas  is  dissolved. 


Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes  —  Low  Pressure 


317 


FLOW  OF  GAS  IN  PIPES  — LOW  PRESSURE 

The  following  formulae  are  intended  for  low-pressure  distribution  of 
gas,  with  comparatively  small  differences  between  the  initial  and  final 
pressures. 


Pole's  Formula, 


Molesworth's  Formula, 


Gill's  Formula, 


Q  =  1350 


Q  =  1291 


Where     Q  =  quantity  of  gas  discharged  in  cubic  feet  per  hour. 
d  =  inside  diameter  of  pipe  in  inches. 
h  =  pressure  in  inches  of  water. 
5  =  specific  gravity  of  gas,  air  being  i. 
I  =  length  of  main  in  yards. 

The  formula  of  Gill  is  said  to  be  based  on  experimental  data,  and  to 
make  allowance  for  obstructions  by  tar,  water,  and  other  bodies  tending 
to  check  the  flow  of  gas  through  the  pipe. 

An  experiment  made  by  Mr.  Clegg,  in  London,  with  a  4-inch  pipe, 
6  miles  long,  pressure  3  inches  of  water,  specific  gravity  of  gas  0.398, 
gave  a  discharge  into  the  atmosphere  of  852  cubic  feet  per  hour,  after  a 
correction  of  33  cubic  feet  was  made  for  leakage.  Substituting  this 

value  for  Q  in  the  formula  Q  =  C  i/— ,  we  find  the  coefficient  C  to  be 

T         Si 

997,  which  corresponds  very  closely  with  the  formula  given  by  Moles- 
worth. 

Maximum  Supply  of  Gas  Through  Pipes  in  Cubic  Feet  per  Hour,  Specific 
Gravity  being  Taken  at  0.45,  Calculated  from  the  Formula 

Q  =  1000  Vd52i  T-  si.     (Molesworth) 
Length  of  Pipe  =  10  Yards 


Inside 
diam- 

Pressure  by  the  water-gage  in  inches 

pipe  in 

inches 

O.I 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

o.5 

0.6 

0.7 

0.8 

0.9 

I.O 

% 

13 

18 

22 

26 

29 

31 

34 

36 

38 

41 

y2 

26 

37 

46 

53 

59 

64 

70 

74 

79 

83 

% 

73 

103 

126 

145 

162 

187 

192 

205 

218 

230 

i 

149 

211 

258 

298 

333 

365 

394 

422 

447 

471 

1% 

260 

368 

451 

521 

582 

638 

689 

737 

781 

823 

iVz 

411 

581 

711 

821 

918 

1006 

1082 

1162 

1232 

1299 

2 

843 

1192 

1460 

1686 

1886 

2066 

2231 

2385 

2530 

2667 

318 


Flow  of  Gas 


Length  of  Pipe  =  100  Yards 


Inside 

Pressure  by  the  water-gage  in  inches 

diam- 

pipe  in 

inches 

O.I 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

o.S 

0.75 

I.O 

1.25 

1.5 

2.O 

2.5 

y2 

8 

12 

14 

17 

19 

23 

26 

29 

32 

36 

42 

% 

23 

32 

42 

46 

51 

63 

73 

81 

89 

103 

115 

I 

47 

67 

82 

94 

105 

129 

149 

167 

183 

211 

236 

t% 

82 

116 

143 

165 

184 

225 

260 

291 

319 

368 

412 

iVa 

130 

184 

225 

260 

290 

356 

4" 

459 

503 

581 

649 

2 

267 

377 

462 

533 

596 

730 

843 

943 

1033 

1333 

2% 

466 

659 

807 

932 

1042 

1276 

1473 

1647 

1804 

2083 

2329 

3 

735 

1039 

1270 

1470 

1643 

2012 

2323 

2598 

2846 

3286 

3674 

3% 

1080 

1528 

1871 

2161 

2416 

2958 

3820 

4184 

4831 

5402 

4 

1508 

2133 

2613 

3017 

3373 

4131 

4770 

5333 

5842 

6746 

7542 

Length  of  Pipe  =  1000  Yards 


Inside  diarn- 

Pressure  by  the  water-gage  in  inches 

in  inches 

o.S 

o.7S 

I.O 

1.5 

2.0 

2.5 

3-0 

i 

33 

41 

47 

58 

67 

75 

82 

i^4 

92 

130 

159 

205 

226 

2 

189 

231 

267 

327 

377 

422 

462 

2V2 

329 

403 

466 

571 

659 

737 

807 

3 

520 

636 

735 

900 

1039 

1162 

1273 

4 

1067 

1306 

1508 

1847 

2133 

2385 

2613 

5 

1863 

2282 

2635 

3227 

3727 

4167 

4564 

6 

2939 

3600 

4157 

5091 

5879 

6573 

7200 

Length  of  Pipe  =  5000  Yards 


Inside  diam- 

Pressure  by  the  water-gage  in  inches 

in  inches 

I.O 

1-5 

2.0 

2.5 

3-0 

2 

"9 

146 

I69 

189 

207 

3 

329 

402 

465 

520 

569 

4 

675 

826 

955 

I  067 

i  168 

5- 

I  179 

1443 

I  667 

1863 

2  O4I 

6 

1859 

2277 

2629 

2939 

3  220 

7 

2733 

3347 

3865 

4  321 

4734 

8 

3816 

4  674 

5397 

6034 

6610 

9 

5  123 

6274 

7245 

8  zoo 

8873 

10 

6667 

8165 

9428 

10  541 

II  547 

12 

10  516 

12880 

14872 

16628 

18  215 

Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes  —  Low  Pressure                319 

Dr.  A.  C.  Humphreys  says  his  experience  goes  to  show  that  these 
tables  give  too  small  a  flow,  but  it  is  difficult  to  accurately  check  the 
tables,  on  account  of   the  extra  friction  introduced  by  rough  pipes, 
bends,  etc.     For  bends,  one  rule  is  to  allow  ^2  of  an  inch  pressure  for 
each  right-angle  bend. 
Where  there  is  apt  to  be  trouble  from  frost  it  is  well  to  use  no  service 
of  less  diameter  than  %  inch,  no  matter  how  short  it  may  be.     In 
extremely  cold  climates  this  is  now  often  increased  to  i  inch,  even  for 
a  single  lamp.     The  best  practice  in  the  United  States  now  condemns 
any  service  less  than  %  inch. 

Table  Showing  the  Correct  Sizes  of  House  Pipes  for  Different  Lengths  of 
Pipes  and  Number  of  Outlets 

(Denver  Gas  and  Electric  Company) 

Num- 
ber of 
outlets 

Length  of  pipe  in  feet 

1| 
JD'& 

i* 

a  a 

5'a 

1^ 
I* 

i& 

"i1  P. 

$1 

§ 

A 

Si 

£a 

ft 

Is 

|* 

-So 

fS 

i 

2 

3 

4 

6 
8 

10 

13 
15 

20 
25 

30 
35 
40 
45 

75 

IOO 

125 
ISO 

175 

200 

225 
250 

20 

30 

27 

12 

50 
50 
50 
50 

33 

24 
13 

70 
70 
70 
70 

70 
70 
So 
35 

21 

16 

IOO 
IOO 
IOO 
IOO 

IOO 
IOO 
IOO 
IOO 

60 

45 

27 

17 

12 

150 
150 

ISO 
150 

.150 
150 
150 
150 

150 

120 

65 

42 

30 

22 

17 
13 

200 
200 
200 

200 

200 
2OO 
20O 
200 

200 
200 
200 
175 

120 
90 

70 
55 

45 

27 

20 

300 
300 
300 
300 

300 
300 
300 
300 

300 
300 
300 
300 

300 

270 

210 
165 

135 
80 
60 
33 

22 

15 

400 
400 

400 
400 

400 

400 
400 
400 

400 
400 
400 
400 

400 
400 
400 
400 

330 

200 
150 
80 

50 
35 
28 

21 

17 
14 

In  this  table  the  quantity  of  gas  the  piping  may  be  called  on  to  con- 
vey is  stated  in  terms  of  %  inch  outlets  on  the  assumption  that  each 

320  Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes  — High  Pressure 


outlet  requires  a  supply  of  10  cubic  feet  per  hour.  The  aim  of  the  table 
is  to  have  the  loss  in  pressure  not  exceed  Vio  inch  water  pressure  in  30 
feet. 

In  using  the  table  the  following  rules  should  be  observed: 

In  figuring  out  the  size  of  pipe,  always  start  at  the  extremities  of  the 
system  and  work  toward  the  meter. 

Gas  should  not  be  supplied  from  a  smaller  to  a  larger  size  pipe. 

If  the  exact  number  of  outlets  given  cannot  be  found  in  the  table, 
take  the  next  larger  number.  For  example,  if  17  outlets  are  required, 
work  with  the  next  larger  number  in  the  table,  which  is  20.  Or,  if, 
for  the  number  of  outlets  given,  the  exact  length  which  feeds  these  out- 
lets cannot  be  found  in  the  table,  the  next  larger  length  corresponding 
to  the  outlets  given  must  be  taken  to  determine  the  size  of  pipe  required. 
Thus  if  there  are  8  outlets  to  be  fed  through  55  feet  of  pipe,  the  next 
larger  than  55  in  the  8  outlet  line  in  the  table,  which  is  100,  should  be 
used.  As  this  is  in  the  iVi  inch  column,  that  size  pipe  would  be  required. 

For  any  given  number  of  outlets,  a  smaller  size  should  not  be  used  than 
the  smallest  size  that  contains  a  figure  in  the  table  for  that  number  of 
outlets.  Thus,  to  feed  15  outlets,  no  smaller  size  pipe  than  i  inch  may 
be  used,  no  matter  how  short  the  section  of  pipe  may  be. 

In  any  continuous  run  from  an  extremity  to  the  meter,  there  may  not 
be  used  a  longer  length  of  any  size  pipe  than  found  in  the  table  for 
that  size,  as  50  feet  of  %  inch,  70  feet  of  i  inch,  etc.  If  any  one  section 
would  exceed  the  limit  length,  it  must  be  made  of  larger  pipe. 

If  any  outlet  is  larger  than  %  inch  it  must  be  counted  as  more  than 
one,  in  accordance  with  the  following  table: 

Size  of  outlet  (inches)       ¥2         %         i         iV*         iVz         2         2%         3 
Value  in  table  2  4          7         n  16  28       44  64 


FLOW  OF  GAS  IN  PIPES  — HIGH  PRESSURE 

The  formulae  given  on  page  317  do  not  take  account  of  the  varying 
density  and  volume  of  the  gas  when  subjected  to  different  pressures;  they 
are  applicable,  therefore,  only  to  low-pressure  distribution  where  the 
difference  in  pressure  is  measured  in  inches  of  water  head.  Under  the 
vastly  different  conditions  connected  with  high  pressure  distribution, 
where  the  differences  between  initial  and  final  pressures  are  so  great  as 
to  cause  a  material  alteration  in  the  volume  of  the  gas,  the  error  involved 
in  their  use  is  great. 

Mariotte's  law  states  that  the  volume  of  a  gas  varies  inversely  with 
the  pressure  to  which  it  is  subjected.  If  the  pressure  be  doubled  the 
gas  will  be  compressed  to  half  its  former  volume.  When  we  consider 
the  high  pressure  at  which  gas  is  now  being  distributed  in  many  places, 
we  may  appreciate  the  disturbances  which  this  degree  of  compression 
introduces  into  a  formula  designed  for  use  under  far  different  conditions. 

Then  there  is  also  the  process  of  expansion  continually  going  on,  the 
volume  increasing  as  the  gas  travels  farther  away  from  the  point  at  which 


Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes  — High  Pressure  321 


the  initial  pressure  is  applied.  Suppose  a  quantity  of  gas  is  passed 
through  a  pipe  at  an  initial  pressure  of  20  pounds  per  square  inch  and 
discharged  at  i  pound  per  square  inch,  the  consequential  expansion 
represents  a  certain  amount  of  work,  and  this  factor  must,  in  all  cases, 
be  taken  into  account,  to  whatever  degree  it  has  been  operating. 

The  common  form  of  the  formula  for  flow  of  gas  in  long  pipes  under 
high  pressure  is 


-V 


(Pi2  -  P22)  ® 

Is 


where    Q  =  discharge  in  cubic  feet  per  hour  at  atmospheric  pressure. 
Pi  =  absolute  initial  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 
P2  =  absolute  final  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

d  =  inside  diameter  of  pipe  in  inches. 

/  =  length  of  pipe  line  in  feet. 

5  =  specific  gravity  of  gas,  air  being  i. 

c  =  coefficient,  which  is  variously  given  in  the  different  formulae. 

The  expression  (Pi1  -  P22)  may  be  replaced  by  (Pi  +  P2)  (Pi  -  P2). 
William  Cox  (Am.  Mach.,  Mar.  20,  1002)  gives  the  formula  in  the 
form 


1 1  p,2  

Mr3 


— 

Q  =  3000  1  /  -  -  -  when  s  =  0.65. 


E.  A.  Rix,  in  a  paper  on  the  "Compression  and  Transmission  of 
Illuminating  Gas,"  read  before  the  Pacific  Coast  Gas  Association,  1905, 
gives  for  the  discharge  per  minute, 


44.66     /  (Pi2  -  P22)  eft 

-  — 


I 
from  which  the  discharge  per  hour  would  be 


2680     /(Pi2  -  P22)  d6 

Q  =  ~s\~  ~T~ 

Forrest  M.  Towl  gives 


L  being  given  in  miles  instead  of  feet.    The  value  of  C  for  air  is  38.28 
and  for  gas  having  a  specific  gravity  of  0.59  is  50. 
The  Pittsburgh  formula  for  discharge  is, 


Q  =  3450  \/  "l"  when  *  " 


322 

Oliphant's 

Formula 

Since  the  velocity,  and  therefore  the  discharge  varies  inversely  as  the 
square  root  of  the  density,  all  of  these  formulae  may  be  transformed  into 
the  general  form  given  above, 

the  value  of 
Cox 

c 

c  derived  fr 

>     ,i/(Pl2 

-  /V)  $> 

lows: 

2419 
2672 
2680 
2782 

Hiphant  for 

C  V           1S 
am  the  different  formulae  being  as  fo 

Pittsbu 
Rix 

rgh  

Towl 

Oliphant's  Formula. 

the  discharge  of  gas  whe 

A  formula 
n  the  specifi< 

Q  =  42  a  y/ 

cubic  feet  pe 
ire  in  pounds 
e  in  pounds  ] 
tin  in  miles, 
ee  table  belo 

specific  gra1 
ire  of  flowin 
ch  5°,  and  a 

t,  the  discha 
t  of  unity  for 

follies  of  Coe 

determined  by  F.  H.  C 
:  gravity  is  0.60,  is 

Pi2  -  P22 

where  Q  =  discharge  in 
Pi  =  initial  pressi 
Pz  =  final  pressur 
L  =  length  of  ma 
a  =  coefficient  (s 

For  gas  of  any  other 

/o.6o 
V  —  -  •    For  temperati 
V    s 

deduct  i  per  cent  for  ea 
less  than  60°  F. 
According  to  Oliphan 

Vd*.    Using  a  coefficien 
1 

L 

r  hour  at  atmospheric  pressure, 
per  square  inch  (absolute). 
3er  square  inch  (absolute), 

*). 
irity,  s,  multiply  the  discharge  by 
g  gas  when  observed  above  60°  F. 
dd  a  like  amount  for  temperatures 

rge  is  not  strictly  proportional  to 

i  inch  pipe  he  gives  a  —  V^5  _j  
30 

fficient  "a" 

Inside 
diameter, 
inches 

a 

Inside 
diameter, 
inches 

a 

Inside 
diameter, 
inches 

a 

% 
% 

8/4 

I 

x% 

2 

2Y2 

.0317 
.1810 
.5012 

1.  00 

2.93 
5-92 
10.37 

3 

4 

5% 

6 
8 

10 

16.5 
34-1 
60 
81 

95 
198 
350 

12 

16 
18 
20 

24 
30 
36 

556 
1160 
1570 
2055 

3285 
5830 
9330 

For  15  inch  Outside  Diameter  Pipe,  14*4  inches  Inside  Diameter,  a  =    863. 
For  16  inch  Outside  Diameter  Pipe,  T5V4  inches  Inside  Diameter,  a  =  1025. 
For  18  inch  Outside  Diameter  Pipe,  17^4  inches  Inside  Diameter,  a  =  1410. 
For  20  inch  Outside  Diameter  Pipe,  19*4  inches  Inside  Diameter,  a  =  1860. 

Comparison  of  Formulae  323 


Unwin'  s  Formula.  Professor  Unwin  in  a  paper  read  before  the 
British  Institution  of  Gas  Engineers  in  1904,  suggested  the  following 
formula,  which  takes  into  account  the  changes  of  volume  and  density, 


where  Q  =  discharge  in  cubic  feet  per  second  measured  at  pressure 
D  =  diameter  of  pipe  in  feet. 

ui  =  velocity  in  feet  per  second  at  the  inlet  of  the  pipe. 
#2  =  velocity  in  feet  per  second  at  the  outlet  of  the  pipe. 
Pi  =  pressure  at  the  inlet  of  the  pipe  (absolute). 
Pi  =  pressure  at  the  outlet  of  the  pipe  (absolute). 

The  value  of  the  velocity  is  obtained  from  the  following  formula, 


Ml    : 


CSlPi2 

where,  in  addition  to  the  notation  given  above, 

5  =  specific  gravity  of  gas. 

I  =  length  of  pipe  in  feet. 

c  =  coefficient  of  friction  which  may  be  obtained  from  the  formula 

c  =  0.0044 

Comparison  of  Formulas.  That  these  formulae  give  diverse  results 
is  shown  by  the  following  example.  Suppose  it  is  required  to  find  the 
discharge  per  hour  of  an  8  inch  pipe  line  having  an  intake  pressure  of 
200  pounds  gage  and  a  discharge  pressure  of  25  pounds  gage,  the  length 
being  20  miles,  and  the  specific  gravity  of  the  gas  being  0.60.  The  follow- 
ing results  are  obtained,  the  discharge  being  given  in  cubic  feet  at 
atmospheric  pressure. 

Cox  Formula 367  ooo  cubic  feet  per  hour. 

Unwin  Formula 374  700  cubic  feet  per  hour. 

Oliphant  Formula 392  400  cubic  feet  per  hour. 

Pittsburgh  Formula 405  500  cubic  feet  per  hour. 

Rix  Formula 406  700  cubic  feet  per  hour. 

Towl  Formula 422  100  cubic  feet  per  hour. 

The  results  given  above  by  the  various  formulae  agree  within  7  per 
cent  of  the  average  of  results.  The  rules  most  generally  accepted  are 
the  Oliphant  and  Pittsburgh  formulae.  It  is  understood  that  all  the 
formulae  quoted  apply  to  straight  pipes  laid  perfectly  level.  Any 
deviation  from  these  conditions  will  of  course  affect  the  amount  of 
discharge. 

Since  the  quantity  of  gas  discharged  varies  as  the  square  root  of  the 
difference  of  the  squares  of  the  initial  and  final  pressures,  it  is  evident 
that  as  the  initial  pressure  is  increased,  the  final  pressure  being  fixed, 


324 


Effect  of  Bends  and  Fittings 


the  discharge  becomes  more  and  more  in  direct  ratio  to  the"  increase  in 
pressure.  Thus  by  increasing  the  pressure  from  100  to  200  pounds 
gage,  pressure  of  discharge  being  5  pounds,  the  quantity  of  gas  trans- 
mitted is  increased  89  per  cent. 

Effect  of  Bends  and  Fittings.  The  effect  of  a  bend  or  sharp  angle 
in  a  pipe  is  to  reduce  the  kinetic  energy  of  the  gas  and,  because  of  the 
increased  friction,  to  retard  the  velocity  of  the  gas.  It  is  found  that 
these  disturbing  influences  vary  to  a  great  extent  with  the  character  of 
the  bend.  The  resistance  offered  is  least  when  the  radius  of  the  bend  is 
equal  to  five  times  the  radius  of  the  pipe.  The  most  convenient  way 
of  stating  the  resistance  offered  by  bends  is  in  terms  of  equivalent  length 
of  straight  pipe  which  offers  the  same  resistance  to  flow  as  the  extra 
resistance  due  to  the  bend.  A  formula  given  for  this  equivalent  length  is 

/  r  \0.83 

L  =  12.85    -1     I, 

\K/ 

where  L  =  equivalent  length  in  feet. 
/  =  radius  of  pipe. 
R  =  radius  of  curve. 

/  =  length  of  curve  in  feet  measured  along  the  center  line. 
The  resistance  of  a  bend  whose  radius  is  five  times  the  radius  of  the 

pipe,  that  is  —  =  .2,  is  equal  to  the  resistance  of  3.38  /. 
R 

The  reduction  of  pressure  produced  by  elbows,  tees  and  globe  valves 
is  also  taken  account  of  by  the  addition  of  an  equivalent  length  to  the 
length  of  straight  pipe.  The  following  table  shows  the  additional  length 
required  to  equal  the  friction  due  to  globe  valves.  For  elbows  and  tees 
take  %  of  the  value  given  in  the  table. 


Diameter  of 

Additional 

Diameter  of 

Additional 

.   pipe  in  inches 

length  in  feet 

pipe  in  inches 

length  in  feet 

i 

2 

7 

44 

1% 

4 

8 

53 

2 

7 

10 

70 

2l/2 

10 

12 

88 

3 

13 

IS 

US 

$i 

.    16 

18 

143 

4 

20 

20 

162 

5 

28 

22 

181 

6 

36 

24 

200 

Adiabatic  Compression  of  Natural  Gas 

The  following  table  and  the  curve,  Fig.  130,  on  page  325,  give  the 
rise  in  temperature  due  to  the  adiabatic  compression  of  natural  gas. 

Pi  is  the  absolute  initial  and  Pz  the  absolute  final  pressure,  —   being 


therefore  the  ratio  of  compression. 
is  assumed  to  be  60°  F. 


The  initial  temperature  of  the  gas 


Adiabatic  Compression  of  Natural  Gas                325 

.. 

P               Ris< 
-          tempoe 

;  if                Po 
rature           ^ 
\                   *  i 

Rise  in 
temperature 
°F. 

P2 
PI 

Rise  in 

temperature 

op 

i. 

I:5         l 

2.5                  i] 

3.              i; 
3.5            ^ 

4.                     I' 
4-5                   15 

5-                           2] 

5-5                  2; 

o°                 6. 
J7                    6.5 
52                    7. 
o                    7-5 
55                    8. 
7                    8.5 
7                    9- 
>4                  10. 

0                         II. 

>4                   12. 

238° 
251 
263 
274 
285 
296 
305 
324 
34i 
357 

14- 
16. 
18. 

20. 
25. 

30. 
35- 
40. 
45- 
50. 

386° 

412 
435 
456 
503 
543 
578 
609 
638 
664 

600° 

o 
550 

600 

450° 

400° 
U. 
O 

Ul 

C              0 

•2    350 

Q. 
£    300° 

Z 

8   250° 
200° 
150° 
100° 
60° 

S 

s> 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

/ 

.  ' 

f 

2 

jr 

~£_ 

/ 

^ 

,? 

~j_ 

It 

1 

7 

f 

/      . 

.  i 

-jf.- 

j 

7 

_I  

5 

10              15               20               25              30              35              40 
RATIO  OF  COMPRESSION^- 

Fig.  130 

326  Steam 


STEAM 

Properties  PAGE 

Temperature  and  Pressure 327 

The  Heat-unit 327 

Total  Heat  of  Water 327 

Latent  Heat  of  Steam 327 

Total  Heat  of  Saturated  Steam 327 

Specific  Heat  of  Saturated  Steam 328 

Volume  of  Saturated  Steam 328 

Absolute  Zero 328 

Mechanical  Equivalent  of  Heat 328 

Table  of  Properties  of  Saturated  Steam 329 

Factors  of  Evaporation 333 

Superheated  Steam 

Volume 337 

Specific  Heat 337 

Advantages  of  Superheating 338 

Table  of  Properties 339 

Flow  of  Steam 

Flow  of  Steam  from  Orifices 341 

Flow  of  Steam  into  the  Atmosphere 341    . 

Flow  of  Steam  in  Pipes 342 

Flow  in  Low-pressure  Heating  Lines 345 

Resistance  due  to  Entrance,  Bends  and  Valves 346 

Expansion  of  Steam  Pipes 346 

Sizes  of  Steam  Pipes  for  Engines 347 

Loss  of  Heat  from  Steam  Pipes 

Loss  of  Heat  from  Bare  Steam  Pipes 348 

Condensation  in  Bare  Steam  Pipes 348 

Steam  Pipe  Coverings 348 


Steam  327 


STEAM 

The  Temperature  of  Steam  in  contact  with  water  depends  upon  the 
pressure  under  which  it  is  generated.  At  the  ordinary  atmospheric 
pressure  (14.7  pounds  per  square  inch)  its  temperature  is  212°  F,  As 
the  pressure  is  increased,  as  when  steam  is  generated  in  a  closed  vessel, 
its  temperature,  and  that  of  the  water  in  its  presence,  increases. 

Saturated  Steam  is  steam  in  its  normal  state,  that  is,  steam  whose 
temperature  is  that  due  to  its  pressure;  by  which  is  meant  steam  at  the 
same  temperature  as  that  of  the  water  from  which  it  was  generated 
and  upon  which  it  rests. 

Superheated  Steam  is  steam  at  a  temperature  above  that  due  to  its 
pressure. 

Dry  Steam  is  steam  which  contains  no  moisture.  It  may  be  either 
saturated  or  superheated. 

Wet  Steam  is  steam  containing  free  moisture  in  the  form  of  spray 
or  mist.  It  has  the  same  temperature  as  dry  saturated  steam  of  the 
same  pressure. 

Water  introduced  into  superheated  steam  will  be  vaporized  until 
the  steam  becomes  saturated,  and  its  temperature  becomes  that  due  to 
its  pressure.  Cold  water,  or  water  at  a  lower  temperature  than  that 
of  the  steam,  introduced  into  saturated  steam,  will  condense  some  of  it, 
thus  lowering  both  the  temperature  and  pressure  of  the  rest  until  the 
temperature  again  equals  that  due  to  its  pressure. 

The  Heat-unit,  or  British  Thermal  Unit.  The  old  definition  of 
the  heat-unit  (Rankine),  viz.,  the  quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise 
the  temperature  of  i  pound  of  water  i°  F.,  at  or  near  its  temperature 
of  maximum  density  (39.1°  F.),  is  now  no  longer  used.  Peabody  de- 
fines it  as  the  heat  required  to  raise  a  pound  of  water  from  62°  to  63°  F., 

and  Marks  and  Davis  as  of  the  heat  required  to  raise  i  pound  of 

180 

water  from  32°  to  212°  F.  By  Peabody's  definition  the  heat  required 
to  raise  i  pound  of  water  from  32°  to  212°  is  180.3  instead  of  180  units, 
and  the  heat  of  vaporization  at  212°  is  969.7  instead  of  970.4  units. 

The  Total  Heat  of  the  Water  is  the  number  of  British  thermal 
units  needed  to  raise  one  pound  of  water  from  32°  F.  to  the  boiling  point, 
under  the  given  pressure. 

The  Latent  Heat  of  Steam  or  Heat  of  Vaporization  is  the  num- 
ber of  British  thermal  units  required  to  convert  one  pound  of  water, 
at  the  boiling  point,  into  steam  of  the  same  temperature. 

The  Total  Heat  of  Saturated  Steam  is  the  number  of  heat-units 
required  to  raise  a  pound  of  water  from  32°  F.  to  the  boiling  point,  at 
the  given  pressure,  plus  the  number  required  to  convert  the  water  at 
that  temperature  into  steam  of  the  same  temperature. 


328 Steam 

The  total  heat  in  steam  (above  32°)  includes  three  elements: 
First.     The  heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  the  water  to 
the  temperature  of  the  steam. 

Second.     The  heat  required  to  evaporate  the  water  at  that  temper- 
ature, called  internal  latent  heat. 

Third.     The  latent  heat  of  volume,  or  the  external  work  done  by  the 
steam  in  making  room  for  itself  against  the  pressure  of  the  superincum- 
bent atmosphere  (or  surrounding  steam  if  enclosed  in  a  vessel). 
The  sum  of  the  last  two  elements  is  the  latent  heat  of  steam. 
The  following  shows  the  heat  required  to  generate  one  pound  of  steam 
from  water  at  32°  F.: 

Heat-units 

Sensible  heat,  to  raise  the  water  from  32°  to  212°   =  180.0 

Latent  heat,  i,  of  the  formation  of  steam  at  212°    =  897.6 
2,  of  expansion  against  the  atmos- 
pheric pressure,  2116  pounds  per 
square  foot  X  26.79  cubic  feet  = 
56  688  foot-pounds  -T- 778 =     72.8  970.4 


Total  heat  above  32°  F 1150.4 

Specific  Heat  of  Saturated  Steam.  When  a  unit  weight  of  satu- 
rated steam  is  increased  in  temperature  and  in  pressure,  the  volume 
decreasing  so  as  to  keep  it  saturated,  the  specific  heat  is  negative,  and 
decreases  as  the  temperature  increases. 

Volume  of  Saturated  Steam.  The  values  of  specific  volume  o! 
saturated  steam  as  given  in  the  Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  are  com- 
puted by  Clapyron's  equation. 

Absolute  Zero.  The  value  of  the  absolute  zero  has  been  variously 
given  as  from  459.2  to  460.66  degrees  below  the  Fahrenheit  zero.  Marks 
and  Davis,,  comparing  the  results  of  Berthelot  (1903),  Buckingham 
(1907),  and  Rose-Innes  (1908),  give  as  the  most  probable  value 
—459.64°  F.  The  value  —460°  is  close  enough  for  all  engineering 
calculations. 

The  Mechanical  Equivalent  of  Heat.  The  value  generally  accepted, 
based  on  Rowland's  experiments,  is  778  foot-pounds.  Marks  and  Davis 
give  the  value  777.52  standard  foot-pounds,  based  on  later  experiments, 
and  on  the  value  of  g  =  980.665  centimeters  per  second2  =  32.174  feet 
per  second2,  fixed  by  international  agreement  (1901).  These  values  of 
the  absolute  zero  and  of  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat  have  been 
used  by  Marks  and  Davis  in  the  computation  of  their  steam  tables. 
In  refined  investigations  involving  the  value  of  the  mechanical  equiva- 
lent of  heat,  the  value  of  g  for  the  latitude  in  which  the  experiments  are 
made  must  be  considered. 


Properties  of  Saturated  Steam                       329 

Properties  of  Saturated  Steam 

(Condensed  by  Kent  from  Marks  and  Davis's  Steam  Tables. 

"o 

$ 

Total  heat 

« 

o 

IU 

1^ 

£.15 

above  32°  F. 

ta   -« 

«2 

|    - 

<D 

"88 

•"  § 

^fl 

|f 

1     - 

$        ™ 

-J1 

||| 

M    1^ 

o3| 

Is 

|| 

|| 

>    *3 

£    '« 

<u  ii  "5 

oT  ^to 

o*  £ 

43  8, 

I8 

-3  §,& 

|1s 

g-ft'-S 

SssS 

"fS     \   ^ 

g  * 

rC  ID  ft 

^cP. 

"a 

w  | 

1 

1 

H 

&  * 

3     S 

G       ^ 

*o"H 

1"" 

m 

29.74 

0.0886 

32 

o.oo 

1073.4 

1073.4 

3294. 

0.000304 

o.oooo 

2.1832 

29.67 

0.1217 

40 

8.05 

1076  .  9 

1068.9 

2438. 

0.000410 

0.0162 

2.1394 

29.56 

0.1780 

5o 

18.08 

1081.4 

1063.3 

1702. 

0.000587 

0.0361 

2.0865 

29.40 

0.2562 

60 

28.08 

1085.9 

1057.8 

1208. 

0.000828 

0.0555 

2.0358 

29.18 

0.3626 

70 

38.06 

1090.3 

1052.3 

871. 

0.001148 

0.0745 

.9868 

28.89 

0.505 

80 

48.03 

1094.8 

1046.7 

636.8 

0.001570 

0.0932 

.9398 

28.50 

0.696 

90 

58.00 

1099.2 

1041.2 

469.3 

0.002131 

0.1114 

.8944 

28.00 

0.946 

100 

67.97 

1103.6 

1035.6 

350.8 

0.002851 

0.1295 

.8505 

27.88 

I 

101.83 

69.8 

1104.4 

1034.6 

333.0 

0.00300 

0.1327 

.8427 

25.85 

2 

126.15 

94-0 

1115.0 

I02I.O 

173-5 

0.00576 

0.1749 

.7431 

23.81 

3 

141.52 

109.4 

II2I.6 

1012.3 

118.5 

0.00845 

0.2008 

.6840 

21.78 

4 

I53.oi 

120.9 

1126.5 

1005-7 

90.5 

0.01107 

0.2198 

.6416 

19.74 

5 

162.28 

130.1 

H39-5 

1000.3 

73-33 

0.01364 

0.2348 

.6084 

17.70 

6 

170.06 

137-9 

II33-7 

995-8 

61.89 

o.  01616 

0.2471 

.5814 

15.67 

7 

176.85 

144-7 

1136.5 

991-8 

53.56 

0.01867 

0.2579 

.5582 

13.63 

8 

182.86 

150.8 

1139-0 

988.2 

47-27 

0.02115 

0.2673 

.5380 

II.  60 

9 

188.27 

156.2 

1141.1 

985.0 

42.36 

0.02361 

0.2756 

.5202 

9.56 

10 

193.22 

161.1 

II43-  I 

982.0 

38.38 

0.02606 

0.2832 

.5042 

7-52 

ii 

197-75 

165.7 

II44-9 

979-2 

35-10 

0.02849 

0.2902 

.4895 

5-49 

12 

201.96 

169.9 

1146.5 

976.6 

32.36 

0.03090 

0.2967 

.4760 

3-45 

13 

205.87 

173-8 

1148.0 

974-2 

30.03 

0.03330 

0.3025 

.4639 

1.42 

14 

209.55 

177-5 

II49-4 

971-9 

28.02 

0.03569 

0.3081 

.4523 

Lbs. 

gage 

14.70 

212.0 

180.0 

1150.4 

970.4 

26.79 

0.03732 

0.3118 

•  4447 

0.3 

15 

213.0 

181.0 

1150.7 

969.7 

26.27 

0.03806 

0.3133 

.4416 

1.3 

16 

216.3 

184.4 

1152.0 

967.6 

24-79 

0.04042 

0.3183 

•  4311 

2.3 

17 

219.4 

187.5 

H53.I 

965.6 

23.38 

0.04277 

0.3229 

•  4215 

3-3 

18 

222.4 

190.5 

1154.2 

963.7 

22.16 

0.04512 

0.3273 

•  4127 

4-3 

19 

225.2 

193-4 

II55-2 

961.8 

21.07 

0.04746 

0.3315 

•  4045 

5-3 

20 

228.0 

196.1 

1156.2 

960.0 

20.08 

0.04980 

0.3355 

.3965 

6.3 

21 

230.6 

198.8 

II57-I 

958.3 

19.18 

0.05213 

0.3393 

.3887 

7-3 

22 

233.1 

201.3 

1158.0 

956.7 

18.37 

0.05445 

0.3430 

.3811 

8.3 

23 

235-5 

203.8 

1158.8 

955-1 

17.62 

0.05676 

0.3465 

•  3739 

9-3 

24 

237-8 

206.1 

H59.6 

953-5 

16.93 

0.05907 

0.3499 

.3670 

10.3 

25 

240.1 

208.4 

1160.4 

952.0 

16.30 

0.0614 

0.3532 

.3604 

ii.  3 

26 

242.2 

210.6 

1161.2 

950.6 

15.72 

0.0636 

0.3564 

•  3542 

12.3 

27 

244.4 

212.7 

1161.9 

949-2 

15.18 

0.0659 

0.3594 

.3483 

13-3 

28 

246.4 

214-8 

1162.6 

947-8 

14.67 

0.0682 

0.3623 

•  3425 

14-3 

29 

248.4 

216.8 

1163.2 

946.4 

14.19 

0.0705 

0.3652 

.3367 

15-3 

30 

250.3 

218.8 

1163.9 

945.1 

13-74 

0.0728 

0.3680 

•  33II 

16.3 

31 

252.2 

22O.7 

1164.5 

943-8 

13.32 

0.0751 

0.3707 

•3357 

330                       Properties  of  Saturated  Steam 

Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  (Continued; 

(Condensed  by  Kent  from  Marks  and  Davis's  Steam  Tables.) 

o> 

Total  heat 

o5 

o 

0? 

tj 

<u 

above  32  °F. 

•3^,^-t 

wS 

QJ 

1  »g 

W    flj   O 

0)0,0 

j*| 

§U3 
^  1  '3 

to  ° 

*  y 

£  ^ 

"oj 

7j 

lf| 

til 

ij 

!  I 

w 

".11 

;fl 

£§ 

H 

fit 

I11 

j! 

>   -  3 
1    j 

1*1 

S-SI 

IV- 

o 

IF 

o^**"1 

W 

if 

17-3 

32 

254.1 

222.6 

II65.I 

942.5 

12.93 

0.0773 

0.3733 

.3205 

18.3 

33 

255.8 

224.4 

II65.7 

941-3 

12.57 

0.0795 

0.3759 

.3155 

19-3 

34 

257.6 

226.2 

II66.3 

940.1 

12.22 

0.0818 

0.3784 

.3107 

20.3 

35 

259.3 

227.9 

II66.8 

938.9 

11.89 

0.0841 

0.3808 

.3060 

21.3 

36 

261.0 

229.6 

II67.3 

937-7 

11.58 

0.0863 

0.3832 

.3014 

22.3 

37 

262.6 

231.3 

II67.8 

936.6 

11.29 

0.0886 

0.3855 

.2969 

23.3 

38 

264.2 

232.9 

II68.4 

935-5 

II.  OI 

0.0908 

0.3877 

.2925 

24.3 

39 

265.8 

234.5 

II68.9 

934-4 

10.74 

0.0931 

0.3899 

.2882 

25.3 

40 

267.3 

236.1 

II69.4 

933-3 

10.49 

0.0953 

0.3920 

.2841 

26.3 

41 

268.7 

237.6 

II69.8 

932.2 

10.25 

0.0976 

0.3941 

.2800 

27.3 

42 

270.2 

239-1 

H70.3 

931.2 

10.02 

0.0998 

0.3962 

.2759 

28.3 

43 

271.7 

240.5 

II70.7 

930.2 

9.80 

O.IO2O 

0.3982 

.2720 

29.3 

44 

273.1 

242.0 

II7I.2 

929.2 

9.59 

0.1043 

0.4002 

.2681 

30.3 

45 

274.5 

243-4 

II7I.6 

928.2 

9-39 

0.1065 

0.4021 

.2644 

31-3 

46 

275.8 

244-8 

II72.O 

927.2 

9.20 

0.1087 

0.4040 

.2607 

32.3 

47 

277.2 

246.1 

II72.4 

926.3 

9.02 

0.1109 

0.4059 

.2571 

33-3 

48 

278.5 

247-5 

II72.8 

925.3 

8.84 

0.1131 

0.4077 

-  .2536 

34-3 

49 

279.8 

248.8 

II73-2 

924.4 

8.67 

O.H53 

0.4095 

.2502 

35-3 

50 

281.0 

25O.I 

H73.6 

923.5 

8.51 

0.1175 

0.4113 

.2468 

36.3 

51 

282.3 

251.4 

II74.0 

922.6 

8.35 

O.U97 

0.4130 

.2435 

37-3 

52 

283.5 

252.6 

H74.3 

921.7 

8.20 

0.1219 

0.4147 

.2402 

38.3 

53 

284.7 

253-9 

II74-7 

920.8 

8.05 

0.1241 

0.4164 

.2370 

39-3 

54 

285.9 

255-1 

II75.0 

919.9 

7-91 

0.1263 

0.4180 

.2339 

40.3 

55 

287.1 

256.3 

II75-4 

919.0 

7-78 

0.1285 

0.4196 

.2309 

41-3 

56 

288.2 

257-5 

II75-7 

918.2 

7-65 

0.1307 

0.4212 

.2278 

42.3 

57 

289.4 

258.7 

II76.0 

917.4 

7-52 

0.1329 

0.4227 

.2248 

43-3 

58 

290.5 

259-8 

II76.4 

916.5 

7-40 

0.1350 

0.4242 

.2218 

44-3 

59 

291.6 

26l.O 

II76.7 

915.7 

7.28 

0.1372 

0.4257 

.2189 

45-3 

60 

292.7 

262.1 

II77-0 

914.9 

7.17 

0.1394 

0.4272 

.2160 

46.3 

61 

293.8 

263.2 

II77-3 

914.1 

7.06 

0.1416 

0.4287 

.2132 

47-3 

62 

294.9 

264.3 

II77-6 

913.3 

6.95 

0.1438 

0.4302 

.2104 

48.3 

63 

295.9 

265.4 

II77-9 

912.5 

6.85 

0.1460 

0.4316 

.2077 

49.3 

64 

297.0 

266.4 

II78.2 

911.8 

675 

0.1482 

0-4330 

.2050 

50.3 

65 

298.0 

267.5 

II78.5 

911.0 

6.65 

0.1503 

0.4344 

.2024 

51-3 

66 

299.0 

268.5 

II78.8 

910.2 

6.56 

0.1525 

0.4358 

.1998 

52.3 

67 

300.0 

269.6 

II79-0 

909.5 

6.47 

0.1547 

0.4371 

.1972 

53-3 

68 

301.0 

27O.6 

II79-3 

908.7 

6.38 

0.1569 

0.4385 

.1946 

54-3 

69 

302.0 

271.6 

II79-6 

908.0 

6.29 

0.1590 

0.4398 

.1921 

55-3 

TO 

302.9 

272.6 

II79-8 

907.2 

6.20 

0.1612 

0.4411 

.1896 

56.3 

71 

303.9 

273-6 

1180.1 

906.5 

6.12 

0.1634 

0.4424 

.1872 

Properties  of  Saturated  Steam                       331 

Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  (Continued) 

(Condensed  by  Kent  from  Marks  and  Davis's  Steam  Tables.) 

CD~ 

Total  heat 

^ 

o 

oT 

P 

<u" 

above  32°  F. 

• 

*£**•< 

IS 

0> 

s  53  *o 

w  <u  *o 

*i  .^ 

$*£$ 

fj  O 

o  C 

^ 

"o  o 

w  a.S 

%  ^.S 

•*•*  JM 

j_ 

- 

1BT)  £ 

M  rtTJ 

*o  "-1 

If  s 

?|  § 

R§ 

|     '« 

1-1 

|HJ? 

*-  U 

"o-S  | 

II 

p.  $ 

M   £»   9 

M  O  Q< 

ft! 

J| 

£     | 

a)  ta  /> 

!  1 

i—  i 

^ 

js.S 

IF 

I 

i! 

57.3 

72 

304.8 

274-5 

1180.4 

905.8 

6.04 

0.1656 

0.4437 

.1848 

58.3 

73 

305.8 

275-5 

1180.6 

905.1 

5.96 

0.1678 

o.  4449 

.1825 

59.3 

74 

306.7 

276.5 

1180.9 

904.4 

5.89 

0.1699 

0.4462 

.1801 

60.3 

75 

307.6 

277.4 

1181.1 

903-7 

5.8i 

0.1721 

0.4474 

.1778 

61.3 

76 

308.5 

278.3 

1181.4 

903.0 

5-74 

0.1743 

0.4487 

.1755 

62.3 

77 

309.4 

279.3 

1181.6 

902.3 

5.67 

0.1764 

0.4499 

.1732 

63.3 

78 

310.3 

280.2 

1181.8 

901.7 

5.6o 

0.1786 

0.45H 

.1710 

64.3 

79 

3H.  2 

281.1 

1182.1 

901.0 

5-54 

0.1808 

0.4523 

.1687 

65.3 

80 

312.0 

282.0 

1182.3 

900.3 

5-47 

0.1829 

0.4535 

.1665 

66.3 

81 

312.9 

282.9 

1182.5 

899.7 

5-41 

0.1851 

0.4546 

.1644 

67-3 

82 

313.8 

283.8 

1182.8 

899.0 

5-34 

0.1873 

0.4557 

1623 

68.3 

83 

314.6 

284.6 

1183.0 

898.4 

5.28 

0.1894 

0.4568 

.1602 

69.3 

84 

315.4 

285.5 

1183.2 

897.7 

5.22 

0.1915 

0.4579 

1581 

70.3 

85 

316.3 

286.3 

1183.4 

897.1 

5.16 

0.1937 

0.4590 

.1561 

71-3 

86 

317.1 

287.2 

1183.6 

896.4 

5-10 

0.1959 

0.4601 

.1540 

72.3 

87 

317.9 

288.0 

1183.8 

895.8 

5-05 

0.1980 

0.4612 

1520 

73.3 

88 

318.7 

288.9 

1184.0 

895.2 

S.oo 

O.20OI 

0.4623 

1500 

74-3 

89 

319.5 

289.7 

1184.2 

894.6 

4-94 

0.2023 

0.4633 

.1481 

75-3 

90 

320.3 

290.5 

1184.4 

893.9 

4.89 

0.2044 

0.4644 

.1461 

76.3 

91 

321.1 

291.3 

1184.6 

893.3 

4.84 

0.2065 

0.4654 

.1442 

77-3 

92 

321.8 

292.1 

1184.8 

892.7 

4-79 

0.2087 

0.4664 

.1423 

78.3 

93 

322.6 

292.9 

1185.0 

892.1 

4-74 

0.2109 

0.4674 

.1404 

79-3 

94 

323.4 

293-7 

1185.2 

891.5 

4.69 

0.2130 

0.4684 

.1385 

80.3 

95 

324.1 

294-5 

1185.4 

890.9 

4.65 

0.2151 

0.4694 

.1367 

81.3 

96 

324.9 

295-3 

1185.6 

890.3 

4.60 

0.2172 

o  .  4704 

.1348 

82.3 

97 

325.6 

296.1 

1185.8 

889.7 

4.56 

0.2193 

0.4714 

.1330 

83-3 

98 

326.4 

296.8 

1186.0 

889.2 

4-51 

0.2215 

0.4724 

.1312 

84.3 

99 

327.1 

297.6 

1186.2 

888.6 

4-47 

0.2237 

0.4733 

.1295 

85-3 

100 

327.8 

298.3 

1186.3 

888.0 

4-429 

o  2258 

0.4743 

.1277 

87-3 

102 

329.3 

299-8 

1186.7 

886.9 

4.347 

0.2300 

0.4762 

.1242 

89-3 

104 

330.7 

301.3 

1187.0 

885.8 

4.268 

0.2343 

0.4780 

.1208 

9L3 

106 

332.0 

302.7 

1187.4 

884.7 

4-192 

0.2336 

0.4798 

.1174 

93  3 

108 

333  4 

304.1 

1187.7 

883.6 

4.118 

o  .  2429 

0.4816 

.1141 

95-3 

IO 

334.8 

305.5 

1188.0 

882.5 

4.047 

0.2472 

o  .  4834 

.1108 

97-3 

12 

336.1 

306.9 

1188.4 

881.4 

3.978 

0.2514 

0.4852 

.1076 

99-3 

14 

337-4 

308.3 

1188.7 

880.4 

3-912 

0.2556 

0.4869 

.1045 

101.3 

16 

338.7 

309.6 

1189.0 

879-3 

3.848 

0.2599 

0.4886 

.1014 

103.3 

18 

340.0 

311.0 

1189.3 

878.3 

3-786 

0.2641 

0.4903 

.0984 

105-3 

20 

341-3 

312.3 

1189.6 

877.2 

3.726 

0.2683 

0.4919 

.0954 

107-3 

22 

342.5 

313.6 

1189.8 

876.2 

3.668 

0.2726 

0.4935 

.0924 

332                        Properties  of  Saturated  Steam 

Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  (Continued) 

(Condensed  by  Kent  from  Marks  and  Davis's  Steam  Tables.) 

0? 

jj 

Total  heat 
above  32°  F. 

tu 

<2* 

.S 

k 

8  g 

*S  o 

||| 

Qt  w  '7* 

!j' 

Ill 

1     Z 

JST'I 

1|| 

P 

If 

Oj    P<  & 

•3  Itf 

? 

"w      •  J3 

lij 

|.s*° 

•1  8  * 

&  :. 

0 

£ 

h 

rC             OS 

4->         <U 

1         1 

1" 

g*"1 

& 

<u 

< 

G       ^ 

£         ' 

109.3 

124 

343-8 

314.9 

II90.I 

875.2 

3.611 

0.2769 

0.4951 

1.0895 

in.  3 

126 

345-0 

316.2 

II90.4 

874.2 

3-556 

0.2812 

0.4967 

1.0865 

113  3 

128 

346.2 

317.4 

II90.7 

873.3 

3.504 

0.2854 

0.4982 

1.0837 

US  3 

130 

347-4 

318.6 

II9I.O 

872.3 

3-452 

0.2897 

0.4998 

1.0809 

II7-3 

132 

348.5 

319.9 

II9I.2 

871.3 

3-402 

0.2939 

0.5013 

1.0782 

II9-3 

134 

349-7 

321.  1 

II9I-5 

870.4 

3-354 

o.  2981 

o  .  5028 

1.0755 

121.  3 

136 

350.8 

322.3 

II9I.7 

869.4 

3.308 

0.3023 

0.5043 

1.0728 

123. 

138 

352.0 

323.4 

II92.O 

868.5 

3.263 

0.3065 

0.5057 

1.0702 

125- 

140 

353-1 

324.6 

II92.2 

867.6 

3.219 

0.3107 

0.5072 

1.0675 

127. 

142 

354-2 

325.8 

H92.5 

866.7 

3-175 

0.3150 

0.5086 

1.0649 

129. 

144 

355-3 

326.9 

II92.7 

865.8 

3-133 

0.3192 

0.5100 

1.0624 

131. 

146 

356.3 

328.0 

II92.9 

864.9 

3.092 

0.3234 

0.5114 

1.0599 

133- 

148 

357-4 

329.1 

II93-2 

864.0 

3-052 

0.3276 

0.5128 

1.0574 

135- 

150 

358.5 

330.2 

II93-4 

863.2 

3.012 

0.3320 

0.5142 

1.0550 

137- 

152 

359-5 

331-4 

II93-6 

862.3 

2-974 

0.3362 

0.5155 

1.0525 

139- 

154 

360.5 

332.4 

II93-8 

861.4 

2.938 

0.3404 

0.5169 

1.0501 

141. 

156 

361.6 

333-5 

II94.I 

860.6 

2.902 

0.3446 

0.5182 

1.0477 

143- 

158 

362.6 

334-6 

II94-3 

859-7 

2.868 

0.3488 

0.5195 

1.0454 

145- 

160 

363.6 

335-6 

II94-5 

858.8 

2.834 

0.3529 

0.5208 

1.0431 

147- 

162 

364.6 

336.7 

II94-7 

858.0 

2.801 

0.3570 

0.5220 

1.0409 

149- 

164 

365.6 

337-7 

II94-9 

857.2 

2.769 

0.3612 

0.5233 

1.0387 

151. 

166 

366.5 

338.7 

II95-I 

856.4 

2.737 

0.3654 

0.5245 

1.0365 

153- 

168 

367.5 

339-7 

II95-3 

855.5 

2.706 

0.3696 

0.5257 

1.0343 

155- 

170 

368.5 

340.7 

II95-4 

854.7 

2.675 

0.3738 

0.5269 

1.0321 

157- 

172 

369.4 

341-7 

II95-6 

853-9 

2.645 

0.3780 

0.5281 

1.0300 

159- 

174 

370.4 

342.7 

II95-8 

853-1 

2.616 

0.3822 

0.5293 

1.0278 

161. 

176 

371-3 

343-7 

II96.0 

852.3 

2.588 

0.3864 

0.5305 

1.0257 

163. 

178 

372.2 

344-7 

II96.2 

851.5 

2.560 

0.3906 

0.5317 

1.0235 

165. 

180 

373-1 

345-6 

II96.4 

850.8 

2.533 

0.3948 

0.5328 

1.0215 

167. 

182 

374-0 

346.6 

II96.6 

850.0 

2.507 

0.3989 

0.5339 

1.0195 

169- 

184 

374-9 

347-6 

II96.8 

849.2 

2.481 

0.4031 

0.5351 

1.0174 

171. 

186 

375-8 

348.5 

II96.9 

848.4 

2.455 

0.4073 

0.5362 

1.0154 

173-3 

188 

376.7 

349-4 

II97-I 

847.7 

2.430 

0.4115 

0.5373 

I.  0134 

175.3 

190 

377-6 

350.4 

II97-3 

846.9 

2.406 

0.4157 

0.5384 

1.0114 

177-3 

192 

378.5 

351-3 

II97-4 

846.1 

2.381 

0.4199 

0.5395 

1.0095 

179-3 

194 

379-3 

352.2 

II97-6 

845.4 

2.358 

0.4241 

0.5405 

1.0076 

181.3 

196 

380.2 

353-1 

II97-8 

844.7 

2.335 

0.4283 

0.5416 

1.0056 

183.3 

198 

381.0 

354-0 

II97-9 

843.9 

2.312 

0.4325 

0.5426 

1.0038 

185.3 

200 

381.9 

354-9 

II98.I 

843.2 

2.290 

0.437 

0.5437 

1.0019 

190.3 

205 

384.0 

357-1 

II98.5 

841.4 

2.237 

0.447 

0.5463 

0.9973 

Properties  of  Saturated  Steam                       333 

Properties  of  Saturated  Steam  (Concluded) 

(Condensed  by  Kent  from  Marks  and  Davis  's  Steam  Tables.) 

£*-;iq 

ID* 

®4* 

Total  heat 
above  32°  F. 

^ 

f- 

Is 

V 

*o  o 

S  &  c 

£  ^J 

ss 

^ 

g 

JaT'S 

3^  g 

M  "I'd 

*o  ** 

•ll 

4)  3  a 
llg 

til 

!i 

rt     ^ 

Sgl 

far! 

Ij| 

rt^.a 

is* 

II1 

felS 

f3 

O  o 

"a  «J 

0 

$ 

H 

+>       ol 

-t->         0) 

M 

^H  *«H 

o 

fc»- 

m 

* 

a     ^H 

rt     -3 

»—  1 

195.3 

2IO 

386.0 

359-2 

II98.8 

839.6 

2.187 

0.457 

0.5488 

0.9928 

200.3 

215 

388.0 

361.4 

II99.2 

837.9 

2.138 

0.468 

0.5513 

0.9885 

205.3 

22O 

389.9 

363.4 

II99.6 

836.2 

2.091 

0.478 

0.5538 

0.9841 

210.3 

225 

391-9 

365.5 

II99.9 

834.4 

2.046 

0.489 

0.5562 

0.9799 

215.3 

230 

393-8 

367.5 

1200.2 

832.8 

2.004 

0.499 

0.5586 

0.9758 

220.3 

235 

395.6 

369-4 

1200.6 

83I.I 

1.964 

0.509 

0.5610 

0.9717 

225.3 

240 

397-4 

371-4 

I20O.9 

829.5 

1.924 

0.520 

0.5633 

0.9676 

230.3 

245 

399-3 

373.3 

I20I.2 

827.9 

1.887 

0.530 

0.5655 

0.9638 

235.3 

250 

401.1 

375-2 

1201  .  5 

826.3 

.850 

0.541 

0.5676 

0.9600 

245.3 

260 

404-5 

378.9 

I2O2.I 

823.1 

.782 

0.561 

0.5719 

0.9525 

265.3 

270 
280 

407.9 
411.2 

382.5 
386.0 

1202.6 
I2O3.I 

820.1 
8I7.I 

.718 
.658 

0.582 
0.603 

0.5760 
0.5800 

0.9454 
0.9385 

275.3 

290 

414.4 

389.4 

1203.6 

814.2 

.602 

0.624 

0.5840 

0.9316 

285.3 

300 

417.5 

392.7 

I204.I 

8II.3 

.551 

0.645 

0.5878 

0.9251 

295.3 

420.5 

395-9 

1204.5 

808.5 

.502 

0.666 

0.5915 

0.9187 

305.3 

320 

423-4 

399-1 

1204.9 

805.8 

.456 

0.687 

0.5951 

0.9125 

315.3 

330 

426.3 

402.2 

1205.3 

803.1 

.413 

0.708 

0.5986 

0.9065 

325.3 

340 

429.1 

405-3 

1205.7 

800.4 

.372 

0.729 

0.6020 

0.9006 

335-3 

350 

431-9 

408.2 

I2O6.  I 

797-8 

.334 

o.75o 

0.6053 

0.8949 

345-3 

36o 

434-6 

4H.  2 

1206.4 

795-3 

.298 

0.770 

0.6085 

0.8894 

355-3 

370 

437-2 

414-0 

1206.  8 

792.8 

.264 

0.791 

0.6116 

0.8840 

365.3 

38o 

439.8 

416.8 

1207.1 

790.3 

.231 

0.812 

0.6147 

0.8788 

375-3 

390 

442.3 

419.5 

1207.4 

787.9 

.200 

0.833 

0.6178 

0.8737 

385.3 

400 

444-8 

422. 

1208. 

786. 

.17 

0.86 

0.621 

0.868 

435-3 

450 

456.5 

435. 

1209. 

774- 

.04 

0.96 

0.635 

0.844 

485.3 

500 

467.3 

448. 

1210. 

762. 

.93 

i.  08 

0.648 

0.822 

535-3 

550 

477-3 

459- 

I2IO. 

751- 

-83 

1.20 

0.659 

0.801 

585.3 

600 

486.6 

469. 

1210. 

741- 

•  76 

1.32 

0.670 

0.783 

Factors  of  Evaporation 

The  factors  in  the  following  table,  which  has  been  condensed  from 

Kent's  Mechanical  Engineers'  Pocket  Book,  were  obtained,  for  the 

various  feed-water  temperatures  and  steam  pressures  given,  by  sub- 

tracting the  heat  above  32°  in  one  pound  of  feed-water  from  the  total 

heat  above  32°  in  one  pound  of  steam,  and  dividing  the  remainder  by 

970.4,  the  latent  heat  of  steam  at  212°.     The  values  of  the  total  heat 

of  steam,  heat  of  feed-water  and  latent  heat  of  steam  are  those  given 

in  Marks  and  Davis's  steam  tables.    Intermediate  values  may  be  found 

by  interpolation. 

334                             Factors  of  Evaporation 

Example:    Given  the  boiler  pressure  =115  pounds  per  square  inch 

absolute,  and  the  temperature  of  feed-water  =  62°  F.,  to  find  the  factor 

of  evaporation.     Look  in  the  column  headed  115  and  opposite  62°; 

the  factor  required  is  1.1941.     It  will  therefore  require  1.1941  times  as 

many  heat-units  to  evaporate  a  certain  weight  of  water  from  a  feed- 

water  temperature  of  62°  F.  into  steam  under  115  pounds  pressure,  as 

would  be  required  to  evaporate  the  same  weight  of  water  from  a  temper- 

ature of  212°  F.  into  steam  at  212°  F.,  that  is,  from  and  at  212°  F. 

Factors  of  Evaporation 

Gage  pres- 
sure, pounds 

o.3 

10.3 

20.3 

30.3 

40.3 

50.3 

60.3 

70.3 

80.3 

Absolute 

pressure, 

15. 

25- 

35. 

45- 

55- 

65- 

75- 

85. 

95- 

pounds 

Temperature 

of  feed-water, 

Factors  of  evaporation 

32 

i  .  1858 

I  .  1958 

I  .  2024 

1.2073 

1.2113 

1.2144 

1.2171 

1.2195  i.  2216 

38 

.1796 

I  .  1896 

i  .  1962 

I.20II 

i  .  2050 

i  .  2082 

1  .  2109 

1.21331.2153 

44 

.1734 

I  .  1834 

1.1900 

I  .  1949 

1.1988 

I  .  2020 

i  .  2047 

1.2071 

1.2091 

50 

.1672 

I.I772 

i  .  1838 

1.1887 

i  .  1926 

I  •  1958 

1.1985 

1.2009 

1.2029 

56 

.1610 

1.1710 

i  .  1776 

I  .  1825 

I  .  1864 

I.I896 

I  .  1923 

I  .  1947 

I  .  1967 

62 

.1548 

I  .  1648 

1.1714  1.1763 

1.1803 

I  -  1835 

i  .  1861 

1.1885 

1.1906 

68 

.1486 

1.1586 

i  .  1652 

I  .  1702 

1.1741 

I-  1773 

1.1800 

I  .  1823 

I  .  1844 

74 

.1425 

I.I525 

1.1591 

I  .  1640 

i  .  1679 

1.1711 

I.I738 

I  .  1762 

I  .  1782 

80 

.1363 

1.1463 

I  .  1529 

I  .  1578 

1.1618 

I  .  1650 

I  .  1676 

1.1700 

1.1721 

86 

.1301 

I  .  1401 

I  .  1467 

I.I5I8 

i  •  1556 

1.1588 

1.1615 

1.1638 

I  .  1659 

92 

.1240 

I  .  1340 

i  .  1406 

I  •  1455 

i  .  1494 

I  .  1526 

i  -  1553 

i.  1577 

I  -  1597 

98 

.1178 

I  .  1278 

I.  1344 

I  .  1393 

i  •  1433 

I.I465 

1.1491 

I.I5I5 

I.I536 

104 

.1116 

1.1216 

I  .  1282 

I  .  1332 

I.I37I 

I.I403 

i  .  1430 

I.  1453 

I  .  1474 

no 

.1055 

I.H55 

I.I22I 

I  .  1270 

1.1309 

I  .  1341 

1.1368 

I  .  1392 

1.1412 

116 

.0993 

i  .  1093 

I.H59 

I  .  1209 

i  .  1248 

I  .  1280 

i  .  1306 

i  •  1330 

I  .  1351 

122 

.0931 

i  .  1031 

I.  1097 

I.  1147 

1.1186 

1.1218 

i  .  1245 

I  .  1269 

I  .  1289 

128 

.0870 

1.0970 

I  .  1036 

I  .  1085 

I.  1124 

1.1156 

1.1183 

I  .  1207 

I  .  1227 

134 

.0808 

1.0908 

1.0974 

I  .  1023 

i  .  1063 

I  •  IQ95 

I.II2I 

i.  1145 

1.1166 

140 

.0746 

1.0846 

1.0912 

1.0962 

I.IOOI 

I  .  1033 

I.  I060 

1.1083 

1.1104 

146 

.0685 

1.0785 

1.0851 

1.0900 

1.0939 

1.0971 

1.0998 

I  .  IO22 

I  .  1042 

152 

.0623 

.0723 

1.0789 

.0838 

.0877 

1.0909 

1.0936 

.0960 

1.0980 

158 

.0561 

.0661 

1.0727 

.0776 

.0816 

1.0847 

1.0874 

.0898 

1.0919 

164 

.0499 

•  0599 

1.0665 

.0715 

.0754 

1.0786 

I.  0812 

.0836 

1.0857 

170 

•  0437 

.0537 

1.0603 

.0653 

.0692 

1.0724 

I.075I 

.0774 

1.0795 

I76 

.0375 

•  0475 

1.0541 

•  0591 

.0630 

I  .  0662 

1.0689 

.0712 

1.0733 

182 

•0313 

.0413 

1.0479 

.0529 

.0568 

I.  0600 

1.0627 

-0650 

1.0671 

188 

•  0251 

•0351 

1.0417 

1.0467 

,0506 

1-0538 

1.0565 

.0588 

1.0609 

194 

.0189 

.0289 

1-0355 

1.0405 

.0444 

I  .  0476 

1.0503 

.0526 

1.0547 

200 

1.0127 

1.0227 

1.0293 

1.0343 

1.0382 

1.0414 

I.044I 

1.0464 

1.0485 

206 

1.0065 

1.0165 

1.0231 

1.0281 

1.0320 

1.0352 

1.0379 

1.0402 

1.0423 

212 

1.0003 

1.0103 

1.0169 

I.02I8 

I 

1.0258 

1.0290 

1.0316 

i  .  0340 

1.0361 

Factors  of  Evaporation                             335 

Factors  of  Evaporation  (Continued) 

Gage  pres- 
sure, pounds 

90.3 

100.3 

110.3 

120.3 

130.3 

140.3 

150.3 

160.3 

170.3 

Absolute 

pressure, 

105. 

115- 

125- 

135- 

145- 

155- 

165. 

175. 

185. 

pounds 

Temperature 

of  feed-  water, 

Factors  of  evaporation 

32 

1.2234 

.2251 

I  .  2266 

1.2279 

I  .  2292 

1.2304 

I.23I5 

i  .  2324 

I  2333 

38 

1.2172 

.2188 

I  .  2204 

1.2217 

I  .  2230 

I  .  2242 

I  .  2252 

i  .  2262 

I  .  2271 

44 

I.2IIO 

.2126 

1.2142 

I.  2155 

.2168 

I  .  2180 

1.2190 

1.2200 

1.2209 

So 

I  .  2048 

.2064 

I  .  2080 

I  .  2093 

.2106 

I.2II8 

I  .  2128 

I.  2137 

1.2147 

56 

I  .  1986 

.2002 

I  .  2018 

I  .  2031 

.2044 

I  .  2056 

1.2066 

I  .  2076 

1.2085 

62 

I  .  1924 

.1941 

I  .  1956 

I  .  1970 

.1982 

I  .  1994 

1.2005 

I  .  2014 

I  .  2023 

68 

I.I862 

.1879 

I  .  1894 

1.1908 

.1920 

I  •  1933 

I  •  1943 

I  .  1952 

I  .  1961 

74 

I  .  1801 

1.1817 

1.1833 

i  .  1846 

.1859 

1.1871 

I  .  1881 

1.1890 

1.1900 

80 

I  .  1739 

I  .  1756 

1.1771 

1.1785 

I.  1797 

1.1809 

I  .  1820 

I  .  1829 

1.1838 

86 

i  .  1678 

I  .  1694 

1.1710 

1.1723 

i  •  1735 

I  .  1748 

I.I758 

1.1767 

I.I776 

92 

1.1616 

I  .  1632 

I  .  1648 

1.1661 

I  .  1674 

I  .  1686 

I  .  1696 

I  .  1705 

I.I7I5 

98 

I  -  1554 

I.I57I 

I  .  1586 

i.  1600 

i.  1612 

I  .  1624 

I.I635 

I  .  1644 

I.I653 

104 

I  .  1492 

I  .  1509 

I.I525 

I.I538 

I.I550 

1.1563 

I.  1573 

I  .  1582 

I.I592 

no 

1.1431 

I  .  1447 

I  .  1463 

i  .  1476 

I  .  1489 

I  .  1501 

1.1511 

1.1521 

I.I530 

116 

1.1369 

1.1386 

i  .  1401 

1.1415 

r  .  1427 

I  •  1439 

i  .  1450 

I  .  1459 

I  .  1468 

122 

i  .  1308 

1.1324 

I  .  1340 

i.  1353 

I  .  1365 

I.I378 

1.1388 

I  .  1397 

1.1407 

128 

1.1246 

I  .  1262 

I  .  1278 

1.1291 

1.1304 

1.1316 

I  .  1326 

I  •  1336 

I.  1345 

134 

1.1184 

I  .  1201 

1.1216 

1.1230 

1.1242 

I.  1254 

i  .  1265 

1.1274 

I  .  1283 

140 

1.1123 

I.II39 

I.II54 

1.1168 

1.1180 

I  .  1193 

i  .  1203 

1.1212 

I.I22I 

146 

i  .  1061 

1.1077 

1.1093 

1.1106 

I.III9 

1.1131 

1.1141 

I.II50 

1.1160 

152 

1.0999 

.1015 

I  .  1031 

.1044 

.1057 

I  .  1069 

.1079 

I.I089 

1.1098 

158 

1.0937 

.0954 

1.0969 

.0982 

.0995 

1.1007 

.1018 

I  .  1027 

i  .  1036 

164 

1.0875 

.0892 

1.0907 

.0921 

.0933 

1.0945 

.0956 

1.0965 

1.0974 

170 

1.0813 

.0830 

1.0845 

.0859 

.0871 

1.0883 

.0894 

1.0903 

1.0912 

176 

1.0752 

.0768 

1.0783 

.0797 

.0809 

1.0822 

.0832 

I.084I 

1.0850 

182 

1.0690 

.0706 

1.0721 

•  0735 

•  0747 

1.0760 

.0770 

1.0779 

1.0788 

188 

1.0628 

.0644 

I.  0660 

.0673 

.0685 

1.0698 

.0708 

1.0717 

1.0727 

194 

1.0566 

.0582 

1.0597 

.0611 

.0623 

1.0636 

.0646 

1.0655 

1.0664 

200 

1.0504 

.0520 

1.0535 

•  0549 

.0561 

1.0574 

.0584 

1.0593 

1.  0602 

206 

1.0441 

.0458 

1.0473 

.0487 

.0499 

1.0511 

.0522 

I.053I 

1.0540 

212 

1.0379 

.0396 

1.0411 

.0425 

.0437 

1.0449 

.0460 

1.0469 

1.0478 

336                            Factors  of  Evaporation 

Factors  of  Evaporation  (Concluded) 

Gage  pres- 
sure, pounds 

180.3 

190.3 

200.3 

210.3 

220.3 

230.3 

240.3 

250.3 

Absolute 

pressure, 

195- 

205. 

215. 

225. 

235- 

245. 

255- 

265. 

pounds 

Temperature 

of  feed-water, 

Factors  of  evaporation 

32 

1.2342 

.2351 

1.2358 

1.2365 

1.2372 

1.2378 

1.2384 

1.2390 

38 

1.2280 

.2288 

i  .  2296 

i  .  2303 

I  .  2310 

I  .  2316 

I  .  2322 

I  .  2328 

44 

1.2218 

.2226 

1.2234 

I  .  2241 

I  .  2248 

1.2254 

1.2260 

1.2266 

50 
c6 

i  .  2156 

.2164 

1.2171 

1.2179 

I.  2186 

I  .  2192 

1.2198 

I  .  2204 

§ 
62 

i  .  2094 
1.2032 

,2041 

i  .  2048 

1.2055 

1.2062 

I  .  2130 
1.2068 

I  .  2136 
1.2074 

I  .2142 
I.  2080 

68 

i  .  1971 

.1979 

i  .  1986 

I.  1993 

I.2OOI 

1.2007 

I  .  2012 

I  .  2019 

74 

1.1909 

.1917 

1.1924 

I.I932 

I-  1939 

I.  1945 

I  •  1951 

I.I957 

80 

1.1847 

.1856 

1.1863 

I  .  1870 

I  .  1877 

I  .  1883 

I.I889 

I.I895 

86 

1.1786 

.1794 

I  .  1801 

i.  1808 

1.1816 

I  .  1822 

I  .  1827 

1.1834 

92 

1.1724 

.1732 

I  •  1739 

I  .  1747 

I  •  1754 

1.1760 

I  .  1766 

I  .  1772 

98 

1.1662 

.1671 

I  .  1678 

1.1685 

1.1692 

1.1698 

I.I704 

I.I7IO 

104 

1.1601 

.1609 

1.1616 

I  .  1624 

I  .  1631 

I.I637 

I  .  1643 

1.1649 

no 

I  .  1539 

.1547 

I.  1555 

I  .  1562 

1.1569 

I.  1575 

I.I58I 

I.I587 

116 

I  .  1478 

.1486 

I.  1493 

1.1500 

1.1507 

I.I5I4 

I  .  1519 

I  .  1525 

122 

1.1416 

•  1424 

I.I43I 

I.  1439 

I  .  1446 

I.I452 

I  .  1458 

I  .  1464 

128 

I.  1354 

.1362 

I.I370 

I.  1377 

1.1384 

I.I390 

I  •  1396 

I  .  1402 

134 

1  .  1292 

.1301 

I  .  1308 

I.I3I5 

I  .  1322 

I  .  1329 

I  •  1334 

.1340 

140 

1.1231 

.1239 

I  .  1246 

I  .  1253 

I  .  1261 

I  .  1267 

I  .  1272 

.1279 

146 

1.1169 

.1177 

1.1184 

1.1192 

I.  1199 

1  .  1205 

I.I2II 

.1217 

152 

1.1107 

.1115 

I.  1123 

1.1130 

I.H37 

I.II43 

I.II49 

.1155 

158 

I.  1045 

.1054 

I  .  1061 

1.1068 

1.1075 

I  .  1081 

1.1087 

.1093 

164 

1.0984 

.0992 

1.0999 

i.  1006 

I  .  1013 

I  .  1019 

I  .  1025 

.1031 

170 

1.0922 

.0930 

1.0937 

1.0944 

1.0951 

1.0958 

1.0963 

.0969 

I76 

I.  0860 

.0868 

1.0875 

1.0882 

1.0890 

1.0896 

1.0901 

.0908 

182 

1.0798 

.0806 

1.0813 

1.0820 

1.0828 

1.0834 

1.0839 

.0846 

188 

1.0736 

.0744 

1.0751 

1.0758 

1.0766 

1.0772 

1.0778 

.0784 

194 

1.0674 

.0682 

1.0689 

1.0696 

1.0704 

1.0710 

1.0715 

.0722 

200 

I.  0612 

.0620 

1.0627 

1.0634 

1.0642 

1.0648 

1.0653 

.0660 

206 

1.0550 

.0558 

1.0565 

1.0572 

1.0579 

1.0586 

1.0591 

.0597 

212 

1.0487 

.0496 

1.0503 

1.0510 

1.0517 

1.0523 

1.0529 

.0535 

Superheated  Steam 


337 


SUPERHEATED   STEAM 

Steam  in  the  presence  of  the  water  from  which  it  is  generated  is  called 
"saturated  steam";  it  has  the  same  temperature  as  the  water,  and  can 
have  only  one  pressure  and  one  density  at  any  given  temperature  — 
the  three  are  in  fixed  relationship  to  each  other.  Superheated  steam 
has  a  higher  temperature  than  saturated  steam  at  the  same  pressure, 
and  is  produced  by  adding  heat  to  saturated  steam  in  a  separate  vessel 
called  a  superheater.  It  is  independent  of  pressure,  since  at  any  pressure 
the  steam  may  have  any  desired  temperature.  In  practice  the  super- 
heater is  an  extension  of  the  steam  space  of  the  boiler,  with  which  it  is 
in  open  communication,  and  the  pressure  of  the  steam  in  the  superheater 
is  practically  the  boiler  pressure. 

Volume  of  Superheated  Steam.  Superheated  steam  is  greater  in 
volume  than  saturated  steam  of  the  same  pressure.  Linde's  equation 
(1905)  is 

/  1 50  300  ooo 
pv  =  0.5962  T-p(i  +  0.0014  p)  (  -—fi 0-0833 

where  p  =  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

v  =  volume  in  cubic  feet; 
T  =  absolute  temperature. 

Specific  Heat  of  Superheated  Steam.  The  following  table  of 
Knoblauch  and  Jakob  (from  Peabody's  Steam  Tables)  gives  the  mean 
specific  heat  of  superheated  steam  from  the  temperature  of  saturation 
to  various  temperatures  at  several  pressures: 


Kilograms 

per  square 

I 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

centimeter 

Pounds  per 
square  inch 

14.2 

28.4 

56.9 

85-3 

113-8 

142.2 

170.6 

I99-I 

227.5 

256.0 

284.4 

Temperature 

saturation 

99 

120 

143 

158 

169 

179 

187 

194 

200 

206 

211 

Temperature 

saturation 

210 

248 

289 

316 

336 

354 

369 

381 

392 

403 

412 

212 

100 

0.463 

302 

150 

.462 

•  478 

.515 

392 

200 

.462 

•  475 

.502 

.530 

.560 

.597 

.635 

.677 

482 

250 

.463 

•  474 

.495 

.514 

.532 

•  552 

.570 

.588 

.609 

.635 

.664 

572 

300 

.464 

.475 

.492 

.505 

.517 

.530 

•  541 

.550 

.561 

.572 

.585 

662 

350 

.468 

•  477 

.492 

.503 

.512 

.522 

.529 

.536 

.543 

.550 

•  557 

752 

400 

.473 

.481 

•  494 

.504 

.512 

.520 

.526 

.531 

.537 

.542 

.547 

338  Superheated  Steam 


Thus  the  mean  specific  heat  of  steam  at  142.2  pounds  pressure  when 
superheated  to  572°  F.  is  0.53.  The  heat  required  to  raise  i  pound  of 
steam  from  a  saturation  temperature  of  354°  to  572°  is  (572  —  354) 
0.53  =  H5-5  B.T.U.  The  total  heat  of  the  superheated  steam  is  the 
sum  of  this  quantity  and  the  heat  in  the  saturated  steam.  It  is  given 
directly  in  the  properties  of  superheated  steam  for  various  degrees  of 
superheat,  pages  339  and  340. 

Advantages  of  Superheating.  The  advantage  to  be  gained  by 
superheating  is  not  due  to  increased  thermodynamic  efficiency.  The 
economy  which  results  from  the  application  of  superheat  is  due  to  the 
reduction  of  the  internal  thermal  waste  of  the  engine,  incident  to  cylin- 
der condensation.  The  steam  entering  the  cylinder  strikes  the  walls, 
which  have  been  cooled  by  the  previous  exhaust.  The  heat  necessary 
to  warm  the  walls  to  the  temperature  of  the  entering  steam  can  be 
supplied  only  by  the  steam,  and  if  it  is  saturated  some  of  it  must  be 
condensed.  If  the  steam  is  superheated  it  must  be  reduced  to  the 
temperature  of  saturated  steam  at  the  given  pressure,  before  conden- 
sation takes  place. 

Superheating  is  superior  to  any  other  known  means  of  reduction  of 
this  internal  waste.  The  saving  due  to  its  use  is  found  to  be  greater 
with  engines  that  are  most  inefficient  with  saturated  steam;  small 
engines  profit  more  by  it  than  large,  slow  engines  more  than  fast,  and 
single  engines  more  than  multiple  expansion  engines. 


Properties  of  Superheated  Steam                     339 

Properties  of  Superheated  Steam 

(Condensed  by  Kent  from  Marks  and  Davis's  Steam  Tables.) 

V=  specific  volume  in  cubic  feet  per  pound;  H=  total  heat,  from  water   at 

32°  F.  in  B.T.U.  per  pound;  N  =  entropy,  from  water  at  32°. 

Pres- 
sure abso- 

Temper- 

Degrees of  superheat 

lute,  Ibs. 

ature 

per 

sq.  inch 

saturated 
steam 

0 

20 

50 

IOO 

150 

20 

228.0 

V  20.08 

20.73 

21.69 

23.25 

24.80 

H  1156.2 

1165.7 

II79-9 

1203.5 

1227.1 

N  1.7320 

I  •  7456 

I  .  7652 

I  .  7961 

1.8251 

40 

267.3 

V  10.49 

10.83 

H.33 

12.13 

12.93 

H  1169.4 

"79  -3 

1194.0 

1218.4 

1242.4 

N  1.6761 

1.6895 

1.7089 

1.7392 

I  .  7674 

60 

292.7 

v  7.17 

7-40 

7-75 

8.30 

8.84 

H  1177.0 

1187.3 

1202.6 

1227.6 

1252.1 

N  1.6432 

1.6568 

I  .  6761 

I  .  7062 

I  •  7342 

80 

312.0 

V  5-47 

5-65 

5-92 

6.34 

6-75 

H  1182.3 

H93.0 

1208.8 

1234-3 

1259-0 

N  1.6200 

1.6338 

1.6532 

1.6833 

1.7110 

IOO 

327.8 

V  4-43 

4-58 

4-79 

5-14 

5-47 

H  1186.3 

II97-5 

I2I3.8 

1239-7 

1264.7 

N  1.6020 

i.  6160 

1.6358 

1.6658 

1.6933 

120 

341-3 

V  3.73 

3-85 

4-04 

4-33 

4.62 

H  1189.6 

1201  .  I 

I2I7.9 

1244.1 

1269.3 

N  1.5873 

I.  6oi6 

I.62I6 

1.6517 

1.6789 

140 

353-1 

V   3-22 

3-32' 

3-49 

3-75 

4.00 

H  1192.2 

1204.3 

1221.4 

1248.0 

1273-3 

N  1.5747 

1.5894 

1.6096 

1.6395 

1.6666 

160 

363.6 

V  2.83 

2.93 

3-07 

3-30 

3-53 

H  II94-5 

1207.0 

1224.5 

I25L3 

1276.8 

N  1.5639 

1.5789 

1-5993 

1.6292 

i  .  6561 

180 

373.1 

V  2.53 

2.62 

2.75 

2.96 

3-i6 

H  1196.4 

1209.4 

1227.2 

1254.3 

1279.9 

N  1.5543 

1.5697 

1-5904 

I  .  6201 

1.6468 

200 

381.9 

V   2.29 

2.37 

2.49 

2.68 

2.86 

H  1198.1 

I2II.6 

1229.8 

1257.1 

1282.6 

N  1.5456 

1.5614 

1.5823 

1.6120 

1.6385 

220 

389.9 

V  2.09 

2.16 

2.28 

2.45 

2.62 

H  1199.6 

1213.6 

1232  .  2 

1259-6 

1285.2 

N  1.5379 

1.5541 

1.5753 

1.6049 

I  .  6312 

240 

397-4 

V  1.92 

1.99 

2.09 

2.26 

2.42 

H  1200.9 

1215.4 

1234-3 

1261.9 

1287.6 

N  1.5309 

1.5476 

1.5690 

1.5985 

I  .  6246 

260 

404.5 

F  1.78 

1.84 

1.94 

2.10 

2.24 

#   1202.  I 

1217.1 

1236.4 

1264  .  I 

1289  .  9 

N  1.5244 

1.5416 

1.5631 

1.5926 

I.  6186 

280 

4II.2 

V  1.66 

1.72 

1.81 

1.95 

2.09 

H  1203.1 

1218.7 

1238  .  4 

1266.2 

1291.9 

AT  1.5185 

1.5362 

i.558o 

1.5873 

I.6I33 

300 

417.5 

F  1.55 

1.  00 

1.69 

1.83 

1.96 

H  1204.1 

1220.2 

1240.3 

1268.2 

1294.0 

.ZV  1.5129 

I-53IO 

1.5530 

1.5824 

1.6082 

400 

444-8 

V  1.  17 

1.  21 

1.28 

1.40 

1.50 

#  1207.7 

1227  .  2 

1248.6 

1276.9 

1303.0 

A/"  1.4894 

I.5I07 

1.5336 

1.5625 

1.5880 

500 

467.3 

V  0.93 

0.97 

1.03 

1.  13 

1.22 

77   1210 

1233 

1256 

1285 

I3II 

A/"  1.470 

1.496 

I.5I9 

1.548 

1.573 

340                                Superheated  Steam 

Properties  of  Superheated  Steam  (Concluded) 

(Condensed  by  Kent  from  Marks  and  Davis's  Steam  Tables.) 

V=  specific  volume  in  cubic  feet  per  pound;  H=  total  heat,  from  water  at 

32°  F.  in  B.T.U.  per  pound;  N=  entropy,  from  water  at  32°. 

Pres- 
sure abso- 

Temper- 

Degrees of  superheat 

lute,  Ibs. 

ature 

per 
sq.  inch 

saturated 
steam 

200 

250 

300 

400 

500 

20 

228.0 

V  26.33 

27-85 

29.37 

32.39 

35-40 

H  1250.6 

1274.1 

1297.6 

1344-8 

1392.2 

N  1.8524 

1.8781 

1.9026 

1-9479 

1.9893 

40 

267.3 

V  13.70 

14.48 

15.25 

16.78 

18.30 

H  1266.4 

1290.3 

1314-1 

1361.6 

1409.3 

N  1.7940 

1.8189 

1.8427 

1.8867 

1.9271 

60 

292.7 

V  9.36 

9.89 

10.41 

11.43 

12.45 

H  1276.4 

1300.4 

1324.3 

1372.2 

1420.0 

N  1.7603 

1.7849 

I.  8081 

1.8511 

1.8908 

80 

312.0 

V  7-17 

7.56 

7-95 

8.72 

9  49 

H  1283.6 

1307.8 

I33I-9 

1379  8 

1427.9 

N  1.7368 

i  .  7612 

I  .  7840 

1.8265 

1.8658 

ICO 

327.8 

V  5.80 

6.12 

6.44 

7-07 

7-69 

H  1289.4 

1313-6 

1337.8 

1385.9 

I434-I 

N  1.7188 

1.7428 

1.7656 

1.8079 

1.8468 

1  20 

34L3 

V  4.89 

5-17 

5-44 

5-96 

6.48 

H  1294.1 

1318.4 

1342.7 

I39I.O 

1439-4 

N  1.7041 

1.7280 

1.7505 

1.7924 

1.8311 

140 

353-1 

V  4-24 

4.48 

4-71 

5.16 

5.6i 

H  1298.2 

1322.6 

1346.9 

1395-4 

1443-8 

N  1.6916 

1.7152 

1.7376 

1.7792 

1.8177 

-160 

363.6 

V  3-74 

3-95 

4-15 

4.56 

4-95 

H  1301.7 

1326.2 

1350.6 

1399-3 

1447-9 

N  1.6810 

1.7043 

1.7266 

1.7680 

1.8063 

180 

373-1 

V  3.35 

3-54 

3-72 

4-09 

4-44 

H  1304.8 

1329.5 

1353-9 

1402.7 

I45I-4 

N  1.6716 

1.6948 

1.7169 

I.758I 

1.7962 

200 

381.9 

V  3.04 

3.21 

3-38 

3-71 

4-03 

H  1307.7 

1332.4 

1357-0 

1405.9 

1454-7 

N  1.6632 

1.6862 

1.7082 

1.7493 

1.7872 

220 

389.9 

V  2.78 

2.94 

3.10 

3-40 

3-69 

H  1310.3 

I335-I 

1359-8 

1408.8 

1457-7 

N  1.6558 

1.6787 

1.7005 

I.74I5 

1.7792 

240 

397-4 

F  2.57 

2.71 

2.85 

3-13 

3-40 

H  1312.8 

1337-6 

1362.3 

I4II.5 

1460.5 

AT"  1.6492 

I  .  6720 

1.6937 

1.7344 

I.772I 

260 

404.5 

V  2.39 

2.52 

2.65 

2.91 

3-i6 

#  1315.1 

1340.0 

1364.7 

1414.0 

1463.2 

AT  1.6430 

1.6658 

1.6874 

1.7280 

1.7655 

280 

411.2 

F   2.22 

2.35 

2.48 

2.72 

2.95 

H  1317-2 

1342.2 

1367.0 

1416.4 

1465.7 

A7  1.6375 

1.6603 

i.  6818 

1.7223 

1-7597 

300 

417.5 

V  2.09 

2.21 

2-33 

2.55 

2.77 

#  1319.3 

1344-3 

1369.2 

1418.6 

1468.0 

N  1.6323 

1.6550 

1.6765 

1.7168 

I.754I 

400 

444-8 

F  i.  60 

1.70 

1.79 

i  97 

2.14 

H  1328.6 

1353-9 

I379-I 

1429.0 

1478.9 

AT  1.6117 

1.6342 

1.6554 

1.6955 

1.7323 

500 

467.3 

F  i.  31 

1.39 

1.47 

1.62 

1.76 

H  1337 

1362 

1388 

1438 

1489 

N  1.597 

1.619 

1.640 

1.679 

I.7I5 

Flow  of  Steam  341 


FLOW  OF  STEAM 

Flow  of  Steam  from  Orifices.  The  flow  of  steam  of  a  higher 
pressure  toward  a  lower  pressure  increases  as  the  difference  of  pressure 
is  increased,  until  the  external  pressure  becomes  only  58  per  cent  of  the 
absolute  initial  pressure.  Any  further  reduction  of  the  external  pres- 
sure, even  to  the  extent  of  a  perfect  vacuum,  neither  increases  nor  dimin- 
ishes the  flow  of  steam.  In  flowing  through  a  nozzle  of  the  best  form, 
the  steam  expands  to  the  external  pressure  and  to  the  volume  corre- 
sponding to  this  pressure,  so  long  as  it  is  not  less  than  58  per  cent  of  the 
internal  pressure.  For  an  external  pressure  of  58  per  cent  or  less,  the 
ratio  of  expansion  is  1.624. 

The  following  formula  is  frequently  used  to  determine  the  flow  of 
steam  through  an  orifice  against  a  pressure  greater  than  58  per  cent 
of  the  discharge: 


W=i.gAK\/(P-d)d, 
where 

W  =  weight  discharged  in  pounds  per  minute; 

A  =  area  of  orifice  in  square  inches; 

P  =  absolute  initial  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

d  =  difference  in  pressure  between  the  two  sides,  in  pounds  per 

square  inch; 
K  =  coefficient  =  .93  for  a  short  pipe  =  .63  for  a  hole  in  a  thin  plate. 

Flow  of  Steam  into  the  Atmosphere.  When  steam  of  varying 
initial  pressure  is  discharged  into  the  atmosphere  —  the  atmospheric 
pressure  being  not  more  than  58  per  cent  of  the  initial  pressure  —  the 
velocity  of  outflow  at  constant  density,  that  is,  supposing  the  initial 
density  to  be  maintained,  is  given  by  the  formula, 

V  =  3-5953  V^A, 

where  V  =  the  velocity  of  outflow  in  feet  per  second,  as  for  steam  of  the 
initial  density,  and  h  =  the  height  in  feet,  of  a  column  of  steam  of  the 
given  initial  pressure,  the  weight  of  which  is  equal  to  the  pressure  on 
the  unit  of  base. 

The  lowest  initial  pressure  to  which  this  formula  applies,  when  steam 
is  discharged  into  the  atmosphere,  is  25.37  pounds  per  square  inch. 

The  following  table  gives  the  outflow  of  steam  into  the  atmosphere 
for  various  internal  pressures.  The  velocity  of  steam  above  25.37  pounds 
per  square  inch  absolute  pressure,  increases  very  slowly  with  the  pres- 
sure, because  the  density,  and  the  weight  to  be  moved,  increase  with  the 
pressure.  An  average  of  900  feet  per  second  may,  for  approximate  cal- 
culations, be  taken  for  the  velocity  of  outflow  as  for  constant  density, 
that  is,  taking  the  volume  of  the  steam  at  the  initial  volume. 


342 


Flow  of  Steam 


Outflow  of  Steam  into  the  Atmosphere 

(D.  K.  Clark.) 


Initial 
pressure, 
pounds  per 
square  inch 
absolute 

External 
pressure, 
pounds  per 
square  inch 
absolute 

Expansion 
in  nozzle, 
ratio 

Velocity  of 
outflow  at 
constant 
density, 
feet  per 
second 

Actual 
velocity  of 
outflow 
expanded, 
feet  per 
second 

Discharge, 
pounds 
per  square 
inch  per 
minute 

25-37 

14.7 

.624 

863 

1401 

22.81 

30 

14.7 

.624 

867 

1408     . 

26.84 

40 

14-7 

.624 

874 

1419 

35-18 

45 

14.7 

.624 

877 

1424 

39.78 

50 

14-7 

.624 

880 

1429 

44-06 

60 

14.7 

.624 

885 

1437 

52.59 

70 

14-7 

.624 

889 

1444 

61.07 

75 

14-7 

.624 

891 

1447 

65.30 

90 

14-7 

.624 

895 

1454 

77-94 

100 

14-7 

.624 

898 

1459 

86.34 

US 

14-7 

.624 

902 

1466 

98.76 

135 

14-7 

.624 

906 

1472 

115.61 

155 

14.7 

.624 

910 

1478 

132.21 

165 

14-7 

.624 

912 

1481 

140.46 

215 

14  7 

.624 

919 

1493 

181.58 

Napier's  approximate  formula  for  the  outflow  of  steam  into  the  atmos- 
phere, when  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  receiving  the  steam  is  less 
than  58  per  cent  of  the  initial  pressure,  is  W  =  ap  -r  70,  where  W  is 
weight  discharged,  in  pounds  per  second,  a  =  area  of  orifice  in  square 
inches,  and  p  =  absolute  initial  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Flow  of  Steam  in  Pipes.  The  most  generally  accepted  formula 
for  the  flow  of  steam  in  pipes  is 


w(pi  — 


Pi-l 


--  0.000132 


/       3.6\TF2L 

I+-T      —  F 

\        d  j  wdb 


where  W 
Pi 


weight  of  steam  in  pounds  per  minute; 

initial  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 
pz  =  final  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 
L  =  length  of  pipe  in  feet; 
d  =  inside  diameter  of  pipe  in  inches; 
w  =  density  of  steam  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot. 

The  quantity  of  steam  flowing  with  a  given  drop  in  pressure  may  be 
calculated  by  formula  (i),  while  the  drop  for  a  given  flow  may  be 
obtained  from  formula  (2).  The  following  table  computed  by  E.  C. 
Sickles  (Trans.  A.  S.  M.  E.,  XX,  354)  is  calculated  by  a  .formula  which, 


Flow  of  Steam  in  Pipes                            343 

when  reduced  to  a  form  similar  to  that  of  formula  (i),  gives  a  coefficient 

87.45  instead  of  87. 

Table  I  gives  the  discharge  in  pounds  per  minute  for  pipes  of  various 

diameters  corresponding  to  drops  of  pressure  as  given  in  Table  II. 

The  drops  of  pressure  are  computed  for  a  length  of  i  ooo  feet;  for  any 

other  length  the  drop  is  proportional  to  the  length  divided  by  1000. 

In  using  the  table  the  absolute  pressure  should  be  taken  as  the  mean 

of  the  initial  and  final  pressures  in  computing  the  carrying  capacity. 

Table  I.  —  Steam  in  Pounds  per  Minute,  Corresponding  to  Drop  in 

Pressure  in  Table  II. 

Diam- 
eter 

24 

22 

20 

18 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

II 

10 

Line 

i 

14  ooo 

ii  188 

8772 

6678 

4923 

4163 

348i 

2871 

2328 

1853 

1443 

2 

13  ooo 

10392 

8144 

6203 

4573 

3867 

3233 

2667 

2165 

1721 

1341 

3 

12  000 

9593 

7517 

5724 

4220 

3569 

2983 

2461 

1996 

1589 

1237 

4 

II  000 

8804 

6891 

5247 

3868 

3271 

2736 

2256 

1830 

1456 

"34 

5 

IOOOO 

7992 

6265 

4770 

3517 

2974 

2486 

2051 

1663 

1324 

1031 

6 

9500 

7705 

5947 

4532 

3341 

2825 

2362 

1940 

1580 

1258 

979 

7 

9  ooo 

7205 

5638 

4293 

3165 

2676 

2237 

1846 

1497 

1192 

928 

8 

8500 

6905 

5321 

4054 

2989 

2527 

2113 

1743 

1414 

1125 

876 

9 

8000 

6506 

5012 

3816 

2814 

2379 

1989 

1640 

1331 

1059 

825 

10 

7500 

6106 

4695 

3577 

2638 

2230 

1865 

1538 

1248 

993 

773 

ii 

7  ooo 

5707 

4385 

3339 

2462 

2082 

1740 

1435 

Il64 

927 

722 

12 

6  500 

5307 

4069 

3100 

2286 

1933 

1616 

1333 

1081 

860 

670 

13 

6000 

4908 

3758 

2862 

21  10 

1784 

1492 

I23C 

998 

794 

619 

14 

55oo 

4508 

3443 

2623 

1934 

1635 

1368 

1128 

915 

728 

567 

IS 

5  ooo 

4  108 

3132 

2385 

1758 

1487 

1243 

1025 

832 

662 

5i6 

TV 

Uiam- 
eter 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3* 

3 

2* 

2 

I* 

I 

Line 

i 

1093 

799 

560 

371 

227 

123 

71.6 

55-9 

28.8 

8.1 

6.81 

2.52 

2 

1015 

742 

521 

344 

210 

114.6 

68.6 

51-9 

27.6 

6.8 

6.52 

2.34 

3 

937 

685 

481 

318 

194 

106.0 

65.6 

47-9 

26.4 

5-5 

6.24 

.16 

4 

859 

628 

441 

292 

178 

97-0 

62.7 

43-9 

25.2 

4.2 

5-95 

•  98 

5 

781 

571 

401 

265 

162 

88.2 

59-7 

39-9 

24.0 

2.9 

5.67 

.80 

6 

742 

542 

381 

252 

154 

83.8 

56.5 

37-9 

22.8 

2.3 

5-29 

•  71 

7 

703 

514 

36i 

239 

146 

79-4 

53-5 

35-9 

21.6 

1.6 

5-00 

.62 

8 

664 

485 

34i 

226 

138 

75-0 

50.5 

33-9 

20.4 

0.9 

4-72 

•  53 

9 

625 

457 

321 

212 

130 

70.6 

47-6 

31-9 

19.2 

10.3 

4-43 

•  44 

10 

586 

428 

301 

199 

122 

66.2 

44-5 

29-9 

18.0 

9.68 

4-15 

.35 

ii 

547 

400 

281 

186 

H3 

61.7 

41.6 

27.9 

16.8 

9-03 

3-86 

.26 

12 

508 

371 

261 

172 

105 

57-3 

38.6 

25-9 

15.6 

8.38 

3.68 

.17 

13 

469 

343 

241 

159 

97-2 

52.9 

35-6 

23-9 

14.4 

7-74 

3.40 

.08 

14 

430 

314 

221 

146 

89.1 

48.5 

32.6 

21.9 

13.2 

7.10 

3-  II 

•  99 

15 

390 

286 

200 

132 

81.0 

44-1 

29.6 

20.  0 

12.  0 

6.45 

2.83 

.90 

344                                  Flow  of  Steam 

Table  II.  —  Drop  in  Pressure  in  Pounds  per  Square  Inch,  per  1000  Feet 

Length,  Corresponding  to  Discharge  in  Table  : 

[ 

Density 

0.208 

0.230 

0.273 

0.295 

0.316 

0.338 

0.401 

0.443 

0.485 

0.548 

Pres-  ) 
sure  \ 

90 

100 

1  20 

130 

140 

150 

180 

200 

220 

250 

Line 

i 

18.1 

16.4 

13-8 

12.8 

II.  9 

ii.  i 

9-39 

8.50 

7-76 

6.87 

2 

15.6 

14.1 

II.  9 

II.  0 

10.3 

9.60 

8.09 

7-33 

6.69 

5-92 

3 

13-3 

12.0 

IO.I 

9.38 

8.75 

8.18 

6.90 

6.24 

5-70 

5.05 

4 

ii.  i 

IO.O 

8.46 

7.83 

7-31 

6.83 

5.76 

5-21 

4.76 

4.21 

5 

9-25 

8.36 

7-5 

6.52 

6.09 

5.69 

4.80 

4-34 

3-97 

3-51 

6 

8.33 

7.53 

6.35 

5.87 

5.48 

5.13 

4-32 

3-91 

3-57 

3.16 

7 

7.48 

6.76 

5-70 

5-27 

4-92 

4.60 

3-88 

3-51 

3-21 

2.84 

8 

6.67 

6.03 

5-08 

4-70 

4-39 

4.10 

3.46 

3-13 

2.86 

2.53 

9 

5-91 

5.35 

4-50 

4-17 

3.89 

3.64 

3-07 

2.78 

2.53 

2.24 

10 

5-19 

4.69 

3-95 

3-66 

3-42 

3.i9 

2.69 

2.44 

2.23 

-97 

ii 

4-52 

4.09 

3-44 

3-19 

2.98 

2.78 

2.34 

2.12 

1-94 

.72 

12 

3-90 

3.53 

2.97 

2.75 

2.57 

2.40 

2.  02 

1.83 

1.67 

•  48 

13 

3-32 

3.00 

2.53 

2.34 

2.19 

2.04 

1.72 

1.56 

1.42 

.26 

14 

2.79 

2.52 

2.13 

1.97 

1.84 

1.72 

1.45 

1.31 

1.20 

.06 

15 

2.31 

2.09 

1.76 

1.63 

1.52 

1.42 

1.20 

1.08 

0.991 

0.877 

Density  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot.     Pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  absolute. 

Examples  in  the  Use  of  the  Table.     Suppose  it  is  required  to  find  the 

discharge  from  a  5-inch  pipe  line,  steam  pressure  being  120  pounds  per 

square  inch  absolute,  and  the  loss  in  pressure  being  4.5  pounds  per  1000 

feet  length.     In  Table  II  we  find  the  drop  4.5  under  120  pounds  pres- 

sure to  be  in  line  9.     In  Table  I  in  line  9  under  s-inch  diameter  we  find 

the  discharge  to  be  130  pounds  per  minute. 

Or,  suppose  it  is  required  to  find  the  size  of  pipe  to  carry 

1000  paunds 

of  steam  per  minute,  mean  absolute  pressure  being  130  pounds  and  the 

drop  in  pressure  being  assumed  as  ii  pounds.     In  Table 

II  the  drop 

ii  under  130  pounds  pressure  is  in  line  2.     In  Table  I  in  line  2  the  tabu- 

lar quantity  which  corresponds  nearest  to  1000  is  in  the  9-inch  column. 

A  9-inch  line  will,  therefore,  be  required. 

Kent  modifies  Darcy's  Formula  for  flow  of  water  to  make  it  apply 

to  steam,  and  gives  for  the  flow, 

/(Pi  -  pt)d* 

Q-C\         wL 

W=c\/ 

'w(pi-p^ 

L 

where         Q  =  volume  of  steam  in  cubic  feet  per  minute; 

W  =  weight  of  steam  in  pounds  per  minute; 

pij=  initial  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

p2  =  final  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 

L  =  length  of  pipe  in  feet; 

d=  inside  diameter  of  pipe  in  inches; 

w  =  density  of  steam  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot; 

c  =  coefficient,  depending  on  the  diameter  of  the  pipe. 

Flow  of  Steam  in  Low-Pressure  Heating  Lines         345 

The 

Nomin 
Value 

Nomin 
Value 

Nomin 
Value 

Flo 

table 
Darcy 
Thed 
which 

Flow  < 

values  of  c  are  as  fo 

al  diameter,  inches     Vsi 
oic  36.  £ 

lows: 

% 

42 

4 
57-8 

12 
62.1 

-pressi 
.  V.  E., 

water  i 
ed  is  i 
may  b 

sure  in 
1  per  10 

3 
3     56.2 

9 
3     61.3 

24 

2      63.2 

Allowing 
ation  of 
i  above, 
sis  from 

m  Drop 

36 

45-3       48         50       52.7     54- 

4^2         5           6           7           8 
58.3     58-7     59-5     60.2     60. 

14         16         18         20         22 
62.3     62.6     62.7     62.9     63. 

ire  Heating  Lines.     The  f 

1907)  is  based  on  his  adapt 
to  the  flow  of  steam  as  giver 
pound  per  1000  feet,  as  a  ba 
e  calculated. 

Pounds  per  Hour  f8r  a  Unifoi 
oo  Feet  Length  of  Straight  Pi] 

al  diameter,  inches  3% 
of  c                .  .        .  57  i 

al  diameter,  inches    10 
of  c  61  .; 

w  of  Steam  in  Low 

by  W.  Kent  (A.  S.  H 
's  formula  for  flow  of 
rop  in  pressure  assum 
the  flow  at  any  drop 

rf  Steam  at  Low  Pres 
at  the  Rate  of  i  Pounc 

Nominal  diam- 
eter of  pipe 

Initial  steam  pressure,  pounds  (gage) 

0.3 

1.3 

2.3 

3-3 

4-3 

5-3 

6.3 

8.3 

10.3 

Flow  of  steam,  pounds  per  hour 

Ins. 
% 

% 
i 
i% 

i% 

2 
2% 

3 

3V2 

4 
4% 
5 

6 

8 
9 

10 
12 

4-9 
II.  3 

22.3 

46.9 

71.9 
141.5 

229.2 

404.7 

591.8 
822.0 

IIOO. 

1467. 

2356. 
3440. 
4783. 
6396. 

8562. 
13542. 

5.1 
n.  8 
23.2 
49-0 

75-0 
147-7 
239-2 
422.4 

618.0 
857.4 
1148. 
I53L 

2459. 
3590. 
4991. 
6678. 

8940. 
I4I36. 

5-3 
12.3 
24.2 
50.9 

78.0 
153-6 
248.8 
439-3 

642.6 
891.6 
1193. 
1592. 

2557. 
3733. 
5I9L 
6942. 

9294. 
14700. 

9-7 
19.0 
40.1 

61.4 

120.8 

195.7 

345-5 

505.3 
701.4 
938.7 
1252. 

2OII. 
2936. 
4082. 
54,62. 

7314. 
H550. 

10.  0 

19.6 
41-3 

63.2 
124-5 

201.8 

356.1 

520.8 
723.0 
967.6 
1291. 

2074. 
3027. 
4208. 
5630. 

7536. 
11916. 

10.3 

20.  2 
42.5 

65.1 
128.2 
207-5 
366.5 

535-9 
744-0 
995-8 
1328. 

2134- 
3H5. 
4331. 
5794- 

7758. 
12264. 

10.5 

20.7 
43-7 

66.8 
131.6 
213.2 
376.4 

550.5 
764.4 
1023. 
1364. 

2192. 
3I99- 
4448. 
5951. 

7968. 
12594- 

10.8 

21.2 

44-8 

68.6 
135.0 
218.7 
386.1 

564.7 
784.2 
1049. 
1399- 

2248. 
3281. 
4564. 
6102 

8172. 
12918. 

II.  O 

21.7 
45-9 

70.3 
138.3 
224.0 
395-5 

578.5 
803.4 
1075- 
1433. 

2303. 
3362 
4674. 
6252. 

8370. 
13236. 

For  any  other  drop  of  pressure  per  1000  feet  length,   multiply  the 
figures  in  the  table  by  the  square  root  of  that  drop. 
Kent  says,  "In  all  cases  the  judgment  of  the  engineer  must  be  used 
in  the  assumption  of  the  drop  to  be  allowed.     For  small  distributing 
pipes  it  will  generally  be  desirable  to  assume  a  drop  of  not  more  than 

346  Resistance  to  Flow  of  Steam 


one  pound  per  1000  feet  to  insure  that  each  single  radiator  shall  always 
have  an  ample  supply  for  the  worst  conditions,  and  in  that  case  the  size 
of  piping  given  in  the  table  up  to  two  inches  may  be  used;  but  for 
main  pipes  supplying  totals  of  more  than  500  square  feet,  greater  drops 
may  be  allowed. " 

Resistance  Due  to  Entrance,  Bends  and  Valves.  Mr.  Briggs 
states,  in  "Warming  Buildings  by  Steam,"  that  the  resistance  at  the 

entrance  to  a  pipe  consists  of  two  parts,  namely,  the  head  —  which 

2  g 

is  necessary  to  create  the  velocity  of  flow,  and  the  head  0.505  — ,  which 

overcomes  the  resistance  to  entrance  offered  by  the  mouth  of  the  pipe. 
The  total  loss  of  head  at  entrance  then  equals  the  sum  of  these,  or 

1-505  — ,  in  which  v  =  velocity  of  flow  of  steam  in  the  pipe,  in  feet  per 

2  g  • 

second,  and  g  =  acceleration  due  to  gravity,  or  32.2. 

The  Babcock  &  Wilcox  Co.  state  in  "Steam"  that  the  resistance  at 
the  opening,  and  that  at  a  globe  valve,  are  each  about  the  same  as  that 
caused  by  an  additional  length  of  straight  pipe,  as  computed  by  the 
formula, 

n4D 
LI  =  — 

where  L  is  the  additional  length  of  pipe  in  inches  and  D  is  the  diameter 
of  pipe  in  inches.  From  this  formula  has  been  computed  the  following 
table: 

D  in  inches i       iVz     2          iVz     3         3^     456 

L  in  feet 2       4         7         10       13       16       20       28       36 

D  in  inches 7       8       10       12       15       18       20       22       24 

Lin  feet 44     53       70      88     115     143     162     181     200 

The  resistance  to  flow  at  a  right-angled  elbow  is  about  equal  to 
%  that  of  a  globe  valve. 

The  above  values  are  to  be  considered  as  being  only  approximations 
to  the  truth. 

Expansion  of  Steam  Pipes.  The  linear  expansion  and  contraction 
of  a  pipe  carrying  steam,  with  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  temperature, 
must  be  taken  care  of  by  the  use  of  some  form  of  expansion  joint  or 
bend.  To  find  the  total  expansion  due  to  an  increase  in  temperature, 
multiply  the  length  of  pipe  in  inches  by  the  coefficient  of  expansion 
and  by  the  temperature  range. 

The-expansion  for  each  100  feet  of  length  for  different  degrees  Fahren- 
heit is  given  in  the  following  table,  which  is  taken  from  the  Practical 
Engineer,  January,  1911.  The  expansion  for  any  length  between  two 
temperatures  is  found  by  taking  the  difference  in  length  at  these  tem- 
peratures, dividing  by  100  and  multiplying  by  the  length  of  the  pipe 
in  feet. 


Expansion  of  Steam  Pipes 


347 


Expansion  of  Pipes 

(Increase  in  inches  per  100  feet.) 


Temperature, 
degrees 
Fahrenheit 

Cast  iron 

Wrought  iron 

Steel 

Brass  and 
copper 

0 

0.00 

o.oo 

.00 

0.00 

5o 

0.36 

0.40 

-38 

0.57 

TOO 

0.72 

0.79 

.76 

1.14 

125 

0.88 

0-97 

92 

1.40 

ISO 

I.  10 

1.  21 

•  15 

1-75 

175 

1.28 

1.41 

•  34 

2.04 

2OO 

1.50 

1.65 

•  57 

2.38 

225 

1.70 

1.87 

•  78 

2.70 

250 

1.90 

2.09 

•  99 

3.02 

275 

2.15 

2.36 

.26 

3-42 

300 

2.35 

2.58 

•  47 

3-74 

325 

2.60 

2.86 

2.73 

4-13 

350 

2.80 

3-08 

2.94 

4-45 

375 

3.15 

3.46 

3-31 

5.01 

400 

3-30 

3-63 

3.46 

5-24 

425 

3-68 

4-05 

3-86 

5-85 

450 

3.89 

4.28 

4.08 

6.18 

475 

4.20 

4.62 

4-41 

6.68 

500 

4-45 

4.90 

4.67 

7.06 

525 

4-75 

5.22 

4-99 

7-55 

550 

5-05 

5-55 

5-30 

8.03 

575 

5.36 

5-90 

5.63 

8.52 

600 

5-70 

6.26 

5.98 

9.06 

625 

6.05 

6.65 

6.35 

9.62 

650 

6.40 

7-05 

6.71 

10.18 

675 

6.78 

7.46 

7.12 

10.78 

700 

7-15 

7.86 

7-50 

H.37 

725 

7.58 

8.33 

7.96 

12.06 

75o 

7.96 

8.75 

8.36 

12.66 

775 

8.42 

9.26 

8.84 

13.38 

800 

8.87 

9.76 

9-31 

14.10 

Sizes  of  Steam  Pipes  for  Engines.  A  common  rule  is  that  steam 
pipes  supplying  stationary  engines  should  be  of  such  size  that  the  mean 
velocity  of  steam  in  them  does  not  exceed  6000  feet  per  minute,  in  order 
that  the  loss  due  to  friction  may  not  be  excessive.  There  are  many- 
cases  where  this  rule  gives  unnecessarily  large  pipes,  and  the  velocity 
could  be  increased  with  advantage.  The  larger  the  pipe,  the  greater 
the  surface,  and  the  greater  the  amount  of  condensation.  For  large 
engines  and  high  pressures  it  is  best  to  assume  the  drop  in  pressure  and 
calculate  the  diameter  from- the  formulae  given  above,  or  obtain  it  from 
the  tables.  In  marine  work  the  steam  pipes  are  generally  not  as  large 
as  in  stationary  practice  for  the  same  sizes  of  cylinders,  a  velocity  of 
9000  feet  per  minute  being  often  used.  In  proportioning  exhaust  pipes 


348  Loss  of  Heat  from  Steam  Pipes 


the  velocity  should  not  exceed  4000  feet  per  minute  for  stationary  engines, 
nor  6000  feet  for  marine  engines. 

Having  assumed  a  velocity  of  flow  in  the  pipe  supplying  steam  to  the 
engine,  the  size  of  pipe  required  is  such  that  its  area  is  given  by  the 
formula, 

Cylinder  Area  x  Piston  Speed 
Mean  Velocity  of  Steam  in  Pipe 

Or  since  the  areas  are  proportional  to  the  squares  of  their  diameters, 


/(Cylinder  Diame 
y        Mean  Velocit; 


/(Cylinder  Diameter)2  x  Piston  Speed 

Pipe  Diameter  =4  / 

**— i  Velocity  of  Steam  in  Pipe 


This  assumes  that  steam  is  admitted  during  full  stroke. 


LOSS  OF  HEAT  FROM  STEAM  PIPES 

Loss  of  Heat  from  Bare  Steam  Pipes.  A  bare  pipe  carrying 
steam  and  made  of  steel,  iron  or  other  conducting  material,  loses  heat  by 
convection  to  the  surrounding  air  and  by  radiation  to  the  surrounding 
objects,  both  of  which  cause  a  loss  of  steam  by  condensation. 

For  bare  steam  pipes  this  loss  may  be  taken  as  2.7  B.T.U.  per  hour 
per  square  foot  of  surface  per  degree  Fahrenheit  difference  between 
the  temperatures  of  the  steam  and  the  outside  air.  Thus,  if  the  pres- 
sure of  the  steam  is  120  pounds  absolute,  the  corresponding  tempera- 
ture being  341°,  and  the  temperature  of  the  air  60°,  then  the  loss  per 
hour  per  foot  length  from  a  4-inch  steam  pipe,  the  external  surface  of 
which  is  1.178  square  feet  per  foot  of  length,  will  be  1.178  x  (341  —  60)  x 
2.7  =  894  B.T.U. 

Condensation  in  Bare  Steam  Pipes.  The  corresponding  conden- 
sation can  be  found  by  dividing  this  heat  quantity  by  the  latent  heat  of 
steam  at  the  given  pressure.  In  the  example  given  above,  the  latent 
heat  of  steam  at  120  pounds  pressure,  absolute,  is  877.2  B.T.U.  There- 
fore the  condensation  per  hour  per  foot  length  of  pipe  is  8944-  877.2  = 
i. 02  pounds. 

Steam  Pipe  Coverings.  This  loss  is  lessened  in  practice  by  cover- 
ing the  steam  pipe  with  a  material  that  will  offer  a  greater  resistance 
to  the  flow  of  heat  than  that  offered  by  the  material  of  the  pipe.  A  good 
material  for  this  purpose  should  not  suffer  serious  deterioration  from 
the  heat  or  vibration  to  which  it  would  be  subjected  in  practice;  and 
in  all  cases  where  damage  from  fire  might  result,  it  should  never  consist 
of  combustible  matter.  Any  covering  should  be  kept  perfectly  dry, 
as  still  water  is  an  excellent  carrier  of  heat. 

The  best  insulating  substance  known  is  .air  confined  in  minute  cells, 
and  the  best  nonconducting  coverings  owe  their  efficiency  to  the  numer- 
ous air  cells  in  their  structure.  In  general  the  value  of  a  covering  is 
inversely  proportional  to  its  weight,  and  other  things  being  equal,  the 


Steam  Pipe  Coverings 


349 


incombustible  mineral  substances  are  to  be  preferred  to  combustible 
material.  No  covering  should  be  less  than  one  inch  in  thickness. 

Hair  or  wool  felt  and  most  of  the  better  nonconducting  materials 
have  the  disadvantage  of  becoming  charred  at  high  temperature  and 
partly  losing  their  insulating  power.  There  is  also  the  danger  of  taking 
fire.  Mineral  wool,  a  fibrous  material  made  from  blast  furnace  slag, 
is  the  best  noncombustible  covering,  but  being  brittle  it  is  liable  to  fall 
to  a  powder  when  subjected  to  jarring. 

Pipe  covering  may  be  sectional,  or  plastic.  The  former  is  built  up 
in  sections  and  attached  to  the  pipe  by  bands,  which  allow  easy  removal 
of  the  covering.  The  latter  is  put  on  in  a  soft,  plastic  condition,  and  is 
hardened  in  place;  it  obviates  joints  and  adheres  closely  to  the  pipe. 

The  following  table,  taken  from  the  various  sources  noted,  gives  the 
results  of  experiments  on  steam  pipe  coverings.  In  almost  all  cases 
the  figures  given  are  the  averages  of  a  number  of  tests. 

Steam  Pipe  Coverings 


Number  | 

Kind  of  covering 

Size 
of 
pipe, 
ins. 

Thick- 
ness of 
cover- 

•  n£  • 

i  ches 

B.T.U.  per 
square  foot 
per  hour  per 
degree  differ- 
ence of 
temperature 

Per 
cent 
heat 
lost 

Authority 

i 

Bare  pipe 

2.7 

IOO 

? 

Mineral  wool           .   .  . 

8 

.30 

0.285 

10.6 

Brill 

3 

Rock  wool  

8 

.60 

0.256 

9-5 

Brill 

4 

Hair  felt... 

2 

.96 

0.387 

14.3 

Jacobus 

5 

Hair  felt 

8 

82 

0.422 

15.6 

Brill 

6 

Remanit  

2 

•  51 

0.302 

II.  2 

Stott 

7 

Remanit 

2 

.30 

0.363 

13.4 

Jacobus 

8 

Remanit  

2 

.88 

0.434 

16.1 

Jacobus 

9 

Solid  cork  .  . 

2 

.68 

0.348 

12.9 

Stott 

0 

Solid  cork  

2 

.20 

0.427 

15.8 

Stott 

T 

Magnesia  

2 

.41 

0.302 

II.  2 

Stott 

2 

Magnesia 

IO 

37 

0.354 

I3.I 

Barrus 

^ 

Magnesia  

8 

.25 

0.384 

14.2 

Brill 

4 

Magnesia 

2 

.16 

0.439 

16.3 

Stott 

$ 

Magnesia  

4 

.12 

0.465 

17.2 

Norton 

T6 

Magnesia 

2 

.08 

0.304 

II.  3 

Jacobus 

17 

Magnesia 

2 

08 

o  531 

19.7 

Barrus 

18 
19 

20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 

26 
27 

28 

29 

30 
31 

V 

Asbestos  sponge  felted. 
Asbestos  sponge  felted. 
Asbestos  sponge  felted. 
Asbestos  sponge  felted. 
Manville  sectional  .... 
Manville  sectional  
Manville  sectional  .... 
Asbestos  air  cell  
Asbestos  air  cell  
Asbestos  air  cell  
Asbestos  air  cell  
Asbestos  fire  felt  
Asbestos  fire  felt  
Asbestos  fire  felt  
Fossil  meal 

2 

10 
2 
2 
8 
4 
2 
2 

4 

2 
2 

8 

2 

2 

8 

'I4 
-63 
.21 
.24 
.70 
.25 
•  31 
.26 
.12 
-96 
.02 
•  30 
.OO 
•  99 
•  75 

0.260 
0.280 
0.490 
0.532 
0.350 
0.453 
0.572 
0.486 
0.525 
0.716 
0.793 
0.502 
0.721 
0.766 
0.879 

9-6 
10.4 
18.1 
19.7 
13.0 
16.8 

21.2 

18.0 

19.4 
26.5 
29.4 

18.6 
26.7 
28.4 
32.6 

Jacobus 
Barrus 
Barrus 
Stott 
Brill 
Norton 
Paulding 
Stott 
Norton 
Jacobus 
Barrus 
Brill 
Paulding 
Jacobus 
Brill 

13 

Riley  cement 

8 

75 

O.953 

35-3 

Brill 

350  Steam  Pipe  Coverings 


A  brief  description  of  some  of  these  coverings  is  given  below: 

No.  4.  A  layer  of  asbestos  paper  Vs2  inch  thick  next  to  the  pipe, 
then  the  hair  felt,  then  a  layer  of  paper,  and  outside  of  all  a  canvas 
covering. 

No.  5.  The  hair  felt  was  bound  tightly  around  the  pipe,  with  no  can- 
vas covering;  it  had  a  layer  of  asbestos  paper  under  it. 

No.  6.  A  covering  composed  of  two  layers  wound  in  reverse  direction 
with  ropes  of  carbonized  silk;  the  inner  layer  2^  inches  wide  and  Vz  inch 
thick;  the  outer  layer  2  inches  wide  and  %  inch  thick,  over  which  was 
wound  a  network  of  wire;  Vs  inch  asbestos  next  to  pipe. 

No.  7.   A  grade  known  as  high- pressure  remanit;  encased  in  canvas. 

No.  8.  A  grade  known  as  intermediate-pressure  remanit;  encased  in 
canvas. 

Nos.  9  and  10.  Solid  sectional  covering  of  granulated  cork  with 
%-inch  asbestos  paper  next  to  pipe. 

No.  ii.  85  per  cent  carbonate  of  magnesia.  Average  of  a  number  of 
tests  of  moulded  sectionals,  thickness  of  covering  ranging  from  2.20  to 
2.71  inches. 

No.  12.  Carbonate  of  magnesia  with  some  asbestos  fiber;  outside 
finished  with  canvas. 

No.  14.  Average  of  tests,  thickness  of  covering  ranging  from  1.12  to 
1.19  inches. 

No.  15.  Moulded  sectional  covering  composed  of  about  90  per  cent 
carbonate  of  magnesia. 

No.  17.   Similar,  except  in  thickness,  to  No.  12. 

Nos.  1 8,  19,  20  and  21.  Laminated  sectional,  composed  of  a  number 
of  layers  of  asbestos  paper  in  which  were  imbedded  small  pieces  of 
sponge. 

No.  23.  A  sectional  covering  composed  of  an  inner  layer  of  earthy 
material  covered  by  a  layer  of  wool  felt. 

No.  25.  Laminated  sectional  with  ^-inch  asbestos  paper  next  to 
pipe. 

No.  26.  Made  of  thin  sheets  of  corrugated  asbestos  paper,  stuck 
together  with  silicate  of  soda. 

Nos.  27  and  28.     Similar  to  No.  26. 

Nos.  32  and  33.     Mixed  with  water  and  plastered  on  the  pipe. 


Air  351 


AIR 

Properties 

PAGE 

Composition 352 

Weight 352 

Pressure,  Volume  and  Temperature 352 

Pressure  of  the  Atmosphere 352 

Specific  Heat  of  Air 355 

Adiabatic  Expansion  and  Compression 355 

Work  of  Adiabatic  Compression  of  Air .- 356 

Isothermal  Expansion  and  Compression 356 

Work  of  Isothermal  Compression  of  Air 356 

Flow  of  Air 

Flow  of  Air  under  Pressure  from  Orifices  into  the  Atmosphere.  . .  357 

Velocity  of  Efflux  of  Compressed  Air 357 

Discharge  of  Air  through  an  Orifice 35& 

Flow  of  Air  in  Pipes 359 

Loss  of  Pressure  in  Pipes 359 

Flow  of  Compressed  Air  in  Pipes 360 

Loss  of  Pressure  in  Compressed  Air  Transmission , 360 

Effect  of  Bends  and  Fittings 364 


352 


Properties  of  Air 


PEOPERTIES   OF  AIE 

Air  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  the  gases  oxygen  and  nitrogen  with  a 
small  amount  of  argon.  By  volume  its  composition  is  78  per  cent 
nitrogen,  21  per  cent  oxygen  and  i  per  cent  argon.  Atmospheric  air 
of  ordinary  purity  contains  about  0.04  per  cent  of  carbon  dioxide. 

Weight  of  Air.  The  weight  of  pure  air  at  32°  F.  and  a  barometric 
pressure  of  29.92  inches  of  mercury,  or  14.6963  pounds  per  square  inch 
is  0.080728  pound  per  cubic  foot.  The  volume  of  a  pound  of  air  is 
therefore  12.387  cubic  feet.  At  any  other  temperature  and  pressure  its 

weight  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot  is  W  =  — — — ,  where  B  =  height 

of  barometer  in  inches  and  T  =  absolute  temperature  Fahrenheit. 
The  weight  per  cubic  foot  at  various  temperatures  and  pressures  is 
given  in  the  table  on  pages  353  and  354. 

Pressure,  Volume  and  Temperature.  The  relation  between 
pressure,  volume  and  temperature  of  air  is  such  that 


p\v\ 

~ 


--  53-3, 


in  which  pi  and  pz  are  absolute  pressures  in  pounds  per  square  foot, 
vi  and  v 2  the  volumes  in  cubic  feet  of  i  pound  of  air,  and  T\  and  T* 
the  absolute  temperatures.  When  the  pressure  remains  constant  the 
volume  is  directly  proportional  to  the  absolute  temperature.  If  the 
temperature  remains  constant  the  volume  is  inversely  proportional  to 
the  absolute  pressure. 

Pressure  of  the  Atmosphere.  .The  following  table  gives  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere  in  pounds  per  square  inch  and  pounds  per  square 
foot  for  various  readings  of  the  barometer.  It  is  based  on  i  inch  of 
mercury  at  32°  F.  being  equal  to  a  pressure  of  0.491  pound  per  square 
inch. 

Pressure  of  the  Atmosphere  for  Various  Readings  of  the  Barometer 


Barometer, 
inches 

Pounds  per 
square   inch 

Pounds  per 
square  foot 

Barometer, 
inches 

Pounds  per 
square  inch 

Pounds  per 
square  foot 

28.00 
28.25 
28.50 
28.75 

13-75 
13.87 
13-99 
14.12 

1980 
1997 
2015 
2033 

29-75 
30.00 
30.25 
30.50 

14.61 
14-73 
14.85 
14.98 

2103 

2121 

2139 
2156 

29.00 
29.25 
29.50 

14.24 
14-36 
14.48 

2050 
2068 
2086 

30.75 
31.00 
31.25 

15.10 
15.22 
15.34 

2174 
2192 

22IO 

Weight  of  Air              353 

Weight  of  Air  at  Various  Pressures  and  Temperatures 

(Based  on  an  Atmospheric  Pressure  of  14.7  Pounds) 

Gage  pressure,  pounds 

Temper- 
ature of 
air,  degrees 

o 

5 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

Weight  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot 

—  20 

.0900 

.1205 

.1515 

.2125 

.2744 

.3360 

•  3970 

.458o 

.5190  .5800 

.6410 

—  10 

.0882 

.1184 

.1485 

.2090 

.2685 

.3283 

.3880 

•  4478 

.5076  .5674 

.6272 

O 

.0864 

.1160 

.1455 

.2040 

.2630 

•  3215 

.3800 

.4385 

•4970 

•  5555 

.6140 

IO 

.0846 

.1136 

.1425 

.1995 

.2568 

.3145 

•  3720 

.4292 

.4863 

•  5433 

.6006 

20 

.0828 

.1112 

.1395 

.1955 

.2516 

.3071 

.3645 

.4205 

•4770 

•  5330 

.5890 

30 

.0811 

.1088 

.1366 

.1916 

2465 

•  3015 

•  3570 

.4121 

.4672 

.5221 

•  5771 

40 

•0795 

.1067 

.1338 

.1876 

.2415 

•  2954 

•  3503 

.4038 

•4576 

-5II4 

.5652 

So 

.0780 

•  1045 

.1310 

.1839 

.2367 

.2905 

3432 

.3960 

.4487 

•  5014 

•  5541 

60 

.0764 

.1025 

.1283 

.1803 

.2323 

.2840 

.3562 

.3882 

.4402 

.4927 

•  5447 

70 

•  0750 

.1005 

.1260 

.1770 

.2280 

.2791 

•  3302 

.3808 

.4316 

.4824 

•  5332 

80 

.0736 

.0988 

.1239 

.1738 

.2237 

.2739 

.3242 

•  3738 

•4234 

•  4729 

.5224 

90 

.0723 

.0970 

.1218 

.1707 

•  2195 

.2688 

.3182 

.3670 

•4154 

.4639 

.5122 

100 

.0710 

•  0954 

.1197 

.1676 

.2155 

.2638 

.3122 

.3602 

.4079 

.4555 

•  5033 

no 

.0698 

.0937 

.1176 

.1645 

.2115 

•  2593 

.3070 

•  3542 

.4011 

.4481 

•  4950 

120 

.0686 

.0921 

.H55 

.1618 

.2080 

.2549 

.3018 

.3481 

•  3944 

.4403 

.4866 

130 

.0674 

•  0905 

.1135 

.1590 

.2045 

.2505 

.2966 

.3446 

.3924 

.4296 

•  4770 

140 

.0663 

.0889 

.HIS 

.1565 

.2015 

.2465 

.2915 

.3364 

.3813 

.4262 

•  4711 

150 

.0652 

.0874 

.1096 

.1541 

.1985 

.2425 

.2865 

.3308 

.3751 

.4193 

-4636 

175 

.0626 

.0840 

.1054 

.1482 

.1910 

.2335 

.2755 

.3181 

.3607 

.4033 

•  4450 

200 

.0603 

.0809 

.1014 

.1427 

.1840 

.2248 

.2655 

.3054 

.3473 

.3882 

.4291 

225 

.0581 

.0779 

.0976 

•  1373 

.1770 

.2163 

.2555 

.2949 

•  3344 

.3738 

.4129 

250 

.0560 

.0751 

.0941 

.1323 

.1705 

.2085 

.2466 

.2845 

.3223 

.3602 

.3981 

275 

.0541 

.0726 

.0910 

.1278 

.1645 

.2011 

.2378 

.2745 

.3111 

.3478 

.3844 

300 

.0523 

.0707 

.0881 

•  1237 

.1592 

•1945 

.2300 

.2654 

.3008 

.3362 

.3716 

350 

.0491 

.0658 

.0825 

.1160 

•  1495 

.1828 

.2160 

.2492 

.2824 

.3156 

.3488 

400 

.0463 

.0621 

.0779 

.1090 

.1405 

.1720 

.2035 

.2348 

.2661 

.2974 

.3287 

450 

.0437 

.0586 

.0735 

.1033 

.1330 

.1628 

.1925 

.2220 

.2515 

.2810 

.3105 

500 

.0414 

.0555 

.0696 

.0978 

.1260 

•1540 

.1820 

.2100 

.2380 

.2660 

.2940 

550 

.0394 

.0528 

.0661 

.0930 

.1198 

.1464 

.1730 

.1996 

.2262 

.2528 

•  2794 

600 

.0376 

.0504 

.0631 

.0885 

.1140 

.1395 

.1650 

.1904 

.2158 

.2412 

.2668 

354                                    Weight  of  Air 

Weight  of  Air  at  Various  Pressures  and  Temperatures  (Concluded) 

(Based  on  an  Atmospheric  Pressure  of  14.7  Pounds) 

Gage  pressure,  pounds 

Temper- 
ature of 
air,  degrees 

IOO 

no 

1  20 

130 

140 

ISO 

175 

200 

225 

250 

300 

x1  anrenneit 

Weight  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot 

—  20 

.702 

.764 

.825 

.886 

.948 

1.  010 

.165 

1.318 

1.465 

1.625 

•  930 

—    10 

.687 

•  747 

.807 

868 

.928 

989 

.139 

1.288 

1.438 

1-588 

.890 

o 

.672 

•  731 

.790 

.849 

.908 

.968 

.114 

1.260 

1.406 

1-553 

.850 

10 

.658 

.716 

.774 

.832 

.889 

•  947 

.090 

1.233 

1.376 

1.520 

.810 

20 

.645 

.701 

.757 

.813 

.869 

.927 

.067 

1.208 

•  348 

1.489 

.770 

30 

.632 

.687 

.742 

•  797 

.852 

.908 

.046 

1.184 

322 

1.460 

•  735 

40 

.619 

.673 

.727 

.781 

.835 

.890 

.025 

1.161 

.296 

I.43I 

.701 

50 

.607 

.660 

.713 

.766 

.819 

.873 

i.  006 

1.  139 

.271 

1.403 

.668 

60 

.596 

.649 

.700 

•  752 

.804 

.856 

.988 

1.116 

.245 

1.376 

.636 

?o 

.584 

.635 

.686 

•  737 

.788 

.839 

.967 

1-095 

.223 

1.350 

.604 

80 

•  572 

.622 

•673 

.723 

•  774 

.824 

•  949 

1.074 

.199 

1.325 

•  573 

90 

.561 

.611 

.660 

.709 

.759 

.809 

•  932 

1.054 

.177 

1.300 

•  544 

100 

•  551 

•  599 

.648 

.696 

.745 

.794 

.914 

1.035 

-155 

1.276 

•  517 

no 

.542 

.589 

.637 

.685 

•  732 

.780 

.899 

1.017 

.135 

1.254 

.491 

120 

.533 

.579 

.626 

.673 

.720 

.767 

.884 

1.  001 

.118 

1.234 

•  465 

130 

.524 

.570 

.616 

.662 

.708 

.754 

.869 

.984 

.099 

1.214 

•  440 

140 

.516 

.561 

.606 

.651 

.696 

.742 

.855 

.968 

1.081 

1.  194 

.416 

ISO 

.508 

•  552 

.596 

.640 

.685 

.730 

.841 

.953 

1.064 

1.  175 

•  392 

175 

.488 

.531 

.573 

.6  6 

.658 

.701 

.808 

.914 

1.  021 

1.128 

.337 

200 

•  470 

.511 

•  552 

•  592 

.633 

.674 

.776 

.879 

.982 

1.084 

.287 

225 

•  452 

.491 

.531 

-570 

.609 

.649 

•  747 

.846 

•  944 

1.043 

.240 

250 

.436 

•  474 

.513 

•  551 

.589 

.627 

.722 

.817 

.912 

1.007 

.197 

275 

.421 

.458 

•  494 

.531 

.568 

.605 

.697 

.789 

.881 

•  972 

•  155 

300 

.407 

•  442 

.478 

.513 

•  549 

.585 

.673 

.762 

.852 

.940 

.118 

350 

.382 

.415 

•  449 

.482 

.516 

•  549 

.632 

•  715 

•  799 

.883 

1.048 

400 

.360 

.391 

.423 

•  454 

.486 

.517 

•  596 

.674 

•  753 

.831 

.987 

450 

•  340 

.369 

•  399 

.429 

.458 

.488 

.562 

.637 

.711 

.786 

•  934 

500 

.322 

•  351 

•  379 

.407 

.435 

.463 

•  534 

.604 

.675 

.746 

.885 

550 

.306 

.333 

•  359 

.386 

.413 

.440 

.507 

.573 

.641 

•  749 

.841 

600 

.292 

.317 

.343 

.368 

•  393 

•  419 

.483 

•  547 

.611 

.675 

.801 

Expansion  and  Compression  of  Air                  355 

Specific  Heat  of  Air.    The  specific  heat  of  a  gas  is  the  heat,  in  heat 
units,  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  one  pound  of  the  gas  one 
degree  Fahrenheit.     The  mean  specific  heat  of  air  at  constant  pres- 
sure is  Cp  =  0.2375  and  at  constant  volume  is  cv  =  0.1689. 

Adiabatic  Expansion  and  Compression.     Adiabatic  expansion  or 
compression  of  a  gas  means  that  the  gas  is  expanded  or  compressed 
without  transmission  of  heat  to  or  from  the  gas.     This  would  be  the  case 
were  the  expansion  or  compression  to  take  place  in  an  absolutely  non- 
conducting cylinder,  in  which  case  the  temperature,  pressure  and  volume 
of  air  would  vary  as  indicated  by  the  following  formulae: 

i>i      \Pz  /                 PI      \vz  1                 Ti      \i)z  1 

in  which  pi,  vi  and  Ti  =  initial  absolute  pressure,  volume  and  absolute 
temperature,  and  pz,  vz  and  Tz  =  final  absolute  pressure,  volume  and 
absolute  temperature  of  the  air  after  compression.     The  manner  in  which 
the  temperature  and  volume  vary  with  the  change  in  pressure  is  shown 
in  the  following  table: 

Table  for  Adiabatic  Compression  or  Expansion  of  Air 
(Proc.  Inst.  M.  E.,  Jan.,  1881,  p.  123.) 

Absolute  pressure 

Absolute  temperature 

Volume 

Ti 

h 

P2 

1 

'A 

1 

v* 

1.2 

1.4 
1.6 
1.8 

.833 
.714 
.625 
.556 

1.054 

1.  102 
.146 
.186 

.948 
.907 

.873 
.843 

.138 
.270 
.396 
.518 

.879 
.788 
.716 
.659 

2.0 
2.2 

2-4 

2.6 

.500 
.454 
.417 
.385 

.222 

.257 

.289 
.319 

.818 
.796 
.776 
.758 

.636 
•  750 
.862 
.971 

.611 
•  571 

•  537 
•  507 

2.8 

3-0 

3-2 

3-4 

.357 
•  333 
.312 
.294 

.348 

•  375 
.401 
.426 

.742 
.727 
.714 
.701 

2.077 
2.182 
2.284 
2.384 

.481 
.458 
.438 
.419 

3-6 
3-8 
4-0 

4-2 

.278 
.263 
.250 
.238 

•  450 
•  473 
•  495 
.516 

.690 
•679 
.669 
.660 

2.483 
2.580 
2.676 
2.770 

.403 
.388 
.374 
.361 

4.4 

4-6 

4-8 
5-0 

.227 
.217 
.208 

.200 

.537 
•  557 
.576 
•  595 

.651 
.642 
.635 
.627 

2.863 
2.955 
3.046 
3-135 

.349 
.338 
.328 
.319 

6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
9-0 

IO.O 

.167 
.143 

.III 
.100 

.681 

.758 
.828 
.891 
•  950 

.595 
.569 
.547 
.529 
.513 

3.569 
3.981 
4-377 
4-759 
5-129 

.280 
.251 
.228 

.210 

.195 

356  Expansion  and  Compression  of  Air 


Work  of  Adiabatic  Compression  of  Air.  If  air  is  compressed  from 
a  volume  v\  and  pressure  pi,  to  a  volume  vz  and  pressure  pz,  in  a  non- 
conducting cylinder  without  clearance,  the  work  involved  in  delivering 
one  pound  is  as  follows: 

\~f  fli\°-41 
Work  of  compression  =  2.46  pivi     I  —  j      —  i  I 


Work  of  expulsion  =  pzvz  =  pivi 


f  pz  \0-29 

I  —        . 
\£i/ 


Total  work  is  the  sum  of  the  work  of  compression  and  expulsion  less 
the  work,  pivi,  of  the  atmosphere  done  on  the  piston  during  admission,  or 

K£2\0.29  "1 

)          ~  *       * 

The  mean  effective  pressure  equals  the  total  work  -5-  the  initial  volume, 

vi,  or  r/M°-29       ~l 

3,^g|      -,]. 

Isothermal  Expansion  and  Compression.  Isothermal  expansion 
or  compression  of  a  gas  means  that  the  gas  is  expanded  or  compressed 
with  the  addition  or  rejection  of  sufficient  heat  to  maintain  a  constant 
temperature.  The  temperature  being  constant  the  pressure  and  volume 
will  vary  according  to  the  law 

in  which  pi  and  pz  are  the  initial  and  final  absolute  pressures  in  pounds 
per  square  foot,  v\  and  vz  are  the  initial  and  final  volumes  in  cubic  feet, 
and  C  is  a  constant  depending  on  the  temperature.  For  a  temperature 
of  32°  F.  this  constant  is  26  214  foot-pounds,  and  for  isothermals  corre- 
sponding to  other  temperatures  it  may  be  found  from  the  formula  C  = 
53-3  T,  in  which  T  is  the  absolute  temperature  of  the  isothermal. 

Work  of  Isothermal  Compression  of  Air.  If  air  is  compressed 
from  a  volume  vi  and  pressure  pi  to  a  volume  vz  and  pressure  pz,  in  a 
cylinder  without  clearance,  in  such  manner  as  to  keep  the  temperature 
constant,  the  work  involved  in  delivering  one  pound  is  as  follows: 

Work  of  compression  =  pivi  \oge  —  • 

Vz 

Work  of  expulsion      =  pzvz  =  pivi. 

The  total  work  then  is  the  sum  of  the  work  of  compression  and  expul- 
sion less  the  work,  pivi,  of  the  atmosphere  done  on  the  piston  during  admis- 
sion, or                                         Vl  Vl 
Total  work  =  pivi  \oge h  PIVI  -  PIVI  =  pivi  \oge  —  • 

Vz  Vz 

In  this  formula,  Naperian,  or  hyperbolic,  logarithms  must  be  used. 
These  may  be  obtained  from  the  common  logarithms  by  multiplying 
by  the  constant  2.303. 

The  mean  effective  pressure  equals  the  total  work  divided  by  the 
initial  volume  vi,  or  pi  loge  vi/vz. 


Flow  of  Air 


357 


FLOW  OF  AIR 

Flow  of  Air  under  Pressure  from  Orifices  into  the  Atmosphere. 

The  following  table  gives  the  theoretical  velocity  for  the  discharge  of 
air  into  the  atmosphere  under  very  low  pressures,  less  than  one-quarter 
of  a  pound  per  square  inch.  In  this  case  the  variation  due  to  difference 
in  air  density  is  so  small  that  it  has  not  been  considered.  These  theo- 
retical velocities  are  to  be  reduced  by  multiplying  by  a  coefficient  c, 
varying  with  the  form  of  the  orifice.  For  an  orifice  with  a  sharp  edge  in 
a  thin  plate  c  is  0.65,  for  a  plate  with  rounded  orifice  on  the  inside  c  is 
from  0.70  to  0.75,  and  for  a  nozzle  of  good  form  c  may  be  taken  as  0.93. 

Velocity  of  Air  Under  Low  Pressures 

(Temperature  62°  F.     Barometer  30  inches.) 


Pressure 

Theoretical 

Pressure 

Theoretical 

Inches 
of 
water 

Pounds 
per  square 
foot 

velocity, 
feet  per 
second 

Inches 
of 
water 

Pounds 
per  square 
foot 

velocity, 
feet  per 
second 

.01 

.052 

6.61 

.8 

4-15 

59-1 

.02 

.104 

9-35 

•  9 

4-67 

62.7 

.04 

.208 

13.2 

I.O 

5-19 

66.1 

.07 

.363 

17-4 

1.5 

7-79 

80.9 

.10 

•  519 

20.9 

2.O 

10.38 

93-5 

.20 

1.038 

29-5 

2-5 

12.08 

104.0 

.30 

1-558 

36.2 

3-0 

15.58 

114.0 

•  40 

2.077 

41.8 

3.5 

18.18 

124.0 

.45 

2.337 

44-3 

4.0 

20.77 

132.0 

•  So 

2.597 

46.7 

4-5 

23-37 

140.0 

.60 

3.n6 

51.2 

5-0 

25-97 

148.0 

.70 

3.635 

55-3 

6.0 

31.16 

162.0 

For  the  velocity  of  air  under  higher  pressures  discharging  into  the 
atmosphere,  Hiscox  in  "Compressed  Air"  gives  the  following  table: 

Velocity  of  Efflux  of  Compressed  Air 


Pressure 

Theoret- 

Pressure 

Theoret- 

Atmos-' 
pheres  ' 

Inches 
of 
mercury 

Pounds 
per 
square 
inch 

ical  veloc- 
ity, feet 
per 
second 

Atmos- 
pheres 

Inches 
of 
mercury 

Pounds 
per 
square 
inch 

ical  veloc- 
ity, feet 
per 
second 

OIO 

0.30 

0.147 

94-4 

.680 

20.4 

10. 

780 

.066 

2.10 

I.OO 

246. 

.809 

24.28 

12. 

855 

.100 

3.00 

1.47 

299- 

3o. 

14.7 

946 

.136 

4.08 

2.00 

348. 

2. 

60. 

29-4 

1094 

.204 

6.12 

3.00 

472. 

5- 

150. 

73.5 

1219 

.272 

8.16 

4.00 

493. 

10. 

300. 

147. 

1275 

.340 

10.20 

S.oo 

552. 

20. 

600. 

294. 

1304 

.408 

12.24 

6.00 

604. 

40. 

1200. 

588. 

1323 

.500 

15-00 

7.35 

673. 

IOO. 

3000. 

I47o. 

I33i 

.544 

16.32 

8.00 

697. 

20O. 

6000. 

2940. 

1334 

.611 

18.34 

9.00 

741. 

358 


Discharge  of  Air 


To  obtain  the  actual  velocity,  this  theoretical  velocity  should  be 
multiplied  by  a  coefficient  varying  with  the  nature  of  the  orifice  and  the 
air  pressure.  The  coefficients  for  an  orifice  in  a  thin  plate  and  for  a 
short  tube  whose  length  is  three  times  its  diameter  are  given  below. 
The  pressures  are  in  atmospheres  above  atmospheric  pressure. 

Coefficients  of  Air  Discharge 


Orifice  in  thin  plate 

Short  tube 


Pressure  in  atmospheres 


.65 

-834 


•  57 

•  71 


•  54 
.67 


.45 
.53 


.436 


The  quantity  of  air  discharged  into  the  atmosphere  from  a  round 
hole  in  a  receiver  in  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute  is  given  in  the 
following  table: 

Discharge  of  Air  Through  an  Orifice 

(Ingersoll-Rand  Company. ) 


14 

fj8 


I 

1% 

1% 


Receiver  gage  pressure,  pounds  per  square  inch 


.038 

.153 

.647 

2.435 

9-74 
21.95 
39-0 
61.0 

87.6 
II9-5 
156. 
242. 

350. 
625. 


•0597 
.242 
.965 

3-86 

15.4 
34-6 
61.6 
96.5 

133- 
189. 
247- 
384. 

550. 
985. 


.0842 
•  342 
1.36 
5-45 
21.8 
49- 
87. 
136. 

196. 
267. 
350. 
543- 
780. 


.103 
.418 
1.67 
6.65 

26.7 

60. 
107. 
167. 
240. 
326. 
427. 
665. 
960. 


.119 

.485 
1-93 
7-7 
30.8 
69. 
123. 
193. 
277. 
378. 
494- 
770. 


.133 

•  54 
2.16 
8.6 

34-5 

77- 
138. 
216. 

3io. 
422. 
550. 
860. 


.156 
.632 

2.52 
10. 

40. 

90. 
161. 
252. 

362. 
493- 
645. 

IOOO. 


.173 

•  71 
2.80 

II. 2 

44-7 
IOO. 

179. 
280. 

400. 
550. 
715- 


.19 

.77 

3-07 

12.27 

49-09 
H0.45 
196.35 
306.80 

441-79 
601.32 
785.40 


Diameter 

of  orifice, 

inches 


Receiver  gage  pressure,  pounds  per  square  inch 


45 


60 


70 


80 


90 


IOO 


125 


V64 


H 


8/4 


.208 

.843 

3.36 

13.4 

53-8 

121. 

215. 

336. 

482. 

658. 
860. 


.225 
.914 
3.64 
14-5 

58.2 
130. 
232. 
364. 
522. 
710. 
930. 


.26 
1.05 
4.2 
16.8 

67. 

5i. 
268. 
420. 

604. 
822. 


.295 
1. 19 
4.76 
19- 
76. 
171. 
304. 
476. 

685. 
930. 


-33 
1-33 
5-32 

21.2 

85- 
191. 

340. 
532. 

765. 
1004. 


.364 
1.47 
5-87 
23-5 

94. 

211. 

376. 
587. 
843. 


.40 
1.61 
6.45 
25.8 

103. 
231. 
412. 
645. 
925. 


.486 
1-97 
7-85 
31-4 

125. 
282. 
502. 
785. 


Flow  of  Air 


359 


Flow  of  Air  in  Pipes.  For  the  flow  of  air  in  pipes  at  or  near  atmos- 
pheric pressure,  the  following  formulae,  which  are  deduced  from  Hawks- 
ley's  formula,  may  be  used.  f 

hd 


13  nod 
where  v  —  velocity  of  air  in  feet  per  second; 

h  =  head,  in  inches  of  water  column,  causing  flow,  or  the  loss  of 

head  for  a  given  flow; 
d  =  inside  diameter  of  pipe,  in  inches; 
L  =  length  of  pipe,  in  feet. 

The  formulae  used  by  the  B.  F.  Sturtevant  Company,  derived  from 
Weisbach,  are  given  below.  They  correspond  to  Hawksley's  formula 
with  a  coefficient  120.1  instead  of  114.5. 


25  ooo  dp 


25  ooo  d 
where  v  =  velocity  in  feet  per  second; 

p  =  loss  of  pressure,  in  ounces  per  square  inch; 
d  =  inside  diameter  of  pipe,  in  inches; 
L  =  length  of  pipe,  in  feet. 

The  quantity  of  air  discharged  in  cubic  feet  per  second  is  the  product 
of  the  velocity,  as  obtained  above,  and  the  area  of  the  pipe  in  square 
feet.  The  horse-power  required  to  drive  air  through  a  pipe  is  the  volume 
in  cubic  feet  per  second  multiplied  by  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square 
foot  and  divided  by  550. 

The  following  table  condensed  from  one  given  in  the  catalogue  of  the 
B.  F.  Sturtevant  Company  gives  the  loss  in  pressure  by  friction  of  air  in 
pipes  100  feet  long;  for  any  other  length  the  loss  is  directly  proportional. 

Loss  of  Pressure  in  Pipes 


Velocity,  feet 
per  minute 

Diameter  of  pipe  in  inches 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

Loss  in  ounces  per  square  inch  per  100  feet 

600 

1200 
I800 
24OO 

3000 
3600 
4200 
4800 
6000 

0.400 
1.600 
3.600 
6.400 

10.000 

14.400 

O.200 
0.800 
I.SOO 
3.200 
S.OOO 
7.200 
9.800 
12.800 
20.0OO 

0.133 
0.533 
1.  200 
2.133 

3-333 
4.800 
6.533 
8.533 
13.333 

O.IOO 

0.400 
0.900 
1.600 
2.500 
3.600 
4.900 
6.400 

IO.OOO 

0.080 
0:320 
0.720 
1.280 

2.  OOO 
2.880 
3-920 
5-120 

8.000 

0.067 
0.267 
0.600 
1.067 
1.667 
2.400 
3.267 
4.267 

6.667 

0.057 
0.229 
0.514 
0.914 

1.429 
2.057 
2.800 
3.657 
5.714 

0.050 

0.200 
0.450 
0.800 
1.250 
1.800 
2.450 

3.200 
5.000 

0.044 
0.178 
0.400 
O.7II 
I.  Ill 

1.600 

2.178 
2.844 
4.444 

0.040 
0.160 
0.360 
0.640 

I.  OOO 

1.440 
1.960 
2.560 
4.000 

0.036 
0.145 
0.327 
0.582 

0.909 
1.309 
1.782 
2.327 
3.636 

0.033 
0.133 
0.300 
0.533 

0.833 
1.  200 
1.633 
2.133 
3-333 

360 


Flow  of  Compressed  Air 


Loss  of  Pressure  in  Pipes  (Concluded) 


Velocity,  feet  per 
minute 

Diameter  of  pipe  in  inches 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

Loss  in  ounces  per  square  inch  per  100  feet 

600 

1200 

1800 
2400 

.029 
.114 
.257 

.457 

.025 

.100 

.225 
.400 

.022 
.089 
.200 
.356 

.020 
.080 
.180 
.320 

.018 

.073 
.164 
.291 

.017 
.067 
.150 
.267 

.014 
.057 
.129 
.239 

.012 
.050 

.112 
.200 

.Oil 

.044 
.100 

.178 

.010 

.040 
.090 

.160 

.009 
.036 
.082 
.145 

.008 
.033 
.075 
.133 

3000 
3600 
4200 
4800 

•  714 
1.029 
1.400 
1.829 

.625 
.900 
1.225 
1.  600 

.556 
.800 
1.089 
1.422 

.500 
.720 
.980 
1.280 

.455 
.655 
.891 
1.164 

.417 
.600 
.817 
1.067 

.357 
.514 
.700 
.914 

•  312 
•  450 
.612 
.800 

.278 
.400 

-544 
.711 

.250 

.360 

.490 
.640 

.227 
.327 

.445 
.582 

.208 
.300 
.408 
•  533 

6000 

2.857 

2.500 

2.222 

2.OOO 

1.818 

1.667 

1.429 

1.250 

I.  Ill 

I.OOO 

.909 

.833 

Flow  of  Compressed  Air  in  Pipes.  In  considering  the  flow  of  com- 
pressed air  in  pipes  the  density  of  the  air  should  be  taken  into  account. 
A  common  formula,  which  can  be  used  only  when  the  difference  of 
pressure  at  the  two  ends  of  the  pipe  is  small  and  the  density  of  the  air, 
therefore,  nearly  constant,  is 


where  Q  =  volume,  in  cubic  feet  per  minute; 

p  =  difference  in  pressure,  in  pounds  per  square  inch; 
d  =  inside  diameter  of  pipe,  in  inches; 
w  =  density  of  entering  air,  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot; 
L  =  length  of  pipe,  in  feet. 

In  long  pipes  with  large  differences  of  pressure,  the  density  decreases 
and  the  volume  and  velocity  increase  during  the  flow  from  one  end  of 
the  pipe  to  the  other.  For  the  flow  of  air  under  such  conditions  see 
under  the  flow  of  high  pressure  gas  in  pipes,  page  320. 

Loss  of  Pressure  in  Compressed  Air  Transmission.  The  follow- 
ing tables,  which  are  taken  from  the  catalogue  of  the  Ingersoll-Rand 
Company,  give  the  drop  in  pressure  for  different  deliveries  at  various 
pressures  for  sizes  of  pipe  from  i  inch  to  16  inches.  The  loss  is  given 
for  1000  feet  length  of  pipe;  for  any  other  length  the  loss  is  directly 
proportional. 


Flow  of  Compressed  Air                            361 

Flow  of  Compressed  Air  at  60  Pounds  Gage 

(Loss  of  Pressure  in  Pounds  per  1000  Feet.) 

Size  of 
pipe 

Delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  compressed  air  per  minute  at 
60  pounds  gage 

9.84 

14-73 

19.64 

24.60 

29-45 

34-44 

39-35 

49.20 

58.90 

78.6 

Equivalent  delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute 

So 

75 

IOO 

125 

150 

175 

200 

250 

300 

400 

I 

1% 

m 

2 
*% 
3V2 

4 
4*4 

i 

7 
8 

18.24 
5.06 
1.  95 
.42 

.13 
.05 

H.34 
4-33 
.95 

.29 
.11 
.05 

20.  l6 

7.79 
1.69 

.52 

.19 
.08 

.04 

12.23 
2.65 

.81 
.30 
.13 
.07 

.03 

17.53 
3.80 

1.16 

•  44 
.19 
.09 

.05 
.03 

5-17 

1.58 
•59 
.26 
.13 

.07 
.04 

.01 

6.77 
2.09 

£ 

.17 

.09 
.06 

.02 
.01 

10.61 
3-24 

1.22 

.55 
•  27 

.15 

.08 
.03 

.01 

15-20 

4.65 
1.78 
.78 
.38 

.21 
.12 

.05 

.02 
.01 

8.28 
3-  II 
1.40 
.69 

.39 

.22 
.08 
.04 

.01 

Size  of 
pipe 

Delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  compressed  air  per  minute  at 
60  pounds  gage 

98.4 

118.1 

156.6 

196.4 

294.5 

393.7 

492 

589 

786 

984 

Equivalent  delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute 

500 

600 

800 

IOOO 

1500 

2000 

2500 

3000 

4000 

5OOO 

3 

3V2 
4 

4V2 

6 
8 
9 

10 
12 

14 
16 

4.88 

2.  2O 
1.  08 
.60 

.34 
.14 
.06 
.03 

.01 

7-03 
3-17 
1.56 

.87 

.49 
.19 
.09 
.04 

.02 

.01 

5-57 
2.75 
1.52 

.87 
•  34 
.15 
.08 

.04 
.03 

.01 

8.77 
4.33 
2.40 

1.37 

.54 
.24 

.12 

.06 

.04 

.02 
.OI 

9.73 
5-39 

3-08 

1.20 

.55 
.27 

.15 

.09 
.03 
.01 

9.65 

5.51 
2.16 
.98 

.41 

;S 

.06 

.03 

.01 

8.61 
3.36 
1.53 

•  77 

.42 
.25 
.09 
.04 

.02 

4.82 
2.19 
I.  II 

.61 
.36 
.14 
.06 

.03 

3-91 
1.98 

1.08 
.63 
.25 
.11 

.05 

6.19 

3.10 

1.69 
.99 
•  39 
.18 

.09 

362                            Flow  of  Compressed  Air 

Flow  of  Compressed  Air  at  80  Pounds  Gage 
(Loss  of  Pressure  in  Pounds  per  1000  Feet.) 

Size  of 
pipe 

Delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  compressed  air  per  minute  at 
80  pounds  gage 

7-74 

ii.  3 

15-2 

19.4 

23.2 

27.2 

3i.o 

38.7 

46.5 

62.0 

Equivalent  delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute 

So 

75 

100 

125 

I5o 

175 

200 

250 

300 

400 

i 

1% 
1% 
2 

2V2 

3 

3V2 
4 

4V2 
S6 
8 

14.31 
3.96 
1.53 
•  33 

.10 
•  03 

.01 

8.46 
3.26 
•  71 

.21 
.08 

.03 

.01 

15.31 
5.92 
1.28 

.39 
•  14 
.06 
.03 

.02 

.01 

9.64 

2.09 

.64 

.24 
.11 

.05 

.03 

.01 

13-79 
2.99 

•  91 
.34 
.15 
.07 

.04 

.02 
.01 

4.09 

1.25 

•  47 

.21 
.10 

.06 

.03 

.01 

5-34 

1.63 
.61 
.27 
.13 

.07 
:o4 
.01 

8.32 

2.54 
-96 
•  43 
.21 

.12 

.07 

.02 
.01 

12.01 

3.67 
1.38 
.62 

.30 

.17 
.09 
.03 

.01 

6.53 
2.45 
I.  II 
•  54 

.30 

•  17 
.06 
.03 

.01 

Size  of 
pipe 

Delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  compressed  air  per  minute  at 
80  pounds  gage 

77-4 

92.9 

124.0 

152 

232 

3io 

387 

465 

620 

774 

Equivalent  delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute 

500 

600 

800 

IOOO 

1500 

200O 

2500 

3000 

4000 

5000 

2V2 

3% 

4 

4V2 

I 

7 

8 
9 

10 
12 

14 
16 

10.81 
3-83 
1.73 
.85 

•  47 
.27 

.10 

.05 

.02 
.01 

5-6J 

2.46 

1.22 

.68 
.39 
.15 
.06 

.03 

.02 
.01 

9.86 
4.42 
2.18 

1.  19 
.69 
.27 

.12 

.06 
.03 
.02 
.01 

6.64 
3.29 

1.82 

1.04 
.40 
.18 

.09 
.05 
.03 

I5.4I 
7.62 

4-24 
2.43 
•  95 
.43 

.22 
.12 
.06 

13.62 

7-58 
4-32 
1.69 

•  77 
•  39 

.21 
.12 

11.79 
6.88 
2.64 
1.  19 

.60 
.33 
.19 

9-72 
3-79 
1.73 

.87 
.48 
.28 

6.78 
3.07 

1.55 
.85 
•  49 

10.55 
4-79 

2.46 
1.33 

-77 
.30 

.14 

.07 

.01 

.02 
.01 

.03 

.01 

.05 

.02 

.09 
.04 

Flow  of  Compressed  Air                           363 

Flow  of  Compressed  Air  at  100  Pounds  Gage 

(Loss  of  Pressure  in  Pounds  per  1000  Feet.) 

Size  of 
pipe 

Delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  compressed  air  per  minute  at 
loo  pounds  gage 

6.41 

19.22 

22.39 

25.62 

31.62 

38.44 

51.24 

Equivalent  delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute 

So 

75 

100 

125 

150 

175 

200 

250 

300 

400 

i 

1% 
1% 

j         2 
2% 

3 

3% 
4 

4% 

6 

8 

11.89 
3.29 

1.28 
.27 

.08 
.03 
.01 

7.42 
2.87 
.62 

•  19 
.07 
.03 

.01 

13-20 

5.  ii 
1.  15 

.34 

.12 

.05 

.02 
.01 

7.75 

1.68 

.52 
.19 
.08 
.04 

.02 

.01 

11.42 

2.48 

.76 
.29 
.13 
.06 

.03 
.02 

.01 

3.36 

1.03 
•  39 
.17 
.09 

.04 
.03 

.01 

4-43 

1.36 
•  51 
.23 

.12 

.06 
.04 
.02 
.01 

6.72 

2.06 
•  77 
.35 
•  17 

•  09 
.05 

.02 

.01 

9-95 

3.04 
1.  14 
•  51 
.25 

.14 
.08 
.03 

.01 

5-40 
2.06 
•  92 

.45 

•  25 
.15 
.05 
.03 

.01 

Size  of 
pipe 

Delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  compressed  air  per  minute  at 
100  pounds  gage 

63.24 

76.88 

102.5 

126.5 

192.2 

256.2 

316.2 

384.4 

512.4 

632.4 

Equivalent  delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute 

500 

600 

800 

IOOO 

1500 

2OOO 

25OO 

3000 

4000 

5000 

2V2 

3 

31/2 
4 

4% 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 
12 

14 
16 

8.21 

3.08 
1.39 
.68 

•  38 

.22 
.08 
.04 

.02 
.01 

12.21 
4-58 
2.14 

1.03 

•  57 
•  33 
.12 
•05 

.03 

.02 
.01 

8.13 
3-67 
1.81 

1.  00 

•  57 

.22 
.IO 

.05 
.03 

.02 
.01 

12.39 
5-6o 
2.76 

1.23 
.88 
•  34 
.16 

.08 
.04 
.03 
.01 

12.  8l 

6.68 

3-51 
2.03 
.78 
.36 

.18 
.09 
.05 
.02 

.01 

II-35 

6.61 
3-62 
1.41 
.67 

.33 

.18 

.10 

.04 

.02 
.01 

9.56 
5-51 

2.14 
•  97 

•  49 
•  27 
.16 
.06 

.03 

.01 

14.04 
8.  ii 
3.16 

1.44 

•  76 
•  39 
.23 
.09 

.04 
.02 

14.48 
5-59 
2.55 

1.30 
•  72 
•  41 
.16 

•  07 
.04 

8.51 
3.88 

1.98 
1.07 
.63 
.25 

.11 
.06 

364                            Flow  of  Compressed  Air 

Flow  of  Compressed  Air  at  125  Pounds  Gage 

(Loss  of  Pressure  in  Pounds  per  1000  Feet.) 

Size  of 
pipe 

Delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  compressed  air  per  minute  at 
125  pounds  gage 

5-26 

7.89 

10.51 

13.15 

15-79 

18.41 

21.05 

26.30 

31.58 

42.10 

Equivalent  delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute 

So 

75 

100 

125 

150 

175 

200 

250 

300 

400 

i 

i% 
i% 

2 

2V2 

Stt 

4 
4V2 
6 
8 

9.88 
2.70 
1.  05 
.23 

.07 
.03 

.01 

22.20 
6.07 
2.37 
•  Si 
.16 
.06 
.03 

.01 

39.50 
10.82 

4.22 

.91 
.28 

.10 
.05 

.02 
.01 

16.88 
6.58 
1.42 

•  43 
.16 

.07 
.04 

.02 
.OI 

24-33 

9-47 
2.04 

.63 
.23 
.11 
.05 

.03 
.02 

.01 

33-05 

12.90 
2.78 

.85 
.32 
.14 

.07 

.04 
.02 

.01 

16.84 
3.63 
I.  II 

.42 
.19 
.09 

•  05 
.03 

.01 

26.30 
5.68 

1.73 
.65 
.29 
.15 
.08 
.05 

.02 
.OI 

37-90 
8.18 

2.51 
•  94 

.42 

.21 
.12 

.07 
.03 
.01 

14.51 

4-44 
1.67 
.75 
•  37 

.21 
.12 

.05 
.02 

.01 

Size  of 
pipe 

Delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  compressed-air  per  minute  at 
125  pounds  gage 

52.60 

63.20 

84.20 

I05.I 

157-9 

210.5 

263.0 

315.8 

422.0 

526.0 

Equivalent  delivery  in  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute 

500 

600 

800 

1000 

1500 

2000 

2500 

3000 

4000 

5000 

2 

2V2 
3 

3V2 

4 
4V2 

6 

8 
9 

10 
12 

a 

16 

22.68 

6.  95 
2.61 
1.18 

•  58 
.32 

.18 

.07 
.03 

.02 
.01 

IO.OO 

3.76 
1.69 

.84 
.46 

.27 

.10 

.05 
.02 

.01 

.01 

17.80 
6.68 
3.01 

1-49 
.83 
•  47 
.18 

.08 
.04 
.02 

.01 

.01 

10.42 

4.71 

2.32 
1.29 

•  74 
.29 

.13 

.07 
.04 

.02 
.OI 

23.48 
10.59 

5-23 
2.90 
1.65 
.64 

.29 
.15 
.08 
.05 

.02 

.01 

18.81 

9-30 
5.15 
2.94 
1.  15 

.52 
.26 
.15 
.08 

.03 

.02 
.01 

29.40 

14.52 
8.05 
4.60 
1.  80 

.82 
.41 
.23 
.13 

.05 

.02 
.01 

20.90 

11-59 
6.63 
2.59 

1.18 
.60 
•  33 
.19 

.07 
.03 

.02 

20.61 
11.80 
4.61 

2.19 
i.  06 
.58 
.34 

.13 
.06 
.03 

32.20 
18.45 
7.20 

3-27 
1.65 
.90 
.53 

.21 
.10 

.05 

Effect  of  Bends  and  Fittings.    The  formulae  quoted  above  are  for  the 
flow  of  air  through  straight  pipes.    For  the  resistance  due  to  curves,  valves 
and  fittings,  see  the  effect  of  bends  and  fittings  under  the  flow  of  gas  in 
pipes,  page  3  24.    In  this  connection  it  is  well  to  note  that  all  piping  and  fit- 
tings for  airlines  should  be  galvanized,  as  the  scale  from  black  pipe  finds  its 
way  to  air  hammers,  drills  and  cylinders,  and  causes  considerable  trouble. 

Fifth  Roots  and  Fifth  Powers                        365 

Fifth  Roots  and  Fifth  Powers 

|1 

1 

JD  £ 

L 

li 

I 

li 

I 

li 

1 

Z% 

£ 

£° 

P! 

t»  * 

£* 

§ 

1° 

& 

.10 

.000010 

2.30 

64.363 

(>.L 

I    10737 

ii.  6 

210  034 

20.  i 

3533059 

.15        .000075 

2.35 

71  .  670 

\  6.5    11603 

n.  8 

228  776 

2O.  ( 

3  709  677 

.20 

.000320 

2.40 

79.626 

:    6.6     12523 

12.0 

248  832 

20.8 

3  893  289 

•25 

.000977 

2.45 

88.273 

i  6-' 

'    I350I 

12.2 

27027 

21.0 

4  084  101 

•  30 

.002430 

2.50 

97.656 

6.* 

14539 

12.4 

29.3  16 

21.2 

4  282  322 

•  35 

.005252 

2.55 

107.820 

6.9    15640 

12.  ( 

317  58o 

21.4 

4  488  166 

.40 

.010240 

2.60 

118.814 

7.0    16807 

12.8 

34359 

21.6 

4  701  850 

.45 

.018453 

2.70 

143.489 

7-1 

18042 

13-0 

371  293 

21.8 

4  923  597 

•  50 

.031250 

2.80 

172.104 

7.2 

19349 

13-2 

400746 

22.0 

5  153  632 

•  55 

.050328 

2.90 

205.111 

7-3 

20731 

13-4 

432  040 

22.2 

5  392  186 

.60 

.077760 

3.00 

243.000 

7-4 

22190 

13-6 

465  259 

22.4 

5  639  493 

.65 

.116029 

3.10 

286.292 

7-5 

23730 

13-8 

500490 

22.6 

5  895  793 

.70 

.  168070 

3-^20 

335-544 

7.6 

25355 

14.0 

537  824 

22.8 

6  161  327 

•  75 

.237305 

3-30 

391-354 

7-7 

27068 

14.2 

577  353 

23.0 

6  436  343 

.80 

.327680 

3-40 

454-354 

7-8 

28872 

14.4 

619  174 

23.2 

6  721  093 

•  85 

.443705 

3-50 

525.219 

7-9 

30771 

14.6 

663383 

23-4 

7015834 

.90 

.590490 

3.6o 

604.662 

8.0 

32768 

14.8 

710  082 

23.6 

7  320  825 

•  95 

.773781 

3.70 

693.440 

8.1    34868 

15.0 

759  375 

23-8 

7  636  332 

1.  00 

I.OOOOO 

3.8o 

792.352 

8.2    37074 

15-2 

811  368 

24.0 

7  962  624 

1.05 

1.27628 

3-90 

902.242 

8.3 

39390 

15-4 

866  171 

24.2 

8  299  976 

1.  10 

1.61051 

4.00 

1024.00 

8.4 

41821 

15-6 

923896 

24-4 

8  648  666 

i.  IS 

2.  oi  135 

4.10 

1158.56 

8.5    44371 

15.8 

984658 

24.6 

9  008  978 

1.20 

2.48832 

4.20 

1306.91 

8.6!  47043 

16.0 

048  576 

24.8 

9381200 

1.25 

3.05176 

4-30 

1470.08 

8.7 

49842 

16.2 

US  771 

25.0 

9  765  625 

1.30 

3.71293 

4-40 

1649.16 

8.8 

52773 

16.4 

186  367 

25.2 

o  162  550 

1-35 

4.48403 

4-50 

1845.28 

8.9    55841 

16.6 

260493 

25-4 

o  572  278 

1.40 

5.37824 

4.60 

2059.63 

9-0 

59049 

16.8 

338  278 

25.6 

0995116 

:i-45 

6.40973 

4-70 

2293-45 

9-1 

62403 

17.0 

419  857 

25.8 

I  431  377 

1.50 

7-59375 

4.80 

2548.04 

9-2 

65908 

17.2 

505  366 

26.0 

I  881  376 

1.55 

8.94661 

4.90 

2824.75 

9-3 

69569 

17-4 

594  947 

26.2 

2  345  437 

1.  60 

10.4858 

5.00 

3125.00' 

9-4 

73390 

17.6 

688  742 

26.4 

2823886 

1.65 

12.2298 

5.10 

3450.25 

9-5 

77378 

17.8 

786899 

26.6 

3317055 

1.70 

14.1986 

5-20 

3802.04 

9-6 

81537 

18.0 

889  568 

26.8 

3825381 

1-75 

16.4131 

5-30 

181.95 

9.7    85873 

18.2 

996903 

27.0 

4  348  907 

i.  80 

18.8957 

5-40 

591.65 

9.8'  90392 

18.4 

109  061 

27.2 

4  888  280 

1.85 

21  .  6700 

5-50 

032.84 

9-9 

95099 

18.6 

226  203 

27.4 

5  443  752 

1.90 

24.7610 

5.6o 

507.32 

10.  0 

IOOOOO 

18.8 

348  493 

27.6 

6015681 

1.95 

28.1951 

5-70 

5016.92 

IO.2 

110408 

19.0 

476  099 

27.8 

6  604  430 

2.00 

32.0000 

5.8o 

563.57 

10.4 

121  665 

19.2 

609193 

28.0 

7  210  368 

2.05 

36.2051 

5-90 

149.24 

10.6 

133  823 

19.4 

747  949 

28.2 

7833868 

2.10 

4O.84IO 

6.00 

776.00 

10.8 

146  933 

19.6 

892  547 

8.4 

18  475  309 

2.15 

45-9401 

6.10 

445.96 

II.  0 

161  051 

19.8 

043  1  68 

8.6 

C9  135  075 

2-20    51.5363 

6.20 

161.33 

II.  2 

176  234 

20.  0 

200000 

8.8 

t9  813  557 

2.25 

57.6650 

6.30 

#24.37 

II.  4 

192  541 

20.2 

363  232 

9.0  < 

jo  51  1  149 

366             Decimals  of  a  Foot 

Fifth  Roots  and  Fifth  Powers  (Concluded) 

S 

1 

fc^ 

fc 

Jo 

fc 

Jo 

L 

5 

I? 

1 

Is 

1 

la 

0 

AH 

|a 

| 

29.2 

21  228  253 

38.5 

84  587  005 

58 

656  356  768 

79 

3  077  056  399 

29.4 

21  965  275 

39-0 

90  224  199 

59 

714  924  299 

80 

3  276  800  ooo 

29.6 

22  722  628 

39-5 

96  158  012 

60 

777  600  ooo 

81 

3  486  784  401 

29.8 

23  500  728 

40 

102  40O  OOO 

61 

844  596  301 

82 

3  707  398  432 

30.0 

24  300  ooo 

41 

115  856  201 

62 

916  132  832 

83 

3  939  040  643 

30.5 

26  393  634 

42 

130  691  232 

63 

992  436  543 

84 

4  182  119  424 

3i.o 

28  629  151 

43 

147  008  443 

64 

I  073  741  824 

85 

4  437  053  125 

31-5 

31  013  642 

44 

164  916  224 

65 

i  160  290  625 

86 

4  704  270  176 

32.o 

33  554  432 

45 

184  528  125 

66 

I  252  332  576 

87 

4  984  209  207 

32.5 

36  259  082 

46 

205  962  976 

67 

I  350  125  107 

88 

5  277  319  168 

33-0 

39  135  393 

47 

229  345  007 

68 

I  453  933  568 

89 

5  584  059  449 

33-5 

42  191  410 

48 

254  803  968 

69 

I  564  031  349 

90 

5904900000 

34-0 

45  435  424 

49 

282  475  249 

70 

i  680  700  ooo 

91 

6  240  321  451 

34-5 

48  875  98o 

50 

312  500  ooo 

71 

I  804  229  351 

92 

6  590  815  232 

35-0 

52  521  875 

51 

345  025  251 

72 

I  934  917  632 

93 

6  956  883  693 

35-5 

56  382  167 

52 

380  204  032 

73 

2  073  071  593 

94 

7  339  040  224 

36.0 

60  466  176 

53 

418  195  493 

74 

2  219  OO6  624 

95 

7  737  809  375 

36.5 

64  783  487 

54 

459  165  024 

75 

2  373  046  875 

96 

8  153  726  976 

37-0 

69  343  957 

55 

503  284  375 

76 

2  535  525  376 

97 

8  587  340  257 

37-5 

74  157  715 

56 

550  731  776 

77 

2  706  784  157 

98 

9  039  207  968 

38.0 

79  235  168 

57 

601  692  057 

78 

2  887  174  368 

99 

9  509  900  499 

Decimals  of  a  Foot  for  Each  %4th  of  an  Inch 

Inch 

| 

| 

o 

I 

43 

.S 

1 
o 
•S 

8 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1" 
o 

8 
1 

o 

M 

M 

PO 

«*• 

in 

NO 

*" 

00 

Ov 

M 

0 

0 

.0833 

1667 

.2500 

.3333 

.4167 

.5000 

.5833 

.666' 

r  -75oc 

•8333 

.9167 

%* 

.0013 

.0846 

1680 

.2513 

.3346 

.4180 

.5013 

.5846 

.668c 

>  .75i; 

.8346 

.9180 

.0026 

.0859 

1693 

.2526 

.3359 

.4193 

.5026 

.5859 

.669, 

J  .752^ 

.8359 

-9I93 

%4 

.0039 

.0872 

1706 

.2539 

.3372 

.4206 

.5039 

.5872 

.67o< 

)  .7535 

-8372 

.9206 

.0052 

.0885 

1719 

.2552 

.3385 

.4219 

.5052 

.5885 

.6711 

)  -7552 

-8385 

.9219 

%4 

.0065 

.0898 

1732 

•  2565 

.3398 

4232 

.5065 

.5898 

.673- 

2  .7565 

8398 

.9232 

%2 

.0078 

.O9II 

1745 

.2578 

.3411 

.4245 

.5078 

•  5911 

.6745(457* 

.8411 

.9245 

%4 

.0091 

.0924 

1758 

.2591 

.3424 

.4258 

.5091 

.5924 

.6758  .7591 

.8424 

.9258 

Vs 

.0104 

.0937 

1771 

.2604 

•  3437 

.4271 

-5I04 

.5937 

.677 

[  .  760^ 

.8437 

.9271 

%4 

.0117 

.0951 

1784 

.2617 

•  3451 

.4284 

.5117 

•  5951 

.678. 

I  .7617 

.8451 

.9284 

%2 

.0130 

.0964 

1797 

.2630 

.3464 

.4297 

.5130 

.5964 

.679' 

r  -763C 

.8464 

.9297 

H'64 

.0143 

.0977 

1810 

.2643 

•  3477 

.4310 

.5143 

•  5977 

.68ic 

>  .7643 

.8477 

•  9310 

.0156 

.0990 

1823 

.2656 

•  3490 

.4323 

.5156 

•  5990 

.682; 

.7656 

.8490 

•  9323 

18/64 

.0169 

.1003 

1836 

.2669 

3503 

.4336 

.5169 

.6003 

.683*: 

.7669 

.8503 

9336 

7/32 

0182 

.1016  . 

1849 

.2682 

35i6 

•  4349 

.5182 

.6016 

.6845 

.7682 

.8516 

•  9349 

15/64 

0195 

.1029  . 

1862 

.2695 

.3529 

.4362 

.5195 

.6029 

.6862 

7695 

.8529 

.9362 

% 

0208 

.1042  . 

1875 

.2708 

•  3542 

•4375 

.5208 

.6042 

.6875 

.7708 

.8542 

•  9375 

17/64 

O22I 

.1055  • 

1888 

.2721 

.3555 

•  4388 

-5221 

.6055 

6888 

.7721 

.8555 

-9388 

o" 
%2 

0234 

.1068  . 

1901 

.2734 

.3568 

.4401 

.5234 

.6068 

6901 

•  7734 

,8568 

•  9401 

Decimals  of  a  Foot             367 

Decimals  of  a  Foot  for  Each  ^64th  of  an  Inch  (Concluded) 

Inch 

8 

8 

8 

8 

§ 

I 

1 

1 
o 

1 

1 

1 

c 

CJ 
CJ 

I 

o 

(3 

o 

u 

I 

o 

0 

M 

« 

CO 

"* 

l/> 

0 

N 

00 

Ov 

M 

1%4 

.0247 

.1081 

.1914 

.2747 

.3581 

.4414 

.5247 

.6081 

.6914 

•  7747 

.8581 

.9414 

5/16 

.0260 

.1094 

.1927 

.2760 

•  3594 

.4427 

.5260 

.6094 

.6927 

.7760 

.8594 

.9427 

21/64 

.0273 

.1107 

.1940 

.2773 

.3607 

.4440 

.5273 

.6107 

.6940 

•  7773 

.8607 

•9440 

^32 

.0286 

.1120 

.1953 

.2786 

.3620 

•  4453 

.5286 

.6120 

.6953 

•  7786 

.8620 

.9453 

2%4 

.0299 

.1133 

.1966 

.2799 

.3633 

.4466 

.5299 

.6133 

.6966 

•  7799 

.8633 

.9466 

.0312 

.1146 

.1979 

.2812 

.3646 

•  4479 

•  5312 

.6146 

.6979 

.7812 

.8646 

•  9479 

25/64 

.0326 

.1159 

.1992 

.2826 

.3659 

•  4492 

.5326 

.6159 

.6992 

.7826 

.8659 

•  9492 

13/32 

.0339 

.1172 

.2005 

.2839 

.3672 

.4505 

•  5339 

.6172 

.7005 

.7839 

.8672 

.9505 

27/64 

.0352 

.1185 

.2018 

.2852 

.3685 

.4518 

•  5352 

.6185 

.7018 

-7852 

.8685 

.9518 

.0365 

.1198 

.2031 

.2865 

.3698 

.4531 

.5365 

.6198 

.7031 

.7865 

.8698 

.9531 

2%4 

.0378 

.1211 

.2044 

.2878 

•  3711 

.4544 

.5378 

.6211 

.7044 

.7878 

.8711 

•  9544 

15/32 

.0391 

.  1224 

.2057 

.2891 

.3724 

•  4557 

•  5391 

.6224 

.7057 

.7891 

.8724 

•  9557 

.0404 

.1237 

.2070 

.2904 

.3737 

•  4570 

•  5404 

.6237 

.7070 

.7904 

.8737 

.9570 

% 

.0417 

.1250 

.2083 

.2917 

•  3750 

.4583 

•  5417 

.6250 

.7083 

.7917 

.8750 

.9583 

33/64 

.0430 

.1263 

.2096 

.2930 

.3763 

.4596 

•  5430 

.6263 

.7096 

•  7930 

.8763 

.9596 

17/32 

.0443 

.1276 

.2109 

.2943 

.3776 

.4609 

•  5443 

.6276 

.7109 

•  7943 

.8776 

.9609 

35/64 

.0456 

.1289 

.2122 

.2956 

.3789 

.4622 

.5456 

.6289 

.7122 

.7956 

.8789 

.9622 

.0469 

.1302 

.2135 

.2969 

.3802 

.4635 

.5469 

.6302 

.7135 

.7969 

.8802 

.9635 

37/64 

.0482 

.1315 

.2148 

.2982 

.3815 

.4648 

.5482 

.6315 

.7148 

.7982 

.8815 

.9648 

19/32 

.0495 

.1328 

.2161 

.2995 

.3828 

.4661 

•  5495 

.6328 

.7161 

•  7995 

.8828 

.9661 

39/64 

.0508 

.1341 

.2174 

.3008 

.3841 

.4674 

.5508 

.6341 

.7174 

.8008 

.8841 

.9674 

.0521 

.1354 

.2188 

.3021 

.3854 

.4688 

•  5521 

.6354 

.7188 

.8021 

.8854 

.9688 

4V64 

.0534 

.1367 

.2201 

.3034 

.3867 

•  4701 

•  5534 

.6367 

.7201 

.8034 

.8867 

•  9701 

2Ml2 

.0547 

.1380 

.2214 

.3047 

.3880 

.4714 

•  5547 

.6380 

.7214 

.8047 

.8880 

.9714 

.0560 

.1393 

.2227 

.3060 

.3893 

.4727 

.556o 

.6393 

.7227 

.8060 

.8893 

.9727 

Hie 

.0573 

.1406 

.2240 

.3073 

.3906 

.4740 

.5573 

.6406 

.7240 

.8073 

.8906 

•  9740 

45/64 

.0586 

.1419 

.2253 

.3086 

.3919 

•  4753 

-5586 

.6419 

.7253 

.8086 

-8919 

.9753 

28/82 

.0599 

.1432 

.2266 

.3099 

•  3932 

.4766 

•  5599 

.6432 

.7266 

.8099 

.8932 

.9766 

47/64 

.0612 

.1445 

.2279 

.3112 

•  3945 

•  4779 

.5612 

.6445 

.7279 

.8112 

.8945 

.9779 

% 

.0625 

.1458 

.2292 

.3125 

•  3958 

•  4792 

.5625 

.6458 

.7292 

.8125 

.8958 

•  9792 

4%4 

.0638 

.1471 

.2305 

.3138 

•  3971 

.4805 

.5638 

.6471 

.7305 

.8138 

.8971 

.9805 

2V32 

.0651 

.1484 

.2318 

.3151 

.3984 

.4818 

.5651 

.6484 

.7318 

.8151 

.8984 

.9818 

5  ^64 

.0664 

.1497 

.2331 

.3164 

•  3997 

.4831 

.5664 

.6497 

.7331 

.8164 

.8997 

.9831 

13/16 

.0677 

.1510 

.2344 

•  3177 

.4010 

.4844 

.5677 

.6510 

•  7344 

.8177 

.9010 

.9844 

53/64 

.0690 

.1523 

.2357 

.3190 

.4023 

.4857 

.5690 

.6523 

•  7357 

.8190 

.9023 

.9857 

27/82 

.0703 

.1536 

.2370 

.3203 

.4036 

.4870 

.5703 

.6536 

•  7370 

.8203 

.9036 

.9870 

55/64 

.0716 

.1549 

.2383 

.3216 

.4049 

.4883 

.5716 

.6549 

.7383 

.8216 

.9049 

.9883 

.0729 

.1562 

.2396 

.3229 

.4062 

.4896 

.5729 

.6562 

.7396 

.8229 

.9062 

.9896 

57/64 

.0742 

.1576 

.2409 

.3242 

.4076 

.4909 

•  5742 

.6576 

.7409 

.8242 

.9076 

.9909 

2%2 

•  0755 

.1589 

.2422 

•  3255 

.4089 

.4922 

•  5755 

.6589 

•  7422 

.8255 

.9089 

.9922 

5%4 

.0768 

.1602 

.  2435 

.3268 

.4102 

•  4935 

.5768 

.6602 

.7435 

.8268 

.9102 

•  9935 

15/16 

.0781 

.1615 

.2448 

.3281 

.4115 

.4948 

.5781 

.6615 

.7448 

.8281 

.9U5 

.9948 

6%4 

.0794 

.1628 

.2461 

.3294 

.4128 

.4961 

•  5794 

.6628 

.7461 

.8294 

.9128 

.9961 

8^,30 

.0807 

.1641 

.2474 

.3307 

.4141 

•  4974 

.5807 

.6641 

•  7474 

.8307 

.9141 

•  9974 

6%I 

.0820 

.1654 

.2487 

•  3320 

.4154 

.4987 

.5820 

.6654 

.7487 

.8320 

-9IS4 

.9987 

I 

I.  0000 

368 


Decimals  of  an  Inch 


Decimals  of  an  Inch  for  Each  Ve4th 


V32 

%4> 

Decimal 

Fraction 

%2 

%4 

Decimal 

Fraction 

I 

.015625 

33 

.515625 

I 

2 

.03125 

17 

34 

.53125 

3 

.046875 

35 

.546875 

2 

4 

.0625 

Vie 

18 

36 

.5625 

9/16 

5 

.078125 

37 

578125 

3 

6 

.09375 

19 

38 

•59375 

7 

.  109375 

39 

.609375 

4 

8 

.125 

% 

20 

40 

.625 

% 

9 

.140625 

41 

.640625 

5 

10 

.  15625 

21 

42 

.65625 

ii 

.  171875 

43 

.671875 

6 

12 

.1875 

3/16 

22 

44 

.6875 

*H« 

13 

.203125 

45 

.703125 

7 

14 

.21875 

23 

46 

.71875 

IS 

.234375 

47 

.734375 

8 

16 

.25 

& 

24 

48 

.75 

8/4 

17 

.265625 

49 

.765625 

9 

18 

.28125 

25 

50 

.78125 

19 

.296875 

51 

.796875 

10 

20 

.3125 

5/16 

26 

52 

.8125 

13/16 

21 

.328125 

53 

.828125 

II 

22 

•34375 

27 

54 

.84375 

23 

.359375 

55 

.859375 

12 

24 

•375 

% 

28 

56 

.875 

% 

25 

.390625 

57 

.890625 

13 

26 

.40625 

29 

58 

.90625 

27 

.421875 

59 

.921875 

14 

28 

.4375 

7/16 

30 

60 

.9375 

m& 

29 

.453125 

61 

.953125 

15 

30 

.46875 

31 

62 

.96875 

31 

.484375 

63 

.984375 

16 

32 

.5 

% 

32 

64 

I 

i 

Wire  and  Sheet  Metal  Gages                       369 

Wire  and  Sheet  Metal  Gages  in  Approximate  Decimals  of  an  Inch 

(Adopted  by  the  Association  of  American  Steel  Manufacturers,  Dec.  10,  1908.) 

| 

«<*« 

08    •         .^ 

| 

l«s 

1 

g 

A 

|| 

•a3 

•c  ^  rt 
v  Q-z 

•^H      §     (U     tH      £ 

1 

ffsf 

'gee  g 

-  .§ 

jfl 

|| 

tlfrO 

H 

ID  co 

gpq1^ 

»4jwlfcff 

§ 

!*£ 

& 

*c  a 

O 

< 

&* 

H 

W 

® 

pq 

O 

7-0 

.500 

.500 

7-O 

6-0 

.469 

.460 

.464 

6-0 

5~o 

438 

.430 

.450 

.432 

5~o 

4-0 

.406 

.460 

.394 

.400 

•  454 

.400 

4-o 

ooo 

•  375 

.410 

.363 

.360 

.425 

•372 

ooo 

oo 

•  344 

^365 

.331 

.330 

.380 

•  o/^ 

.348 

oo 

0 

•  313 

.325 

•  307 

.305 

.340 

.324 

O 

I 

.281 

.289 

.283 

.285 

.300 

.227 

.300 

I 

2 

.266 

.258 

.263 

.265 

.284 

.219 

.276 

2 

3 

.250 

.229 

.244 

.245 

.259 

.212 

.252 

3 

4 

.234 

.204 

.225 

.225 

.238 

.207 

.232 

4 

5 

.219 

.182 

.207 

.205 

.220 

.204 

.212 

5 

6 

.203 

.162 

.192 

.190 

.203 

.201 

.192 

6 

7 

.188 

•  144 

.177 

.175 

.180 

.199 

.176 

7 

8 

.172 

.128 

.162 

.160 

.165 

.197 

.I60 

8 

9 

.156 

.114 

.148 

.145 

.148 

.194 

.144 

9 

10 

.141 

.102 

.135 

.130 

.134 

.191 

.128 

10 

ii 

.125 

.0907 

.121 

.118 

.120 

.188 

.116 

ii 

12 

.109 

.0808 

.106 

.105 

.109 

.185 

.104 

12 

13 

.0938 

.072 

.0915 

.0925 

.095 

.182 

.092 

13 

14 

.0781 

.0641 

.080 

.0806 

.083 

.180 

.080 

14 

15 

.0703 

.0571 

.072 

.070 

.072 

.178 

.072 

15 

16 

.0625 

.0508 

.0625 

.061 

.065 

.175 

.064 

16 

17 

.0563 

•  0453 

.054 

.0525 

.058 

.172 

.056 

17 

18 

.050 

.0403 

.0475 

.045 

.049 

.168 

.048 

18 

19 

.0438 

•  0359 

.041 

.040 

.042 

.164 

.040 

19 

20 

.0375 

.032 

.0348 

.035 

.035 

.161 

.036 

20 

21 

.0344 

.0285 

.0318 

.031 

.032 

.157 

.032 

21 

22 

.0313 

.0253 

.0286 

.028 

.028 

.155 

.028 

22 

23 

.0281 

.0226 

.0258 

.025 

.025 

.153 

.024 

23 

24 

.025 

.0201 

.023 

.0225 

.022 

.151 

.022 

24 

25 

.0219 

•  0179 

.0204 

.020 

.O2O 

.148 

.020 

25 

26 

.0188 

•  0159 

.0181 

.018 

.018 

.146 

.018 

26 

27 

.0172 

.0142 

.0173 

.017 

.Ol6 

.143 

.0164 

27 

|       28 

.0156 

.0126 

.0162 

.016 

.014 

.139 

.0149 

28 

29 

.0141 

.0113 

.015 

.015 

.013 
.012 

.134 
.  127 

.0136 
.0124 

29 

30 

31 

.0109 

.0089 

.0132 

.013 

.010 

.120 

.0116 

31 

32 

.0102 

.008 

.0128 

.012 

.009 

.115 

.0108 

32 

33 

.0094 

.0071 

.0118 

.Oil 

.008 

.112 

.010 

33 

34 

.0086 

.0063 

.0104 

.010 

.007 

.110 

.0092 

34 

35 

.0078 

.0056 

.0095 

.0095 

.005 

.108 

.0084 

35 

36 

.007 

.005 

.009 

.009 

.004 

.106 

.0076 

36 

37 

.0066 

.0045 

.0085 

.0085 

.103 

.0068 

37 

38 

.0063 

.004 

.008 

.008 

.101 

.006 

38 

39 

.0035 

.0075 

.0075 

.099 

.0052 

39 

40 

.0031 

.007 

.007 

.097 

.0048 

40 

370        Proportions  of  Screw  Threads,  Nuts  and  Bolt  Heads 


PROPORTIONS  OF  SCREW  THREADS 
NUTS  AND  BOLT  HEADS 

(Recommended  by  the  Franklin  Institute.) 


Screw  Threads. 

D  =  diameter  of  bolt,  W  =  width  of  flat,  top  or  bot- 
Di  =  diameter  at  root  of  thread,  torn  of  each  thread, 

P  =  pitch,  T  =  depth  of  V, 

N  =  number  of  threads  per  inch,  T\  =  depth  of  thread. 

P  =  ~  •  T  =  cos  30°  P  =  .866  P. 


D  =  Di  +  2  X  0.866  X  0.75  P  =  Di  +  1.299  P. 

Square  and  Hexagon  Heads  and  Nuts.  Short  diameter  of  rough 
nut  =»  il/2  X  diameter  of  bolt  +  Vs  inch. 

Short  diameter  of  finished  nut  =  i%  X  diameter  of  bolt  +  Vie  inch. 

Thickness  of  rough  nut  =  diameter  of  bolt. 

Thickness  of  finished  nut  =  diameter  of  bolt  -  Vie  inch. 

Short  diameter  of  rough  head  =  iV2  X  diameter  of  bolt+  Vs  inch. 

Short  diameter  of  finished  head  =  iM$  X  diameter  of  bolt  +  Vie  inch. 

Thickness  of  rough  head  =  Vz  of  short  diameter  of  head. 

Thickness  of  finished  head  =  diameter  of  bolt  —  V\Q  inch. 

The  long  diameter  of  a  hexagon  nut  may  be  obtained  by  multiplying 
the  short  diameter  by  1.155  and  the  long  diameter  of  a  square  nut  by 
multiplying  the  short  diameter  by  1.414. 

In  1864,  a  committee  of  the  Franklin  Institute  recommended  the  above 
system  of  screw  threads  and  bolts,  which  was  devised  by  Mr.  William 
Sellers  of  Philadelphia.  This  system,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  screw  threads, 
is  generally  used  in  the  United  States,  but  the  proportions  of  bolt  heads 
and  nuts  have  not  been  generally  accepted  because  the  sizes  of  bar  re- 
quired to  make  the  nuts  are  special,  and  extra  work  is  necessary  to  make 
the  bolt  heads.  Under  the  name  of  United  States  Standard,  the  U.  S. 
Navy  Department  in  1868  adopted  the  Sellers  System,  except  for  finished 
heads  and  nuts,  which  it  made  the  same  as  for  rough  heads  and  nuts. 


Dimensions  of  Screw  Threads,  Nuts  and  Bolt  Heads      371 

Dimensions  of  Screw  Threads,  Nuts  and  Bolt  Heads 

(Recommended  by  the  Franklin  Institute.) 

Bolts  and  threads 

J 

Tensile  strength 

LJ 

.2 

1  w 

*$ 

I*8 

1' 

Bottom  of  thread 

3 

1 

?1 

»!  $ 

•" 

1 

u  •-< 

HI 

05^3 

*o 

a 

1 

:§? 

0)  4-> 

fa 

1* 

CTJ 

E 

O   aj 

2  o<  D 

Nt3  rt  -o 

|lil 

^ 

5 

^l"'a 

^l"'5 

^I-'s 

Inches 

Inch 

Inches 

Square 
inches 

Square 
inches 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Pounds 

V4 

20 

.0063 

.185 

.027 

.049 

269 

336 

471 

5/16 

18 

.0069 

.240 

.045 

.077 

454 

568 

795 

16 

.0078 

.294 

.068 

.110 

678 

848 

I  187 

i?6 

14 

.0089 

•  345 

.093 

.150 

933 

i  166 

I  633 

t£ 

13 

.0096 

.400 

.126 

.196 

I  257 

i  57i 

2  2OO 

9/ie 

12 

.0104 

.454 

.162 

•  249 

I  621 

2026 

2837 

5/8 

II 

.0114 

.507 

.202 

.307 

2018 

2523 

3532 

% 

10 

.0125 

.620 

.302 

.442 

3020 

3775 

5285 

7/8 

9 

.0139 

.731 

.419 

.601 

4  193 

5241 

7338 

I 

8 

.0156 

.838 

•  551 

.785 

55io 

6888 

9643 

7 

.0179 

.939 

.693 

.994 

6931 

8664 

12  129 

i% 

7 

.0179 

1.064 

.890 

1.227 

8899 

II  124 

15573 

i3/ 

6 

.0208 

I.I58 

1.054 

1.485 

10541 

13  176 

18447 

iVz 

6 

.0208 

1.283 

1.294 

1.767 

12938 

I6I73 

22642 

sV2 

.0227 

1.389 

I.5I4 

2.074 

IS  149 

18936 

26  511 

5 

.0250 

1.490 

1-744 

2.405 

17  441 

21  801 

30522 

I7/8 

5 

.0250 

I.6l5 

2.048 

2.761 

20490 

25613 

35858 

2 

.0278 

I.7II 

2.300 

3.142 

23001 

28751 

40252 

2*4 

4% 

.0278 

1.961 

3.021 

3.976 

30213 

37766 

52873 

aj{ 

4 

.0313 

2.175 

3.715 

4.909 

37163 

46454 

65035 

2% 

4 

.0313 

2.425 

4.619 

5-940 

46  196 

57745 

80843 

3 

3% 

.0357 

2.629 

5.427 

7.069 

54277 

67  846 

94985 

3V4 

3% 

.0357 

2.879 

6.508 

8.296 

65092 

81  365 

113  911 

3V4 

.0385 

3.100 

7.548 

9.621 

75491 

94364 

132109 

33/4 

3 

.0417 

3-317 

8.640 

11.045 

86412 

108  015 

151  221 

4 

3 

.0417 

3.567 

9-991 

12.566 

99929 

124  911 

174  876 

4V4 

2% 

.0435 

3.798 

11.328 

14.186 

113  302 

141  628 

198  279 

4Va 

28/4 

.0455 

4.027 

12.738 

15.904 

127  405 

159  256 

222  959 

48/4 

2% 

.0476 

4-255 

14.218 

17.721 

142  205 

177  756 

248  859 

5 

.0500 

4.480 

15.763 

19.635 

157  659 

197  074 

275903 

2% 

.0500 

4-730 

17.572 

21.648 

175  745 

219  681 

307  554 

#! 

2% 

.0526 

4-953 

19.265 

23.758 

192  678 

240  848 

337  187 

5% 

2% 

.0526 

5.203 

21  .  259 

25.967 

212  620 

265  775 

372085 

6 

2^4 

.0556 

5.422 

23.091 

28.274 

230  947 

288  684 

404  157 

372      Dimensions  of  Screw  Threads,  Nuts  and  Bolt  Heads 

Dimensions  of  Screw  Threads,  Nuts  and  Bolt  Heads  (Concluded) 

(Recommended  by  the  Franklin  Institute.) 

Bolts  and  threads 

Rough  nuts  and  heads 

Shearing  strength 

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9  204 

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II  137 

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17  671 

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I%6 

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1% 

I%2 

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18  040 

24053 

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I744I 

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3-889 

3.176 

I3/4 

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1% 

20709 

27  612 

15368 

20490 

2l5/16 

4-154 

3-393 

I7/8 

I15/82 

2 

23562 

31  4i6 

17251 

23001 

3-^8 

4-419 

3-609 

2 

I9/16 

2V4 

29  821 

39  76l 

22660 

30213 

3V2 

4-949 

4-043 

2^4 

1% 

36  815 

49087 

27872 

37163 

37/8 

5-479 

4.476 

2l/2 

i15/ie 

2% 

44547 

59396 

34647 

46196 

4V4 

6.010 

4-909 

2% 

2^8 

3 

53015 

70686 

40708 

54277 

4% 

6.540 

5,342 

3 

25/16 

62  219 

82  958 

48819 

65092 

5 

7.070 

5-775 

3V4 

2^2 

iVa 

72  158 

96211 

56618 

75491 

5% 

7.600 

6.208 

3V2 

21Vl6 

38/4 

82835 

no  447 

64809 

86  412 

5% 

8.131 

6.641 

3% 

2% 

4 

94  248 

125  664 

74947 

99929 

61/8 

8.661 

7.074 

4 

3Vl6 

4V4 

106  397 

141  863 

84977 

113  302 

9.191 

7.5o8 

4-Vi 

3H 

119  282 

159  043 

95554 

127  405 

6% 

9-721 

7-941 

4V2 

37/16 

43/4 

132904 

177  205 

106  654 

142  205 

7V4 

10.252 

8-374 

4% 

3% 

5 

147  263 

196  350 

118  244 

157  659 

75/X8 

10.782 

8.807 

5 

318/ie 

5V4 

162  356 

216  475 

131  809 

175  745 

8 

11.312 

9.240 

5^4 

4 

$* 

178  187 

237  583 

144  509 

192  678 

8% 

11.842 

9.673 

43/ie 

53/4 

194  754 

259  672 

159  465 

212  620 

83/4 

12.373 

10.106 

53/4 

4% 

6 

212  057 

282  743 

173  210 

230  947 

PVs 

12.903 

10.539 

6 

49/16 

Area  Factors  for  Tubes 


373 


AREA  FACTORS   FOR   TUBES 

Explanation  of  Table 

This  table  of  area  factors  may  be  used  to  calculate  the  sectional  area  of  tubes 
of  any  diameter  and  any  wall  thickness,  both  being  expressed  to  the  nearest 
one  thousandth  of  an  inch.  To  apply  the  table,  use  the  following 

Rule.  Subtract  the  thickness  of  the  tube  wall  from  the  outside  diameter, 
both  expressed  in  inches  and  decimals;  then  multiply  this  remainder  by  the 
tabular  area  factor  corresponding  to  the  given  thickness.  The  result  will  be  the 
sectional  area  of  the  tube  in  square  inches. 

Example.  Find  the  sectional  area  of  a  tube  whose  outside  diameter  is  8% 
inches  and  thickness  of  wall  0.284  inch. 

Solution.     Outside  diameter  less  thickness  =8.625  —  0.284=8.341. 

Tabular  area  factor  corresponding  to  the  given  thickness,  0.284  inch,  is  0.8922, 
which  is  found  in  the  column  headed  .004  and  opposite  .28  in  column  one. 

The  required  area  is 

8.341  X  .8922=  7.442  square  inches. 

Note.     When  the  thickness  of  wall  exceeds  one  inch,  add  to  the  tabular  area 
factor  corresponding  to  the  decimal  part  of  the  thickness,  one,  two,  or  three, 
etc.,  times  the  factor  corresponding  to  i.ooo  inch,  as  the  case  may  be,  thus: 
Area  factor  for  thickness  of  1.625  inch  will  be 

Area  factor  for  .625=1.9635 
Area  factor  for  1.000=3.1416 
Area  factor  for  1.625  =5.1051 

In  like  manner  the  area  factor  corresponding  to  a  thickness  of  2.625  inches  will 
be  1.9635 +(2  X  3.1416)  =  8.2467. 
Basis  of  Table.    This  table  was  calculated  by  means  of  the  formula 

A  =  *t(D-t), 

where  A  =  sectional  area  in  square  inches; 

D=  outside  diameter  in  inches; 
t  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 


Thick- 
ness in 
inches 

.000 

.001 

.002 

.003 

.004 

.005 

.006 

.007 

.008 

.009 

.00 

.0031 

.0063 

.0094 

.0126 

.0157 

.0188 

.0220 

.0251 

.0283 

.01 

.0314 

.0346 

.0377 

.0408 

.0440 

.0471 

.0503 

.0534 

.0565 

.0597 

.02 

.0628 

.0660 

.0691 

.0723 

.0754 

.0785 

.0817 

.0848 

.0880 

.0911 

.03 

.0942 

.0974 

.1005 

.1037 

.1068 

.IIOO 

.1131 

.1162 

.1194 

.1225 

.04 

.1257 

.1288 

.1319 

.1351 

.1382 

.1414 

.1445 

.1477 

.1508 

.1539 

.05 

.1571 

.1602 

.1634 

.1665 

.1696 

.1728 

.1759 

.1791 

.1822 

.1854 

.06 

.1885 

.1916 

.1948 

.1979 

.2011 

.2042 

.2073 

.2105 

.2136 

.2168 

.07 

.2199 

.2231 

.2262 

.2293 

.2325 

.2356 

.2388 

.2419 

.2450 

.2482 

.08 

.2513 

.2545 

.2576 

.2608 

.2639 

.2670 

.2702 

.2733 

.2765 

.2796 

.09 

.2827 

.2859 

.2890 

.2922 

.2953 

.2985 

.3016 

.3047 

.3079 

.3110 

.10 

.3142 

•  3173 

.3204 

.3236 

.3267 

.3299 

.3330 

.3362 

.3393 

.3424 

.11 

.3456 

.3487 

.3519 

•  3550 

.3581 

.3613 

.3644 

.3676 

.3707 

.3738 

.12 

•  3770 

.3801 

.3833 

.3864 

.3896 

.3927 

.3958 

.3990 

.4021 

.4053 

.13 

.4084 

•  4115 

.4147 

.4178 

.4210 

.4241 

.4273 

.4304 

.4335 

.4367 

.14 

.4398 

•  4430 

.4461 

.4492 

.4524 

-.4555 

.4587 

.4618 

.4650 

.4681 

.15 

•  4712 

•  4744 

•  4775 

.4807 

,4838 

.4869 

.4901 

•  4932 

.4964 

.4995 

374           Area  Factors  for  Tubes 

Area  Factors  for  Tubes  (Continued) 

Thick- 

ness in 

.000 

.001 

.002 

.003 

.004 

.005 

.006 

.007 

.008 

.009 

inches 

•  15 

•  4712 

•  4744 

•  4775 

.4807 

.4838 

.4869 

.4901 

•  4932 

.4964 

•  4995 

.16 

.5027 

.5058 

.5089 

.5121 

.5152 

.5184 

.5215 

.5246 

.5278 

.5309 

.17 

.5341 

•  5372 

.5404 

•  5435 

-5466 

•  5498 

.5529 

.5561 

.5592 

.5623 

.18 

.5655 

.5686 

.5718 

•  5749 

.5781 

.5812 

.5843 

.5875 

.5906 

.5938 

.19 

.5969 

.6000 

.6032 

.6063 

•  6095 

.6126 

.6158 

.6189 

.6220 

.6252 

.20 

.6283 

•  6315 

.6346 

.6377 

.6409 

.6440 

.6472 

.6503 

.6535 

.6566 

.21 

-6597 

.6629 

.6660 

.6692 

.6723 

.6754 

.6786 

.6817 

.6849 

.6880 

.22 

.6912 

.6943 

.6974 

.7006 

.7037 

.7069 

.7100 

.7131 

.7163 

.7194 

.23 

.7226 

.7257 

.7288 

•  7320 

.7351 

.7383 

.7414 

.7446 

.7477 

.7508 

.24 

•  7540 

•  7571 

.7603 

.7634 

.7665 

.7697 

.7728 

.7760 

•  7791 

.7823 

.25 

.7854 

.7885 

-79I7 

.7948 

.7980 

.8011 

.8042 

.8074 

.8105 

.8137 

.26 

.8168 

.8200 

.-8231 

.8262 

.8294 

.8325 

.8357 

.8388 

.8419 

.8451 

.27 

.8482 

.8514 

.8545 

.8577 

.8608 

.8639 

.8671 

.8702 

.8734 

.8765 

.28 

.8796 

.8828 

.8859 

.8891 

.8922 

.8954 

.8985 

.9016 

.9048 

.9079 

.29 

.9111 

.9142 

.9173 

.9205 

•  9236 

.9268 

.9299 

•  9331 

.9362 

-9393 

.30 

•  9425 

•  9456 

.9488 

.9519 

•  9550 

.9582 

.9613 

.9645 

.9676 

.9708 

.31 

•  9739 

•  9770 

.9802 

.9833 

.9865 

.9896 

.9927 

•  9959 

.9990 

1.0022 

.32 

1.0053 

1.0085 

1.0116 

1.0147 

1.0179 

I.  0210 

1.0242 

1.0273 

.0304 

1.0336 

.33 

1.0367 

1.0399 

1.0430 

1.0462 

1.0493 

1.0524  1.0556 

1.0587 

.0619 

1.0650 

.34 

i.  0681 

1.0713 

1.0744 

1.0776 

1.0807 

1.0838 

1.0870 

1.0901 

.0933 

1.0964 

.35 

1.0996 

I  .  1027 

i  .  1058 

1.1090 

I.II2I 

I.H53 

1.1184 

I.  1215 

.1247 

I  .  1278 

.36 

i  .  1310 

I  .  1341 

i  •  1373 

i  .  1404 

i  •  1435 

i  .  1467 

i  .  1498 

I  .  1530 

.1561 

I  •  1592 

.37 

i  .  1624 

I  .  1655 

1.1687 

1.1718 

I  .  1750 

i  .  1781 

i.  1812 

I  .  1844 

.1875 

I.I907 

.38 

i  .  1938 

1.1969 

I.20OI 

I  .  2032 

1.2064 

1.2095 

i  .  2127 

1.2158 

.2189 

I  .  2221 

•  39 

i  .  2252 

I  .  2284 

I.23I5 

1.2346 

1.2378 

1.2409 

1.2441 

I  .  2472 

.2504 

1.2535 

.40 

1.2566 

1.2598 

I  .  2629 

1.2661 

1.2692 

1.2723 

1.2755 

1.2786 

.2818 

.2849 

•  41 

1.2881 

I  .  2912 

1-2943 

1.2975 

1.3006 

1.3038 

1.3069 

1.3100 

.3132 

,3163 

.42 

I.3I95 

1.3226 

1.3258 

1.3289 

1.3320 

1.3352 

1.3383 

I.34I5 

.3446 

•  3477 

.43 

1-3509 

1.3540 

1.3572 

1.3603 

1.3635 

1.3666 

1.3697 

1.3729 

.376o 

.3792 

•  44 

1.3823 

1.3854 

1.3886 

I.39I7 

1.3949 

i.398o 

1.4012 

1.4043 

.4074 

.4106 

•  45 

I.4I37 

1.4169 

I  .  4200 

1.4231 

1.4263 

1.4294 

1.4326 

1.4357 

.4388 

.4420 

.46 

I.445I 

1.4483 

I.45I4 

1.4546 

1.4577 

1.4608 

1.4640 

1.4671 

•  4703 

.4734 

.47 

1.4765 

1-4797 

1.4828 

1.4860 

1.4891 

1.4923 

1.4954 

1.4985 

.5017 

.5048 

.48 

1.5080 

1.5111 

I.5I42 

L5I74 

1.5205 

1.5237 

1.5268 

1.5300 

•  5331 

.5362 

.49 

1.5394 

1.5425 

1-5457 

1.5488 

I.55I9 

I.555I 

1.5582 

1.5614 

.5645 

.5677 

.50 

I.57o8 

1.5739 

I-577I 

1.5802 

1.5834 

1.5865 

1.5896 

1.5928 

.5959 

•  5991 

.51 

1.6022 

1.6054 

1.6085 

1.6116 

1.6148 

1.6179 

1.6211 

1.6242 

.6273 

.6305 

.52 

1.6336 

1.6368 

1.6399 

1.6431 

I  .  6462 

1.6493 

1.6525 

1.6556 

.6588 

.6619 

•  53 

1.6650 

1.6682 

1.6713 

1.6745 

1.6776 

i.  6808 

1.6839 

1.6870 

1.6902 

.6933 

.54 

1.6965 

1.6996 

1.7027 

1.7059 

1.7090 

1.7122 

I.7I53 

I.7I85 

1.7216 

1.7247 

•  55 

1.7279 

I.73IO 

1.7342 

1.7373 

1.7404 

1.7436 

1.7467 

1.7499 

1.7530 

1.7562 

.56 

1.7593 

1.7624 

1.7656 

1.7687 

I  .  7719 

1-7750 

1.7781 

I.78I3 

1.7844 

1.7876 

•  57 

1.7907 

1-7939 

1.7970 

1.8001 

1.8033 

1.8064 

1.8096 

1.8127 

1.8158 

1.8190 

.58 

I.822I 

1.8253 

1.8284 

I.83I5 

1.8347 

1.8378 

1.8410 

1.8441 

1.8473 

1.8504 

Area  Factors  for  Tubes                            375 

Area  Factors  for  Tubes  (Concluded) 

Thick- 
ness in 
inches 

.000 

.001 

.002 

.003 

.004 

.005 

.006 

.007 

.008 

.009 

.58 
•  59 
.60 
.61 

.8221 
.8535 
.8850 
.9164 

1.8253 
1.8567 
I.  8881 
1.9195 

1.8284 
1.8598 
I.89I2 
1.9227 

1.8315 
1.8630 
1.8944 
1.9258 

1.8347 
1.8661 
1.8975 
1.9289 

1.8378 
1.8692 
I.9OO7 
I.932I 

1.8410 
1.8724 
1.9038 
1-9352 

.8441 
•8755 
.9069 
.9384 

1.8473 
1.8787 
1.9101 
I.94I5 

1.8504 
I.  8818 
I.9I32 
1.9446 

.62 
.63 
.64 
.65 

.9478 
•  9792 
2.0106 
2.0420 

1.9509 
1.9823 

2.0138 
2.0452 

I-954I 
1.9855 
2.0169 
2.0483 

1.9572 
1.9886 

2.O200 
2.0515 

I  .9604 
1.9918 
2.0232 

2  .0546 

1.9635 

1.9949 
2.0263 
2.0577 

1.9666 
1.9981 
2.0295 
2.0609 

.9698 
.0012 
2.0326 
2.0640 

1.9729 
2.0043 
2.0358 
2.0672 

I.976I 
2.0075 
2.0389 
2.0703 

.66 
.67 
.68 
.69 

2.0735 
2.1049 
2.1363 
2.1677 

2.0766 
2.1080 

2.1394 
2.1708 

2.0797 

2.III2 
2.1426 
2.1740 

2.0829 
2.H43 

2.1457 
2.1771 

2.0860 
2.II74 
2.1489 
2.1803 

2.0892 
2  .  1206 

2  .  1520 
2  .  1834 

2.0923 

2  .  1237 
2.I55I 
2.1865 

2.0954 
2.1269 
2.1583 
2.1897 

2.0986 
2.1300 
2.1614 
2.1928 

2.IOI7 
2.I33I 
2.1646 
2.1960 

.70 
•  71 
.72 
•  73 

2.1991 

2.2305 

2  .  2619 
2.2934 

2  .  2023 

2.2337 

2.2651 
2.2965 

2.2054 
2  .  2368 
2.2682 
2.2996 

2.2085 
2.2400 
2.2714 

2  .  3028 

2.2II7 
2  .  2431 

2  .  2745 
2  -  3059 

2  .  2148 
2  .  2462 
2.2777 
2.3091 

2.  2180 

2.2494 
2.2808 
2.3122 

2.22II 
2.2525 
2.2839 
2.3154 

2.2242 
2.2557 
2.2871 
2.3185 

2.2274 
2.2588 
2.2902 
2.3216 

•  74 
•  75 
.76 

•  77 

2.3248 
2.3562 
2.3876 
2.4190 

2.3279 

2-3593 
2.3908 
2.4222 

2.33II 
2.3625 
2-3939 
2.4253 

2.3342 
2.3656 
2.3970 
2.4285 

2-3373 
2.3688 
2.4002 

2  .  4316 

2.3405 
2.3719 
2.4033 

2-4347 

2.3436 
2.3750 
2.4065 
2.4379 

2.3468 
2.3782 
2.4096 
2.4410 

2.3499 
2.3813 
2.4127 
2.4442 

2.3531 
2.3845 
2.4159 

2.4473 

•  78 
79 
.80 
.81 

2.4504 
2.4819 
2.5133 

2.5447 

2.4536 
2.4850 
2.5164 
2.5478 

2.4567 
2.4881 
2.5196 
2.5510 

2  .  4599 
2  .  4913 
2.5227 

2  .  5541 

2  .  4630 
2  .  4944 
2.5258 
2.5573 

2.4662 
2.4976 
2.5290 
2.5604 

2.4693 
2.5007 
2.5321 
2.5635 

2.4724 
2.5038 

2.5353 
2.5667 

2.4756 
2.5070 
2.5384 
2.5698 

2.4787 
2.5101 
2.5415 
2.5730 

.82 
.83 
-84 
.85 

2.5761 

2.6075 
2.6389 
2.6704 

2.5792 
2  .  6l07 
2.6421 
2.6735 

2.5824 
2.6138 
2.6452 
2.6766 

2.5855 
2.6l69 
2  .  6484 
2.6798 

2.5887 

2  .  62OI 
2  .  6515 
2  .  6829 

2.5918 
2.6232 
2.6546 

2  .  686l 

2.5950 

2  .  6264 
2.6578 
2.6892 

2.5981 
2.6295 
2.6609 
2.6923 

2.  6OI2 
2.6327 
2.6641 
2.6955 

2.6044 
2.6358 
2.6672 
2.6986 

.86 
.87 
.88 
.89 

.90 
•  91 
.92 
.93 

2.7018 
2-7332 
2.7646 
2.7960 

2.8274 
2.8589 
2.8903 
2.9217 

2.7049 
2.7363 
2.7677 
2.7992 

2.8306 
2.8620 
2.8934 
2.9248 

2.7081 

2.7395 
2.7709 
2.8023 

2.8337 
2.8651 
2.8965 
2.9280 

2.7II2 
2  .  7426 
2.7740 
2.8054 

2.8369 
2.8683 
2.8997 
2.93II 

2  .  7143 
2.7458 
2.7772 
2.8086 

2.8400 
2.8714 
2.9028 
2.9342 

2  .  7175 
2.7489 
2.7803 

2  .  72O6 
2.7520 
2.7835 

2.7238 
2.7552 
2.7866 
2.8180 

2.8494 
2.8808 
2.9123 
2.9437 

2.7269 
2.7583 
2.7897 
2.8212 

2.8526 
2.8840 
2.9154 
2.9468 

2.7300 
2.7615 
2.7929 
2.8243 

2.8557 
2.8871 
2.9185 
2.9500 

2.8431 
2.8746 
2.9060 

2.9374 

2.8463 
2.8777 
2.9091 
2-9405 

•  94 
-95 
•  96 
•  97 

2.9531 
2.9845 
3-0159 
3-0473 

2.9562 
2.9877 
3.0I9I 
3.0505 

2-9594 
2.9908 
3.0222 
3.0536 

2.9625 
2.9939 
3-0254 
3.0568 

2.9657 
2.9971 
3.0285 
3-0599 

2.9688 
3.0002 
3.0316 
3.0631 

2.9719 
3-0034 
3.0348 
3.0662 

2.9751 
3.0065 
3-0379 
3.0693 

2.9782 
3.0096 
3.04H 
3.0725 

2.9814 
3.0128 
3.0442 
3.0756 

•  98 
-.99 

1.  00 

1 

3-0788 
3.1102 

3.1416 

3.0819 
3-II33 
3-1447 

3.0850 
3.H65 
3.1479 

3.0882 
3.H96 
3.I5IO 

3^0913 
3-1227 
3.1542 

3-0945 
3-1259 
3-1573 

3.0976 
3.I29O 
3.1604 

3.1008 
3.1322 
3.1636 

3-1039 
3-1353 
3.1667 

3.1070 
3.1385 
3.1699 

376  Weight  Factors  for  Steel  Tubes 


WEIGHT  FACTORS  FOR   STEEL  TUBES 

This  table  of  weight  factors  may  be  used  to  calculate  the  weights  per 
foot  length  of  steel  pipe  and  tubes  of  any  diameter  and  for  any  thick- 
ness, both  being  expressed  to  the  nearest  one-thousandth  inch.  To 
apply  the  table  use  the  following: 

Rule.  Subtract  the  thickness  of  tube  wall  from  the  outside  diameter, . 
both  being  expressed  in  inches  and  decimals,  then  multiply  the  remainder 
by  the  tabular  weight  factor  corresponding  to  the  given  thickness.  The 
result  will  be  the  weight  of  tube  in  pounds  per  foot  length. 

Example.  Find  the  weight  in  pounds  per  foot  of  a  tube  whose  out- 
side diameter  is  8%  inches  and  thickness  of  wall  0.284  inch. 

Solution,  (i)  Outside  diameter  less  thickness  =  8.625  —  0.284  = 
8.341;  (2)  tabular  weight  factor  corresponding  to  the  given  thickness 
of  0.284  inch  is  3.033,  which  is  found  in  column  headed  .004  and  opposite 
.28  in  column  one;  (3)  the  required  weight  equals  8.341  X  3.033  = 
25.30  pounds  per  foot. 

Note.  When  the  thickness  of  tube  wall  exceeds  one  inch,  add  to  the 
tabular  weight  factor  corresponding  to  the  decimal  part  of  the  given 
thickness,  once,  twice,  thrice,  etc.,  that  corresponding  to  i.ooo  inch, 
as  the  case  may  be,  thus: 

Weight  factor  for  thickness  of  1.625  will  be 

Weight  factor  for      .625=    6.675 
Weight  factor  for    i .  ooo  =  10. 6802 


Weight  factor  for    1.625  =  17.355 

In  like  manner  the  weight  factor  corresponding  to  a  thickness  of 
2.625  inches  will  be  6.675  +  (2  X  10.6802)  =  28.035. 

Basis  of  Table.    This  table  was  calculated  on  an  eight-slot  Burk- 
hardt  machine  by  means  of  the  formula 

W  =  10.680158  (D  -  i)  t, 

where    W  =  weight  of  steel  tube  in  pounds  per  foot; 
D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches; 
/  =  thickness  of  tube  wall  in  inches. 

Weight  one  cubic  inch  steel  =  0.2833  pound. 


Weight  Factors  for  Steel  Tubes                      377 

Weight  Factors  for  Steel  Tubes,  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot 

(Based  on  weight  of  one  cubic  inch  of  steel  equals  .2833  pound.) 

Thick- 

ness in 

.000 

.001 

.002 

.003 

.004 

.005 

.006 

.007 

.008 

.009 

inches 

.00 

.Oil 

.021 

.032 

.043 

.053 

.064 

.075 

.085 

.096 

.01 

.107 

.117 

.128 

.139 

.150 

.160 

.171 

.182 

.192 

.203 

.02 

.214 

.224 

.235 

.246 

.256 

.267 

.278 

.288 

.299 

.310 

.03 

.320 

.331 

.342 

.352 

.363 

•  374 

.384 

•  395 

.406 

.417 

.04 

.427 

.438 

.449 

.459 

.470 

.481 

.491 

.502 

•  513 

.523 

.05 

•  534 

.545 

•  555 

.566 

.577 

.587 

.598 

.609 

.619 

.630 

.06 

.641 

.651 

.662 

.673 

.684 

.694 

.705 

.716 

.726 

•  737 

.07 

.748 

.758 

.769 

.780 

•  790 

.801 

.812 

.822 

.833 

.844 

.08 

.854 

.865 

.876 

.886 

.897 

.908 

.918 

.929 

•  940 

•  951 

.09 

.961 

.972 

.983 

•  993 

1.004 

1.015 

1.025 

1.036 

1.047 

1.057 

.10 

.068 

.079 

1.089 

I.IOO 

.in 

1.  121 

.132 

.143 

1.  153 

.164 

.11 

.175 

.185 

1.196 

1.207 

.218 

1.228 

.239 

.250 

1.260 

.271 

.12 

.282 

.292 

1-303 

I.3M 

.324 

1-335 

.346 

.356 

1.367 

-378 

.13 

.388 

•  399 

1.410 

1.420 

•  431 

1.442 

.453 

.463 

I  -474 

.485 

.14 

•  495 

.506 

I.5I7 

1.527 

.538 

1.549 

•  559 

•  570 

1.581 

.591 

.15 

.602 

.613 

1.623 

1.634 

.645 

1.655 

.666 

.677 

1.687 

.698 

.16 

.709 

.720 

1-730 

i.74i 

•  752 

1.762 

•  773 

.784 

1-794 

.805 

.17 

.816 

.826 

1.837 

1.848 

.858 

1.869 

.880 

.890 

1.901 

.912 

.18 

.922 

.933 

1.944 

1-954 

.965 

1.976 

.987 

•  997 

2.008 

2.019 

.19 

2.029 

.040 

2.051 

2.061 

2.072 

2.083 

2.093 

2.104 

2.  115 

2.125 

.20 

2.136 

2.147 

2.157 

2.168 

2.179 

2.189 

2.200 

2.  211 

2.221 

2.232 

.21 

2.243 

2.254 

2.264 

2.275 

2.286 

2.296 

2.307 

2.318 

2.328 

2.339 

.22 

2-350 

2.360 

2.371 

2.382 

2.392 

2.403 

2.414 

2.424 

2.435 

2.446 

.23 

2.456 

2.467 

2.478 

2.488 

2.499 

2.510 

2.521 

2.531 

2.542 

2.553 

.24 

2.563 

2.574 

2.585 

2.595 

2.606 

2.617 

2.627 

2.638 

2.649 

2.659 

.25 

2.670 

2.681 

2.691 

2.702 

2.713 

2.723 

2-734 

2.745 

2.755 

2.766 

.26 

2.777 

2.788 

2.798 

2.809 

2.820 

2.830 

2.841 

2.852 

2.862 

2.873 

.27 

2.884 

2.894 

2.905 

2.916 

2.926 

2.937 

2.948 

2.958 

2.969 

2.980 

.28 

2.990 

3.001 

3-012 

3.022 

3-033 

3-044 

3-055 

3.065 

3-076 

3-087 

.29 

3-097 

3.108 

3.119 

3-129 

3.140 

3-I5I 

3.l6l 

3.172 

3.183 

3.193 

.30 

3.204 

3-215 

3.225 

3.236 

3.247 

3-257 

3.268 

3-279 

3.289 

3-300 

.31 

3-3II 

3-322 

3.332 

3-343 

3-354 

3.364 

3-375 

3.386 

3.396 

3.407 

.32 

3.418 

3.428 

3.439 

3-450 

3.46o 

3-471 

3.482 

3-492 

3-503 

3.514 

.33 

3.524 

3-535 

3.546 

3.556 

3.567 

3.578 

3.589 

3.599 

3.610 

3.621 

.34 

3.631 

3.642 

3.653 

3.663 

3.674 

3-685 

3.695 

3.7o6 

3.717 

3.727 

•35 

3.738 

3-749 

3.759 

3-770 

3.781 

3-791 

3.802 

3-813 

3.823 

3.834 

.36 

3.845 

3.856 

3.866 

3.877 

3.888 

3.898 

3.909 

3.920 

3-930 

3.941 

.37 

3-952 

3.962 

3-973 

3.984 

3-994 

4.005 

4.OI6 

4.026 

4-037 

4.048 

.38 

4.058 

4.069 

4.080 

4.091 

4.101 

4.  112 

4.123 

4.133 

4-144 

4.155 

.39 

4-165 

4.176 

4-187 

4-197 

4.208 

4.219 

4.229 

4.240 

4-251 

4.261 

.40 

4.272 

4.283 

4-293 

4.304 

4-315 

4.325 

4.336 

4-347 

4.358 

4.368 

.41 

4.379 

4-390 

4.400 

4.411 

4.422 

4-432 

4-443 

4-454 

4.464 

4-475 

.42 

4.486 

4.496 

4.507 

4.518 

4.528 

4-539 

4-550 

4.500 

4-571 

4.582 

.43 

4.592 

4-603 

4.614 

4.625 

4.635 

4.646 

4.657 

4-667 

4.678 

4.689 

.44 

4.699 

4-710 

4.721 

4-731 

4.742 

4-753 

4.763 

4.774 

4.785 

4-795 

.45 

4.806 

4.817 

4.827 

4.838 

4.849 

4.859 

4.870 

4.881 

4.892 

4.902 

.46 

4.913 

4.924 

4-934 

4-945 

4.956 

4.966 

4-977 

4.988 

4.998 

5.009 

.47 

5.020 

5.030 

5.041 

5.052 

5.062 

5-073 

5.084 

5-094 

5-105 

5.n6 

.48 

5.126 

5.137 

5.148 

5-159 

5.169 

5.180 

5.I9I 

5.201 

5-212 

5-223 

.49 

5-233 

5-244 

5-255 

5.265 

5.276 

5.287 

5-297 

5.308 

5.319 

5-329 

•50 

5.340 

5.351 

5.36i 

5-372 

5-383|  5.393 

5.404 

5-415 

5.426 

5.436 

378                      Weight  Factors  for  Steel  Tubes 

Weight  Factors  for  Steel  Tubes,  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  (Concluded) 

(Based  on  weight  of  one  cubic  inch  of  steel  equals  .2833  pound.) 

1  Thick- 

ness in 

.000 

.001 

.002 

.003 

.004 

.005 

.006 

.007 

.008 

.009 

inches 

•  So 

5.340 

5-351 

5.36i 

5-372 

5.383 

5-393 

5.404 

5.415 

5.426 

5.436 

.51 

5.447 

5-458 

5.468 

5-479 

5-490 

5-500 

5-5II 

5-522 

5-532 

5-543 

•  52 

5.554 

5.564 

5-575 

5-586 

5.596 

5-607 

5-6l8 

5.628 

5.639 

5-650 

•  53 

5.660 

5.671 

5-682 

5-693 

5.703 

5.714 

5.725 

5-735 

5-746 

5-757 

•  54 

5.767 

5-778 

5.789 

5-799 

5-Slo 

5.821 

5.831 

5.842 

5-853 

5-863 

•  55 

5.874 

5-885 

5.895 

5.906 

5.917 

5.927 

5-938 

5-949 

5.96o 

5-970 

.56 

5.981 

5-992 

6.002 

6.013 

6.024 

6.034 

6.O45 

6.056 

6.066 

6.077 

•  57 

6.088 

6.098 

6.109 

6.120 

6.130 

6.141 

6.152 

6.162 

6.173 

6.184 

.58 

6.194 

6.205 

6.216 

6.227 

6.237 

6.248 

6.259 

6.269 

6.280 

6.291 

•  59 

6.301 

6.312 

6.323 

6.333 

6.344 

6.355 

6.365 

6.376 

6.387 

6.397 

.60 

6.408 

6.419 

6.429 

6.440 

6.451 

6.461 

6.472 

6.483 

6.404 

6.504 

.61 

6-515 

6.526 

6.536 

6.547 

6.558 

6.568 

6.579 

6.590 

6.600 

6.611 

.62 

6.622 

6.632 

6.643 

6.654 

6.664 

6.675 

6.686 

6.696 

6.707 

6.718 

.63 

6.728 

6.739 

6.750 

6.761 

6.771 

6.782 

6.793 

6.803 

6.814 

6.825 

.64 

6.835 

6.846 

6.857 

6.867 

6.878 

6.889 

6.899 

6.910 

6.921 

6-931 

.65 

6.942 

6.953 

6.963 

6.974 

6.985 

6.996 

7.006 

7-017 

7.028 

7-038 

.66 

7.049 

7.060 

7.070 

7.081 

7.092 

7.102 

7-  H3 

7.124 

7-134 

7-145 

.6? 

7.156 

7.166 

7.177 

7.188 

7.198 

7.209 

7.220 

7.230 

7.241 

7-252 

.68 

7.263 

7-273 

7.284 

7-295 

7.305 

7.3i6 

7-327 

7-337 

7.348 

7-359 

.69 

7.369 

7.38o 

7-391 

7.401 

7.412 

7-423 

7-433 

7-444 

7.455 

7.465 

.70 

7.476 

7.487 

7-497 

7.508 

7.519 

7-530 

7-540 

7-551 

7.562 

7-572 

.71 

7.583 

7-594 

7.604 

7-615 

7.626 

7-636 

7.647 

7-658 

7.668 

7.679 

.72 

7.690 

7.700 

7-7II 

7.722 

7-732 

7-743 

7-754 

7.764 

7-775 

7-786 

.73 

7-797 

7.807 

7.818 

7-829 

7.839 

7.850 

7.861 

7-871 

7.882 

7-893 

.74 

7.903 

7.914 

7.925 

7-935 

7.946 

7-957 

7.967 

7-978 

7.989 

7-999 

•  75 

8.010 

8.021 

8.031 

8.042 

8.053 

8.064 

8.074 

8.085 

8.096 

8.106 

.76 

8.117 

8.128 

8.138 

8.149 

8.160 

8.170 

8.181 

8.192 

8.202 

8.213 

.77 

8.224 

8.234 

8.245 

8.256 

8.266 

8.277 

8.288 

8.298 

8.309 

8.320 

.78 

8.331 

8.341 

8.352 

8.363 

8.373 

8.384 

8.395 

8.405 

8.416 

8.427 

•  79 

8.437 

8.448 

8.459 

8.469 

8.480 

8.491 

8.501 

8.512 

8.523 

8.533 

.80 

8.544 

8,555 

8.565 

8.576 

8-587 

8.598 

8.608 

8.619 

8.630 

8.640 

.81 

8.651 

8.662 

8.672 

8.683 

8.694 

8.704 

8.715 

8.726 

8.736 

8.747 

.82 

8.758 

8.768 

8.779 

8.790 

8.800 

8.811 

8.822 

8.832 

8.843 

8.854 

.83 

8.865 

8.875 

8.886 

8.897 

8.907 

8.918 

8.929 

8.939 

8.950 

8.961 

.84 

8.971 

8.982 

8.993 

9.003 

9-014 

9.025 

9-035 

9.046 

9.057 

9.067 

.85 

9.078 

9.089 

9.099 

9.110 

9.121 

9.132 

9.142 

9.153 

9.164 

9-174 

.86 

9.185 

9.196 

9.206 

9.217 

9.228 

9.238 

9-249 

9.260 

9.270 

9.281 

.87 

9.292 

9-302 

9.313 

9-324 

9-334 

9-345 

9.356 

9-366 

9-377 

9-388 

.88 

9-399 

9.409 

9.420 

9-431 

9-441 

9.452 

9.463 

9-473 

9.484 

9-495 

.89 

9.505 

9.5i6 

9.527 

9-537 

9.548 

9-559 

9.569 

9.58o 

9-591 

9.601 

.00 

9.612 

9.623 

9.634 

9.644 

9.655 

9.666 

9.676 

9-687 

9.698 

9.708 

.91 

9.719 

9-730 

9-740 

9-751 

9.762 

9.772 

9.783 

9-794 

9.804 

9.815 

.92 

9.826 

9.836 

9.847 

9-858 

9.868 

9.879 

9.890 

9.901 

9.911 

9.922 

•  93 

9-933 

9-943 

9-954 

9-965 

9-975 

9.986 

9-997 

10.007 

10.018 

0.029 

.94 

10.039 

10.050 

10.061 

10.071 

10.082 

10.093 

10.103 

10.114 

10.125 

0.135 

.95 

0.146 

10.157 

10.168 

10.178 

10.189 

IO.2OO 

10.210 

10.221 

10.232 

0.242 

.96 

0.253 

10.264 

10.274 

10.285 

10.296 

I0.3O6 

10.317 

10.328 

10.338 

0.349 

•  97 

0.360 

10.370 

10.381 

10.392 

10.402 

10.413 

10.424 

10.435 

10.445 

0.456 

.98 

0.467 

10.477 

10.488 

10.499 

10.509 

10.520 

10.531 

10.541 

10.552 

10.563 

.99 

0.573 

10.584 

10.595 

10.605 

10.616 

IO.627 

10.637 

10.648 

10.659 

10.669 

1.  00 

0.6802 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     379 


WEIGHT  IN  POUNDS  PER  LINEAL  FOOT  FOR 
PIPE  AND  TUBING 

Table  II  was  calculated  for  steel  pipe  or  tubes  on  the  basis  of  one 
cubic  inch  of  steel  =  .2853  pound.  To  convert  these  weights  to  weights 
for  other  materials,  see  weight  factors,  page  423.  This  table  was  calcu- 
lated on  an  eight-slot  Burkhardt  machine  by  means  of  the  formula: 

W  =  10.680158  (D  -  0  /, 

where        W  =  weight  of  steel  tube  in  pounds  per  foot; 
D  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches; 
/  =  thickness  in  inches. 

Table  I  may  be  used  to  interpolate  for  the  weights  of  tubes  varying 
by  even  32nds  or  64ths  of  an  inch  where  the  wall  remains  the  same  as  in 
Table  II.  Table  I  was  calculated  by  the  formula: 

D  =  10.680158/5, 

where         D  —  difference  in  weight  per  foot; 
/  =  thickness  of  wall  in  inches; 
a  =  difference  in  outside  diameters  in  inches. 

Use  of  Table  I.  Example.  Find  weight  per  foot  of  tube  iHta 
inch  outside  diameter  X  %2  inch  wall.  The  next  size,  given  in  Table 
II,  smaller  than  i41/&4  inch  is  i%  inch.  Difference  between  i41?^  inch 
and  i%  inch  is  VG&  inch. 

Weight  per  foot,  from  Table  II,  of  tube  i%  inch  outside  diameter 
X  %2  inch  wall =  i .  533  pounds 

Difference  in  weight  per  foot,  from  Table  I, 
for  %2  inch  wall  and  for  difference,  in  out- 
side diameter,  of  %4  inch =  .016 


Weight  per  foot  of  tube  iHta  inch  outside 

diameter  X  %2  inch  wall =   i .  549  pounds 


380  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  I.  —  Difference  in  Weight  per  Foot  for  Difference  in  Outside  Diameter 

of  "a",  the  Wall  Remaining  the  Same  for  Steel  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Difference  in  outside  diameter,  "a" 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

1/64 

1/32 

%4 

Vl6 

%4 

%2 

m 

24 

.0037 

.0073 

.OIIO 

23 

.0042 

.0083 

.OI25 

22 

.0047 

.0093 

.0140 

21 

.0053 

.0107 

.Ol6o 

2O 

.0058 

.0117 

.0175 

.0234 

.O292 

.0350 

.0409 

19 

.0070 

.0140 

.0210 

.0280 

.0350 

.0421 

.0491 

18 

.0082 

.0164 

.0245 

.0327 

.0409 

.0491 

.0572 

17 

.0097 

.0194 

.0290 

.0387 

.0484 

.0581 

.0678 

Vi6 

.0104 

.0209 

.0313 

.0417 

.0521 

.0626 

.0730 

16 

.0108 

.0217 

.0325 

•  0434 

.0542 

.0651 

.0759 

IS 

.0120 

.0240 

.0360 

.0481 

.0601 

.0721 

.0841 

14 

.0139 

.0277 

.0416 

.0554 

.0693 

.0831 

.0970 

"'8/32' 

.0156 

.0313 

.0469 

.0626 

.0782 

.0939 

.1095 

13 

•  0159 

.0317 

.0476 

.0634 

.0793 

.0951 

.IIIO 

12 

.0182 

.0364 

.0546 

.0728 

.0909 

.1091 

.1273 

II 

.O2OO 

.0401 

.0601 

.0801 

.IOOI 

.1202 

.1402 

Vs 

.0209 

.0417 

.0626 

.0834 

.1043 

.1252 

.1460 

IO 

.O224 

.0447 

.0671 

.0894 

.1118 

.1342 

.1565 

9 

.O247 

.0494 

.0741 

.0988 

.1235 

.1482 

.1729 

%2 

.026l 

.0521 

.0782 

.1043 

.1304 

.1464 

.1825 

8 

.0275 

.0551 

.0826 

.IIOI 

-1377 

.  1652 

.1927 

7 

.0300 

.0601 

.0901 

•   .  1202 

.1502 

.1802 

.2103 

'"8/16* 

.0313 

.0626 

.0939 

.1252 

.1564 

.1877 

.2190 

6 

.O339 

.0678 

.1016 

.1355 

.1694 

.2033 

.2371 

T/82 

.0365 

.0730 

.1095 

.1460 

.1825 

.2190 

.2555 

5 

.0367 

.0734 

.IIOI 

.1469 

.1836 

.2203 

.2570 

4 

.O397 

.0794 

.1192 

.1589 

.1986 

.2383 

.2780 

% 

.0417 

.0834 

.1252 

.1669 

.2086 

.2503 

.2920 

3 

.O432 

.0864 

.1297 

.1729 

.2161 

.2593 

.3025 

%2 

.0469 

.0939 

.1408 

.1877 

.2347 

.2816 

.3285 

2 

.O474 

.0948 

.1422 

.1896 

.2370 

.2844 

.3318 

I 

.O5OI 

.IOOI 

.1502 

.2OO3 

.2503 

.3004 

.3504 

5/ie 

.0521 

.1043 

.1564 

.2086 

.2607 

.3129 

.3650 

*%a 

.0574 

.1147 

.1721 

.2295 

.2868 

.3442 

.4015 

% 

.0626 

.1252 

.1877 

.2503 

.3129 

.3755 

.4381 

7/l6 

.0730 

.1460 

.2190 

.2920 

.3650 

.4381 

.5in 

% 

.0834 

.1669 

.2503 

.3338 

.4172 

.5006 

.5841 

9/ie 

.0939 

.1877 

.2816 

.3755 

.4693 

.5632 

.6571 

% 

.1043 

.2086 

.3129 

.4172 

.5215 

.6258 

.7301 

!%6 

.1147 

.2295 

.3442 

.4589 

.5736 

.6884 

.8031 

% 

.1252 

.2503 

.3755 

.5006 

.6258 

.7509 

.8761 

18/16 

.1356 

.2712 

.4068 

.5424 

.6779 

.8135 

.9491 

% 

.1460 

.2920 

.4381 

.5841 

.7301 

.8761 

.022 

15/16 

.1564 

.3129 

.4693 

.6258 

.7822 

.9387 

.095 

I 

.1669 

.3338 

.5006 

.6675 

.8344 

1.  001 

.168 

11/16 

.1773 

.3546 

.5319 

.7092 

.8865 

1.064 

.241 

iVs 

.1877 

.3755 

.5632 

.7509 

.9387 

1.126 

.314 

I%6 

.1982 

.3963 

•  5945 

.7927 

.9908 

1.189 

.387 

l"U 

.2086 

.4172 

.6258 

.8344 

1.043 

1.252 

.460 

I5/16 

.2190 

.4381 

.6571 

.8761 

1-095 

1.314 

.533 

1% 

.2295 

.4589 

.6884 

.9178 

1.  147 

1.377 

.606 

I%6 

.2399 

.4798 

.7197 

.9595 

1.  199 

1.439 

.679 

m 

.2503 

.5006 

.7509 

1.  001 

1.252 

1.502 

1.752 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     381 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

W6 

Vs 

8/16 

% 

5/4e 

% 

7/16 

y2 

24 

23 

22 
21 

20 
19 

18 

17 

16 
IS 
14 

13 

12 
II 

10 

9 
8 

.0095 

.0242 
,0267 
.0290 
.0318 

.0336 
.0372 

.0389 

.0434 
.0477 
.0531 

.0570 
.0653 
.0725 
.0802 

.0834 

.0536 

.0601 
.0664 
•  0745 

.0804 
.0933 
.1052 
.1189 

.1252 
.1284 
.1369 
.1480 

.0683 
.0768 
.0851 
.0959 

.1037 
.1213 
.1379 
.1577 

.1669 
.1718 
.1849 
.2034 

.2190 
.2207 

.0829 
.0935 
.1038 
.1172 

.1271 
.1494 
.1706 
.1964 

.2086 
.2152 
.2330 
.2588 

.2816 
.2841 
.3097 
.3268 

.3338 

.0976 
.1101 
.1225 
.1386 

.1505 

-1774 

.2033 
.2351 

.2503 
.2586 
.2811 
.3142 

•  3442 
.3475 
.3824 
.4069 

.4172 
.4344 
.4576 

.1123 
.1268 
.1411 

.1599 

.1738 
.2054 
.2360 
.2738 

.2920 
.3020 
.3291 
.3697 

.4068 
.4109 
•  4552 
.4870 

.5006 
.5238 
.5564 
.5736 

.5903 

We 

%2 

% 

%2 

382     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 


Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 
Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 


Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

9/16 

% 

mQ 

3/4 

13/16 

7/8 

15/16 

I 

24 
23 

22 
21 

20 

19 
18 
17 

16 
15 
14 

13 

12 

II 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 
4 

3 

2 

I 

.1270 
.1435 
.1598 
.1813 

.1972 
.2335 
.2687 
•  3125 

.3338 
.3454 
•  3772 
.4251 

.4693 
•  4743 
.5279 
.5671 

.5841 
.6132 
.6552 
.6779 

•  7005 
.7353 
.7509 

.1417 
.1602 
.1785 
.2027 

.2205 
.2615 
•  3014 
•  3512 

.3755 
.3888 
.4252 
.4805 

.5319 
•  5377 
.6007 
.6472 

.6675 

.7027 
•  7540 
.7822 

.8106 
.8555 
.8761 
•  9149 

.1564 
.1769 
.1972 
.2240 

.2439 

.2895 
.3341 
.3899 

.4172 
•  4321 
•  4733 
•  5359 

•  5945 
.6012 
.6735 
.7273 

•  7509 
•  7921 
.8528 
.8865 

.9208 
•  9756 

1.  001 

1.050 

1.095 
1.098 

.1711 
.1936 

.2159 
.2454 

.2673 
.3176 
.3669 
.4287 

.4589 
•  4755 
.5214 
.5913 

.6571 
.6646 
.7462 
.8074 

.8344 
.8816 
.9516 
.9908 

1.031 
1.096 
1.126 
1.186 

1.241 
1.  245 
1.301 
1.335 

.1857 

.2103 

.2346 
.2667 

.2906 
.3456 
.3996 
.4674 

.5006 

.5189 
.5694 

.6467 

.7197 
.7280 
.8190 

.8875 

.9178 
.9710 
1.050 
1.095 

1.141 
1.  216 
1.252 
1.321 

1.387 
1.392 
1.460 
1.502 

I.53I 

.2O04 
.2270 

.2533 
.2881 

.3140 
•  3737 
.4323 
.5061 

.5424 
.5623 
.6175 
.7021 

.7822 
.7914 
.8917 
.9676 

.001 
.060 
.149 
.199 

.251 
.336 
.377 
•  457 

•  533 
.539 
.619 
.669 

.704 
.784 
•  793 

.2151 

.2436 
.2720 
.3095 

.3374 
.4017 
.4650 
•  5448 

.5841 
.6057 
.6655 
•  7575 

.8448 
.8548 
.9645 
1.048 

.085 
.150 
.248 
•  304 

.361 
.456 
.502 
•  592 

.679 
.686 
.778 
.836 

-877 
.971 
.982 
.043 

2.086 

.2298 
.2603 
.2907 
.3308 

.3607 

.4297 
•  4977 
.5835 

.6258 
.6491 
.7136 
.8129 

.9074 
.9182 
•  037 
.128 

.168 
.239 

•  347 
.408 

•  471 
.576 
.627 
.728 

.825 
.833 
.937 
.003 

2.050 
2.159 
2.172 
2.243 

2.295 

Vie 

%2 

% 

%2 

8/16 

%2 

y* 

%2 

5/16 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     383 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 
and  Tubing  (Continued) 
Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

itte 

iVs 

I%6 

$A 

I5/16 

i% 

i%e 

W 

20 

19 
18 
17 

16 
15 
14 

13 

12 

ii 

10 

9 

8 
7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

I 

.3841 
.4578 
.5304 
.6222 

.6675 
.6925 
.7617 
.8683 

.9700 
.9816 

I.  IIO 

1.208 

1.252 
1.329 
1.446 
1.512 

1.582 
1.697 
1.752 
1.863 

1.971 
1.980 
2.096 
2.169 

2.223 
2.347 
2.361 
2.443 

2.503 
2.639 

.4074 
.4858 
.5631 
.6610 

.7092 
.7359 
.8097 
.9237 

1.033 

1.045 
1.183 
1.288 

1.335 
1.418 
1-544 
1.617 

1.692 
1.817 
1.877 
1-999 

2.  117 
2.126 
2.255 
2.336 

2.395 
2.534 
2.551 
2.643 

2.712 
2.868 
3.004 

.4308 
.5138 
•  5958 
.6997 

.7509 
•  7793 
.8578 
.9791 

.095 
.108 
.256 
.368 

.418 
.508 
.643 
.721 

.802 
•  937 
2.003 
2.134 

2.263 
2.273 
2.414 
2.503 

2.568 
2.722 

2.740 
2.844 

2.920 
3.098 
3-254 

.4542 
.5419 
.6285 
.7384 

.7927 
.8226 
.9058 
1.034 

1.158 
1.172 
1.328 
1.448 

1.502 

1-597 
1.742 
1.825 

1.912 
2.057 
2.128 
2.270 

2.409 
2.420 
2.572 
2.670 

2.741 
2.910 
2.930 
3-044 

3.129 
3.327 
3.504 

.4775 
.5699 
.6612 
•  7771 

.8344 
.8660 
•  9539 
1.090 

.220 
.235 

.401 
.528 

.585 
.687 
.841 
•  930 

2.  022 

2.177 

2.253 

2.405 

2.555 
2.567 
2.731 
2.837 

2.914 
3.098 
3.120 
3-244 

3.338 
3-557 
3.755 
4.088 

.5009 
•  5979 
.6939 
.8158 

.8761 
.9094 

1.002 

1.  145 

1.283 
1.299 
1.474 
1.  608 

1.669 
1.776 
1-939 
2.034 

2.132 
2.297 
2.378 
2.541 

2.701 

2.714 
2.890 
3.004 

3.o87 
3.285 
3.309 
3-444 

3.546 
3-786 
4.005 
4.381 

.5243 
.6260 
.7266 
.8545 

.9178 
.9528 
1.050 

1.  201 

1-345 
1.362 
1.547 
1.689 

1.752 
1.865 
2.038 
2.138 

2.242 
2.417 
2.503 
2.676 

2.847 
2.861 
3-049 
3.I7I 

3.260 
3-473 
3-499 
3.645 

3-755 
4.015 
4-255 
4.673 

.5476 
.6540 
•  7594 
.8932 

.9595 
.9962 
.098 
.256 

.408 
.426 
.619 
.769 

.836 
•  955 
2.137 
2.242 

2-353 
2.538 
2.628 
2.812 

2.993 
3.008 
3.208 
3-338 

3-433 
3.66i 
3.688 
3.845 

3.963 

4-245 
4.506 
4.965 

5-340 

}46 

%2 

Vs 

"%2" 

3/16 

7/32 

"ii"' 

"%2" 

5/16 
H32 
% 
Tfy 

% 

384     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 
and  Tubing  (Continued) 
Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

I9/16 

1% 

HVlG 

1% 

I18/io 

1% 

I15/16 

2 

20 

19 
18 
17 

16 
15 
14 

13 

12 

II 

IO 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 
4 

3 

2 

I 

.5710 
.6820 
.7921 
•  9320 

.001 
.040 
.146 
.312 

•  471 
.489 
.692 
.849 

•  919 
.044 
.236 
•  347 

.463 
.658 
•  753 
2.947 

3-139 
3-154 
3.367 
3.504 

3.606 
3.849 
3.878 
4-045 

4.172 
4-474 
4.756 
5-257 

5.674 

•  5944 
.7101 
.8248 
.9707 

043 
083 
194 
.367 

.533 
•  552 
.765 
.929 

.003 
•  134 
•  335 
•  451 

•  573 
•  778 
.879 
3-083 

3.285 
3-301 
3.526 
3-671 

3-779 
4.036 
4-067 
4.245 

4.381 
4.704 
5.006 
5-549 

6.008 

.6177 
.7381 

.8575 
1.009 

1.085 
1.126 
1.242 
1.422 

1-596 
1.616 
1-838 
2.009 

2.086 
2.223 
2.433 
2.555 

2.683 
2.898 
3-004 
3.219 

3-431 

3.448 
3-684 
3.838 

3-951 

4.224 
4-257 
4.446 

4.589 
4-933 
5-257 
5.841 

6.341 
6.759 

.6411 
.7662 
.8902 
1.048 

1.126 
1.170 
1.290 

1.478 

1.658 
1.679 
1.910 
2.089 

2.169 
2.313 
2.532 
2.660 

2.793 
3.018 
3-129 
3-354 

3-577 
3-595 
3.843 
4.005 

4-124 
4.412 
4-447 
4.646 

4.798 
5.163 
5-507 
6.133 

6.675 
7-134 

.6644 
.7942 
.9229 
1.087 

.168 
.213 

.338 

•  533 

.721 
•  743 
.983 
2.169 

2.253 
2.402 
2.631 
2.764 

2.903 

3.138 

3.254 
3.490 

3.723 

3.742 
4.002 
4.172 

4.297 

4.600 

4.636 
4.846 

5.006 
5.392 
5.757 
6.425 

7.009 
7.509 

.6878 

.8222 
.9556 
1.126 

.210 

.257 
.386 
.589 

.784 
.806 
.056 
2.249 

2.336 
2.492 
2.730 
2.868 

3-013 
3.259 
3-379 
3.625 

3.869 
3-889 
4.161 
4.339 

4-470 
4.787 
4.826 
5.046 

5-215 
5.622 
6.008 
6.717 

7-343 
7-885 
8.344 

.7112 
.8503 
.9883 
1.164 

1.252 
1.300 
1.435 
1.644 

1.846 
1.869 
2.129 
2.329 

2.420 
2.581 
2.829 
2.973 

3-124 
3-379 
3.504 
3.761 

4.015 
4-035 
4.320 
4.506 

4.643 
4-975 
5.015 
5-247 

5.424 
5.851 
6.258 
7.009 

7.676 
8.260 
8.761 

•  7345 
.8783 

I.O2I 
1.203 

1.293 

1.343 
1.483 
1.699 

1.909 
1-933 

2.201 

2.409 

2.503 
2.671 
2.927 
3-077 

3-234 
3-499 
3-630 
3.896 

4.162 
4.182 
4-479 
4.673 

4.816 
5.163 
5.205 

5-447 

5.632 
6.081 
6.508 
7-301 

8.010 
8.636 
9.178 
9.637 

Vie 

%2 

% 
"%2" 

"8^6" 

%2 

"ii"' 

%2 

%6 
% 

8, 

1/2 
9/16 
% 
J%6 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     385 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 
and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

2% 

2V* 

2% 

2*/2 

2% 

2% 

2% 

3 

20 

19 
.       18 
17 

16 
IS 

14 

13 
12 

II 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

I 

.7813 

•  9344 
1.  086 
1.280 

1.377 
1-430 
1-579 
1.810 

2.034 

2.060 
2.347 
2-570 

2.670 
2.849 
3-125 
3.285 

3-454 
3-739 
3-88o 
4.167 

4-454 
4.476 
4-797 
5.oo6 

5.162 
5-538 
5.584 
5.847 

6.049 
6.540 
7.009 
7-885 

8.678 
9.387 

10.01 

10.55 

.8280 
.9904 
.152 
.358 

.460 
.517 
.675 
.921 

2.159 
2.186 
2.492 
2.730 

2.837 
3-028 
3  323 
3-494 

3.674 
3-979 
4-130 
4.438 

4.746 
4-770 
5.H4 
5-340 

5.507 
5.914 
5.963 
6.248 

6.467 
6.998 
7.509 
8.469 

9-345 
10.14 
10.85 
11.47 

12.  02 

.8747 

.047 
.217 
•  435 

•  544 
.604 
•  771 
.032 

2.284 
2.313 
2.638 
2.890 

3.004 
3.207 
3-520 
3-703 

3.895 
4.220 
4.381 
4.709 

5.038 
5.063 
5-432 
5.674 

5.853 
6.289 
6.342 
6.648 

6.884 
7-457 
8.010 
9-053 

10.01 

10.89 
11.68 
12.39 

13.02 
13.56 

-9214 
I.I03 
1.283 
I.5I3 

1.627 
1.690 
1.867 
2.143 

2.409 
2.440 
2.783 
3.050 

3-I7I 
3.386 
3-718 
3-9II 

4-II5 
4.460 
4.631 
4.980 

5-330 

5-357 
5-750 
6.008 

6-199 
6.665 
6.721 
7.049 

7-301 
7.916 
8.511 
9.637 

10.68 
11.64 
12.52 
I3-3I 

14.02 
14.64 

.9682 

-159 
-348 
•  590 

.710 

•  777 
.963 
2.253 

2.534 
2.567 
2.929 
3.210 

3-338 
3.565 
3.915 
4.120 

4-335 
4-700 
4.881 
5.251 

5.622 
5.651 
6.067 
6.341 

6-545 
7.040 
7.101 
7-449 

7.718 
8.375 
9.011 
10.22 

H.35 
12.39 
13-35 
14-23 

15.02 
15-73 
16.35 

1.  015 

1.  215 

1.414 

1.668 

1-794 
1.864 
2.059 
2.364 

2.660 
2.694 
3-074 
3-371 

3.504 
3-744 
4-II3 
4.328 

4-555 
4-941 
5-I3I 
5-522 

5.914 

5-945 
6-385 
6.675 

6.891 
7.416 
7.48o 
7.850 

8.135 
8.834 
9-512 
10.81 

12.02 
13.14 
I4.I8 
15.14 

16.02 
16.81 
17.52 
18.15 

I.O62 
I.27I 

1.479 
1-745 

1.877 
I-95I 
2.155 
2.475 

2.785 
2.821 

3-220 

3.531 

3.671 
3.923 
4.310 

4-537 

4.776 
5.181 
5.382 
5-793 

6.206 
6.238 
6.703 
7.009 

7.236 
7-791 
7-859 
8.250 

8.552 
9-293 

10.01 

H.39 

12.68 
13-89 
15.02 
16.06 

17.02 
17-90 
18.69 
19.40 

1.108 
1.327 
1-544 
1.822 

1.961 
2.038 
2.252 
2.586 

2.910 
2-947 
3.366 
3-691 

3.838 

4-102 

4.508 
4.746 

4.996 
5.421 
5.632 

6.064 

6.498 

6.532 

7.021 

7.343 

7.582 
8.167 
8.238 
8.651 

8.970 
9.752 

10.51 
11.97 

13-35 
14-64 
15.85 
16.98 

18.02 
18.98 
19.86 
20.65 

21.36 

Vie 

%2 

% 
"%2" 

"%e" 

%« 

"ii"' 
"%3" 

5/16 
»%• 

% 

7/i6 

4 

9/16 

% 

Hie 

S/4 
13/16 

7/8 

15/4e 

i 

386     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 
and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

3Vs 

3*4 

3% 

3V2 

3% 

33/4 

3% 

4 

18 
17 

16 

15 
14 

13 

12 
II 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 
5 
4 
3 

2 

I 

"'Vie' 

1.610 
1.900 
2.044 
2.124 

2.348 
2.697 
3-035 
3-074 

3-Sii 
3.851 

4.005 
4.281 

4.706 
4-954 
5.216 
5.662 

5-882 
6.335 
6.790 
6.826 

7.338 
7.676 
7.928 
8.542 

8.617 
9-061 
9.387 

10.21 
II.  01 

12.56 
14.02 
15.39 

16.69 
17.90 

19.02 
20.07 

21.03 
21.90 
22.70 
23.40 

1.675 
1.977 
2.128 

2.  211 

2.444 
2.807 
3.160 
3-201 

3.657 
4.  oil 
4.172 
4-459 

4.903 
5.163 
5.436 
5-902 

6.133 
6.606 
7.082 
7.119 

7.656 
8.010 
8.274 
8.918 

8.996 
9-452 
9.804 
10.67 

ii.Si 
13.14 
14.69 
16.15 

17.52 
18.82 
20.03 
21.15 

22.19 
23.15 
24.03 
24.82 

I.74I 
2.055 

2.  211 
2.298 

2.540 
2.918 
3.285 
3.328 

3.802 
4.172 

4-339 
4-638 

5.101 
S.37I 
5.657 
6.142 

6.383 
6.877 
7-374 
7-413 

7-974 
8.344 
8.619 
9-293 

9.376 
9.852 

IO.22 
II.  13 

12.02 
13-73 
15-35 
16.90 

18.36 
19-73 
21.03 
22.24 

23.36 
24.41 
25-37 
26.24 

27.03 

1.  806 

2.132 

2.295 

2.385 

2.636 
3.029 
3.411 

3.455 

3.948 
4.332 
4.506 
4.817 

5.298 
5.580 
5.877 
6.382 

6.633 

7.148 

7.666 
7.707 

8.292 
8.678 
8.965 
9.668 

9-755 
10.25 
10.64 
11-59 

12.52 
I4-3I 
16.02 
17.65 

19.19 
20.65 
22.03 
23.32 

24-53 
25.66 
26.70 
27.66 

28.54 
29-33 

1.871 

2.2IO 
2.378 
2.471 

2.732 
3.140 
3.536 
3.582 

4-093 
4-492 
4.673 
4.996 

5.496 
5.789 

6.097 
6.623 

6.884 
7-419 
7.958 
8.001 

8.609 
9.011 
9-3II 
10.04 

10.13 
10.65 
II.  06 
12.05 

13.02 

14.89 
16.69 
18.40 

20.03 
21.57 
23.03 
24.41 

25.70 
26.91 
28.04 
29.08 

30.04 
30.91 

1.937 
2.287 
2.461 
2.558 

2.828 
3-251 
3.66i 
3.708 

4-239 
4.652 
4.839 
5-175 

5.694 
5-997 
6.318 
6.863 

7-134 
7.690 
8.250 
8.294 

8.927 
9-345 
9.657 
10.42 

10.51 
11.05 
n.47 
12.51 

13.52 
15.48 
17.36 
19  •  15 

20.86 
22.49 
24.03 
25-49 

26.87 
28.16 
29-37 
30.50 

31-54 
32.50 
33.38 

2.002 
2.364 

2.545 
2.645 

2.924 
3.36i 
3-786 
3.835 

4.384 
4.812 
5.oo6 
5-354 

5.891 
6.206 
6.538 
7-103 

7.384 
7.96i 
8.542 
8.588 

9-245 
9.679 

IO.OO 

10.79 

10.89 
11.45 
11.89 
12.96 

14.02 
16.06 
18.02 
19.90 

21.69 
23.40 
25.03 
26.58 

28.04 
29.41 
30.71 
31.92 

33-04 
34.o8 
35-04 
35-92 

2.068 
2.442 
2.628 
2.732 

3.O2I 
3-472 
3-9II 
3.962 

4-530 
4-973 
5-173 
5-533 

6.089 
6.414 
6.758 

7-344 

7.635 
8.232 
8.834 
8.882 

9.563 

10.01 

10.35 
11.17 

11.27 
11.85 
12.31 
13.42 

14.52 
16.65 
18.69 
20.65 

22.53 

24.32 
26.03 
27.66 

29.20 
30.66 
32.04 
33-33 

34-54 
35.67 
36.71 
37-67 

"'%i' 

'"%" 

'"%2 
«/16 

"'%i' 

V4 

%2 

5/16 
% 

% 

%e 

V2 

9/16 

% 
H/16 
8/4 
13/16 

% 
15/16 

lVl6 

iVs 

I%6 
1% 

I5/16 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     387 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 
and  Tubing  (Continued) 
Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

4Vs 

4% 

4% 

M 

4% 

43/4 

4% 

5 

18 
17 

16 

15 
14 

13 

12 
II 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 
4 

3 

2 

I 

'"iie' 

2.133 
2.519 
2.712 

2.818 

3-H7 
3.583 
4-036 
4.089 

4-675 
5-133 
5-340 
5-712 
6.286 
6.623 
6.978 
7.584 
7-885 
8.503 
9.126 
9-175 
9.880 
10.35 
10.69 
11-55 
11.65 
12.26 
12.72 
13-88 
15.02 
17.23 
19.36 
21.40 
23.36 
25-24 
27.03 
28.74 
30.37 
31.92 
33-38 
34-75 
36.05 
37-26 
38.38 
39-42 
40.38 

2.199 
2.597 
2.795 
2.905 
3-213 
3.694 
4.162 
4.216 
4.821 
5-293 
5.507 
5.891 
6.484 
6.832 
7.199 
7.824 

8.135 

8.774 
9.418 
9.469 

O.2O 

0.68 
1.04 
1.92 
2.03 
2.66 
3-14 
14-34 
15-52 
17.81 
20.03 

22.15 
24.20 
26.16 
28.04 
29.83 
31.54 
33-17 
34.71 
36.17 

37-55 
38.84 
40.05 
41.18 

42.22 
43-18 

2.264 
2.674 
2.879 
2.992 

3.309 
3.805 
4.287 
4-343 
4-966 
5-453 
5-674 
6.069 

6.681 
7-040 
7.419 
8.065 
8.386 
9-045 
9.710 
9.763 
10.52 

II.  OI 

H-39 
12.30 

12.41 
13-06 
13-56 
14-80 
16.02 
18.40 
20.69 
22.90 

25.03 

27.08 
29.04 
30.91 

32.71 
34.42 
36.05 
37.59 
39.05 

40.43 
41.72 
42.93 
44.06 
45.10 

2.329 
2.752 
2.962 
3-079 
3-405 
3.915 
4.412 
4.469 

5-  H2 

5.613 
5.841 
6.248 

6.879 
7.249 
7.639 
8.305 
8.636 
9.316 

IO.OO 

10.  06 

10.83 

11.35 
H.73 
12.67 

12.79 
13-46 
13.98 
15.26 
16.52 
18.98 
21.36 
23.65 
25-87 
27.99 
30.04 
32.00 

33-88 
35.67 
37.38 
39-01 

40.55 
42.01 
43-39 
44.68 

45.89 
47-02 
48.06 

2.395 
2.829 
3.046 
3.166 

3-501 
4.026 
4-537 
4-596 

5-257 
5-774 
6.008 
6.427 
7-077 
7-457 
7.860 
8-545 
8.886 
9.587 
10.29 
10.35 

II.  15 
11.68 
12.08 
13.05 

13.17 
13.86 
14-39 
15-72 
17.02 
19-57 
22.03 
24.41 
26.70 
28.91 
31.04 
33.o8 

35.04 
36.92 
38.72 
40.43 
42.05 
43.6o 
45.o6 
46.43 
47-73 
48.94 
50.06 

2.460 
2.906 
3-129 
3-252 

3-597 
4-137 
4.662 
4-723 
5.403 
5-934 
6.174 
6.606 

7-274 
7.666 
8.080 
8.785 

9-137 
9-858 
10.59 
10.64 

II.47 

12.02 

12.42 

13.42 

13.55 
14.26 
14.81 

16.18 

17.52 
20.15 
22.70 
25.16 

27-53 
29-83 
32.04 
34-17 
36.21 
38.17 
40.05 
41.84 
43.56 
45.18 
46.73 
48.19 
49.56 
50.86 
52.07 

2.526 
2.984 

3-212 
3-339 

3.693 
4.248 
4.787 
4.850 

5.548 
6.094 
6.341 
6.785 
7.472 
7.875 
8.300 
9.026 

9.387 
10.13 

10.88 
10.94 

11.79 
12.35 
12.77 
13-80 

13-93 
14.66 
15.23 
16.64 

18.02 
20.73 
23-36 
25.91 
28.37 
30.75 
33-04 
35-25 
37-38 
39-42 
41-39 
43-26 

45-o6 
46.77 
48.39 
49-94 
51-40 
52.77 
54-07 

2.591 
3.061 
3.296 
3.426 

3.789 
4-359 
4.912 
4.977 

5.694 
6.254 
6.508 
6.964 

7.669 
8.083 
8.520 
9.266 

9.637 
10.40 
11.  17 
11.23 

12.  IO 

12.68 

13.11 
14.17 

14.30 
15.06 
15.64 
17.09 

18.52 
21.32 
24.03 
26.66 

29.20 
31.66 
34-04 
36.34 

38.55 
40.68 

42.72 
44.68 

46.56 
48.35 
50.06 
51-69 
53.23 
54.69 
56.07 

%2 

:::..:: 

'"%2 

8/16 
"'7/32' 

-%,• 

7/16 
9/i6 

3/f 

7/8 
15/16 

I 

388     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  H.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 
and  Tubing  (Continued) 
Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

SVs 

5V4 

5% 

5V2 

5% 

53/4 

5% 

6 

12 
II 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 
5 
4 
3 

2 

I 

5.839 
6.415 
6.675 
7.143 

7.867 
8.292 
8.741 
9.506 

9-887 
10.67 
11.46 
11.52 

12.42 
13.02 
13.46 
14.55 

14.68 
15.46 
16.06 
17-55 

19.02 
21.90 

24.70 
27.41 

30.04 
32.58 
35-04 
37.42 

39-72 
41.93 
44-06 
46.10 

48.06 
49-94 
51.73 
53-44 

55-07 
56.61 
58.07 

5.985 

6.575 
6.842 
7-322 

8.065 
8.500 
8.961 
9-747 

10.14 
10.94 
H.75 

6.130 
6.735 
7.009 
7-501 

8.262 
8.709 
9.181 
9.987 

10.39 

II.  21 

12.05 

6.276 
6.895 
7.176 
7.680 

8.460 
8.918 
9.401 
10.23 

10.64 
11.48 
12.34 

6.421 
7-055 
7-343 
7.858 

8.657 
9.126 
9.622 
10.47 

10.89 
11.76 
12.63 

6.567 

7.216 
7.509 

8.037 

8.855 
9-335 
9.842 
10.71 

11.14 
12.03 
12.92 

6.712 

7.376 
7.676 
8.216 

9-052 
9-543 
10.  06 
10.95 

H.39 
12.30 
13.21 
13.29 

14-33 
15.02 
15-53 
16.80 

16.96 
17.86 
18.57 
20.31 

22.03 
25.41 
28.70 
31.92 

35-04 
38.09 
41-05 
43-93 

46.73 
49-44 
52.07 
54.6i 

57-07 
59.45 
6i.74 
63.96 

66.08 
68.13 
70.09 

6.858 
7.536 
7.843 
8.395 

9.250 
9-752 
10.28 
11.19 

11.64 
12.57 
I3-5I 
13.58 

14.65 
15-35 
15-88 
17.18 

17-34 
18.26 
18.98 
20.77 

22.53 
25-99 
29.37 
32.67 

35-88 
39-01 
42.05 
45-02 

47.89 
50.69 
53-40 
56.03 

58.57 
61.04 
63.41 
65.71 

67.92 
70.05 
72.09 

% 

%2 

S/i6 

%2 

12.74 
13-35 
13.81 
14-93 

15.06 
15-86 
16.48 
18.01 

19.52 
22.49 

25.37 
28.16 

30.87 
33.50 
36.05 
38.51 

40.88 
43-18 
45-39 
47.52 

49.56 
51.52 
53-40 
55-19 

56.91 
58.53 
60.08 

13.06 
13-68 
I4-I5 
15.30 

15-44 
16.26 
16.90 
18.47 

20.03 

23.07 
26.03 
28.91 

31.71 
34.42 
37.05 
39.59 

42.05 
44.43 
46.73 
48.94 

51.06 
53.ii 
55-07 
56.95 

58.74 
60.45 
62.08 

13.38 
14.02 
14.50 
15-68 

15-82 
16.66 
17.31 
18.93 

20.53 
23.65 
26.70 
29.66 

32.54 
35-34 
38.05 
40.68 

43-22 

45-68 
48.06 
50.36 

52.57 
54.69 
56.74 
58.70 

60.58 
62.37 
64.08 

13.69 
14-35 
14.84 
16.05 

16.20 
17.06 
17-73 
19.39 

21.03 
24.24 
27-37 
30.41 

33.38 
36.25 
39-05 
41.76 

44.39 
46.93 
49-40 
51.77 

54.07 
56.28 
58.41 
6o.45 

62.41 
64.29 
66.08 

14.01 
14.69 
15.19 
16.43 

16.58 
17.46 
18.15 
19.85 

21.53 

24.82 
28.04 
31.16 

34.21 
37-17 
40.05 
42.85 

45.56 
48.19 
50.73 
53-19 

55-57 
57-86 
60.08 
62.20 

64.25 
66.21 
68.09 

% 

"'%i' 
'"&' 

H'32 

% 
%6 

% 

*%6 

% 

*%6 

% 

15/ie 
^ie 

i% 

I3/16 
1% 
I5/16 

1% 
I7/16 

i% 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     389 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 
and  Tubing  (Continued) 
Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

61/8 

6H 

6% 

6V2 

6% 

6% 

6% 

7 

12 
10 

9 

8 
7 

6 
5 
4 
3 

2 

I 

7.003 
7.696 
8.010 
8.574 

9.448 
9.960 
10.50 
n.43 

11.89 
12.84 
13.80 
13.87 

14.96 
15.69 
16.23 
17-55 

17.72 
18.66 
19.40 

21.22 

23.03 
26.58 
30.04 
33-42 

36.71 
39-93 
43-05 
46.10 

49-06 
51-94 
54-74 
57-45 

60.08 
62.62 
65.08 
67.46 

69.75 
71-97 
74-09 

7-149 
7-856 
8.177 
8.753 

9.645 
10.17 
10.72 
11.67 

12.14 
13-  II 
14.09 
14.17 

15.28 
16.02 
16.57 
17-93 

18.10 
19.06 
19.82 
21.68 

23-53 
27.16 
30.71 
34-17 

37-55 

40.84 
44.06 
47.18 

50.23 
53-19 
56.07 
58.87 

61.58 
64.21 
66.75 
69.21 

71-59 
73.89 
76.10 

7-294 
8.017 

8-344 
8.932 

9.843 
10.38 
10.94 
11.91 

12.39 
13.38 
14.38 
14.46 

I5.6o 
16.35 
16.92 
18.30 

18.48 
19.46 
20.23 
22.14 

24.03 

27-74 
31-37 
34-92 

38.38 
41.76 
45-o6 
48.27 

51-40 
54-44 
57-41 
60.28 

63.08 
65.79 
68.42 
70.96 

73-43 

75-80 
78.10 

7.440 
8.177 
8.511 
9.111 

10.04 
10.59 
ii.  16 
12.15 

12.64 
13.65 
14.67 
14.76 

15.92 
16.69 
17.26 
18.68 

18.85 
19-87 
20.65 
22.60 

24-53 
28.33 
32.04 
35.67 

39-22 
42.68 
46.06 
49.35 

52.57 
55-70 
58.74 
61.70 

64.58 
67.38 
70.09 
72.72 

75.26 

77-72 
80.10 

7-586 
8.337 
8.678 
9.290 

10.24 
10.79 
11.38 
12.39 

12.89 
13.92 
14-97 
15-05 

16.23 
17.02 
17.61 
19.06 

19.23 
20.27 
21.07 
23.06 

25.03 
28.91 
32.71 
36.42 

40.05 
43-6o 
47.06 
50.44 

53-73 
56.95 
60.08 
63.12 

66.08 
68.96 
71.76 

74-47 

77.10 
79.64 
82.10 

7-731 
8.497 
8.845 
9.468 

10.44 

II.  OO 

ii.  60 
12.63 

13.14 
14.19 
15.26 
15-34 

16.55 
17.36 
17  .-96 
19-43 

19.61 
20.67 
21.49 
23.52 

25-53 
29.50 
33.38 
37.17 

40.88 
44-51 
48.06 
51.52 

54-90 
58.20 
61.41 
64.54 

67.59 
70.55 
73-43 
76.22 

78.93 
81.56 
84.11 

7.877 
8.657 
9.  on 
9.647 

10.63 

II.  21 
11.82 
12.87 

13-39 

14-47 

15-55 
15-64 

16.87 
17-69 
18.30 
19.81 

19-99 
21.07 
21.90 
23-98 

26.03 
30.08 
34-04 
37-92 

41.72 
45-43 
49-06 
52.61 

56.07 
59-45 
62.75 
65.96 

69.09 
72.13 
75-09 
77-97 

8o.77 
83.48 
86.11 

8.022 

8.818 
9.178 
9.826 

10.83 
11.42 
12.04 
13.11 

13-64 
14-74 
15.84 
15-93 

17.19 
18.02 
18.65 
20.18 

20.37 
21.47 
22.32 
24.44 

26.53 
30.66 
34-71 
38.67 

42.55 
46.35 
50.06 
53.69 

57-24 
60.70 
64.08 
67.38 

70-59 
73.72 
76.76 
79-73 

82.60 
85.40 
88.11 

% 

%2 

3Ae 

%2 

V4 

%2 

5Ae 

7/?6 

9Ae 

18A6 

15Ae 
iMe 

I%6 

390     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

7% 

7% 

7% 

7V2 

7% 

73/4 

77/8 

8 

10 

10.01 

10.18 

10.36 

10.54 

10.72 

10.90 

11.08 

11.26 

9 

11.03 

11.23 

11.42 

11.62 

11.82 

12.02 

12.21 

12.41 

%2 

11.63 

11.84 

12.05 

12.26 

12.46 

12.67 

12.88 

13.09 

8 

12.27 

12.49 

12.71 

12.93 

13.15 

13-37 

13-59 

13.81 

7 

13.35 

13-59 

13.83 

14.07 

I4-3I 

14-55 

14.79 

15.03 

"'SA'Q' 

13.89 

14.14 

14-39 

14.64 

14.89 

15.14 

15-39 

15.64 

6 

15.01 

15.28 

15-55 

15-82 

16.09 

16.36 

16.63 

16.90 

"'%2' 

16.13 

16.43 

16.72 

17.01 

17.30 

17.60 

17-89 

18.18 

5 

16.22 

16.52 

16.81 

17.11 

17.40 

17.69 

17.99 

18.28 

4 

17  51 

17.82 

18.14 

18.46 

18.78 

19.09 

19.41 

19-73 

V* 

18.36 

18.69 

19.02 

19.36 

19.69 

2O.03 

20.36 

20.69 

3 

18.99 

19.34 

19.68 

20.03 

20.38 

2O.72 

21.07 

21.41 

%2 

20.56 

20.93 

21.31 

21.68 

22.06 

22.43 

22.81 

23.19 

2 

20.75 

21.13 

21.51 

21.89 

22.27 

22.65 

23.02 

23.40 

I 

21.87 

22.27 

22.67 

23.07 

23.47 

23.87 

24.27 

24.67 

5/16 

22.74 

23.15 

23-57 

23-99 

24.41 

24.82 

25.24 

25.66 

Hb 

24.90 

25-35 

25.81 

26.27 

26.73 

27.19 

27.65 

28.11 

% 

27.03 

27-53 

28.04 

28.54 

29.04 

29.54 

30.04 

30.54 

7/ie 

31.25 

31-83 

32.42 

33-00 

33.58 

34.17 

34-75 

35-34 

% 

35.38 

36.05 

36.71 

37-38 

38.05 

38.72 

39.38 

40.05 

9/16 

39-42 

40.18 

40.93 

41.68 

42.43 

43.18 

43-93 

44-68 

% 

43-39 

44.22 

45.06 

45.89 

46.73 

47.56 

48.39 

49-23 

Hie 

47.27 

48.19 

49.10 

50.02 

50.94 

51  86 

52.77 

53.69 

% 

5l.o6 

52.07 

53-07 

54-07 

55-07 

56.07 

57-07 

58.07 

13/16 

54.78 

55-86 

56.95 

58.03 

59-12 

60.20 

61.29 

62.37 

% 

58.41 

59.58 

60.74 

61.91 

63.08 

64.25 

65.42 

66.58 

15/ie 

61.95 

63.20 

64.46 

65.71 

66.96 

68.21 

69.46 

70.71 

i 

65.42 

66.75 

68.09 

69.42 

70.76 

72.09 

73-43 

74.76 

lVl6 

68.80 

70.21 

71.63 

73-05 

74-47 

75.89 

77.31 

78.72 

i% 

72.09 

73-59 

75-09 

76.60 

78.10 

79.6o 

81.10 

82.60 

I3/16 

75-30 

76.89 

78.47 

80.06 

81.64 

83.23 

84.82 

86.40 

m 

78.43 

80.10 

81.77 

83.44 

85.11 

86.78 

88.45 

90.11 

I5/16 

81.48 

83.23 

84.98 

86.73 

88.49 

90.24 

91.99 

93-74 

'     1% 

84.44 

86.28 

88.11 

89.95 

91.78 

93.62 

95-45 

97-29 

I7/16 

87.32 

89.24 

91.16 

93.o8 

95-00 

96.91 

98.83 

100.8 

iy2 

90.11 

92.12 

94.12 

96.12 

98.12 

100.  1 

102.  1 

104.1 

1 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     391 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

81/8 

w 

8% 

8% 

8% 

83/4 

8% 

9 

10 

11.44 

11.62 

11.79 

H.97 

12.15 

12.33 

12.51 

12.69 

9 

12.  6l 

12.81 

13.00 

13.20 

13.40 

I3.6o 

13-79 

13-99 

"'%i' 

13  30 

13.51 

13.72 

13.92 

14.13 

14-34 

14-55 

14.76 

8 

14.03 

14.25 

14.47 

14.69 

14.91 

15.13 

15.35 

15-57 

7 

15-27 

15.51 

15-75 

15-99 

16.23 

16.48 

16.72 

16.96 

"'%e' 

15.90 

16.15 

16.40 

16.65 

16.90 

I7-I5 

17.40 

17-65 

6 

17.18 

17.45 

17.72 

17.99 

18.26 

18.53 

18.80 

19.07 

"'%i' 

18.47 

18.76 

19.06 

19-35 

19.64 

19-93 

20.22 

20.52 

5 

18.57 

18.87 

19.16 

19-45 

19.75 

20.04 

20.34 

20.63 

4 

20.05 

20.37 

20.68 

21.00 

21.32 

21.6^ 

21.95 

22.27 

'"%" 

21.03 

21.36 

21.69 

22.03 

22.36 

22.70 

23.03 

23.36 

3 

21.76 

22.  IO 

22.45 

22.8O 

23.14 

23.49 

23.83 

24.18 

%2 

23  56 

23-94 

24.31 

24.69 

25.06 

25-44 

25.81 

26.19 

2 

23.78 

24.16 

24.54 

24.92 

25.30 

25.68 

26.06 

26.44 

I 

25.07 

25-47 

25.87 

7  y 
26.27 

26.67 

27.07 

27.47 

27.88 

'"%e" 

26.07 

26.49 

26.91 

27-33 

27.74 

28.16 

28.58 

29.00 

i*ifo 

28.57 

29.03 

29-49 

29-94 

30.40 

30.86 

31.32 

31.78 

% 

31.04 

31-54 

32.04 

32.54 

33.04 

33-54 

34-04 

34-54 

& 

35.92 

36.50 

37-09 

37.67 

38.26 

38.84 

39-42 

40.01 

V2 

40.72 

41-39 

42.05 

42.72 

43.39 

44-06 

44.72 

45-39 

%6 

45.43 

46.18 

46.93 

47-69 

48.44 

49-19 

49-94 

50.69 

% 

50.06 

50.90 

51-73 

52-57 

53.40 

54-24 

55-07 

55-90 

Hie 

54.61 

55-53 

56.45 

57.36 

58.28 

59-20 

60.12 

61.04 

% 

59.07 

60.08 

61.08 

62.08 

63.08 

64.08 

65.08 

66.08 

!%6 

63.46 

64.54 

65.62 

66.71 

67.79 

68.88 

69.96 

71.05 

% 

67  75 

68.92 

70.09 

71.26 

72.42 

73-59 

74.76 

75-93 

!%6 

71.97 

73-22 

74-47 

75-72 

76.97 

78.22 

79.48 

80.73 

I 

76.10 

77.43 

78.77 

80.10 

81.44 

82.77 

84.11 

85-44 

lVl6 

80.14 

81.56 

82.98 

84.40 

85.82 

87.24 

88.65 

90.07 

i% 

84.11 

85.61 

87.11 

88.61 

90.11 

91.62 

93-12 

94.62 

•i%e 

87.99 

89.57 

91.16 

92.74 

94.33 

95.91 

97-50 

99.08 

i% 

91.78 

93.45 

35-12 

96.79 

98.46 

100.  1 

101.  8 

103-5 

i5/ie 

95-50 

97.25 

99.00 

100.8 

102.5 

104-3 

106.0 

107.8 

i% 

99-13 

IOI   O 

102.8 

104.6 

106.5 

108.3 

no.  i 

112.  0 

i%e 

102.7 

104.6 

106.5 

108.4 

iio.  3 

112.  3 

114.2 

116.1 

I  iy2 

106.1 

108.1 

IIO.  I 

112.  1 

114.  1 

116.1 

118.1 

120.2 

392     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

9l/8 

9V4 

9% 

9Va 

9% 

9% 

9% 

J!_ 

10 

12.87 

13.05 

13.23 

13.40 

13.58 

13.76 

13-94 

14.12 

9 

14.  19 

14  .  39 

14.58 

14.78 

14.98 

I5.I8 

15.38 

15.57 

%2 

14-97 

I5.i8 

15.38 

15-59 

15.80 

16.01 

16.22 

16.43 

8 

15-79 

16.01 

16.23 

16.45 

16.67 

16.89 

17.11 

17.33 

7 

17.20 

17  44 

17.68 

17  92 

18.16 

18.40 

18.64 

18.88 

8/16 

17.90 

18.  15 

18.40 

18.65 

18.90 

19.15 

19.40 

19.65 

6 

19.34 

19.61 

19.89 

20  16 

20.43 

20.70 

20.97 

21.24 

7/82 

20.81 

21.10 

21.39 

21.68 

21.98 

22.27 

22.56 

22.85 

5 

20.92 

21.22 

21.51 

21.80 

22.  IO 

22.39 

22.69 

22.98 

4 

22  .  59 

22.91 

23.23 

23.54 

23.86 

24.18 

24.50 

24.81 

# 

23.70 

24.03 

24.36 

24.70 

25.03 

25-37 

25.70 

26.03 

3 

24.52 

24.87 

25.22 

25.56 

25.91 

26.25 

26.60 

26.95 

%2 

26.56 

26.94 

27.32 

27.69 

28.07 

28.44 

28.82 

29.19 

2 

26.82 

27.2O 

27.57 

27.95 

28.33 

28.71 

29.09 

29.47 

I 

28.28 

28.68 

29.08 

29  48 

29.88 

30.28 

30.68 

31.08 

5/16 

29.41 

29.83 

30.25 

30.66 

31.08 

3i.5o 

31.92 

32.33 

!%a 

32.24 

32.70 

33.16 

33.62 

34-07 

34-53 

34-99 

35-45 

% 

35.04 

35-54 

36.05 

36.55 

37-05 

37-55 

38.05 

38.55 

%6 

40.59 

4I.I8 

41.76 

42.35 

42.93 

43-51 

44.10 

44-68 

y2 

46.06 

46.73 

47-39 

48.06 

48.73 

49-40 

50.06 

50.73 

9/16 

51.44 

52.19 

52.94 

53.69 

54-44 

55.19 

55-95 

56.70 

% 

56.74 

57-57 

58.41 

59.24 

60.08 

60.91 

6i.74 

62.58 

iVie 

61.95 

62.87 

63.79 

64.71 

65.62 

66.54 

67.46 

68.38 

% 

67.08 

68.09 

69.09 

70.09 

71.09 

72.09 

73.09 

74-09 

l8/le 

72.13 

73-22 

74-30 

75.39 

76.47 

77.56 

78.64 

79-73 

7/8 

77.10 

78.27 

79-43 

80.60 

81.77 

82.94 

84.11 

85.27 

15Ae 

81.98 

83.23 

84.48 

85-73 

86.98 

88.24 

89-49 

90.74 

i 

86.78 

88.11 

89.45 

90.78 

92.12 

93.45 

94-79 

96.12 

itte 

91.49 

92.91 

94.33 

95.75 

97.16 

98.58 

IOO.O 

101.4 

i% 

96.12 

97.62 

99-13 

100.6 

O2.  1 

03.6 

105.1 

106.6 

I%6 

100.7 

102.3 

103.8 

105-4 

07.0 

08.6 

IIO.  2 

in.  8 

1% 

105.1 

106.8 

108.5 

IIO.  I 

II.  8 

13-5 

115-  1 

116.8 

I5/16 

109.5 

HI.  3 

II3-0 

114.8 

16.5 

18.3 

120.0 

121.  8 

1% 

H3.8 

115.6 

II7-5 

119.3 

21.2 

23.0 

124.8 

126.7 

I7/16 

118.0 

H9.9 

121.9 

123.8 

125-7 

127.6 

129-5 

I3i.  5 

iy2 

122.2 

124.2 

126.2 

128.2 

130.2 

132.2 

134-2 

136.2 

*. 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     393 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

*M 

10% 

10% 

I0y2 

10% 

«4* 

10% 

II 

3/16 

19.90 

20.15 

20.40 

20.65 

20.90 

21.15 

21.40 

21.65 

6 

21.51 

21.78 

22.O5 

22.32 

22.60 

22.87 

23.14 

23.41 

%2 

23.14 

23-44 

23-73 

24.O2 

24.31 

24.60 

24.90 

25.19 

5 

23.27 

23.57 

23.86 

24.15 

24.45 

24.74 

25.04 

25.33 

4 

25.13 

25-45 

25-77 

26.08 

26.40 

26.72 

27.04 

27.36 

•V4 

26.37 

26.70 

27.03 

27-37 

27.70 

28.04 

28.37 

28.70 

3 

27.29 

27.64 

27.98 

28.33 

28.67 

29.02 

29-37 

29.71 

%2 

29-57 

29-94 

30.32 

30.70 

31-07 

31.45 

31.82 

32.20 

2 

29-85 

30.23 

30.6l 

30.99 

31-37 

31.75 

32.12 

32.50 

I 

31.48 

31-88 

32.28 

32.68 

33-oS 

33.48 

33.88 

34-28 

%6 

32.75 

33-17 

33-58 

34-00 

34-42 

34.84 

35-25 

35.67 

1V&2 

35.91 

36.37 

36.83 

37-29 

37-75 

38.20 

38.66 

39-12 

% 

39-05 

39-55 

40.05 

40.55 

41.05 

41.55 

42.05 

42.55 

T/IQ 

45-27 

45-85 

46.43 

47-02 

47.6o 

48.19 

48.77 

49-35 

i& 

51.40 

52.07 

52.73 

53-40 

54-07 

54.74 

55-40 

56.07 

9/16 

57-45 

58.20 

58.95 

59-70 

6o.45 

61.20 

61.95 

62.70 

% 

63.41 

64-25 

65.08 

65.92 

66.75 

67.59 

68.42 

69.25 

ll^g 

69.30 

70.21 

71.13 

72.05 

72.97 

73.88 

74.8o 

75-72 

3/4 

75-09 

76.10 

77-10 

78.10 

79-10 

80.10 

81.10 

82.10 

13/16 

80.8l 

81.90 

82.98 

84.06 

85-15 

86.23 

87.32 

88.40 

% 

86.44 

87.61 

88.78 

89.95 

91.12 

92.28 

93-45 

94.62 

91.99 

93-24 

94-49 

95-75 

97.00 

98.25 

99-50 

100.8 

I 

97.46 

98.79 

100.  1 

101.5 

102.8 

104.1 

105.5 

106.8 

1         *-  '-:       • 

itte 

102.8 

108  i 

104-3 

ioS-7 

107.1 

108.5 

109.9 

ill.  3 

112.  8 

118.6 

I3/?6 

II3-4 
118.5 

II4-9 

I2O.2 

116.5 
121.  8 

118.1 
123.5 

119.7 
125.2 

121.  3 

126.8 

122.9 
128.5 

124.4 
130.2 

I5/16 

123.5 

125-3 

127.0 

128.8 

130.5 

132.3 

134-0 

135-8 

1% 

128.5 

130.3 

132.2 

134.0 

135.8 

137-7 

139-5 

I4L3 

!%6 

133-4 

135-3 

137.2 

139  I 

141.1 

143.0 

144.9 

146.8 

iV2 

138.2 

140.2 

142.2 

144.2 

146.2      148.2 

150.2 

152.2 

394     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

11% 

ni/4 

11% 

11% 

11% 

n% 

11% 

12 

8/16 

21.90 

22.15 

22.40 

22.65 

22.90 

23  15 

23.40  23.65 

6 

23.68 

23  .95 

24   22 

24  .  40 

24  .  76 

%2 

25.48 

25.77 

26^06 

26^36 

26^65 

*J  -^O 

26.94 

•*5  •.}•*•     ^o-oo 
27-23     27.52 

5 

25.62 

25.92 

26.21 

26.50 

26.80 

27  .09 

27  .  38     v  f\R  \ 

4 

27.67 

27.99 

28.31 

28.63 

28.94 

20.  26 

29.58 

29.90 

V4 

29.04 

29-37 

29.70 

30.04 

30.37 

30.71 

31.04 

31-37 

3 

30.06 

30.40 

30.75 

31.09 

31.44 

31-79 

32.13 

32.48 

'"%2 

32.57 

32.95 

33-32 

33.70 

34.07 

34-45 

34.83 

35-20 

2 

32.88 

33.26 

33.64 

34.02 

34.40 

34.78 

35.16 

35.54 

I 

34-68 

35.08 

35,48 

35.89 

36.29 

36.69 

37-09 

37-49 

'"iie 

36.09 

36.50 

36.92 

37.34 

37.76 

38.17 

38.59 

39-01 

^32 

39-58 

40.04 

40.50 

40.96 

41.42 

41.88 

42.33 

42.79 

% 

43-05 

43.56 

44.06 

44.56 

45.06 

45.56 

46.06 

46.56 

7Ae 

49-94 

50.52 

51.  ii 

51.69 

52.27 

52.86 

53-44 

54-03 

y2 

56.74 

57.41 

58.07 

58.74 

59.41 

60.08 

60.74 

61.41 

9/16 

63.46 

64.21 

64.96 

65.71 

66.46 

67.21 

67.96 

68.71 

% 

70.09 

70.92 

71.76 

72.59 

73.43 

74.26 

75-09 

75-93 

!%6 

76.64 

77-56 

78.47 

79.39 

80.31 

81.23 

82.15 

83-06 

% 

83.10 

84.11 

85.11 

86.11 

87.11 

88.11 

89.11 

90.11 

18/ie 

89.49 

90.57 

91.66 

92.74 

93.83 

94.91 

96.00 

97.08 

% 

95-79 

96.96 

98.12 

99-29 

100.5 

ior.6 

102.8 

104.0 

5/16 

102.0 

103.3 

104-5 

105.8 

107.0 

108.3 

109.5 

no.  8 

I08.I 

109.5 

no.  8 

112.  1 

II3-5 

114.8 

116.1 

H7.5 

Vie 

II4.2 

115.6 

117.0 

118.4 

119.9 

121.  3 

122.7 

124.1 

% 

120.2 

121.  7 

123.2 

124.7 

126.2 

127.7 

129.2 

130.7 

%e 

I26.O 

127.6 

129.2 

130.8 

132.4 

134.0 

135-5 

I37-I 

1/4 

I3I.8 

133.5 

135.2 

136.8 

138.5 

140.2 

141.8 

143.5 

i5/ie 

137-5 

139.3 

141.1 

142.8 

144.6 

146.3 

148.1 

149.8 

i% 

143-2 

145.0 

146.9 

148.7 

150.5 

152.4 

154-2 

156.0 

i7/4e 

148.7 

150.6 

152.6 

154.5 

156.4 

158.3 

160.2 

162.2 

1% 

154-2 

156.2 

158.2 

160.2 

162.2 

164.2 

166.2 

168.2 

'  .     ' 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     395 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  hi  inches 

B.W.G 

Inches 

12% 

I2V4 

12% 

12% 

12% 

12% 

12% 

13 

8/16 

23.91 

24.16 

24.41 

24.66 

24.91 

25.16 

25.41 

25.66 

6 

25.85 

26.  12 

26.39 

26  66 

26.93 

27.2O 

27.47 

27.74 

7/82 

27.82 

28.11 

28.40 

28.69 

28.98 

29.28 

29.57 

29.86 

5 

27.97 

28.27 

28.56 

28.85 

29.15 

29.44 

29-73 

30.03 

4 

30.22 

30.53 

30.85 

31.17 

31-49 

31.80 

32.12 

32.44 

'"U" 

3i.7i 

32.04 

32.37 

32.71 

33-04 

33.38 

33-71 

34-04 

3 

32.82 

33-17 

33.51 

33.86 

34-21 

34-55 

34-90 

35.24 

'"%2 

35-58 

35-95 

36.33 

36.70 

37.08 

37-45 

37.83 

38.20 

2 

35.92 

36.29 

36  67 

37.O5 

37-43 

37.81 

38.19 

38.57 

I 

37.89 

38^29 

38.69 

39-09 

39-49 

39-89 

40.29 

40.69 

"'%e' 

39-42 

39.84 

4O.26 

40.68 

41.09 

4I.5I 

41-93 

42.35 

!%2 

43.25 

43-71 

44-17 

44.63 

45-09 

45.55 

46.01 

46.46 

% 

47.o6 

47.56 

48.06 

48.56 

49-06 

49.56 

50.06 

50.56 

7/16 

54.6i 

55-19 

55.78 

56.36 

56.95 

57-53 

58.12 

58.70 

% 

62.08 

62.75 

63.41 

64.08 

64.75 

65.42 

66.08 

66.75 

9/i« 

69.46 

70.21 

70.96 

71.72 

72.47 

73-22 

73-97 

74-73 

% 

76.76 

77.6o 

78.43 

79-27 

80.10 

80.94 

81.77 

82.60 

Hie 

83.98 

84.90 

85.82 

86.73 

87.65 

88.57 

89.49 

90.41 

[  -'  -&>*| 

8/4 

91.12 

92.12 

93.12 

94.12 

95-12 

96.12 

97-12 

98.12 

18/16 

98.17 

99-25 

100.3 

101.4 

102.5 

103.6 

104.7 

105.8 

% 

105.1 

106.3 

107.5 

108.6 

109.8 

III.O 

112.  1 

II3-3 

15/16 

112.  0 

H3.3 

H4.5 

115.8 

117.0 

118.3 

II9-5 

120.8 

I 

II8.8 

I2O.2 

121.  5 

122.8 

124.2 

125-5 

126.8 

128.2 

I  Me 

125-5 

127.0 

128.4 

129.8 

I3L2 

132.6 

134.0 

135.5 

i% 

132.2 

133-7 

135.2 

136.7 

138.2 

139-7 

I4I.2 

142.7 

is/ie 

138.7 

140.3 

141.9 

143-5 

I45-I 

146.6 

148.2 

149-8 

1% 

145.2 

146.9 

148.5 

150.2 

I5I.9 

153.5 

155-2 

156.9 

i5/ie 

151.  6 

153-3 

155.1 

156.8 

158.6 

160.3 

I62.I 

163.8 

i% 

157-9 

159-7 

161.5 

163.4 

165.2 

167.0 

168.9 

170.7 

I7/]  6 

164.1 

166.0 

167.9 

169.8 

171.8 

173-7 

175.6 

177-5 

1% 

170.2 

172.2 

174.2 

176.2 

178.2 

180.2 

182.2 

184.2 

396     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

13y8 

I3V4 

13% 

I3V2 

13% 

I33/4 

13% 

14 

91e 

25.91 

26.16 

26.41 

26.66 

26.91 

27.16 

27.41 

27.66 

6 

28.02 

28.29 

28.56 

28.83 

29.  10 

29.37 

29.64 

29.91 

%2 

30.15 

30.44 

30-74 

31.03 

31.32 

31.61 

31.90 

32.20 

5 

30.32 

30.62 

30.91 

31.20 

31.50 

31.79 

32.08 

32.38 

4 

32  76 

33.07 

33-39 

33.71 

34.03 

34  .'35 

34.66 

34-98 

V4 

34.38 

34.71 

35-04 

35.38 

35-71 

36.05 

36.38 

36.71 

3 

35-59 

35-94 

36.28 

36.63 

36.97 

37.32 

37-66 

38.01 

%2 

38.58 

38.96 

39-33 

39.71 

40.08 

40.46 

40.83 

41.21 

2 

38.95 

39.33 

39.71 

40.09 

40.47 

40.84 

41.22 

41.60 

I 

41.09 

41.49 

41.89 

42.29 

42.69 

43.09 

43-49 

43.00 

5/i« 

42.76 

43.18 

43.6o 

44-01 

44-43 

44.85 

45-27 

45-68 

46.92 

47.38 

47.84 

48.30 

48.76 

49-22 

49-68 

50.14 

3/8 

51.06 

51-57 

52.07 

52.57 

53-07 

53.57 

54.07 

54-57 

7/ie 

59-28 

59-87 

6o.45 

61.04 

61.62 

62.20 

62.79 

63.37 

67.42 

68.09 

68.75 

69.42 

70.09 

70.76 

71.42 

72.09 

lie 

75-47 

76.22 

76.97 

77-72 

78.47 

79-23 

79.98 

8o.73 

% 

83.44 

84.27 

85.11 

85-94 

86.78 

87.61 

88.45 

89.28 

l^Q 

91.32 

92.24 

93.i6 

94-08 

94-99 

95-91 

96.83 

97-75 

% 

99-13 

100.  1 

IOI.I 

IO2.I 

103.1 

104.1 

105.1 

106.1 

18/le 

106.8 

107.9 

IOO.O 

IIO.I 

III.  2 

112.  3 

113.4 

II4-4 

% 

H4.5 

115.6 

116.8 

118.0 

119.2 

120.3 

121.  5 

122.7 

15/16 

122,0 

123-3 

124.5 

125.8 

127.0 

128.3 

129-5 

130.8 

I 

129.5 

130.8 

132.2 

133-5 

134.8 

136.2 

137-5 

138.8 

I%8 

136.9 

138.3 

139.7 

141.1 

142.6 

144.0 

145-4 

146.8 

1% 

144.2 

145-7 

147.2 

148.7 

150.2 

151.7 

153-2 

154-7 

I%6 

I5I.4 

153-0 

154-6 

156.2 

157-7 

159.3 

160.9 

162.5 

1% 

158.5 

160.2 

161.9 

163-5 

165.2 

166.9 

168.5 

170.2 

165.6 

167.3 

169.1 

170.8 

172.6 

174.3 

176.1 

177.8 

1% 

172.6 

174-4 

176.2 

178.1 

179-9 

181.7 

183.6 

185.4 

I7/16 

179-4 

181.4 

183.3 

185.2 

187.1 

189.0 

190.9 

192.9 

186.2 

188.2 

190.2 

192.2 

194-2 

196.2 

198.3 

200.3 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     397 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

141/8 

14% 

14% 

I4V2 

14% 

14% 

14% 

15 

8/16 

27.91 

28.16 

28.41 

28.66 

28.91 

29.16 

29.41 

29.66 

6 

30.18 

30.45 

30.73 

3i.oo 

31-27 

31-54 

3i.8i 

32.08 

""%*' 

32.49 

32.78 

33-07 

33-37 

33-66 

33-95 

34-24 

34-53 

5 

32.67 

32.97 

33.26 

33-55 

33-85 

34.14 

34-43 

34-73 

4 

35.30 

35.62 

35-93 

36.25 

36.57 

36.89 

37.21 

37-52 

y± 

37-05 

37.38 

37-71 

38.05 

38.38 

38.72 

39-05 

39.38 

3 

38.36 

38.70 

39-05 

39-39 

39-74 

40.08 

40.43 

40.78 

'"%* 

41.58 

41.96 

42.33 

42.71 

43-09 

43.46 

43.84 

44-21 

2 

41.08 

42.36 

42.74 

43-12 

43-50 

43.88 

44.26 

44.64 

I 

44-30 

44-70 

45-10 

45-50 

45.90 

46.30 

46.70 

47-10 

"Vie" 

46.10 

46.52 

46.93 

47-35 

47-77 

48.19 

48.60 

49-02 

*%» 

50.60 

51.05 

51.51 

51-97 

52.43 

52.89 

53-35 

53-81 

% 

55.07 

55-57 

56.07 

56.57 

57-07 

57  57 

58.07 

58.57 

7/16 

63.96 

64.54 

65.12 

65.71 

66.29 

66.88 

67.46 

68.04 

V2 

72.76 

73-43 

74-09 

74.76 

75-43 

76.10 

76.76 

77.43 

%6 

81.48 

82.23 

82.98 

83.73 

84.48 

85.23 

85.98 

86.73 

% 

90.11 

90.95 

91.78 

92.62 

93-45 

94-29 

95.12 

95-95 

iH« 

98.67 

99.58 

100.5 

101.4 

102.3 

103.3 

104.2 
113.  1 

105.1 
114.  i 

13/16 

II5-5 

116.6 

II7-7 

118.8 

119.9 

120.9 

122.  0 

123.1 

% 

123.8 

125.0 

126.2 

127-3 

128.5 

129.7 

130.8 

132.0 

15/16 

132.0 

133-3 

134-5 

135-8 

137-0 

138.3 

139-6 

140.8 

I 

140.2 

I4I.5 

142.8 

144-2 

145-5 

146.9 

148.2 

149-5 

!Vl6 

148.2 

149.6 

I5I.I 

152.5 

153-9 

155-3 

156.7 

158.2 

1% 

156.2 

157-7 

159.2 

160.7 

162.2 

163.7 

165.2 

166.7 

I3/16 

164.1 

165.7 

167.3 

168.8 

170.4 

172.0 

173-6 

175-2 

IV* 

171.9 

173.6 

175-2 

176.9 

178.6 

180.2 

I8I.9 

183.6 

I5/16 

179-6 

181.4 

183.1 

184.9 

186.6 

188.4 

I90.I 

191.9 

1% 

187.2 

189.1 

190.9 

192.7 

194.6 

196.4 

198.3 

200.1 

i7/ie 

194-8 

196.7 

198.6 

200.5 

202.5 

204.4 

206.3 

208.2 

4j 

202.3 

204.3 

206.3 

208.3 

210.3 

212.3 

214.3 

216.3 

398     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 
and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

15% 

I5H 

15% 

15% 

15%       15% 

15% 

16 

6 
5 

3/16 

29.91 
32.35 
34-83 
35-02 

30.16 
32.62 
35-12 
35-32 

30.41 
32.89 
35-41 
35.6i 

30.66 
33-i6 
35-70 
35-90 

30.91 

33-44 
35-99 
36.20 

31.16 
33.71 
36.29 
36.49 

31.41 
33.98 
36.58 
36.78 

31.66 
34-25 
36.87 
37.o8 

%2 

4 
3 

'"U" 
'"%2' 

37-84 
39-72 
41.12 
44-59 

38.16 
40.05 
41-47 
44.96 

38.48 
40.38 
41.81 
45-34 

38.79 

40.72 
42.16 
45-71 

39-11 
41.05 
42.50 
46.09 

39.43 
41.39 
42.85 

46.46 

39.75 

41.72 

43-20 

46.84 

40.07 
42.05 
43-54 

47-22 

2 
I 

45-  C2 

47-50 
49-44 
54-27 

45-39 
47.90 
49.85 
54-73 

45-77 
48.30 
50.27 
55.18 

46.15 

48.70 
50.69 
55.64 

46.53 
49.10 
51-  II 
56.10 

46.91 
49.50 
51.52 
56.56 

47.29 
49.90 
51.94 
57-02 

47.67 
50.30 
52.36 

57.48 

5/16 
*%2 

% 
7/16 

Va 

9/16 

59-07 
68.63 
78.10 
87.49 

59-58 
69.21 
78.77 
88.24 

60.08 
69.80 
79-43 
88.99 

60.58 
70.38 
80.10 
89.74 

61.08 
70.96 
80.77 
90.49 

61.58 
71.55 

81.44 

91.24 

62.08 
72.13 
82.10 

91.99 

62.58 
72.72 
82.77 
92.74 

% 

m* 

% 

13/16 

96.79 
106.0 
US.  i 
124.2 

97-62 
107.0 
116.1 
125.3 

98.46 
107.8 
117.1 
126.4 

99-29 
108.8 
118.1 
127.5 

100.  1 

109.7 
119.2 

128.5 

IOI.O 

no.  6 

I2O.2 

129.6 

101.8 
in.  5 

121.  2 

130.7 

102.6 
112.  4 
122.2 
I3I.8 

% 
15A6 

iVlG 

133-2 
142.1 
150.9 
159-6 

134-3 
143-3 
152.2 
161.0 

135-5 

144-6 
153-5 
162.4 

136.7 
145-8 
154-9 
163.8 

137.8 
147.1 
156.2 

165.3 

139.0 
148.3 
157.5 
166.7 

140.2 
149.6 

158.9 
168.1 

I4I-3 
150.8 
l6o.2 
169.5 

H/8 
I3/16 
1% 
I5/16 

168.2 
176.8 
185.2 
193.6 

169.7 
178.4 
186.9 
195-4 

171.2 

179-9 
188.6 
197-1 

172.7 
181.5 
190.2 
198.9 

174.2 
183.1 
191.9 

2O0.6 

175.7 
184.7 
193.6 

202.4 

177.2 
186.3 
195.2 

204.1 

178.7 
187.9 
196.9 
205.9 

1% 
IT/10 

i% 

201.9 

2IO.I 
218.3 

203.8 

212.  1 
220.3 

205.6 
214.0 
222.3 

207.4 
215-9 
224.3 

209.3 
217.8 
226.3 

211.  1 

219.7 
228.3 

212.9 

221.7 
230.3 

214.8 
223.6 
232.3 

',-'    "" 
. 

', 
,. 

. 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     399 


Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 
Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 


Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

16% 

*% 

16% 

i6y2 

16% 

i<% 

16% 

17 

3/16 

31.92 

32.17 

32.42 

32.67 

32.92 

33-17 

33-42 

33.67 

6 

34.52 

34-79 

35.06 

35-33 

35.6o 

35  88 

36.  15 

36.42 

%2 

37.16 

37-45 

37-75 

38.04 

38.33 

38.62 

38.91 

39-21 

5 

37-37 

37-66 

37-96 

38.25 

38.55 

38.84 

39-  13 

39-43 

4 

40.38 

40.70 

41.02 

41.34 

41.65 

4I.97 

42.29 

42.61 

Vi 

42.39 

42-72 

43-05 

43-39 

43.72 

44.06 

44-39 

44-72 

3 

43.89 

44.23 

44.58 

44-93 

45.27 

45.62 

45.96 

46.31 

%2 

47-59 

47-97 

48-34 

48.72 

49-09 

49-47 

49-84 

50.22 

2 

48.05 

48.  43 

48.81 

49-  19 

49.56 

49.94 

50.32 

50.  70 

I 

50.70 

51.10 

51-51 

51-91 

52.31 

52.71 

53-11 

53-51 

"'%i' 

52.77 

53-19 

53.6i 

54-03 

54-44 

54.86 

55-28 

55-70 

H'32 

57-94 

58.40 

58.86 

59-31 

59-77 

60.23 

60.69 

61.15 

% 

63.08 

63.58 

64.08 

64-58 

65.08 

65.58 

66.08 

66.58 

Ttti 

73-30 

73-88 

74-47 

75-05 

75.64 

76.22 

76.81 

77-39 

V2 

83.44 

84.11 

84.77 

85-44 

86.11 

86.78 

87.44 

88.11 

9/16 

93-49 

94.24 

95.00 

95-75 

96.50 

97-25 

98.00 

98.75 

% 

103-5 

104-3 

105.1 

106.0 

106.8 

107.6 

108.5 

109.3 

Hie 

113-  4 

H4-3 

115.2 

116.1 

117.0 

117.9 

118.9 

119-8 

8/4 

123.2 

124.2 

125.2 

126.2 

127.2 

128.2 

129.2 

130.2 

13/16 

132.9 

134-0 

135-0 

136.1 

137-2 

138.3 

139-4 

140.5 

% 

142.5 

143-7 

144  8 

146.0 

147-2 

148.4 

149-5 

150.7 

15/16 

I52.I 

153-3 

154-6 

155-8 

I57-I 

158.3 

159-6 

160.8 

I 

161.5 

162.9 

164.2 

165-5 

166.9 

168.2 

169.5 

170.9 

lVl6 

170.9 

172-3 

173.8 

175.2 

176.6 

178.0 

179-4 

180.9 

iVs 

180.2 

181.7 

183.2 

184.7 

186.2 

187.7 

189.2 

190.7 

I3/16 

189-4 

191.0 

192.6 

194.2 

195-8 

197-4 

199.0 

200.5 

1% 

198.6 

200.3 

201.9 

203.6 

205.3 

206.9 

208.6 

210.3 

I5/16 

207.6 

209.4 

211.  1 

212.9 

214.6 

216.4 

218.2 

219-9 

1% 

216.6 

218.4 

220.3 

222.1 

223.9 

225.8 

227.6 

229.5 

I7/16 

225-5 

227.4 

229-3 

231.3 

233-2 

235-1 

237.0 

238.9 

IV2 

234-3 

236.3 

238.3 

240.3 

242.3 

244.3 

246.3 

248-3 

400     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 
and  Tubing  (Continued) 
Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

[nches 

ifH 

I7V4 

17% 

I7V2 

17% 

17% 

17% 

18 

6 
5 

%6 

"'%i' 

33-92 
36.69 
39-50 
39-72 

34.17 

36.96 

39-79 
40.01 

34-42 
37-23 
40.08 
40.31 

34-67 
37-50 
40.37 
40.60 

34-92 
37-77 
40.67 
40.90 

35-17 
38.04 
40-96 
41.19 

35-42 
38.31 
41.25 
41.48 

35.67 
38.59 

4L54 
41.78 

4 
3 

2 

i 

'"%" 

'"%2 

42.92 
45-o6 
46-65 
50.60 

51.08 
53-91 
56.11 
61.61 

43-24 
45.39 
47-00 
50.97 

51.46 
54-31 
56.53 
62.07 

43.56 
45-72 
47.35 
5L35 

51.84 
54-71 
56.95 
62.53 

43-88 
46.06 
47.69 
5L72 

52.22 

55.ii 
57.36 
62.99 

44.20 
46.39 
48.04 
52.10 

52.60 
55-51 
57-78 
63.44 

44-51 
46.73 
48.38 
52.47 

52.98 
55-91 
58.20 
63.90 

44.83 
47-06 
48.73 
52.85 

53-36 
56.31 
58.62 
64.36 

45-15 
47-39 
49-07 

53-22 

53-74 
56.71 
59-03 
64.82 

'"%i* 
^32 

% 
%6- 

y2 

9/16 

67.08 
77-97 
88.78 
99-50 

67.59 
78.56 
89-45 
100.3 

68.09 
79-14 
90.11 

IOI.O 

68.59 
79-73 
90.78 
101.8 

69.09 
80.31 
91-45 
102.5 

69.59 
80.89 
92.12 
103-3 

70.09 
81.48 
92.78 
104.0 

70.59 
82.06 
93-45 
104.8 

% 
^6 
% 
13/10 

no.  i 
120.7 

131    2 
I4I.6 

III.O 
121.  6 

132.2 

142.6 

HI.  8 

122.5 

133-2 

143  7 

112.  6 

123.4 
134-2 
144-8 

II3-5 
124.4 
135-2 
145-9 

II4-3 
125-3 
136.2 

147-0 

IIS-  1 

126.2 
137-2 
148,1 

116.0 
127.1 
138.2 
149-  1 

% 
15/16 
I 
lVl6 

I5I.9 
I62.I 
172.2 
182.3 

153  o 
163.3 
173-6 
183-7 

154-2 
164.6 
174-9 
185.1 

155-4 
165.8 
176.2 
186.5 

156.5 
167.1 
177-6 
187.9 

157-7 
168.3 
178.9 
189-4 

158.9 
169.6 
180.2 
190.8 

160.0 
170.8 
181.6 
192.2 

iVs 

I8/16 
IV4 
I5/16 

192.2 
202.1 
2II.9 
221.7 

193-7 
203.7 
213.6 
223.4 

195-2 
205.3 
215-3 
225.2 

196.7 
206.9 
216.9 
226.9 

198.3 
208.5 
218.6 
228.7 

199-8 

2IO.I 
220.3 
230.4 

201.3 

211.  6 

221.9 

232.2 

202.8 

213.2 
223.6 
233.9 

1% 

i7/ie 
iV2 

231.3 

240  8 
250.3 

233-1 

242.8 
252.3 

235-0 
244-7 
254-3 

236.8 
246.6 
256-3 

238.6 
248.5 
258.3 

240.5 
250.4 
260.3 

242.3 
252.4 
262.3 

244.1 
254.3 
264.3 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     401 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

18% 

i8V4 

18% 

isi/2 

18% 

18% 

187/8 

19 

3/16 

35-92 

36.17 

36.42 

36.67 

36.92 

37-17 

37-42 

37.67 

6 

38.86 

39-13 

39-40 

39.67 

39-94 

40.21 

40.48 

40.75 

"'7/32' 

41-83 

42.13 

42.42 

42.71 

43-00 

43-29 

43-59 

43-88 

5 

42.07 

42.36 

42.66 

42.95 

43-25 

43-54 

43.83 

44.13 

4 

45-47 

45.78 

46.10 

46.42 

46.74 

47.o6 

47-37 

47.69 

'"ii" 

47-73 

48.06 

48.39 

48.73 

49-06 

49-40 

49-73 

50.06 

3 

49.42 

49-77 

50.11 

50.46 

50.80 

51.15 

51.49 

51.84 

%2 

53.6o 

53-97 

54-35 

54.73 

55-10 

55.48 

55.85 

56.23 

2 

54.11 

54-49 

54.87 

55.25 

55.63 

56.01 

56.39 

56.77 

I 

57.11 

57.51 

57.91 

58.31 

58.71 

59-11 

59-52 

59.92 

5/16 

59-45 

59.87 

60.28 

60.70 

61.12 

61.54 

jy  j~ 
61.95 

62.37 

H'32 

65-28 

65.74 

66.20 

66.66 

67.12 

67.57 

68.03 

68.49 

% 

71.09 

71.59 

72.09 

72.59 

73-09 

73-59 

74-09 

74-59 

7Ae 

82.65 

83.23 

83.81 

84.40 

84.98 

85.57 

86.15 

86.73 

% 

94.12 

94-79 

95-45 

96.12 

96.79 

97.46 

98.12 

98.79 

9/ie 

105-5 

106.3 

107.0 

107.8 

108.5 

109-3 

IIO.O 

no.  8 

% 

116.8 

117.6 

118.5 

II9-3 

120.2 

121.  0 

121.  8 

122.7 

lVl6 

128.0 

129.0 

129.9 

130.8 

I3I.7 

132.6 

133.5 

134-5 

% 

139-2 

140.2 

141.2 

142.2 

143-2 

144.2 

145-2 

146.2 

13/16 

150.2 

I5I-3 

152.4 

153-5 

154-6 

155-7 

156.7 

157.8 

% 

161.2 

162.4 

163.5 

164.7 

165.9 

167.0 

168.2 

169.4 

15Ae 

172.1 

173-3 

174.6 

175-8 

I77-I 

178.4 

179-6 

180.9 

i 

182.9 

184.2 

185.6 

186.9 

188.2 

189-6 

190.9 

192.2 

I*/16 

193-6 

I95-I 

196.5 

197-9 

199-3 

200.7 

202.  i 

203.5 

iVs 

204.3 

205.8 

207.3 

208.8 

210.3 

211.  8 

213-3 

214.8 

I3/16 

214.8 

216.4 

218.0 

219.6 

221.2 

222.7 

224.3 

225.9 

1% 

225.3 

227.0 

228.6 

230.3 

232.0 

233-6 

235  3 

237.0 

I5/i6 

235-7 

237-4 

239.2 

240.9 

242.7 

244.4 

246.2 

247-9 

1% 

246.0 

247.8 

249.6 

251.5 

253-3 

255-2 

257  o 

258.8 

i%e 

256.2 

258.1 

260.0 

262.0 

263.9 

265.8 

267.7 

269.6 

iy2 

266.3 

268.3 

270.3 

272.3 

274-3 

276.3 

278.4 

280.4 

402     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

19% 

191/4 

19% 

191/2 

19% 

19% 

19% 

20 

3/ie 

37.92 

38.17 

38.42 

38.67 

38.92 

39-17 

39-43 

39.68 

6 

41.02 

4i.3o 

41-57 

41.84 

42.11 

42.38 

42.65 

42.92 

7/ 
732 

44.17 

44.46 

44-75 

45-05 

45-34 

45.63 

45-92 

46.21 

5 

44.42 

44-71 

45-01 

45-30 

45-59 

45.89 

46.18 

46.48 

4 

48.01 

48.33 

48.64 

48.96 

49.28 

49.60 

49.91 

So.  23 

ii 

50.40 

50.73 

5i.o6 

51.40 

51-73 

52.07 

52.40 

53.73 

3 

52.  19 

52  53 

52.88 

53.  22 

53-57 

53  92 

54  .  26 

P       AT 

%2 

56.60 

56.98 

57-35 

57-73 

58.10 

58^8 

58.86 

5    .uj. 

5     23 

2 

57.15 

57-53 

57-91 

58.29 

58.66 

59-04 

59-42 

5     50 

I 

60.32 

60.72 

61.12 

61.52 

6l.92 

62.32 

62.72 

63   12 

"'%i' 

62.79 

63.20 

63.62 

64.04 

64.46 

64.87 

65.29 

65.71 

Hb 

68.95 

69.41 

69.87 

70.33 

70.79 

71.25 

71.71 

72.16 

% 

75-09 

75.6o 

76.10 

76.60 

77-10 

77.6o 

78.10 

78.60 

%6 

87.32 

87.90 

88.49 

89.07 

89.65 

90.24 

90.82 

91.41 

% 

99.46 

IOO.I 

100.8 

101.5 

IO2.I 

102.8 

102.5 

IO4.I 

9/16 

in.  5 

112.  3 

113.0 

113.8 

II4-5 

115.3 

116.0 

II6.8 

% 

123-5 

124.3 

125.2 

126.0 

126.8 

127.7 

128.5 

129.3 

*Vi6 

135-4 

136.3 

137-2 

138.1 

I39-I 

140.0 

140.9 

I4I.8 

% 

147.2 

148.2 

149.2 

150.2 

I5I.2 

152.2 

153  2 

154-2 

18/16 

158.9 

160.0 

161.1 

162.2 

163.2 

164.3 

165.4 

166.5 

% 

170.5 

171.7 

172.9 

I74-I 

175-2 

176.4 

175-6 

178.7 

15/16 

182.1 

183.4 

184.6 

185.9 

I87.I 

188.4 

189.6 

190.9 

I 

193.6 

194-9 

196.2 

197.6 

198.9 

200.3 

201.6 

202.9 

iVie 

205.0 

206.4 

207.8 

209.2 

210.6 

212.  1 

213.5 

214-9 

1  1/8 

216.3 

217.8 

219-3 

220.8 

222.3 

223.8 

225.3 

226.8 

I%6 

227.5 

229.1 

230.7 

232.3 

233-8 

235-4 

237.0 

238.6 

1% 

238.6 

240.3 

242.0 

243-6 

245-3 

247-0 

248.6 

250.3 

I5/16 

249-7 

251.4 

253-2 

254-9 

256.7 

258.5 

260.2 

262.0 

1% 

260.7 

262.5 

264.3 

266.2 

268.0 

269.8 

271.7 

273-5 

I%6 

271.6 

273-5 

275.4 

277-3 

279-2 

28I.I 

283.1 

285.0 

i% 

282.4 

284.4 

286.4 

288.4 

290.4 

292.4 

294.4  296.4 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     403 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

2oy8 

20% 

208/8 

20y2 

2o5/8 

20% 

20% 

21 

8/16 

39.93 

-40.18 

40.43 

40.68 

40.93 

4I.I8 

41.43 

41.68 

6 

43.19 

43.46 

43-73 

44.01 

44.28 

44-55 

A  A    8? 

45  .09 

7/32 

46.51 

46.80 

47-09 

47.38 

47.67 

47-97     48.26 

48^55 

5 

46.77 

47.06 

47.36 

47.65 

47-94 

48.24 

48.53 

48.83 

4 

50.55 

5O.87 

51.19 

51.50 

51.82 

52.14 

52.46 

52.  77 

ii 

53.07 

53-40 

53-73 

54.07 

54-40 

54-74 

55-07 

55-40 

3 

54-95 

55-30 

55.64 

55-99 

56.34 

56.68 

57-03 

57.37 

"'%2' 

59.6i 

59.98 

60.36 

6o.73 

.61.11 

61.48 

61.86 

62.23 

2 

60.  18 

60.56 

60.94 

61.32 

61.70 

62.08 

62.46 

62.84 

I 

63  52 

63  92 

64  32 

64  72 

65.12 

65  52 

65    92 

66.32 

5/16 

66.13 

66.54 

66.96 

67.38 

67.79 

68^21 

68^63 

69.05 

*%2 

72.62 

73.o8 

73-54 

'74.00 

74.46 

74-92 

75.38 

75-84 

% 

79-10 

79.60 

80.10 

80.60 

81.10 

81.60 

82.10 

82.60 

%a 

91.99 

92.58 

93.16 

93-74 

94-33 

94-91 

95-50 

96.08 

y2 

104.8 

105-5 

106.1 

106.8 

107.5 

108.1 

108.8 

109.5 

9/16 

H7.5 

118.3 

119.0 

119.8 

120.5 

121.  3 

122.0 

122.8 

% 

130.2 

131  •  o 

131.8 

132.7 

133.5 

134-3 

135-2 

136.0 

!Vl6 

142.7 

143.6 

144.6 

145-5 

146.4 

147-3 

148.2 

149  -I 

3/4 

155.2 

156.2 

157-2 

158.2 

159-2 

160.2 

161.2 

162.2 

13/16 

167.6 

168.7 

169.8 

170.8 

171.9 

173-0 

174.1 

175.2 

7/8 

179-9 

181.1 

182.2 

183.4 

184.6 

185.7 

186.9 

188.1 

15/16 

192.1 

193-4 

194-6 

195-9 

197.1 

198.4 

199.6 

200.9 

I 

204.3 

205.6 

206.9 

208.3 

209.6 

210.9 

212.3 

213.6 

iVio 

216.3 

217.7 

219.2 

220.6 

222.  0 

223.4 

224.8 

226.2 

iVs 

228.3 

229.8 

231.3 

232.8 

234-3 

235-8 

237-3 

238.8 

I3/16 

240.2 

241.8 

243.3 

244-9 

246.5 

248.1 

249-7 

251.3 

il4 

252.0 

253-7 

255-3 

257-0 

258.7 

260.3 

262.0 

263.7 

I5/16 

263.7 

265.5 

267.2 

269.0 

270.7 

272.5 

274.2 

276.0 

1%  ' 

275-3 

277.2 

279.0 

280.9 

282.7 

284.5 

286.4 

288.2 

I7/l6 

286.9 

288.8 

290.7 

292.7 

294.6 

296.5 

298.4 

300.3 

iy2 

298.4 

300.4 

302.4 

304.4 

306  4 

308.4 

310.4 

312.4 

404     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  H.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

2iVs 

2iy4 

218/8 

2iy2 

21% 

213/4 

21% 

22 

8/16 

41-93 

42.18 

42.43 

42.68 

42.93 

43-18 

43-43 

43.68 

6 

45.36 

45.63 

45.90 

46.17 

46.44 

46.72 

46.99 

47.26 

'"%i* 

48.84 

49.13 

49.43 

49.72 

50.01 

50.30 

50.60 

50.89 

5 

49.12 

49.41 

49.71 

50.00 

5O.29 

5O.59 

50.88 

51.18 

4 

53.09 

53.41 

53.73 

54.05 

54.36 

54-68 

55-00 

55-32 

'"%" 

55-74 

56.07 

56.40 

56.74 

57-07 

57-41 

57-74 

58.07 

3 

57-72 

58.06 

58.41 

58.76 

59-10 

59-45 

59-79 

60.14 

'"%2 

62.61 

62.99 

63.36 

63.74 

64.11 

64.49 

64.86 

65.24 

2 

63  21 

63.59 

63.  97 

64  35 

64  73 

65  ii 

65.49 

65.87 

I 

"%6" 

66^72 
69.46 

67.12 
69.88 

67^53 
7P-30 

67.93 
70.71 

68^33 
7I-I3 

68^73 
71-55 

69'i3 
71.97 

69.53 
72.38 

% 

76.29 

76.75 

77.21 

77.67 

78.13 

78.59 

79-05 

79-51 

8/8 

83.10 

83.61 

84.11 

84.61 

85.11 

85.61 

86.11 

86.61 

%6 

Vo 

96.66 

IIO.  I 

97.25 

97.83 

98.42 

99-0 

99.58 

IOO.2 

100.8 

72 

9/4e 

123.5 

124.3 

125.0 

125.8 

126.5 

127-3 

128.0 

128.8 

% 

136.8 

137.7 

138.5 

139-3 

140.2 

141.0 

I4I.8 

142.7 

i%« 

150.1 

151.0 

I5I-9 

152.8 

153-7 

154-7 

155-6 

156.5 

8/4 

163.2 

164.2 

165  .  2 

166.2 

167.2 

168.2 

169.2 

170.2 

18Ae 

176.3 

177.3 

178.4 

179-5 

180.6 

181.7 

182.8 

183.9 

% 

189.2 

190.4 

I9I.6 

192.7 

193.9 

I9S-I 

196.2 

197-4 

15/ie 

2O2.I 

203.4 

2O4.6 

205.9 

207.1 

208.4 

209.6 

210.9 

i 

214-9 

216.3 

217.6 

218.9 

220.3 

221.6 

222.9 

224.3 

I%8 

227.7 

229.1 

230.5 

231-9 

233-3 

234-8 

236.2 

237.6 

i% 

240.3 

241.8 

243-3 

244-8 

246.3 

247-8 

249-3 

250.8 

I8/16 

252.9 

254.4 

256.0 

257-6 

259-2 

260.8 

262.4 

264.0 

IV4 

265.3 

267.0 

268.7 

270.3 

272.0 

273-7 

275-3 

277.0 

I6/16 

277-7 

279.5 

281.2 

283.0 

284.7 

286.5 

288.2 

290.0 

18/8 

290.0 

291.9 

293-7 

295-5 

297.4 

299-2 

301.0 

302.9 

I%6 

302.3 

304.2 

306.1 

308.0 

309.9 

3H.9 

313.8 

315.7 

iy2 

314.4 

316.4 

318.4 

320.4 

322.4 

324.4 

326.4 

328.4 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     405 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

22l/8 

2214 

223/8 

2&/2 

225/8 

228/4 

227/8 

23 

8/16 

43-93 

44.18 

44-43 

44-68 

44-93 

45.18 

45-43 

45-68 

6 

47-53 

47.80 

48.07 

48.34 

48.61 

48.88 

49-15 

49-43 

'"%2 

51.18 

51-47 

51.76 

52.06 

52.35 

52.64 

52.93 

53-22 

5 

51-47 

51.76 

52.06 

52.35 

52.64 

52.94 

53-23 

53-52 

4 

..._. 

55.63 

55-95 

56.27 

56.59 

56.91 

57-22 

57-54 

57-86 

58.41 

58.74 

59-07 

59-41 

59-74 

60.08 

60.41 

60.74 

3 

60.48 

60.83 

61.18 

61.52 

61.87 

62.21 

62.56 

62.91 

'"%2 

65.61 

65.99 

66.37 

66.74 

67.12 

67.49 

67.87 

68.24 

2 

66.25 

66.63 

67.01 

67.38 

67.76 

68.14 

68.52 

68.90 

I 

69.93 

7O.33 

7O   77 

71.13 

71-53 

71  _  Q^ 

72.33 

72.  73 

%6 

72.80 

73-22 

I*-1-  10 
73.63 

74-05 

74-47 

74^89 

75-30 

75-72 

Hfal 

79-97 

80.42 

80.88 

8i.34 

81.80 

82.26 

82.72 

83.18 

% 

87.11 

87.61 

88.11 

88.61 

89.11 

89.61 

9O.II 

90.61 

Vl6 

101.3 

101.9 

102.5 

103.1 

103.7 

104.3 

104.8 

105.4 

% 

II5-5 

116.1 

116.8 

H7.5 

118.1 

118.8 

II9-5 

I2O.2 

9/ie 

129.5 

130.3 

131.0 

131.8 

132.5 

133.3 

134-0 

134-8 

% 

143-5 

144-3 

145-2 

146.0 

146.9 

147.7 

148.5 

149-4 

4?« 

157-4 

158.3 

159-2 

160.2 

161.1 

162.0 

162.9 

163.8 

% 

171.2 

172.2 

173-2 

174.2 

175-2 

176.2 

177.2 

178.2 

!%6 

184.9 

186.0 

187.1 

188.2 

189.3 

190.4 

I9L5 

192.5 

% 

198.6 

199-8 

200.9 

202.1 

203.3 

204.4 

205.6 

206.8 

15/ie 

212.  1 

213-4 

214.6 

215-9 

217.1 

218.4 

219-7 

220.9 

i 

225.6 

227.0 

228,3 

229.6 

231.0 

232.3 

233.6 

235-0 

iVie 

239-0 

240.4 

241.8 

243-3 

244-7 

246.1 

247-5 

248.9 

i% 

252.3 

253-8 

255-3 

256.8 

258.3 

259.8 

261.3 

262.8 

I%6 

265.5 

267.1 

268.7 

270.3 

271.9 

273.5 

275-1 

276.6 

*% 

278.7 

280.4 

282.0 

283.7 

285.4 

287.0 

288.7 

290.4 

i5/ie 

291.7 

293.5 

295.2 

297.0 

298.8 

300.5 

302.3 

304.0 

i% 

304-7 

306.6 

308.4 

310.2 

312.  i 

313.9 

315.7 

317  6 

I%6 

317.6 

319.5 

321.4 

323.4 

325.3 

327.2 

329.1 

331.0 

iV2 

330.4 

332.4 

334-4 

336.4 

338.4 

340.4 

342.4 

344-4 

406     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  H.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

23Vs 

23V4 

23% 

23V2 

23% 

23% 

23% 

24 

3/16 

45-93 

46.18 

46.43 

46.68 

46.93 

.  47.18 

47-43 

47.69 

6 

49-70 

49-97 

50.24 

50.51 

50.78 

51.05 

51-32 

51-59 

":%* 

53-52 

53.81 

54.10 

54-39 

54.68 

54.98 

55-27 

55-56 

5 

53-82 

54-11 

54-41 

54-70 

54-99 

55-29 

55-58 

55-87 

4 

58.18 

58.49 

58.81 

59-1" 

59-45 

59.76 

60.08 

60.40 

U 

61.08 

61.41 

6i.74 

62.08 

62.41 

62.75 

63-08 

63.41 

3 

63.25 

63  60 

63.94 

64.29 

64.63 

64.98 

65.33 

65.67 

%2 

68.62 

68.99 

69.37 

69.74 

70.12 

70.50 

70.87 

71-25 

2 

69.28 

69.66 

70.04 

70.42 

70.80 

71.  18 

71.56 

71  .93 

I 

73-13 

73  53 

73-93 

74-33 

74-73 

75  13 

75-54 

75  -94 

5/le 

76.14 

76.'s6 

76.97 

77-39 

77^81 

78^22 

78.64 

79-06 

Wa 

83.64 

84.10 

84.55 

85.01 

85.47 

85.93 

86.39 

86.85 

% 

91.12 

91.62 

92.12 

92.62 

93-12 

93.62 

94-12 

94.62 

7/16 

106.0 

106.6 

107.2 

107.8 

108.3 

108.9 

109.5 

IIO.  I 

% 

120.8 

121.  5 

122.2 

122.8 

123-5 

124.2 

124.8 

125.5 

9/16 

135-5 

136.3 

137-0 

137.8 

138.6 

139.3 

140.1 

140.8 

% 

150.2 

151.0 

I5I.9 

152.7 

153-5 

154.4 

155-2 

156.0 

iMe 

164.7 

165.7 

166.6 

167.5 

168.4 

169.3 

170.3 

171.2 

% 

179.2 

180.2 

181.2 

182.2 

183.2 

184.2 

185.2 

186.2 

13/10 

193-6 

194-7 

195-8 

196.9 

198.0 

199.0 

200.  1 

201.2 

% 

207.9 

209.1 

210.3 

211.4 

212.6 

213.8 

214.9 

216.1 

15A6 

222.2 

223.4 

224-7 

225.9 

227.2 

228.4 

229.7 

230.9 

I 

236.3 

237.6 

239.0 

240.3 

241.6 

243.0 

244-3 

245.6 

I%6 

250.4 

251.8 

253.2 

254-6 

256.0 

257.5 

258.9 

260.3 

i% 

264.3 

265.8 

267.3 

268.8 

270.3 

271.8 

273-3 

274.8 

I8/16 

278.2 

279-8 

281.4 

283.0 

284.6 

286.2 

287.7 

289.3 

iV4 

2Q2.0 

293-7 

295-4 

297.0 

298.7 

300.4 

302.0 

303.7 

i5/ie 

305.8 

307.5 

309.3 

311.0 

312.8 

314.5 

316.3 

318.0 

i% 

319.4 

321.2 

323.1 

324.9 

326.7 

328.6 

330.4 

332.3 

I7/16 

333.0 

334-9 

336.8 

338.7 

340.6 

342.6 

344-5 

346.4 

i% 

346.4 

348.4 

350.4 

352.4 

354-4 

356.5 

358.5 

360.5 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     407 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

24% 

24V4 

24% 

24V2 

24% 

248/4 

247/8 

25 

s/le 

47.94 

48.19 

48.44 

48.69 

48.94 

49-19 

49-44 

49-69 

6 

51-86 

52.14 

52.41 

52.68 

52.95 

53-22 

53-49 

53-76 

"'%i' 

55.85 

56.14 

56.44 

56.73 

57-02 

57.31 

57.6o 

57-90 

5 

56.17 

56.46 

56.76 

57.05 

57  .  34 

57.64 

57-93 

58.22 

4 

60.72 

6l.O4 

61.35 

61.67 

61.99 

62.31 

62.62 

62.94 

tt 

63-75 

64.08 

64.41 

64.75 

65.08 

65.42 

65-75 

66.08 

3 

66.02 

66.36 

66.71 

67.05 

67.40 

67.75 

68.09 

68.44 

%2 

71.62 

72.OO 

72-37 

72.75 

73.12 

73.50 

73-87 

74.25 

2 

72.31 

72.69 

73.O7 

73-45 

73.83 

74.21 

74-59 

74-97 

I 

76.34 

76.74 

77-14 

77-54 

77-94 

78.34 

78.74 

79-14 

'"%«• 

79.48 

79.89 

80.31 

80.73 

81.14 

81.56 

81.98 

82.40 

H'82 

87-31 

87.77 

88.23 

88.68 

89.14 

89.60 

90.06 

00.52 

% 

95.12 

95.62 

96.12 

96.62 

97-12 

97.62 

98.12 

98.62 

%e 

110.7 

ill.  3 

in.  8 

112.4 

113.0 

113.6 

114.2 

114.8 

V2 

126-2 

126.8 

127-5 

128.2 

128.8 

129.5 

130.2 

130.8 

9/16 

141.6 

142.3 

I43-I 

143.8 

144-6 

145.3 

146.1 

146.8 

% 

156,9 

157-7 

158.5 

159-4 

160.2 

161.0 

161.9 

162.7 

i%e 

172.1 

173-0 

173-9 

174-8 

175-8 

176.7 

177.6 

178.5 

% 

187.2 

188.2 

189.2 

190.2 

191.2 

192.2 

193.2 

194.2 

1  , 

18/16 

202.3 

203.4 

204.5 

205.6 

206.6 

207.7 

208.8 

209.9 

r  8  •  f  v  ' 

% 

217-  ,3 

218.4 

219.6 

220.8 

221.9 

223.1 

224.3 

225.5 

15Ae 

232.2 

233-4 

234-7 

235-9 

237-2 

238.4 

239-7 

240.9 

i 

247-0 

248.3 

249.6 

25I.O 

252.3 

253-7 

255.0 

256-3 

itte 

261.7 

263.1 

264.5 

266.0 

267.4 

268.8 

270.2 

271.6 

iVs 

276.3 

277-9 

279.4 

280.9 

282.4 

283.9 

285.4 

286.9 

I3/16 

290.9 

292.5 

294.1 

295-7 

297-3 

298.8 

300.4 

302.0 

iH 

305.4 

307.1 

308.7 

310.4 

312.  1 

313-7 

315-4 

3I7.I 

I5/16 

319.8 

321.5 

323.3 

325.0 

326.8 

328.5 

330.3 

332-0 

1% 

334-1 

335-9 

337-8 

339-6 

341.4 

343-3 

345-1 

346.9 

lVl6 

348.3 

350.2 

352.2 

354-1 

356.0 

357-9 

359-8 

361.7 

lV2 

362.5 

364.5 

366.5 

368.5 

370.5 

372.5 

374-5 

376-5 

408     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

25% 

25U 

25% 

25^2 

25% 

258/i 

257/8 

26 

8/16 

49.94 

50.19 

50.44 

50.69 

50.94 

51.19 

51.44 

51.69 

6 

54.03 

54-30 

54.57 

54-85 

55-12 

55.39 

55-66 

55-93 

'"%2* 

58.19 

58.48 

58.77 

59-o6 

59.36 

59-65 

59-94 

60.23 

5 

58.52 

58  81 

59.ii 

59.40 

59.69 

59-99 

60.28 

60.57 

4 

63.26 

63.58 

63.90 

64.21 

64.53 

64.85 

65.17 

65.48 

V4 

66.42 

66.75 

67.08 

67.42 

67-75 

68.09 

68.42 

68.75 

3 

68.78 

69.  13 

69.47 

69.82 

70.17 

70.51 

70.86 

71.20 

%2 

74-63 

75-00 

75.38 

75-75 

76.13 

76.50 

76.88 

77-25 

2 

75-35 

75.73 

76.11 

76.48 

76.86 

77.24 

77.62 

78.00 

I 

79-54 

79-94 

80  34 

80.74 

81.14 

81.54 

81.94 

82.34 

%6 

82.81 

83.23 

83-65 

84.06 

84-48 

84-90 

85-32 

85-73 

H'32 

90.98 

91.44 

91.90 

92.36 

92.82 

93-27 

93-73 

94-19 

% 

99-13 

99.63 

100    I 

100.6 

IOI.I 

101.6 

IO2.I 

102.6 

7Ae 

II5-4 

II5-9 

116.5 

117.1 

117.7 

118.3 

II8.9 

119.4 

y2 

I3I-5 

132.2 

132.8 

133-5 

134-2 

134-8 

135-5 

136.2 

9/10 

147-6 

148.3 

149-1 

149  8 

150.6 

I5I-3 

I52.I 

152.8 

%. 

163.5 

164.4 

165.2 

166.0 

166.9 

167  7 

168.5 

169.4 

iMe 

179-4 

180.4 

181.3 

182  2 

183.1 

184  o 

184.9 

185.9 

8/4 

195-2 

196.2 

197.2 

198.3 

199-3 

200.3 

201.3 

202.3 

18/46 

211.  0 

212.  1 

213.1 

214.2 

215-3 

216.4 

217.5 

218.6 

% 

226.6 

227.8 

229.0 

230.1 

231-3 

232.5 

233.6 

234-8 

15/i6 

242.2 

243.4 

244-7 

245-9 

247-2 

248.4 

249.7 

250.9 

I 

257-7 

259.0 

260.3 

261.7 

263.0 

264.3 

265.7 

267.0 

1^6 

273.1 

274-5 

275-9 

277-3 

278.7 

280.1 

281.6 

283.0 

iVs 

288.4 

289.9 

291.4 

292.9 

•294-4 

295-9 

297.4 

298.9 

I3/l6 

303-6 

305.2 

306.8 

308.3 

309-9 

3H.5 

313.1 

314.7 

I*/4 

318.7 

320-4 

322.1 

323.7 

325-4 

327-1 

328.7 

330.4 

I%6 

333-8 

335.5 

337-3 

339-1 

340.8 

342.6 

344-3 

3~46.I 

18/8 

348.8 

350.6 

352.4 

354-3 

356.1 

358.0 

359-8 

361.6 

I7/16 

363.7 

365-6 

367.5 

369.4 

371-3 

373-3 

375-2 

377.1 

1% 

378.5 

380.5 

382  5 

384-5 

3865 

388  5 

390.5 

392.5 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     409 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

26V8 

26U 

263/8 

26y2 

265/8 

268/4 

267/8 

27 

8/16 

51-94 

52.19 

52.44 

52.69 

52.94 

53-19 

53-44 

53.69 

6 

56.20 

56.47 

56.74 

57-01 

57-28 

57.56 

57-83 

58.10 

"'7/32' 

60.52 

60.82 

61.  ii 

61.40 

61.69 

61.98 

62.28 

62.57 

5 

60.87 

61.16 

6i.45 

6i.75 

62.04 

62.34 

62.63 

62.92 

4 

65.80 

66.12 

66.44 

66.75 

67.07 

67.39 

67.71 

68.03 

% 

69.09 

69.42 

69.75 

70.09 

70.42 

70.76 

71.09 

71.42 

3 

7i  "»•; 

71  .90 

72  24 

72  59 

72.93 

73.28 

73.62 

73-97 

%2 

/A  -00 

77.63 

78^00 

78^38 

78^76 

79.13 

79-51 

79-88 

80.26 

2 

78.38 

78.76 

79-14 

79-52 

79-90 

80.28 

80-65 

81.03 

i 

82  74 

83  15 

83  55 

83.95 

84  35 

84.75 

85-15 

85.55 

5Ae 

86^15 

86^57 

86^98 

87.40 

87^82 

88.24 

88.65 

89-07 

H32 

94.65 

95.ii 

95-57 

96.03 

96.49 

96.95 

97-40 

97.86 

% 

103.1 

103.6 

104.1 

104.6 

105.1 

105.6 

106.1 

106.6 

Vie 

I2O.O 

120.6 

121.  2 

121.  8 

122.4 

122.9 

123-5 

124.1 

¥2 

136.8 

137-5 

138.2 

138.8 

139-5 

140.2 

140.8 

I4L5 

%6 

153.6 

154-3 

155.  1 

155-8 

156.6 

157-3 

158.1 

158.8 

% 

170.2 

171.0 

171.9 

172.7 

173-6 

174-4 

175-2 

176.1 

!M6 

186.8 

187.7 

188.6 

189-5 

190.4 

191.4 

192.3 

193.2 

8/4 

203.3 

204.3 

205.3 

206.3 

207.3 

208.3 

209-3 

210.3 

18Ae 

219-7 

220.7 

211.  8 

222.9 

224.0 

225.1 

226.2 

227.2 

% 

236.0 

237-1 

238.3 

239-5 

240.6 

241.8 

243-0 

244.1 

15/ie 

252.2 

253-4 

254-7 

255-9 

257-2 

258.5 

259.7 

261.0 

i 

268.3 

269.7 

271.0 

272.3 

273-7 

275-0 

276.3 

277-7 

i!/i6 

284.4 

285.8 

287.2 

288.7 

290.1 

29L5 

292.9 

294-3 

i% 

300.4 

301.9 

303.4 

304.9 

306.4 

307.9 

309.4 

310.9 

I3/16 

316.3 

317.9 

319.4 

321.0 

322.6 

324-2 

325.8 

327.4 

1% 

332.1 

333-8 

335-4 

337-1 

338.8 

340.4 

342.1 

343-8 

I5/16 

347-8 

349-6 

351-3 

353-1 

354-8 

356.6 

358.3 

360.1 

1% 

363.5 

365.3 

367.1 

369.0 

370.8 

372.6 

374-5 

376.3 

I%6 

379-0 

380.9 

382.9 

384.8 

386.7 

388.6 

390.5 

392.5 

iy2 

394-5 

396.5 

398.5 

400.5 

402.5 

404.5 

406.5 

408.5 

0      ' 

410     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

271/8 

2774 

27% 

27V2 

27% 

27% 

27% 

28 

8/16 

53-94 

54.19 

54-44 

54.69 

54-94 

55.19 

55.45 

55.70 

6 

58.37 

58.64 

58.91 

59-18 

59-45 

59.72 

59.99 

60.27 

%2 

62.86 

63.15 

63.44 

63.74 

64.03 

64.32 

64.61 

64.90 

5 

63.22 

63.51 

63.80 

64.10 

64.39 

64.69 

64.98 

65.27 

4 

68.34 

68.66 

68.98 

69.30 

69.61 

69.93 

70.25 

70.57 

'"ii" 

71.76 

72.09 

72.42 

72.76 

73.09 

73.43 

73.76 

74.09 

3 

74.32 

74.66 

75-01 

75-35 

75.70 

76.04 

76.39 

76.74 

"'%2' 

80.63 

8l.oi 

81.38 

81.76 

82.14 

82.51 

82.89 

83.26 

2 

81.41 

8i.79 

82.17 

82.55 

82.93 

83.31 

83.69 

84.07] 

I 

85-95 

86.35 

86.75 

87.15 

87-55 

87.95 

88.35 

88.75 

"'<H6' 

i\Ln 

89.49 

08    72 

89.91 
08  78 

90.32 

90.74 

91.16 

91.57 

91-99 

92.41 

782 

% 

yo.«5^ 
107.1 

yo.  /o 
107.6 

99.  24 
108.1 

99-  7O 
108.6 

109.1 

109.6 

IIO.  I 

no.  6 

7/l6 

124.7 

125-3 

125-9 

126.5 

127.0 

127.6 

128.2 

128.8 

V2 

142.2 

142.8 

143-5 

144-2 

144-8 

145.5 

146.2 

146.9 

%6 

159-6 

160.3 

161.1 
178  6 

161.8 

162.6 

163.3 

164.1 

164.8 

*&8 

176.9 
I94-I 

177-7 
195-0 

196.0 

179-4 
196.9 

197^8 

198.7 

199.6 

200.5 

% 

211.  3 

212.3 

213-3 

214.3 

215-3 

216.3 

217.3 

218.3 

18/4e 

228.3 

229.4 

230.5 

231.6 

232.7 

233.8 

234.8 

235.9 

% 

245.3 

246.5 

247.6 

248.8 

250.0 

251.2 

252.3 

253.5 

15/ie 

262.2 

263.5 

264.7 

266.0 

267.2 

268.5 

269.7 

271.0 

i 

279.0 

280.4 

281.7 

283.0 

284.4 

285.7 

287.0 

288.4 

lVl6 

295.7 

297-2 

298.6 

300.0 

301.4 

302.8 

304.3 

305.7 

i% 

312.4 

313  9 

315.4 

316.9 

318.4 

319  9 

321.4 

322.9 

I3/16 

329.0 

330.5 

332.1 

333-7 

335.3 

336.9 

338.5 

340.1 

.1% 

345.4 

347-1 

348.8 

350.4 

352.1 

353-8 

355.4 

357-1 

i5/4e 

361.8 

363.6 

365.3 

367.1 

368.8 

370.6 

372.3 

374.1 

i% 

378.1 

380.0 

381.8 

383.7 

385.5 

387.3 

389-2 

391-0   ! 

i7/i6 

394.4 

396.3 

398.2 

400.1 

402.0 

404.0 

405.9 

407.8 

i% 

410.5 

412.5 

414.5 

416.5 

418.5 

420.5 

422.5 

424.5  i 

i 

•             -  '    ••'--'.-••  v 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     411 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

28% 

2814 

283/8 

281/2 

285/8 

283/4 

287/8 

29 

3/16 

55-95 

56.20 

56.45 

56.70 

56.95 

57-20 

57-45 

57-70 

6 

60.54 

60.  81 

61.08 

61.35 

61.62 

61.89 

62.16 

62.43 

"'7/32' 

65.20 

65.49 

65-78 

66.07 

66.37 

66.66 

66.95 

67.24 

5 

65.57 

65.86 

66.15 

66.45 

66.74 

67.04 

67.33 

67.62 

4 

70.89 

71.20 

71.52 

71.84 

72.16 

72-47 

72.79 

73-11 

'"ii" 

74-43 

74.76 

75-09 

75-43 

75.76 

76.10 

76.43 

76.76 

3 

77.08 

77«43 

77-77 

78   12 

78.46 

78.81 

79  16 

79.50 

%2 

83.64 

84.01 

84.39 

84.76 

85.14 

85.51 

85.89 

86.27 

2 

84.45 

84.83 

85.20 

85.58 

85.96 

86.34 

86.72 

87.10 

I 

89.15 

89.55 

89.95 

90.35 

90.75 

91.16 

91.56 

91.96 

'"%«' 

92.83 

93.24 

93-66 

94.08 

94-49 

94-91 

95-33 

95-75 

11/32 

102.0 

102.5 

102.9 

103-4 

103.8 

104.3 

104-7 

105.2 

% 

III.  I 

in.  6 

112.  1 

112.  6 

113.  i 

113.6 

114.  1 

114.6 

%6 

129.4 

130.0 

130.5 

131.  1 

I3I.7 

132.3 

132.9 

133-5 

% 

147.5 

148.2 

148.9 

149.5 

150.2 

150.9 

I5I-5 

152.2 

e/16 

165.6 

166.3 

I67.I 

167.8 

168.6 

169.3 

I70.I 

170.8 

% 

183.6 

184.4 

185.2 

186.1 

186.9 

187.7 

188.6 

189.4 

Hie 

201.5 

202.4 

203.3 

204.2 

205.1 

206.1 

207.0 

207.9 

8/i 

219-3 

220.4 

221.3 

222.3 

223.3 

224.3 

225.3 

226.3 

13/16 

237-0 

238.1 

239-2 

240.3 

241.3 

242.4 

243-5 

244.6 

% 

254.7 

255.8 

257-0 

258.2 

259-3 

260.5 

261.7 

262.8 

15/16 

272.2 

273-5 

274-7 

276.0 

277.2 

278.5 

279-7 

281.0 

I 

289.7 

291-0 

292.4 

293-7 

295.0 

296.4 

297.7 

299.0 

iVie 

307.1 

308.5 

309.9 

3H.4 

312.8 

314.2 

315.6 

317.0 

iVs 

324-4 

325.9 

327.4 

328.9 

330.4 

331-9 

333.4 

334-9 

I8/16 

341-6 

343-2 

344.8 

346.4 

348.0 

349-6 

351-2 

352.7 

IV4 

358.8 

360.5 

362.1 

363.8 

365.5 

367.1 

368.8 

370.5 

I5/16 

375-8 

377-6 

379-4 

38I.I 

382.9 

384-6 

386.4 

388.1 

1% 

392.8 

394-7 

396.5 

398.3 

400.2 

402.0 

403-8 

405.7 

I%8 

409.7 

411.6 

413.6 

415.5 

417-4 

419.3 

421.2 

423.2 

i% 

426.5 

428.5 

430.5 

432.5 

434-5 

436.6 

438.6 

440.6 

412     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

291/8 

291/4 

29% 

29% 

29% 

29% 

29% 

3o 

%6 

57-95 

58.20 

58.45 

58.70 

58.95 

59-20 

59.45 

59-70 

6 

62  70 

62.98 

63  25 

63  52 

63.79 

64.06 

64.33 

64  60 

%2 

67^53 

67.83 

68.12 

68.41 

68.70 

68.99 

69.29 

69^58 

5 

67.92 

68.21 

68.50 

68.80 

69.09 

69.38 

69.68 

69.97 

4 

73-43 

73-74 

74  06 

74.38 

74-7° 

75  02 

75-33 

75.65 

a 

77.10 

77-43 

77.76 

78.10 

78.43 

78.77 

79-10 

79-43 

3 

79  85 

80.19 

80  14 

80  89 

81.23 

81.58 

81  92 

82.27 

9/32 

86.64 

87.02 

w.^H 

87.39 

87.77 

88.14 

88.52 

88.89 

89.27 

2 

87.48 

87.86 

88.24 

88.62 

89.00 

89.38 

89.75 

00.13 

I 

92.3^ 

92.76 

93-1^ 

93.56 

93.96 

94.36 

94-7^ 

95-i6 

5/ie 

96.16 

96.58 

97-00 

97-41 

97.83 

98.25 

98.67 

99.08 

H'82 

105-7 

106.1 

106.6 

107.0 

107-5 

108.0 

108.4 

108.9 

% 

II5-I 

115.6 

116.1 

116.6 

117.1 

117.6 

118.1 

118.6 

%6 

134-0 

134-6 

135-2 

135.8 

136.4 

137-0 

137-5 

138.1 

% 

152.9 

153-5 

154-2 

154.9 

155-5 

156.2 

156.9 

157-5 

%6 

I7I.6 

172.3 

I73.I 

173.8 

174-6 

175-3 

176.1 

176.8 

% 

190.2 

191.1 

I9L9 

192.7 

193.6 

194-4 

195-2 

196.1 

»%6 

208.8 

209.7 

210.6 

211.  6 

212.5 

213-4 

214-3 

215.2 

% 

227-3 

228.3 

229.3 

230.3 

231.3 

232.3 

233-3 

234-3 

!%e 

245-7 

246.8 

247-9 

248.9 

250.0 

251.1 

252.2 

253-3 

% 

264.0 

265.2 

266.3 

267.5 

268.7 

269.8 

271.0 

272.2 

15/16 

282.2 

283.5 

284.7 

286.0 

287.2 

288.5 

289.7 

291.0 

I 

300.4 

301.7 

303-0 

304.4 

305.7 

307.1 

308.4 

309-7 

I%8 

318.4 

319.9 

321.3 

322.7 

324.1 

325.5 

327.0 

328.4 

iVs 

336.4 

337-9 

339-4 

340.9 

342.4 

343-9 

345-4 

346.9 

I8/16 

354-3 

355-9 

357.5 

359-1 

36o.7 

362.2 

363.8 

365.4 

1% 

372.1 

373-8 

375-5 

377-1 

378.8 

380.5 

382.1 

383.8 

I5/i6 

389.9 

391.6 

393-4 

395-1 

396.9 

398.6 

400.4 

402.1 

1% 

407.5 

409.4 

411.2 

413.0 

414.9 

416.7 

418.5 

420.4 

iVie 

425.1 

427.0 

428.9 

430.8 

432.8 

434-7 

436.6 

438.5 

i% 

442.6 

444-6 

446.6 

448.6 

450.6 

452.6 

454-6 

456.6 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     413 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

30% 

3oV4 

303/8 

3oy2 

30% 

303/4 

30% 

31 

%e 

59-95 

60.20 

60.45 

60.70 

60.95 

61.20 

6i.45 

61.70 

6 

64  87 

65.14 

65,42 

65.69 

65.96 

66.23 

66.50 

66.77 

7/32 

69.87 

70.16 

70.45 

70.75 

71.04 

71.33 

71.62 

71.91 

5 

70.27 

70.56 

70.85 

71.15 

71.44 

71-73 

72.03 

72.33 

4 

75-97 

76.29 

76.6o 

76.92 

77.24 

77.56 

77-88 

78.19 

H 

79-77 

80.  10 

80.43 

80.77 

81.10 

81.44 

81.77 

82.10 

3 

82.61 

82.96 

83.31 

83.65 

84.00 

84.34 

84.69 

85.03 

%2 

89.64 

90.02 

90.40 

90.77 

91.15 

91.52 

91.90 

92.27 

2 

90.51 

90.89 

91.27 

91.65 

92.03 

92.41 

92.79 

93-17 

I 

95.56 

95.96 

96.36 

96.76 

97.16 

97.56 

97-96 

98.36 

"'%i' 

99.50 

99.92 

100.3 

100.8 

IOI.2 

101.6 

102.0 

102.4 

*%» 

109.3 

109.8 

110.3 

110.7 

III.  2 

in.  6 

112.  1 

112.  5 

% 

119.2 

119.7 

I2O.2 

120.7 

121.  2 

121.  7 

122.2 

122.7 

7/i6 

138.7 

139-3 

139-9 

140.5 

I4I.I 

141.6 

142.2 

142.8 

y2 

158.2 

158.9 

159-5 

160.2 

160.9 

161.5 

l62.2 

162.9 

9/i6 

177-6 

178.4 

I79-I 

179-9 

180.6 

181.4 

I82.I 

182.9 

% 

196.9 

197-7 

198.6 

199-4 

200.3 

2OI.I 

201-9 

202.8 

Hie 

216.  i 

217.1 

218.0 

218.9 

219.8 

220.7 

221.7 

222.6 

% 

235-3 

236.3 

237.3 

238.3 

239-3 

240.3 

241.3 

242.3 

18Ae 

254-4 

255-4 

256.5 

257-6 

258.7 

259-8 

260-9 

262.O 

7/s 

273-3 

274-5 

275.7 

276.8 

278.0 

279-2 

280.4 

281.5 

15A6 

292.2 

293-5 

294.7 

296.0 

297-3 

298.5 

299-8 

301.0 

i 

3H.  I 

312.4 

313.7 

3I5.I 

316.4 

317.7 

3I9.I 

320.4 

Itte 

329.8 

331.2 

332.6 

334-0 

335-5 

336.9 

338.3 

339-7 

i% 

348.4 

349-9 

351-4 

352.9 

354-4 

355-9 

357-5 

359-0 

I8/16 

367.0 

368.6 

370.2 

371-8 

373-3 

374-9 

376.5 

378.1 

IV4 

385.5 

387.2 

388.8 

390.5 

392.2 

393-8 

395-5 

397-2 

i5Ae 

403.9 

405.6 

407.4 

409.1 

410.9 

412.6 

414-4 

416.2 

i% 

422.2 

424.0 

425.9 

427.7 

429.5 

43L4 

433-2 

435-0 

I7/16 

440.4 

442.4 

444-3 

446.2 

448.1 

450.0 

451-9 

453  9 

iV2 

458.6 

460.6 

462.6 

464.6 

466.6 

468.6 

470.6 

472.6 

414     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

3iVs 

3IV4 

31% 

3iy2 

31% 

3I3/4 

31% 

32 

SAQ 

61.95 

62.20 

62.45 

62.70 

62.95 

63.20 

63.46 

63.71 

6 

67.04 

67.31 

67.58 

67.85 

68.13 

68.40 

68.67 

68.94 

7/32 

72.21 

72.50 

72.79 

73.o8 

73-37 

73.67 

73.96 

74-25 

5 

72.62 

72.91 

73.20 

73-50 

73-79 

74-08 

74-38 

74.67 

4 

78.51 

78.83 

79-15 

79.46 

79-78 

80.10 

80.42 

80.74 

'"ii" 

82.44 

82.77 

83.10 

83-44 

83-77 

84.11 

84.44 

84.77 

3 

85.38 

85-73 

86.07 

86.42 

86.76 

87.11 

87.45 

87.80 

%2 

92.65 

93-02 

93-40 

93-77 

94-15 

94-53 

94-90 

95-28 

2 

93-55 

93-92 

94-30 

94-68 

95.o6 

95-44 

95-82 

96.20 

I 

98.76 

99.17 

99-57 

99-97 

100.4 

100.8 

IOI.2 

101.6 

5/16 

102.8 

103-3 

103-7 

104.1 

104-5 

104.9 

105-3 

105.8 

H'32 

113.0 

II3-5 

H3-9 

114.4 

114.8 

II5-3 

II5-8 

116.2 

% 

123.2 

123-7 

124.2 

124-7 

125.2 

125-7 

126.2 

126.7 

7/ie 

143-4 

144-0 

144-6 

145-  1 

145-7 

146.3 

146.9 

147.5 

% 

163.5 

164.2 

164.9 

165-5 

166.2 

166.9 

167.5 

168.2 

9/16 

183.6 

184.4 

185.1 

185.9 

186.6 

187.4 

188.1 

188.9 

% 

203.6 

204.4 

205.3 

206.1 

206.9 

207.8 

208.6 

209.4 

Hie 

223.5 

224.4 

225.3 

226.2 

227.2 

228.1 

229.0 

229.9 

% 

243-3 

244-3 

245-3 

246.3 

247-3 

248.3 

249-3 

250.3 

13/10 

263.0 

264.1 

265.2 

266.3 

267.4 

268.5 

269.5 

270.6 

% 

282.7 

283.9 

285.0 

286.2 

287.4 

288.5 

289.7 

290.9 

15/16 

302.2 

303.5 

304.8 

306.0 

307-3 

308.5 

309.8 

311.  0 

I 

321-7 

323-1 

324.4 

325.7 

327-1 

328.4 

329-7 

331.  1 

1^6 

341.  1 

342.6 

344-0 

345-4 

346.8 

348.2 

349-6 

351.  1 

iVs 

360.5 

362.0 

363.5 

365.0 

366.5 

368.0 

369.5 

371-0 

I%0 

379-7 

38L3 

382.9 

384.4 

386.0 

387.6 

389-2 

390.8 

1% 

398.8 

400.5 

402.2 

403-8 

405.5 

407.2 

408.9 

410.5 

I5/16 

417.9 

419.7 

421.4 

423.2 

424.9 

426.7 

428.4 

430.2 

1% 

436.9 

438-7 

440.6 

442.4 

444-2 

446.1 

447-9 

449-7 

i7/i« 

455.8 

457-7 

459-6 

461.5 

463.5 

465.4 

467.3 

469.2 

iy2 

474-6 

476.6 

478.6 

480.6 

482.6 

484.6 

486.6 

488.6 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     415 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

32V8 

32V4 

32% 

32l/2 

32% 

32% 

327/8 

33 

3/16 

63.96 

.  64.21 

64.46 

64.71 

64.96 

65.21 

65.46 

65.71 

6 

69.21 

69.48 

69.75 

70.02 

70.29 

70.56 

70.84 

71.  II 

'"%2 

74.54 

74.83 

75-13 

75.42 

75-71 

76.00 

76.29 

76.59 

5 

74.97 

75.26 

75-55 

75-85 

76.14 

76.43 

76.73 

77-02 

4 

81.05 

81.37 

81.69 

82.01 

82.32 

82.64 

82.96 

83.28 

'"%" 

85.11 

85.44 

85.78 

86.11 

86.44 

86.78 

87.11 

87.44 

3 

88.15 

88.49 

88.84 

89.18 

89.53 

89.88 

90.22 

90.57 

'"%2 

95.65 

96.03 

96.40 

96.78 

97-15 

97-53 

97.90 

98.28 

2 

96.58 

96.96 

97-34 

97.72 

98.10 

98.47 

98.85 

99-23 

I 

102.0 

102.4 

102.8 

103.2 

103.6 

104.0 

104-4 

104.8 

"'s/ie' 

106.2 

106.6 

107.0 

107.4 

107.8 

108.3 

108.7 

109.1 

ma 

116.7 

117.1 

117.6 

118.1 

118.5 

119.0 

II9.4 

119.9 

% 

127.2 

127.7 

128.2 

128.7 

129.2 

129.7 

130.2 

130.7 

K« 

148.1 

148.6 

149-2 

149-8 

150.4 

151.0 

I5I.6 

152.2 

% 

168.9 

169.5 

170.2 

170.9 

171.6 

172.2 

172.9 

173.6 

%• 

189.6 

190.4 

191.1 

I9I.9 

192.6 

193-4 

I94-I 

194-9 

% 

210.3 

211.  1 

211.9 

212.8 

213.6 

214-4 

215-3 

216.  i 

*M* 

230.8 

231.8 

232.7 

233.6 

234-5 

235-4 

236.3 

237-3 

3/4 

251.3 

252.3 

253-3 

254-3 

255-3 

256.3 

257-3 

258.3 

13/16 

271.7 

272.8 

273.9 

275-0 

276.1 

277-1 

278.2 

279.3 

7/8 

292.0 

293-2 

294-4 

295-5 

296.7 

297.9 

299.0 

300.2 

15/16 

312.3 

313.5 

314.8 

316.0 

317.3 

318.5 

319.8 

321.0 

I 

332.4 

333-8 

335-1 

336.4 

337-8 

339-1 

340.4 

341.8 

!Vl6 

352.5 

353-9 

355.3 

356.7 

358.2 

359-6 

361.0 

362.4 

iVs 

372.5 

374-0 

375.5 

377.0 

378.5 

380.0 

381-5 

383.0 

I3/16 

392.4 

394-0 

395-5 

397-1 

398.7 

400.3 

401.9 

403.5 

IV4 

412.2 

413.9 

415.5 

417.2 

418.9 

420.5 

422.2 

423.9 

I5/16 

431.9 

433-7 

435-4 

437.2 

438.9 

440.7 

442-4 

444.2 

1% 

451.6 

453-4 

455.2 

457.1 

458.9 

460.7 

462.6 

464.4 

I%6 

471.  1 

473-1 

475.0 

476.9 

478.8 

480.7 

482.7 

484.6 

iya 

490.6 

492.6 

494-6 

496.6 

498.6 

500.6 

502.6 

504.6 

416     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

331/8 

33V4 

33% 

33V2 

33% 

33% 

33% 

34 

8/ie 

65.96 

66.21 

66.46 

66.71 

66.96 

67.21 

67.46 

67.71 

6 

71  38 

71.65 

71.92 

72.  19 

72.46 

72.73 

73.00 

73  27 

7/32 

76.88 

77-17 

77.46 

77.75 

78.05 

78.34 

78.63 

'X 

78.92 

5 

77.31 

77.61 

77.90 

78.20 

78.49 

78.78 

79.08 

79-37 

4 

83.59 

83.91 

84.23 

84.55 

84.87 

85.18 

85  50 

85.82 

y* 

87-78 

88.11 

88.45 

88.78 

89.11 

89.45 

89.78 

90.11 

3 

90.91 

91.26 

91.60 

91.95 

92.30 

92.64 

92  99 

93-33 

%2 

98.66 

99-03 

99.41 

99.78 

IOO.2 

100.5 

100.9 

101.3 

IO2  3 

I 

99-  01 
105.2 
109-5 

99-99 
105.6 
109.9 

106.0 
110.3 

106.4 
no.  8 

106.8 

III.  2 

107.2 
in.  6 

107  6 

112.  0 

108.0 

112.  4 

5/16 

HS2 

120.3 

120-8 

121.  3 

121.  7 

122.2 

122.6 

123.1 

123.6 

% 

I3L2 

131.7 

132.2 

132.7 

133-2 

133.7 

134  2 

134.7 

Vie 

152.7 

153.3 

153-9 

154-5 

155-  1 

155.7 

156.2 

156.8 

y2 

174.2 

174.9 

175-6 

176.2 

176.9 

177.6 

178  2 

178.9 

9/16 

195.6 

196.4 

197.1 

197.9 

198.6 

199.4 

200.1 

200.9 

% 

216.9 

217.8 

218.6 

219-4 

220.3 

221.  1 

221.9 

222.8 

*%6 

238.2 

239.1 

240.0 

240.9 

241.8 

242.8 

243-7 

244.6 

% 

259.3 

260.3 

261.3 

262.3 

263.3 

264.3 

265.3 

266.3 

!%6 

280.4 

281.5 

282.6 

283.6 

284.7 

285.8 

286  9 

288.0 

% 

301.4 

302.5 

303.7 

304.9 

306.1 

307.2 

308.4 

309.6 

15/16 

322.3 

323.5 

324.8 

326.0 

327.3 

328.5 

329.8 

331.0 

I 

343-1 

344.4 

345.8 

347-1 

348.4 

349-8 

351.  1 

352.4 

I%6 

363.8 

365.3 

366.7 

368.1 

369.5 

370.9 

372.3 

373.8 

i% 

384.5 

386.0 

387.5 

389.0 

390.5 

392.0 

393-5 

395-0 

I3/16 

405.1 

406.6 

408.2 

409.8 

411.4 

4i3.o 

414.6 

416.2 

*% 

425.5 

427.2 

428.9 

430.5 

432.2 

433-9 

435.6 

437-2 

i5/4e 

445-9 

447.7 

449.4 

451.2 

452.9 

454-7 

456.5 

458.2 

i% 

466.3 

468.1 

469.9 

471.8 

473-6 

475-4 

477-3 

479.1 

I7i6 

486.5 

488.4 

490.3 

492.2 

494-2 

496.1 

498.0 

499-9 

iy2 

506.6 

508.6 

510.6 

512.6 

514.7 

516.7 

518.7 

520.7 

'•        ' 

Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing     417 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Continued) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

34Vs 

34^4 

34% 

34% 

34% 

34% 

34% 

35 

8/16 

67.96 

68.21 

68.46 

68.71 

68.96 

69.21 

69.46 

69.71 

6 

73  55 

73.82 

74.09 

74.36 

74.63 

74  9O 

75-17 

75  44 

7/32 

79.21 

79-51 

79.8o 

80.09 

80.38 

80.67 

80.97 

81^26 

5 

79.66 

79.96 

80.25 

80.55 

80.84 

81.13 

81.43 

81.72 

4 

86.14 

86.45 

86.77 

87.09 

87.41 

87.73 

88.04 

88.36 

V4 

90.45 

90.78 

91.12 

91-45 

91.78 

92.12 

92.45 

92^78 

3 

93-68 

94.02 

94-37 

94.72 

95.06 

95-41 

95-75 

96.  10 

%2 

101.7 

102.0 

102.4 

102.8 

103.2 

103-5 

103-9 

104.3 

2 

102.6 

103.0 

103-4 

103.8 

104.2 

104-5 

104.9 

105.3 

I 

108.4 

108.8 

109.2 

109.6 

IIO.O 

no.  4 

no.  8 

III.  2 

"'%i' 

112.9 

H3.3 

II3-7 

114.1 

114.5 

114.9 

iiS-4 

II5-8 

*%2 

124.0 

124-5 

124.9 

125.4 

125-9 

126.3 

126.8 

127.2 

% 

135-2 

135-7 

136.2 

136.7 

137-2 

137-7 

138.2 

138.7 

7/16 

157-4 

158.0 

158.6 

159.2 

159-7 

160.3 

160.9 

l6l.5 

% 

179-6 

180.2 

180.9 

181.6 

182.2 

182.9 

183.6 

184.2 

9/i6 

2OI.6 

202.4 

203.1 

203.9 

204.6 

205.4 

206.1 

206.9 

% 

223.6 

224.5 

225.3 

226.1 

227.0 

227.8 

228.6 

229.5 

Hie 

245.5 

246.4 

247-4 

248.3 

249.2 

250.1 

251.0 

251-9 

% 

267.3 

268.3 

269.3 

270.3 

27L3 

272.3 

273-3 

274-3 

18/4e 

289.1 

290.2 

291.2 

292.3 

293.4 

294-5 

295-6 

296.7 

% 

310.7 

3H.9 

3I3.I 

314.2 

315.4 

316.6 

317.7 

318.9 

15/16 

332.3 

333-5 

334-8 

336.0 

337-3 

338.6 

339-8 

341.  1 

I 

353.8 

355.1 

356.5 

357-8 

359-1 

360.5 

361.8 

363.1 

lVl6 

375-2 

376.6 

378.0 

379-4 

380.9 

382.3 

383.7 

385.1 

i% 

396.5 

398.0 

399-5 

401.0 

402.5 

404.0 

405.5 

407.0 

i%« 

417.7 

419.3 

420.9 

422.5 

424.1 

425-7 

427.2 

428.8 

IV4 

438.9 

440.6 

442.2 

443-9 

445-6 

447-2 

448.9 

450.6 

I5A6 

460.0 

461.7 

463.5 

465.2 

467.0 

468,7 

470.5 

472.2 

1% 

480.9 

482.8 

484.6 

486.4 

488.3 

490.1 

492.0 

493.8 

I7/16 

501.8 

503.8 

505.7 

507.6 

509.5 

5II-4 

513.4 

515-3 

1% 

522.7 

524.7 

526.7 

528.7 

530.7 

532.7 

534-7 

536.7 

418     Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Pipe  and  Tubing 

Table  II.  —  Weight  in  Pounds  per  Lineal  Foot  for  Steel  Pipe 

and  Tubing  (Concluded) 

Weight  i  cubic  inch  Steel  =  .2833  pound 

Wall  thickness 

Outside  diameter  in  inches 

B.W.G. 

Inches 

35% 

35l/4: 

35% 

351/2    v 

35% 

35% 

35% 

36 

8/16 

69.96 

70.21 

70.46 

70.71 

70.96 

71.21 

71-47 

71.72 

6 

75-71 

75.98 

76.26 

76.53 

76.80 

77-07 

77-34 

77.61 

%2 

Si.55 

81.84 

82.13 

82.43 

82.72 

83.01 

83-30 

83-60 

5 

82.01 

82.31 

82.60 

82.90 

83.19 

83-48 

83.78 

84.07 

•4 

88.68 

89.00 

89.31 

89.63 

89.95 

90.27 

90.58 

90.90 

V4 

93-12 

93.45 

93-79 

94.12 

94-45 

94-79 

95-12 

95-45 

3 

96.45 

96.79 

97.14 

97.48 

97-83 

98.17 

98.52 

98.87 

%2 

104.7 

105.0 

105.4 

105.8 

106.2 

106.5 

106.9 

107.3 

2 

105.7 
in  .  6 

106.1 

106.4 

106.8 

107.2 

107.6 

108.0 

108.3 

I 

"5/ie' 

116.2 

116.6 

117.0 

117.4 

117.9 

118.3 

118.7 

II9.I 

*%2 

127.7 

128.2 

128.6 

129.1 

129.5 

130.0 

130.4 

130.9 

% 

139-2 

139-7 

140.2 

140.7 

141.2 

141.7 

142.2 

142.7 

7/l6 

162.1 

162.7 

163.2 

163.8 

164.4 

165.0 

165.6 

166.2 

V2 

184-9 

185.6 

186.2 

186.9 

187.6 

188.2 

188.9 

189.6 

%6 

207.6 

208.4 

209.1 

209.9 

210.6 

211.  4 

212.  1 

212.9 

% 

230.3 

231.1 

232.0 

232.8 

233.6 

234.5 

235-3 

236.1 

'VIS 

252.9 

253-8 

254-7 

255-6 

256.5 

257.5 

258.4 

259-3 

3/4 

275-3 

276.3 

277.4 

278.4 

279.4 

280.4 

281.4 

282.4 

13/16 

297-8 

298.8 

299-9 

301.0 

302.1 

303.2 

304-3 

305.3 

% 

320.1 

321.2 

322.4 

323.6 

324.7 

325.9 

327.1 

328.2 

lr>i6 

342.3 

343-6 

344-8 

346.1 

347.3 

348.6 

349-8 

351.  1 

I 

364.5 

365.8 

367.1 

368.5 

369.8 

371-  1 

372.5 

373.8 

lVl6 

386.5 

387.9 

389.4 

390.8 

392.2 

393-6 

395-0 

396.5 

iVs 

408.5 

410.0 

4H.5 

4i3.o 

414.5 

416.0 

417.5 

419.0 

I%6 

430.4 

432.0 

433-6 

435.2 

436.8 

438.3 

439-9 

44L5 

1% 

452.2 

453-9 

455-6 

457-2 

458.9 

460.6 

462.3 

463.9 

I%6 

474-0 

475.7 

477-5 

479-2 

481.0 

482.7 

484.5 

486.2 

1% 

495-6 

497-5 

499-3 

SOLI 

503.0 

504.8 

506.6 

508.5 

lVl6 

517.2 

5I9.I 

521.0 

523.0 

524.9 

526.8 

528.7 

530.6 

iy2 

538.7 

540.7 

.542.7 

544-7 

546.7 

548.7 

550.7 

552.7 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars         419 


Fig.  133 


Fig.  134 


TABLE  OF  THE  PROPERTIES  OF  TUBES  AND 
ROUND  BARS 

Plan  of  Table.  This  table  was  planned  with  a  view  of  stating  the 
properties  of  tubes  and  pipe  in  the  best  form  for  application  to  practice. 
The  scheme  is  based  upon  the  fact 
that  a  hollow  cylinder,  or  tube,  may 
always  be  considered  as  the  differ- 
ence of  two  solid  cylinders.  Thus 
the  hollow  cylinder  or  tube,  Fig. 
134,  may  be  considered  as  result- 
ing from  the  removal  of  the  smaller 
cylinder,  Fig.  133,  from  the  center 
of  the  larger  cylinder,  Fig.  132.  Fig.  132 

In  order  to  be  able  to 
apply  this  table  to  the  solu- 
tion of  problems  in  tubular 
mechanics,  it  will  only  be 
necessary,  in  addition  to 
having  the  above  funda- 
mental relation  clearly  in 
mind,  to  remember  that 
the  table  states  the  proper- 
ties of  a  series  of  solid  round  bars,  each  one  foot  long,  whose  diameters 
advance  by  .01  inch  to  16  inches,  and  thereafter  by  %  inch. 

Calculation  of  Table.    The  table  was  calculated  on  an  eight-slot 
Burkhardt  machine,  making  use  of  the  following  data: 
D  =  diameter  of  a  round  bar  in  inches. 
C  =  irD  =  3.1415927  D  =  circumference  of  a  cross-section  in  inches. 

A  =  -  D2  =  0.78539816  D2  =  area  of  cross-section  in  square  inches. 

4 

S  =  —  =  —  D  =  0.26179939  D  =  cylindrical  surface  hi  square  feet  per 

foot  length. 
V  =  12  A  =  3  wD2  =  9.4247780  D2  =  volume  in  cubic   inches  per  foot 

length. 
W  =  0.2833  V  =  3.3996  A  =  2.6700396  D2  =  weight  of  a  round  steel  bar 

in  pounds  per  foot  length. 

D2 
&  —  ~7  —  0.0625  D2  =  radius  of  gyration  of  cross-section,  squared. 

/  =  —  D4  =  0.049087385  D4=  -  Z)2  X  —  =  AR2  =  moment  of  inertia  of 

64  4  16 

cross-section. 
y  =  |  D  =  distance  of  farthest  fiber  from  the  axis  of  a  round  bar  in 

inches. 
Weight  of  one  cubic  inch  of  steel  =  0.2833  pound. 


420        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


The  last  value  stated  in  each  of  the  above  formulae  is  the  one  actually 
used  in  making  the  calculations. 

The  machine  calculations,  except  for  the  moment  of  inertia,  /,  were 
all  carried  out  to  the  respective  degrees  of  accuracy  indicated  by  the 
constants  of  the  above  formulae.  Each  result  was  then  contracted  to 
a  lesser  number  of  significant  figures  for  the  reason  explained  below.  The 
moment  of  inertia,  /,  was  obtained  by  multiplying  the  area  of  cross-sec- 
tion, A,  by  the  corresponding  radius  of  gyration  squared,  R2,  both  being 
taken  to  six  significant  figures. 

Precision  of  Tabular  Statement.  While  entering  the  calculated 
values  in  this  table,  care  was  taken  to  have  the  precision  of  state- 
ment just  sufficient  to  meet  the  demands  of  practice.  The  number  of 
significant  figures  given  in  the  different  columns  corresponding  to  any 
tabular  diameter  is  based  upon  the  assumption  that  diameters  are  meas- 
ured to  the  nearest  one-thousandth  of  an  inch,  thus  involving  a  possible 
error  of  0.0005  inch.  This  error  in  the  diameter  of  a  round  bar  will 
give  rise  to  corresponding  errors  in  its  volume,  weight,  moment  of  inertia, 
and  other  properties.  An  investigation  has  shown  these  resulting  errors 
to  be  as  follows:  For  C,  0.00157  inch;  for  A,  0.000785  D;  for  S,  0.000131 
square  inch;  for  V,  0.00942  D;  for  W,  0.00267  D;  for  R2,  0.0000625  Z>; 
for  /,  0.000098  Ds',  and  for  y,  0.00025  inch. 

Checking  of  Tabular  Values.  Each  individual  entry  of  this  table 
has  been  calculated  twice,  and  wherever  a  difference  was  found  a  third 
independent  calculation  was  made  to  decide  which  of  the  two  values  in 
question  was  in  error.  The  second  calculation  was  made  after  the  table 
had  been  traced,  and  all  errors  found  were  corrected  directly  on  the 
tracings.  A  set  of  blue-prints  was  then  made,  and  this  was  finally 
checked  by  the  well-known  method  of  differences. 

APPLICATION  OF  TABLE  TO  ROUND  BARS 

For  the  properties  of  round  bars  use  the  different  tabular 
values  direct.  Thus  for  a  round  steel  bar  6.35  inches  in  diameter, 

turn  to  the  table,  page  436,  headed  /       inches,    and   opposite    6.35, 

in  column  D,  take  the  required  properties  from  the  table  as  follows: 
For  circumference  of  cross-section,  19.949  inches;  for  area  of  cross- 
section,  31.669  square  inches;  for  cylindrical  surface,  1.6624  square 
feet  per  foot  length;  for  volume,  380.03  cubic  inches  per  foot  length; 
for  weight  of  steel  bar,  107.66  pounds  per  foot  length;  for  moment  of 
inertia  of  cross-section,  79.81,  from  which  the  polar  moment  of  inertia, 
being  equal  to  twice  the  moment  of  inertia,  is  79.81  X  2,  or  159.62;  for 
distance  from  axis  of  the  bar  to  the  most  remote  fiber,  3.175  inches; 
and  for  the  square  of  the  radius  of  gyration  of  cross-section,  2.5202. 

The  table  is  applicable  to  diameters  when  stated  in  inches  and 
hundredths  to  16  inches  and  thereafter  when  stated  in  inches  and  eighths. 

When  diameters  are  stated  to  thousandths  of  an  inch,  interpolate  in 
the  usual  way  as  follows:  For  example,  to  find  the  weight  in  pounds 


Application  of  Table  to  Tubes  and  Pipe  421 


per  lineal  foot,  of  a  round  steel  bar  6.356  inches  diameter,  add  to  the 
tabular  weight  corresponding  to  6.35,  six-tenths  of  the  difference  of 
weights  corresponding  to  diameters  of  6.36  and  6.35;  thus,  difference  of 
these  weights  is  108.00—  107.66  =  0.34;  and  six-tenths  of  this  difference 
is  0.34  X  0.6=  0.204;  which  added  to  the  weight  corresponding  to  6.35 
diameter  gives  107.66+0.204=  107.86  pounds  per  lineal  foot  as  the 
weight  of  a  bar  6.356  inches  in  diameter.  Similarly  all  the  other  prop- 
erties may  be  obtained;  thus,  moment  of  inertia,  /,  =  79.81  +  0.6  (80.32  — 
79.81)  =  79.81  +  0.31  =  80.12. 

When  diameters  are  stated  to  sixteenths,  thirty-seconds,  or  sixty-fourths, 
above  16  inches  interpolate  similarly.  Thus  the  weight  of  a  round 
bar  i8%2  inches  in  diameter,  since  this  diameter  lies  between  iSVs 

and  i8V4,  will  be  (weight  for  i8V8)  +  (  %2~Vs  )  (weight  for    18%- 

\  i/i-Vs/ 

weight  for  iSVs)  or  877.15  +  14  of  (889.29  -  877.15)  =  877.15  + 
3.04  =  880.19  pounds  per  lineal  foot. 

To  Find  Diameter  of  Bar  Corresponding  to  a  Given  Property. 

This  is  accomplished  by  taking  the  diameter  opposite  the  tabular  prop- 
erty nearest  to  that  stated.  For  example,  to  find  what  diameter  of  round 
bar  will  correspond  to  a  moment  of  inertia  of  46,  look  down  column  I 
of  the  table  until  45.91  is  reached,  which  is  the  nearest  tabular  value, 
and  then  read  opposite,  in  column  A  5.53  inches  as  the  diameter  required. 
Similarly  a  round  bar  of  15  square  inches  cross-sectional  area  will  have 
a  diameter  of  4.37  inches,  as  read  opposite  14.999  in  column  A. 


APPLICATION  OF  TABLE  TO  TUBES  AND  PIPE 

Let  it  be  required  to  find  the  properties  of  a  tube  having  outside  and 
inside  diameters  of  7.62  and  7.02  inches  respectively. 

It  will  be  observed  that  according  to  the  plan  of  this  table  (see  page 
419)  the  different  properties  of  a  tube  may  be  grouped  as  follows: 

(1)  The  circumference,   surface,  fluid   capacity,   and  distance   of  the 
farthest  fiber  from  the  axis  are  to  be  used  direct 

as  taken  from  the  table.  For  the  above  example 
these  will  be  as  follows:  From  the  table,  col- 
umn C,  the  outside  circumference,  opposite 
7.62,  is  23.939  inches;  and  the  inside  circum- 
ference, opposite  7.02,  is  22.054  inches;  from 
column  S,  similarly  the  outside  and  inside  sur- 
faces are  found  to  be  respectively  1.9949  and 
1.8378  square  feet  per  foot  length  of  tube;  from 

column  V,  the  fluid  capacity  will  be  found  opposite  7.02,  the  inside  diam- 
eter, and  is  464.46  cubic  inches  per  foot  length;  while  from  column  y,  the 
distance  of  the  farthest  fiber  from  the  axis  of  the  tube  will  be  found 
opposite  the  outside  diameter,  7.62,  and  is  3.810  inches. 

(2)  The  area  of  cross-section,  volume  of  wall,  weight,  and  moment  of 
inertia  for  a  tube  are  obtained  by  taking  the  difference  of  the  respective 


422        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


tabular  values  corresponding  to  the  outside  and  inside  diameters  of  the 
tube.  For  the  above  example  they  will  be  as  follows:  From  column  A, 
opposite  7.62,  the  outside  diameter  of  the  tube, 
read  45.604,  and  opposite  7.02,  the  inside  diam- 
eter, read  38.705-  The  difference  of  these,  or 
45.604  —  38.705  =  6.899  square  inches,  is  the 
required  sectional  area  of  tube  wall.  Similarly 
from  column  V,  the  volume  of  the  tube  wall  is 
547.24  —  464.46  =  82.78  cubic  inches;  from  col- 
umn W,  the  weight  of  tube  is  155.03  -  131.58  = 
23 -45  pounds  per  foot  length;  and  from  column/, 
the  moment  of  inertia  of  cross-section  is  165.50  — 
119.21=46.29.  Note  that  the  polar  moment  of 
inertia,  being  equal  to  twice  the  moment  of  inertia, 
will  be  46.29  X  2,  or  92.58. 

(3)  The  radius  of  gyration,  squared,  for  a  lube 
is  obtained  by  taking  the  sum  of  the  radii  of  gyra- 
tion, squared,  corresponding  to  the  outside  and  in- 
side diameters  of  the  tube.  For  the  above  example, 
from  column  R2,  opposite  7.62,  the  outside  diam- 
eter of  the  tube,  read  3.6290,  and  opposite  7.02, 
the  inside  diameter,  read  3.0800.  The  sum  of 
these,  or  3.6290  +  3.0800=6.7090  is  the  square 
of  the  require^!  radius  of  gyration.  Note  that 
the  sum  is  to  be  taken  here,  and  not  the  differ- 
ence, as  in  the  preceding  case. 

To  Find  the  Diameters  of  Tubes  Cor- 
Fig.  136  responding  to  Given  Properties.  This  table 

may  be  used  for  the  solution  of  a  great  variety 

of  problems  of  this  character,  of  which  the  following  is  a  representative 
example: 

When  one  diameter  and  either  the  sectional  area,  weight,  or  moment  of 
inertia  are  given,  to  find  the  other  diameter  and  thickness  of  wall. 

Remembering  that  a  tube  may  be  considered  as  the  difference  be- 
tween two  solid  cylinders,  it  is  evident  that  the  weight,  for  example, 
of  the  smaller  cylinder  will  equal  the  weight  of  the  larger  cylinder  minus 
the  weight  of  the  tube,  and  that  the  required  inside  diameter  of  the  tube 
is  the  same  as  the  diameter  of  the  smaller  cylinder,  we  proceed  as  follows: 

For  a  tube  that  shall  weigh  16  pounds  per  foot,  for  example,  when  the 
outside  diameter  is  six  inches,  we  find  from  the  table,  opposite  6.00 
in  column  D,  96.12  in  column  W,  which  is  the  weight  of  a  six-inch  round 
steel  bar  in  pounds  per  foot  length.  Subtracting  16.00  pounds,  the  given 
weight  of  tube  per  foot,  we  get  96.12  —  16.00  =  80.12  as  the  weight  per 
foot  of  a  round  steel  bar  whose  diameter  must  be  the  same  as  the  required 
inside  diameter  of  the  tube.  From  column  W,  the  nearest  tabular  weight 
is  found  to  be  80. 1 8,  opposite  which  we  read,  in  column  D,  5.48  inches 
as  the  inside  diameter  required.  The  thickness  of  wall  will  then  be  one- 
half  the  difference  of  the  diameters,  or  y2  (6.00  -  5.48)  =  0.26  inch. 


Application  of  Table  to  Tubes  and  Pipe  423 


When  the  inside  diameter  is  given  and  the  outside  diameter  required, 
we  must  add  the  weight  of  the  tube  to  that  of  the  smaller  cylinder; 
otherwise  the  two  solutions  are  identical. 

In  a  similar  manner  to  the  above  we  can  find  the  thickness  of  wall 
corresponding  to  a  given  sectional  area  or  moment  of  inertia.  For  exam- 
ple, to  find  the  inside  diameter  of  a  six-inch  tube  that  shall  have  a  moment 
of  inertia  of  32,  proceed  as  follows:  From  column  /,  opposite  6.00,  we  read 
63.62,  which  is  the  moment  of  inertia  of  a  solid  bar  six  inches  in  diameter. 
Subtracting  32,  we  get  63.62  -  32  =  31.62  as  the  moment  of  inertia  of  a 
solid  round  bar  that  would  just  fill  up  the  interior  of  the  required  tube. 
The  nearest  tabular  value  in  column  /  we  find  to  be  31-67,  opposite 
which  we  read  5.04  inches  as  the  required  inside  diameter  of  the  tube. 
The  thickness  of  wall  will  then  be  M>  (6.00-  5.04)  =  0.48  inch. 

Weight  Factors  for  Different  Materials 

In  the  following  formulae  V  is  the  tabular  volume  in  cubic  inches,  and 
W  the  tabular  weight  for  wrought  steel. 

Weight  of  wrought  iron =  V  X  .278  =  W  —    2  per  cent. 

Weight  of  cast  iron =  V  X  .260  =  W  -    8  per  cent. 

Weight  of  wrought  copper =  V  X  .320  =  W  +  13  per  cent. 

Weight  of  wrought  brass =  V  X  .303  =  W  +    7  per  cent. 

Weight  of  wrought  nickel =  V  X  .313  =  W  +  10%  per  cent. 

Weight  of  lead =  V  X  .4"  =  W  +  45  per  cent. 

Weight  of  tin =  V  X  .267  =  W  -    6  per  cent. 

Weight  of  cast  aluminum =  V  X  .092  =  W  —  6jy2  per  cent. 

Weight  of  wrought  aluminum =  V  X  .097  =  W  —  66  per  cent. 

These  multipliers  are  the  weights  of  a  cubic  inch  of  the  respective  materi- 
als. They  have  been  compiled  from  various  sources  and  may  be  accepted 
as  representing  good  average  values  for  use  in  case  more  exact  values  are  not 
at  hand.  The  percentage  column  was  calculated  from  the  column  of  mul- 
tipliers here  given,  and  is  expressed  to  the  nearest  one-half  per  cent  only. 
The  weight  of  a  cubic  inch  of  soft  wrought  steel  used  in  the  calculation 
of  the  tabular  weights,  column  W,  was  taken  as  0.2833  pound,  the  value 
that  is  commonly  accepted  for  rolled  steel.  More  exact  average  values 
are  0.2831  for  welded  steel  tubes,  and  0.2834  for  seamless  steel  tubes.  It 
should  be  noted  (i)  that  the  adopted  tabular  value  is  the  average  of 
these  two,  and  (2)  that  the  three  values  are  in  substantial  agreement,  so 
far  as  commercial  weighing  is  concerned,  the  differences  being  iM?  and  % 
pounds  per  ton  respectively  for  welded  and  seamless  tubes. 

Capacity  Factors  for  Tubes 

The  different  capacities  of  a  tube  or  pipe  per  lineal  foot  may  be  obtained 
by  applying  the  following  formulae,  where  V  is  the  tabular  volume  in 
cubic  inches: 

Capacity  in  cubic  feet =  V  -5- 1728  =  V  X      .0005787 

Capacity  in  gallons  (U.  S.) =  V  -5-    231  =  V  X      .004329 

Capacity  in  cubic  centimeters =  V  X  16 .387 

Capacity  in  liters. =  V  X      .016387 

Capacity  in  pounds  pure  water  at  39.2°  F =  V  X      .03613 

Capacity  in  pounds  pure  water  at  62°  F =  V  X      .03609 

Capacity  in  pounds  carbonic  acid  for  density  of  .62  ...  =  V  X      .02240 


424        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars                        «06  inch 

.50  inch 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

.R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).    For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

7i 

S-c 

Cir- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

Jl 

ence  in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

tion 

"  & 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

bs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

& 

.00 

.000 

.000000 

.0000 

.00000 

.00000 

.0000000000 

.000 

.0000000 

.01 

.031 

.000079 

.0026 

.00094 

.00027 

.0000000005 

.005 

.0000063 

.02 

.063 

.00031 

.0052 

.0038 

.00107 

0000000079 

.010 

.000025 

.03 

.094 

.00071 

.0079 

.0085 

.00240 

000000040 

.015 

.000056 

.04 

.126 

.00126 

.0105 

.0151 

.0043 

000000126 

.020 

.000100 

•05 

.157 

.00196 

.0131 

.0236 

.0067 

00000031 

.025 

.000156 

.06 

.188 

.00283 

.0157 

.0339 

.0096 

.00000064 

.030 

.000225 

.07 

.220 

.00385 

.0183 

.0462 

.0131 

.00000118 

-035 

.000306 

.08 

.251 

.00503 

.0209 

.0603 

.0171 

.00000201 

.040 

.000400 

.09 

.283 

.00636 

.0236 

.0763 

.0216 

.00000322 

.045 

.000506 

.10 

.314 

.00785 

.0262 

.0942 

.0267 

.00000491 

.050 

.000625 

.11 

.346 

.00950 

.0288 

.114 

.0323 

.0000072 

.055 

.000756 

.12 

.377 

.01131 

.0314 

.136 

.0384 

.0000102 

.060 

.000900 

.13 

.408 

.0133 

.0340 

.159 

.0451 

.OOOOI40 

.065 

.001056 

.14 

.440 

.0154 

.0367 

.185 

.0523 

.0000189 

.070 

.001225 

.15 

•  471 

.0177 

.0393 

.212 

.0601 

.  0000248 

.075 

.001406 

.16 

.503 

.0201 

.0419 

.241 

.0684 

.0000322 

.080 

.00160 

.17 

.534 

.0227 

.0445 

.272 

.0772 

.00004IO 

.085 

.00181 

.18 

.565 

.0254 

.0471 

•  305 

.0865 

.0000515 

.090 

.00203 

.19 

•  597 

.0284 

.0497 

.340 

.0964 

.000064O 

.095 

.00226 

.20 

.628 

.0314 

.0524 

•  377 

.1068 

.0000785 

.100 

.00250 

.21 

.660 

.0346 

.0550 

.416 

.1177 

.0000955 

.105 

.00276 

.22 

.691 

.0380 

.0576 

.456 

.1292 

.000115 

.110 

.00303 

.23 

.723 

.0415 

.0602 

.499 

.1412 

.000137 

.115 

,00331 

.24 

.754 

.0452 

.0628 

.543 

.1538 

.000163 

.120 

.00360 

.25 

.785 

.0491 

.0654 

.589 

.1669 

.000192 

.125 

.00391 

.26 

.817 

.0531 

.0681 

.637 

.1805 

.  000224 

.130 

.00423 

.2? 

.848 

.0573 

.0707 

.687 

.1946 

.000261 

.135 

.00456 

.28 

.880 

.0616 

.0733 

.739 

.2093 

.000302 

.140 

.00490 

.29 

.911 

.0661 

.0759 

.793 

.2246 

.000347 

.145 

.00526 

.30 

•  942 

.0707 

.0785 

.848 

.2403 

.000398 

.150 

.00563 

.31 

.974 

.0755 

.0812 

.906 

.2566 

.000453 

.155 

.00601 

.32 

1.  005 

.0804 

.0838 

.965 

.2734 

.000515 

.160 

.00640 

.33 

1.037 

.0855 

.0864 

1.026 

.2908 

.000582 

.165 

.00681 

.34 

1.  068 

.0908 

.0890 

1.090 

.3087 

.000656 

.170 

.00723 

.35 

1.  100 

.0962 

.0916 

1.  155 

.3271 

.000737 

.175 

.00766 

.36 

I.I3I 

.1018 

.0942 

1.  221 

.3460 

.000824 

.180 

.00810 

•  37 

1.162 

.1075 

.0969 

1.290 

.3655 

.000920 

.185 

.00856 

.38 

1.194 

•  1134 

.0995 

I.36I 

.386 

.001024 

.190 

.00903 

.39 

1.225 

.1195 

.1021 

1.434 

.406 

.001136 

.195 

.00951 

.40 

1.257 

.1257 

.1047 

1.508 

.427 

.001257 

.200 

.01000 

.41 

1.288 

.1320 

.1073 

1.584 

•  449 

.001387 

.205 

.01051 

.42 

I.3I9 

.1385 

.IIOO 

1.663 

.471 

.001527 

.210 

.01103 

•  43 

1.  351 

.1452 

.1126 

1.743 

.494 

.001678 

.215 

.01156 

.44 

1.382 

.1521 

.1152 

1.825 

•  517 

.  001840 

.220 

.OI2IO 

•  45 

I.4I4 

.1590 

.1178 

1.909 

•  541 

.002013 

.225 

.01266 

.46 

1-445 

.1662 

.1204 

1.994 

.565 

.002198 

.230 

.01323 

•  47 

1.477 

.1735 

.1230 

2.082 

•  590 

.00240 

.235 

.01381 

.48 

1.508 

.1810 

.1257 

2.171 

.615 

.00261 

.240 

.01440 

.49 

1.539 

.1886 

.1283 

2.263 

.641 

.00283 

.245 

.01501 

.50 

1.  571 

.1963 

.1309 

2.356 

.668 

.00307 

.250 

.01563 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        425 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)             »5O  inch 
1.00  inch 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R?,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

el 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

il 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

01 gyra- 
tion 

"  a 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel    1"cl"lrt 

est  fiber 

squared 

zf 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W             I 

y 

#2 

-50 

I-57I 

.1963 

.1309 

2.356 

.668 

.00307 

.250 

.01563 

.51 

1.602 

.2043 

.1335 

2.451 

.694 

.00332 

•  255 

.01626 

.52 

1-634 

.2124 

.1361 

2.548 

.722 

.00359 

.260 

.Ol600 

.53 

1.665 

.2206 

.1388 

2.647 

•  750 

.00387 

.265 

.01756 

.54 

1.696 

.2290 

.1414 

2.748 

•  779 

.00417 

.270 

.01823 

.55 

1.728 

.2376 

.1440 

2.851 

.808 

.00449 

.275 

.01891 

.56 

1-759 

.2463 

.1466 

2.956 

.837 

.00483 

.280 

.01960 

•  57 

1.791 

.2552 

.1492 

3.062 

.867 

.00518 

.285 

.02031 

•  58 

1.822 

.2642 

.1518 

3.170 

.898 

•00555 

.290 

.02103 

•  59 

1.854 

-2734 

•  1545 

3.281 

.929 

.00595 

.295 

.02176 

.60 

1.885 

.2827 

•  1571 

3-393 

.961 

.00636 

.300 

.02250 

.61 

1.916 

.2922 

.1597 

3-507 

•  994 

.00680 

.305 

.02326 

.62 

1.948 

.3019 

.  1623 

3.623 

.026 

.00725 

.310 

.02403 

.63 

1.979 

-3II7 

.1649 

3.741 

.060 

.00773 

.315 

.02481 

.64 

2.  on 

.3217 

.  .  1676 

3.860 

.094 

.00824 

.320 

.02560 

.65 

2.042 

-33i8 

.1702 

3.982 

.128 

.00876 

.325 

.02641 

.66 

2.073 

•  3421 

.1728 

4-105 

.163 

.00931 

•  330 

.02723 

.67 

2.105 

.3526 

.1754 

4.231 

.199 

.00989 

•  335 

.02806 

.68 

2.136 

.3632 

.1780 

4.358 

.235 

.01050 

•   -340 

.02890 

.69 

2.168 

•  3739 

.1806 

4.487 

.271 

.01113 

.345 

.02976 

•  70 

2.199 

.3848 

-I833 

4.618 

.308 

.01179 

.350 

.03063 

•  71 

2.231 

.3959 

.1859 

4-751 

•  346 

.01247 

.355 

.03151 

.72 

2.262 

.4072 

.1885 

4.886 

.384 

.01319 

.360 

.03240 

•  73 

2.293 

.4185 

.1911 

5.022 

.423 

.01394 

.365 

.03331 

•  74 

2.325 

•  4301 

.1937 

5.161 

.462 

.01472 

•  370 

.03423 

•  75 

2.356 

.4418 

.1963 

5-301 

-502 

.01553 

-375 

.03516 

.76 

2.388 

-4536 

.1990 

5-444 

.542 

.01638 

.380 

.03610 

•  77 

2.419 

.4657 

.2016 

5.588 

.583 

.01726 

.385 

.03706 

•  78 

2.450 

•  4778 

.2042 

5-734 

.624 

.01817 

•  390 

.03803 

.79 

2.482 

.4902 

.2068 

5.882 

.666 

.01912 

.395 

.03901 

.80 

2.513 

.5027 

.2094 

6.032 

.709 

.02011 

.400 

.04000 

.81 

2.545 

.5153, 

.2121 

6.184 

•  752 

.02113 

•  405 

.04101 

.82 

2.576 

.5281 

.2147 

6.337 

•  795 

.O22I9 

.410 

.04203 

.83 

2.608 

•  5411 

.2173 

6.493 

.839 

.02330 

•  415 

.04306 

.84 

2.639 

•  5542 

.2199 

6.650 

.884 

.02444 

.420 

.  04410 

.85 

2.670 

.5675 

.2225 

6.809 

.929 

.02562 

.425 

.04516 

.86 

2.702 

.5809 

.2251 

6.971 

•  975 

.02685 

•  430 

.04623 

.87 

2.733 

•  5945 

.2278 

7-134 

.021 

.02812 

.435 

.04731 

.88 

2.765 

.6082 

.2304 

7.299 

.068 

.02944 

•  440 

.04840 

.89 

2.796 

.6221 

.2330 

7.465 

2.  115 

.O3O80 

•  445 

.04951 

•  90 

2.827 

.6362 

.2356 

7.634 

2.163 

.03221 

.450 

.05063 

•  91 

2.859 

.6504 

.2382 

7-805 

2.  211 

.03366 

.455 

.05176 

•  92 

2.890 

.6648 

.2409 

7-977 

2.260 

.03517 

.460 

.05290 

-93 

2.922 

.6793 

.2435 

8.151 

2.309 

.03672 

.465 

.05406 

•  94 

2.953 

.6940 

.2461 

8.328 

2.359 

.03832 

•  470 

.05523 

•  95 

2.985 

.7088 

.2487 

8.506 

2.410 

.03998 

.475 

.05641 

.96 

3.016 

.7238 

.2513 

8.686 

2.461 

.04169 

.480 

.05760 

.97 

3-047 

•  7390 

.2539 

8.868 

2.512 

.04346 

.485 

.05881 

•  98 

3-079 

•  7543 

.2566 

9.052 

2.564 

.04528 

.490 

.06003 

-99 

3.110 

.7698 

.2592 

9-237 

2.617 

.04715 

.495 

.06126 

1.  00 

3-142 

.7854 

.2618 

9.425 

2.670 

.04909 

.500 

.06250 

426        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)       J-gg  ^mch 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R?,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

i 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

ii 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

tion 

Q'S 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

tr 

C 

A 

S 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

R* 

.00 

3.142 

.7854 

.2618 

9-425 

2.670 

.04909 

.500 

.06250 

.01 

3-173 

.8012 

.2644 

9.614 

2.724 

.0511 

.505 

.06376 

.02 

3.204 

.8171 

.2670 

9.806 

2.778 

.0531 

.510 

.06503 

.03 

3.236 

.8332 

.2697 

9.999 

2.833 

.0552 

.515 

.06631 

.04 

3.267 

.8495 

.2723 

10.194 

2.888 

.0574 

.520 

.06760 

.05 

3.299 

.8659 

.2749 

10.391 

2.944 

.0597 

•  525 

.06891 

.06 

3-330 

.8825 

.2775 

10.59 

3.000 

.0620 

•  530 

.07023 

.07 

3.362 

.8992 

.2801 

10.79 

3-057 

.0643 

•  535 

.07156 

.08 

3-393 

.9161 

.2827 

10.99 

3.H4 

.0668 

.540 

.07290 

.09 

3.424 

•  9331 

.2854 

11.20 

3.172 

.0693 

.545 

.07426 

.10 

3.456 

.9503 

.2880 

11.40 

3.231 

.0719 

.550 

.07563 

.11 

3.487 

.9677 

.2906 

ii.  61 

3.290 

.0745 

•  555 

.07701 

.12 

3-519 

.9852 

.2932 

11.82 

3-349 

.0772 

.560 

.07840 

.13 

3-550 

.0029 

.2958 

12.03 

3.409 

.0800 

.565 

.07981 

.14 

3.581 

.0207 

.2985 

12.25 

3-470 

.0829 

•  570 

.08123 

•  IS 

3.6i3 

.0387 

.3011 

12.46 

3-531 

.0859 

•  575 

.08266 

.16 

3.644 

.0568 

.3037 

12.68 

3-593 

.0889 

.58o 

.08410 

.17 

3.676 

.0751 

.3063 

12.90 

3.655 

.0920 

.585 

.08556 

.18 

3.707 

.0936 

.3089 

13.12 

3.718 

.0952 

•  590 

.08703 

.19 

3-738 

.1122 

.3115 

13-35 

3.781 

.0984 

•  595 

.08851 

.20 

3-770 

.1310 

.3142 

13-57 

3.845 

.1018 

.600 

.09000 

.21 

3.8oi 

.1499 

.3168 

13.80 

3.909 

.1052 

.605 

.09151 

.22 

3-833 

.1690 

.3194 

14.03 

3-974 

.1087 

.610 

.09303 

.23 

3-864 

.1882 

.3220 

14.26 

4.040 

.1124 

.615 

-09456 

.24 

3.896 

.2076 

.3246 

14-49 

4-105 

.1161 

.620 

.09610 

.25 

3.927 

.2272 

.3272 

14-73 

4.172 

.1198 

.625 

.09766 

.26 

3.958 

.2469 

.3299 

14.96 

4-239 

.1237 

.630 

.09923 

.27 

3-990 

.2668 

.3325 

15.20 

4.307 

.1277 

.635 

.10081 

.28 

4.021 

.287 

•  3351 

15-44 

4-375 

.1318 

.640 

.  10240 

.29 

4-053 

.307 

•  3377 

15-68 

4-443 

.1359 

.645 

.  10401 

•  30 

4.084 

•  327 

•  3403 

15-93 

4-512 

.1402 

.650 

.  10563 

•31 

4.H5 

•  348 

•  3430 

16.17 

4.582 

.  1446 

.655 

.  10726 

•  32 

4-147 

.368 

.3456 

16.42 

4-652 

.1490 

.660 

.10890 

•  33 

4.178 

.389 

.3482 

16.67 

4.723 

.1536 

.665 

.11056 

.34 

4.210 

.410 

.3508 

16.92 

4-794 

.1583 

.670 

.11223 

•  35 

4.241 

•  431 

•  3534 

17.18 

4.866 

.1630 

.675 

.11391 

.36 

4-273 

•  453 

.3560 

17-43 

4-939 

.1679 

.680 

.11560 

•  37 

4.304 

•  474 

.3587 

17.69 

5.  on 

.1729 

.685 

-II73I 

.38 

4-335 

.496 

.3613 

17-95 

5-085 

.1780 

.690 

.11903 

•  39 

4.367 

.517 

.3639 

18.21 

5.159 

.1832 

.695 

.  12076 

•  40 

4.398 

•  539 

.3665 

18.47 

5-233 

.1886 

.700 

.  12250 

•  41 

4-430 

.561 

.3691 

18.74 

5.308 

.1940 

-70S 

.  12426 

•  42 

4.461 

.584 

.3718 

19.00 

5.384 

.1996 

.710 

.12603 

.43 

4-492 

.606 

.3744 

19.27 

5.46o 

.2053 

.715 

.  12781 

•  44 

4-524 

.629 

•  3770 

19.54 

5-537 

.2111 

.720 

.12960 

•  45 

4-555 

.651 

.3796 

19.82 

5-614 

.2I7O 

.725 

.13141 

.46 

4.587 

.674 

.3822 

20.09 

5.691 

.2230 

•  730 

.  13323 

•  47 

4.618 

.697 

.3848 

20.37 

5-770 

.2292 

.735 

.  I35o6 

.48 

4.650 

.720 

.3875 

20.64 

5-848 

.2355 

•  740 

.13690 

•  49 

4.681 

•  744 

•  3901 

20.92 

5.928 

.2419 

•  745 

.13876 

•  50 

4-712 

.767 

.3927 

21.21 

6.008 

.2485 

•  750 

.14063   I 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        427 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)        1-gO  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

&,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

ii 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 
from  axis 

Radius 
of  gyra- 

.£ a 
Qa 

in 
inches 

section, 
sq.  in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

of 

inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

tion 
squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

I 

y 

R* 

1.50 

4.712 

1.767 

.3927 

21.21 

6.008 

.2485 

.750 

.14063 

1.51 

4-744 

1.791 

.3953 

21.49 

6.088 

.2552 

.755 

.  14251 

•  52 

4-775 

1.815 

.3979 

21.78 

6.169 

.2620 

.760 

•  14440 

•  S3 

4.807 

1.839 

.4006 

22.06 

6.250 

.2690 

.765 

•  14631 

•  54 

4-838 

1.863 

.4032 

22.35 

6.332 

.2761 

.770 

.  14823 

.55 

4.869 

1.887 

.4058 

22.64 

6.415 

.2833 

.775 

.  15016 

.56 

4.901 

1.911 

.4084 

22.94 

6.498 

.2907 

.780 

.  15210 

•  57 

4-932 

1.936 

.4110 

23.23 

6.581 

.2982 

.785 

.15406 

.58 

4.964 

1.961 

.4136 

23.53 

6.665 

.3059 

•  790 

.15603 

-59 

4-995 

1.986 

.4163 

23.83 

6.750 

.3137 

.795 

.15801 

.60 

5.027 

2.  Oil 

.4189 

24.13 

6.835 

.3217 

.800 

.1600 

.61 

5-058 

2.036 

.4215 

24.43 

6.921 

.3298 

.805 

.1620 

.62 

5.089 

2.061 

.4241 

24.73 

7.007 

.3381 

.810 

.1640 

.63 

5-  121 

2.087 

.4267 

25.04 

7.094 

.3465 

.815 

.1661 

.64 

5-152 

2.  112 

.4294 

25.35 

7.181 

.3551 

.820 

.1681 

.65 

5.184 

2.138 

•  4320 

25.66 

7-269 

.3638 

.825 

.1702 

.66 

5-215 

2.164 

.4346 

25.97 

7.358 

.3727 

.830 

.1722 

.67 

5.246 

2.190 

•  4372 

26.28 

7.446 

.3818 

.835 

.1743 

.68 

5.278 

2.217 

.4398 

26.60 

7-536 

•  3910 

.840 

.1764 

.69 

5.309 

2.243 

•  4424 

26.92 

7.626 

.4004 

.845 

.1785 

.70 

5-341 

2.270 

.4451 

27.24 

7.7i6 

.4100 

.850 

.1806 

•  71 

5-372 

2.297 

•  4477 

27.56 

7.807 

.4197 

.855 

.1828 

•  72 

5.404 

2.324 

.4503 

27.88 

7.899 

.4296 

.860 

.1849 

•  73 

5-435 

2.351 

.4529 

28.21 

7-991 

.4397 

.865 

.1871 

•  74 

5.466 

2.378 

.4555 

28.53 

8.084 

.45oo 

.870 

.1892 

•  75 

5.498 

2.405 

.4581 

28.86 

8.177 

.4604 

.875 

.1914 

•  76 

5.529 

2.433 

.4608 

29.19 

8.271 

.4710 

.880 

.1936 

•  77 

5.56i 

2.461 

.4634 

29.53 

8.365 

.4818 

.885 

.1958 

•  78 

5-592 

2.488 

.4660 

29.86 

8.460 

.4928 

.890 

.1980 

•  79 

5.623 

2.516 

.4686 

30.20 

8-555 

.5039 

.895 

.2003 

.80 

5.655 

2-545 

•  4712 

30.54 

8.651 

.5153 

.900 

.2025 

.81 

5.686 

2.573 

•  4739 

30.88 

8.747 

.5268 

.905 

.2048 

.82 

5.7i8 

2.602 

.4765 

31-22 

8.844 

.5386 

.910 

.2070 

.83 

5-749 

2.630 

•  4791 

3L56 

8.942 

.5505 

•  915 

.2093 

.84 

5.78i 

2.659 

.4817 

3L9I 

9.040 

.5627 

.920 

.2116 

.85 

5.812 

2.688 

.4843 

32.26 

9.138 

.5750 

•  925 

.2139 

.86 

5.843 

2.717 

.4869 

32.61 

9-237 

.5875 

•  930 

.2162 

.87 

5.875 

2.746 

.4896 

32.96 

9-337 

.6003 

•  935 

.2186 

.88 

5.9o6 

2.776 

.4922 

33-31 

9-437 

.6132 

•  940 

.2209 

.89 

5.938 

2.806 

.4948 

33.67 

9.538 

.6263 

.945 

.2233 

.90 

5.969 

2.835 

.4974 

34-02 

9.639 

.6397 

.950 

.2256 

•  91 

6.000 

2.865 

.5000 

34-38 

9-741 

.6533 

.955 

.2280 

•  92 

6.032 

2.895 

.5027 

34-74 

9.843 

.6671 

.960 

.2304 

•  93 

6.063 

2.926 

.5053 

35-11 

9.946 

.6811 

.965 

.2328 

•  94 

6.095 

2.956 

-5079 

35-47 

10.049 

.6953 

•  970 

.2352 

.95 

6.126 

2.986 

.5105 

35.84 

10.153 

.7098 

.975 

-2377 

.96 

6.158 

3.017 

.5131 

36.21 

10.257 

.7244 

.980 

.2401 

•  97 

6.189 

3.048 

.5157 

36.58 

10.362 

.7393 

.985 

.2426 

.98 

6.220 

3-079 

.5184 

36.95 

10.468 

.7544 

•  990 

.2450 

•  99 

6.252 

3.  no 

.5210 

37-32 

10.574 

.7698 

•  995 

.2475 

2.00 

6.283 

3.142 

.5236 

37-70 

10.680 

.7854 

I.  COO 

.2500 

428        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)      g  00  inches 

4.50  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  ail  tabular  values  direct. 

1 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

5  o 
.2  3 

ference 
in 
inches 

cross 
section 
sq.  in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

of 
inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

ot  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

zT 

C 

A 

S 

V 

W 

I 

y 

R* 

2.0O 

6.283 

3.142 

.5236 

37-70 

10.680 

.7854 

.000 

.2500 

2.01 

6.315 

3-173 

.5262 

38.08 

10.787 

.8012 

.005 

.2525 

2.  02 

6.346 

3.205 

.5288 

38.46 

10.895 

-8173 

.010 

.2550 

2.03 

6.377 

3-237 

.5315 

38.84 

11.003 

.8336 

.015 

.2576 

2.04 

6.409 

3.269 

.5341 

39-22 

II.  112 

-8501 

.020 

.2601 

2.05 

6.440 

3-301 

.5367 

39.61 

II.  221 

.8669 

.025 

.2627 

2.06 

6.472 

3-333 

-5393 

39.99 

11.331 

.8840 

.030 

.26=52 

2.07 

6.503 

3.365 

.5419 

40.38 

11.441 

-9013 

.035 

.2678 

2.08 

6.535 

3.398 

.5445 

40.78 

11-552 

.9188 

.040 

.2704 

2.09 

6.566 

3-431 

-5472 

41.17 

11.663 

-9366 

.045 

.2730 

2.IO 

6.597 

3.464 

.5498 

41.56 

11-775 

-9547 

.050 

.2756 

2.  II 

6.629 

3-497 

.5524 

41.96 

11.887 

-9730 

.055 

-2783 

2.12 

6.660 

3-530 

•  5550 

42.36 

I2.OOO 

-9915 

.060 

.2809 

2.13 

6.692 

3.563 

.5576 

42.76 

12.114 

1.0104 

.065 

.2836 

2.14 

6.723 

3-597 

.5603 

43.16 

12  .  228 

.0295 

.070 

.2862 

2.  IS 

6.754 

3.631 

.5629 

43-57 

12.342 

.0489 

.075 

.2889 

2.16 

6.786 

3.664 

.5655 

43-97 

12.457 

.0685 

.080 

.2916 

2.17 

6.817 

3.698 

.5681 

44.38 

12.573 

.088 

.085 

.2943 

2.18 

6.849 

3-733 

.5707 

44-79 

12.689 

.109 

.090 

.2970 

2.19 

6.880 

3.767 

.5733 

45-20 

12.806 

.129 

.095 

.2998 

2.20 

6.912 

3-801 

.576o 

45-62 

12.923 

.150 

.100 

-3025 

2.21 

6.943 

3-836 

-5786 

46.03 

13.041 

.171 

-105 

.3053 

2.22 

6.974 

3-871 

.5812 

46.45 

13.159 

.192 

.110 

.3080 

2.23 

7.006 

3.906 

.5838 

46.87 

13-278 

.214 

.115 

.3108 

2.24 

7-037 

3-941 

-5864 

47-29 

13-397 

.236 

.120 

.3136 

2.25 

7.069 

3.976 

.5890 

47-71 

13.517 

.258 

-125 

.3164 

2.26 

7.100 

4.011 

-5917 

48.14 

13.637 

.281 

.130 

.3192 

2.27 

7.I3I 

4.047 

.5943 

48.56 

13.758 

-303 

-135 

-3221 

2.28 

7.163 

4-083 

.5969 

48.99 

13.880 

-327 

.140 

-3249 

2.2Q 

7-194 

4-II9 

.5995 

49-42 

14.002 

-350 

.145 

.3278 

2.30 

7.226 

4-155 

.6021 

49-86 

14.125 

-374 

.150 

.3306 

2.31 

7-257 

4.I9I 

.6048 

50.29 

14.248 

-398 

.155 

•  3335 

2.32 

7.288 

4.227 

.6074 

50.73 

14.371 

.422 

.160 

.3364 

2.33 

7-320 

4.264 

.6100 

5LI7 

14-495 

•  447 

.165 

.3393 

2.34 

7-351 

4-301 

.6126 

5i.6i 

14.620 

•  472 

.170 

.3422 

2.35 

7.383 

4-337 

.6152 

52.05 

14-745 

-497 

.175 

.3452 

2.36 

7.414 

4-374 

.6178 

52.49 

14.871 

.523 

.180 

.3481 

2.37 

7.446 

4.412 

.6205 

52.94 

14-997 

.549 

.185 

•  3511 

2.38 

7-477 

4-449 

.6231 

53-39 

15.124 

-575 

.190 

.3540 

2.39 

7.508 

4.486 

.6257 

53.84 

15-252 

.602 

.195 

.3570 

2.40 

7-540 

4.524 

.6283 

54-29 

15-379 

.629 

.200 

.3600 

2.41 

7.S7I 

4.562 

.6309 

54-74 

15.508 

.656 

.205 

.3630 

2.42 

7.603 

4.600 

.6336 

55-20 

15.637 

.684 

.210 

.3660 

2.43 

7.634 

4-638 

.6362 

55-65 

15.766 

.712 

.215 

.3691 

2.44 

7.665 

4-676 

.6388 

56.11 

15.896 

-740 

.220 

.3721 

2.45 

7.697 

4-714 

.6414 

56.57 

16.027 

.769 

.225 

•  3752 

2.46 

7.728 

4-753 

.6440 

57-03 

16.158 

.798 

.230 

.3782 

2.47 

7.760 

4.792 

.6466 

57-50 

16.290 

.827 

-235 

.3813 

2.48 

7-791 

4-831 

.6493 

57-97 

16.422 

.857 

.240 

.3844 

2.49 

7.823 

4.870 

.6519 

58.43 

16.555 

.887 

.245 

.3875 

2.50 

7-854 

4-909 

.6545 

58.90 

16.688 

.917 

.250 

.3906 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        429 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)      3.50  inches 

•3.OO  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

H 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

.$  « 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

tion 

Q'« 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

if 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

R* 

2.50 

7-854 

4.909 

.6545 

58.90 

16.688 

1.917 

.250 

.3906 

2.51 

7.885 

4.948 

.6571 

59.38 

16.822 

1.948 

.255 

•  3938 

2.52 

7.917 

4-988 

.6597 

59-85 

16  .  956 

1.980 

.260 

.3969 

2.53 

7.948 

5.027 

.6624 

60.33 

17.091 

2.  Oil 

.265 

.4001 

2.54 

7.980 

5.067 

.6650 

60.80 

17.226 

2.043 

.270 

.4032 

2-55 

8.  on 

5.107 

.6676 

61.28 

17.362 

2.076 

.275 

.4064 

2.56 

8.042 

5-147 

.6702 

6i.77 

17.498 

2.108 

.280 

.4096 

2.57 

8.074 

5.187 

.6728 

62.25 

17.635 

2.141 

.285 

.4128 

2.58 

8.105 

5.228 

.6754 

62.74 

7-773 

2.175 

.290 

.4160 

2.59 

8.137 

5.269 

.6781 

63.22 

7.911 

2.209 

.295 

.4193 

2.6o 

8.168 

5.309 

.6807 

63.71 

8.049 

2.243 

.300 

.4225 

2.61 

8.200 

5-350 

.6833 

64.20 

8.189 

2.278 

.305 

.4258 

2.62 

8.231 

5-391 

.6859 

64.70 

8.328 

2.313 

.310 

.4290 

2.63 

8.262 

5-433 

.6885 

65-19 

18.468 

2.349 

.315 

•  4323 

2.64 

8.294 

5-474 

.6912 

65-69 

18.609 

2.384 

.320 

.4356 

2.65 

8.325 

5.515 

.6938 

66.19 

18.750 

2.421 

.325 

.4389 

2.66 

8.357 

5-557 

.6964 

66.69 

18.892 

2.458 

.330 

.4422 

2.67 

8.388 

5-599 

.6990 

67.19 

19.034 

2.495 

•  335 

.4456 

2.68 

8.419 

5.641 

.7016 

67.69 

19.177 

2.532 

•  340 

.4489 

2.69 

8.451 

5.683 

.7042 

68.20 

19.321 

2.570 

.345 

.4523 

2.70 

8.482 

5.726 

.7069 

68.71 

19.465 

2.609 

•  350 

.4556 

2.71 

8.514 

5-768 

.7095 

69.22 

19.609 

2.648 

.355 

•  4590 

2.72 

8.545 

5-8ii 

.7121 

69.73 

19-754 

2.687 

.360 

.4624 

2.73 

8.577 

5.853 

.7147 

70.24 

19.900 

2.727 

.365 

.4658 

2.74 

8.608 

5.896 

.7173 

70.76 

20.046 

2.767 

•  370 

.4692 

2.75 

8.639 

5-940 

.7199 

71.27 

20.192 

2.807 

.375 

.4727 

2.76 

8.671 

5.983 

.7226 

71.79 

20.339 

2.848 

.380 

.476i 

2.77 

8.702 

6.026 

.7252 

72.32 

20.487 

2.890 

.385 

.4796 

2.78 

8.734 

6.070 

.7278 

72.84 

20.635 

2.932 

•  390 

.4830 

2.79 

8.765 

6.114 

.7304 

73.36 

20.784 

2.974 

.395 

.4865 

2.80 

8.796 

6.158 

.7330 

73-89 

20.933 

3-017 

.400 

.4900 

2.81 

8.828 

6.202 

.7357 

74-42 

21.083 

3.061 

.405 

.4935 

2.82 

8.859 

6.246 

.7383 

74-95 

21.233 

3-104 

.410 

.4970 

2.83 

8.891. 

6.29O 

.7409 

'  75.48 

21.384 

3-149 

.415 

.5006 

2.84 

8.922 

6.335 

.7435 

76.02 

21  .  535 

3-193 

.420 

.5041 

2.85 

8.954 

6.379 

.7461 

76.55 

21.687 

3-239 

.425 

.5077 

2.86 

8.985 

6.424 

.7487 

77.09 

21  .  840 

3.284 

.430 

.5112 

2.87 

9.016 

6.469 

.7514 

77.63 

21.993 

3-330 

.435 

.5148 

2.88 

9.048 

6.514 

•  7540 

78.17 

22.146 

3-377 

.440 

-5184 

2.89 

9.079 

6.560 

.7566 

78.72 

22.300 

3.424 

•  445 

.5220 

2.90 

9.  in 

6.605 

•  7592 

79.26 

22.455 

3-472 

•  450 

.5256 

2.91 

9.142 

6.651 

.7618 

79.8i 

22.610 

3-520 

.455 

.5293 

2.92 

9-173 

6.697 

.7645 

80.36 

22.766 

3.569 

.460 

.5329 

2.93 

9.205 

6.743 

.7671 

80.91 

22.922 

3.6i8 

.465 

.5366 

2.94 

9.236 

6.789 

.7697 

81.46 

23.079 

3.667 

.470 

.5402 

2.95 

9.268 

6.835 

.7723 

82.02 

23.236 

3.718 

.475 

•  5439 

2.96 

9.299 

6.881 

.7749 

82.58 

23-394 

3.768 

.480 

.5476 

2.97 

9-331 

6.928 

.7775 

83.14 

23.552 

3.819 

.485 

•  5513 

2.98 

9.362 

6.975 

.7802 

83.70 

23.711 

3.871 

.490 

.5550 

2.99 

9-393 

7.022 

.7828 

84.26 

23.870 

3.923 

•  495 

.5588 

3.oo 

9.425 

7.069 

.7854 

84.82 

24.030 

3.976 

.500 

.5625 

430        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)      3.00  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R?,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).    For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

Diam. 
in  inches 

Circum- 
ference 
in 
inches 

Area 
cross 
section 
sq.  in. 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 
of 
inertia 

Distance 
from  axis 
to  farth- 
est fiber 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

R* 

3-00 

9-425 

7.069 

.7854 

84.82 

24.030 

3.976 

.500 

.5625 

3.01 

9.456 

7.116 

.7880 

85.39 

24.191 

4.029 

•  505 

.5663 

3-02 

9.488 

7.163 

.7906 

85.96 

24.352 

4.083 

.510 

•  5700 

3-03 

9-519 

7.  211 

•  7933 

86.53 

24.513 

4.138 

•  515 

.5738 

3-04 

9-550 

7.258 

.7959 

87.10 

24  .  675 

4.192 

.520 

.5776 

3-05 

9-582 

7.306 

.7985 

87.67 

24.838 

4.248 

.525 

.5814 

3-06 

9.613 

7-354 

.Son 

88.25 

25.001 

4.304 

•  530 

.5852 

3-07 

9.645 

7-402 

.8037 

88.83 

25.165 

4.360 

.535 

.5891 

3.08 

9.676 

7-451 

.8063 

89.41 

25.329 

4.417 

•  540 

.5929 

3-09 

9.7o8 

7-499 

.8090 

89.99 

25-494 

4-475 

.545 

.5968 

3.io 

9-739 

7.548 

.8116 

90.57 

25.659 

4-533          -550 

.6006 

3.  II 

9-770 

7.596 

.8142 

91.16 

25.825 

4.592 

.555 

.6045 

3-12 

9.802 

7.645 

.8168 

91-74 

25.991 

4.651 

.560 

.6084 

3-13 

9.833 

7.694 

.8194 

92.33 

26.158 

4-7II 

.565 

.6123 

3-14 

9.865 

7-744 

.8221 

92.92 

26.326 

4.772 

•  570 

.6162 

3-15 

9.896 

7-793 

.8247 

93-52 

26.493 

4.833 

•  575 

.6202 

3-l6 

9.927 

7.843 

.8273 

94.ii 

26.662 

4.895 

.580 

.6241 

3-17 

9-959 

7.892 

.8299 

94-71 

26.831 

4-957 

.585 

.6281 

3-18 

9-990 

7-942 

.8325 

95-31 

27.001 

5-020 

.590 

.6320 

3-19 

10.022 

7-992 

.8351 

95-91 

27.171 

5.083 

•  595 

.6360 

3-20 

10.053 

8.042 

.8378 

96.51 

27.341 

5.147 

.600 

.6400 

3-21 

10.085 

8.093 

.8404 

97-11 

27.512 

5.212 

.605 

.6440 

3-22 

10.116 

8.143 

.8430 

97.72 

27.684 

5-277 

.610 

.6480 

3  23 

10.147 

8.194 

.8456 

98.33 

27.856 

5-343 

.615 

.6521 

3.24 

10.179 

8.245 

.8482 

98.94 

28.029 

5.409 

.620 

.6561 

3.25 

10.210 

8.296 

.8508 

99-55 

28  .  202 

5-477 

.625 

.6602 

3.26 

10.242 

8.347 

.8535 

100.16 

28.376 

5-544 

.630 

.6642 

3.27 

10.273 

8.398 

.8561 

100.78 

28.550 

5.613 

.635 

.6683 

3.28 

10.304 

8.450 

.8587 

101  .  40 

28.725 

5.682 

.640 

.6724 

3.29 

10.336 

8.501 

.8613 

102.01 

28.901 

5-751 

.645 

.6765 

3-30 

10.367 

8.553 

.8639 

102  .  64 

29.077 

5.821 

.650 

.6806 

3-31 

10.399 

8.605 

.8666 

103.26 

29.253 

5.892 

.655 

.6848 

3.32 

10.430 

8.657 

.8692 

103.88 

29.430 

5.964 

.660 

.6889 

3-33 

10.462 

8.709 

.8718 

104.51 

29.608 

6.036 

.665 

.6931 

3-34 

10.493 

8.762 

.8744 

105.14 

29.786 

6.109 

.670 

.6972 

3-35 

10.524 

8.814 

.8770 

105  .  77 

29.965 

6.182 

.675 

.7014 

3.36 

10.556 

8.867 

.8796 

106.40 

30.144 

6.256 

.680 

.7056 

3.37 

10.587 

8.920 

.8823 

107.04 

30.323 

6.331 

.685 

.7098 

3.38 

10.619 

8.973 

.8849 

107.67 

30.504 

6.407 

.690 

.7140 

3-39 

10.650 

9.026 

.8875 

108.31 

30.684 

6.483 

.695 

.7183 

3-40 

10.681 

9-079 

.8901 

108.95 

30.866 

6.560 

.700 

.7225 

3.41 

10.713 

9.133 

.8927 

109-59 

31.047 

6.637 

.705 

.7268 

3-42 

10.744 

9.186 

.8954 

110.24 

31.230 

6.715 

.710 

.73io 

3-43 

10.776 

9.240 

.8980 

110.88 

3L4I3 

6.794 

•715 

•  7353 

3.44 

10.807 

9-294 

.9006 

in.  53 

31.596 

6.874 

.720 

.7396 

3.45 

10.838 

9.348 

.9032 

112.18 

31.780 

6-954 

•  725 

.7439 

3.46 

10.870 

9.402 

.9058 

112.83 

31.965 

7-035 

•  730 

.7482 

3.47 

10.901 

9-457 

.9084 

H3.48 

32.150 

7.H7 

.735 

.7526 

3-48 

10.933 

9-5II 

.9111 

114.14 

32.335 

7.199 

•  740 

.7569 

3.49 

10.964 

9-566 

•  9137 

H4.79 

32.521 

7.282 

.745 

.7613 

3-50 

10.996 

9.621 

.9163 

115-45 

32.708 

7.366 

•  750 

.7656 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars         431 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)      3.50  inches 

4.00  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  va  ues  direct. 

[g  * 

Circum 

Area 
cross 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 
from  axis 

Radius 

.1"| 

in 
inches 

section 
sq.  in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  stee 

of 
inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

tion 
squared 

if 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

R2 

3.50 

10.996 

9.621 

.9163 

115-45 

32.708 

7-366 

1-750 

.7656 

3.51 

11.027 

9.676 

.9189 

116.11 

32.895 

7.451 

1.755 

.7700 

3.52 

11.058 

9-731 

.9215 

116.78 

33.083 

7.536 

1.760 

•  7744 

3-53 

11.090 

9.787 

.9242 

117.44 

33.271 

7.622 

1.765 

.7788 

3-54 

II.  121 

9.842 

.9268 

Ii8.ii 

33.46o 

7.709 

1.770 

.7832 

3-55 

II.  153 

9.898 

.9294 

118.78 

33.649 

7.796 

1-775 

.7877 

3-56 

11.184 

9  954 

.9320 

119-45 

33-839 

7-884 

1.780 

•  7921 

3-57 

11.215 

IO.OIO 

.9346 

120.12 

34-029 

7-973 

1.785 

.7966 

3.58 

11.247 

10.066 

•  9372 

120.79 

34-220 

8.063 

1-790 

.8010 

3-59 

11.278 

10.122 

•  9399 

121.47 

34.412 

8.154 

1-795 

.8055 

3.6o 

11.310 

10.179 

.9425 

122.15 

34.604 

8.245 

1.800 

.8100 

3-6i 

11.341 

10.235 

•  9451 

122.82 

34.796 

8.337 

1.805 

.8145 

3-62 

H-373 

10.292 

•  9477 

123.51 

34.989 

8.430 

1.810 

.8190 

3-63 

11.404 

10.349 

•  9503 

124.19 

35.183 

8.523        1.815 

.8236 

3.64 

11-435 

10.406 

.9529 

124.87 

35.377 

8.617 

1.820 

.8281 

3.65 

11.467 

10.463 

.9556 

125.56 

35.572 

8.712 

1.825 

.8327 

3-66 

11.498 

10.521 

-9582 

126.25 

35.767 

8.808 

1.830 

.8372 

3.67 

11-530 

10.578 

.9608 

126.94 

35.962 

8.905 

1.835 

.8418 

3-68 

11.561 

10.636 

.9634 

127.63 

36.159 

9.002 

1.840 

.8464 

3.69 

II-592 

10.694 

.9660 

128.33 

36.356 

9.101 

1.845 

.8510 

3-70 

11.624 

10.752 

.9687 

129.03 

36.553 

9.200 

1.850 

.8556 

3-71 

11.655 

10.810 

•  9713 

129.72 

36.751 

9-300 

1.855 

.8603 

3-72 

11.687 

10.869 

9739 

130.42 

36.949 

9.400 

1.  860 

.8649 

3-73 

11.718 

10.927 

.9765 

131.13 

37.148 

9-502 

1.865 

.8696 

3-74 

11.750 

10.986 

.9791 

131.83 

37.347 

9.604 

1.870 

.8742 

3-75 

11.781 

11.045 

.9817 

132.54 

37-55 

9.707 

1.875 

.8789 

3.76 

11.812 

11.104 

.9844 

133.24 

37-75 

9.811 

I.88o 

.8836 

3  77 

11.844 

11.163 

.9870 

133.95 

37-95 

9.916 

1.885 

.8883 

3.78 

11.875 

11.222 

.9896 

134.66 

38.15 

O.O22 

1.890 

.8930 

3-79 

11.907 

11.282 

.9922 

135.38 

38.35 

0.128 

1.895 

.8978 

3-80 

n.938 

11.341 

.9948 

136.09 

38.56 

0.235 

1.900 

.9025 

3.8i 

11.969 

II.4OI 

•  9975 

136.81 

38.76 

0.344 

1.905 

.9073 

3-82 

12.001 

II.46I 

.0001 

137.53 

38.96 

0.453 

1.910 

.9120 

3-83 

12.032 

11.521 

.0027 

138.25 

39.17 

0.562 

I.9I5 

.9168 

3-84 

12.064 

II.58I 

•  0053 

138.97 

39-37 

0.673 

1.920 

.9216 

3.85 

12.095 

11.642 

.0079 

139.70 

39.58 

0.785 

1.925 

.9264 

3.86 

12.127 

11.702 

.0105 

140.43 

39.78 

0.897 

1.930 

•  9312 

3-87 

12.158 

11.763 

.0132 

141.15 

39-99 

I.  Oil 

1-935 

.9361 

3.88 

12.189 

11.824 

.0158 

141  .  88 

40.20 

1.125 

1.940 

•  9409 

3.89 

12.221 

11.885 

.0184 

142  .  62 

40.40 

1.240 

1-945 

.9458 

3-90 

12.252 

11.946 

.0210 

143.35 

40.61 

1.356 

1-950 

.9506 

3-91 

12.284 

12.007 

.0236 

144.09 

40.82 

1-473 

1.955 

.9555 

3-92 

12.315 

12.069 

.0263 

144.82 

41.03 

I.59I 

1.960 

.9604 

3-93 

12.346 

12.130 

.0289 

145.56 

41.24 

1.710 

1.965 

.9653 

3-94 

12.378 

12.192 

.0315 

146.31 

41-45 

1.829 

1.970 

.9702 

3-95 

12.409 

12.254 

.0341 

147.05 

41.66 

1.950 

1.975 

•  9752 

3.96 

12.441 

12.316 

.0367 

147.80 

41.87 

2.071 

1.980 

.9801 

3-97 

12.472 

12.379 

•  0393 

148.54 

42.08 

2.194 

1.985 

.9851 

3.98 

12.504 

12.441 

.0420 

149.29 

42.29 

12.317 

1.990 

.9900 

3-99 

12.535 

12.504 

.0446 

150.04 

42.51 

12.441 

1-995 

•  9950 

4.00 

12.566 

12.566 

.0472 

150.80 

42.72 

12.566 

2.000 

I.OOOO 

432        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)      |-0g  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R?,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity)  .     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

.  w 

S.S 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

rt  o 
/•>  ^ 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

tion 

"  3 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

I 

y 

R* 

4.00 

12.566 

12.566 

.0472 

150.80 

42.72 

12.566 

2  OOO 

I.OOOO 

4.01 

12.598 

12  .  629 

.0498 

151.55 

42.93 

12.693 

2.005 

1.0050 

4.02 

12.629. 

12.692 

.0524 

152.31 

43-15 

12.820 

2.010 

I.OIOO 

4.03 

12.661 

12.756 

.0551 

153.07 

43.36 

12.948 

2.015 

1.0151 

4.04 

12.692 

12.819 

•  0577 

153.83 

43.58 

13.077 

2.  020 

I.02OI 

4-05 

12.723 

12.882 

.0603 

154-59 

43-So 

13.207 

2.025 

1.0252 

4.06 

12.755 

12.946 

.0629 

155-35 

44.01 

13.338 

2.030 

1.0302 

4.07 

12.786 

I3.OIO 

.0655 

156.12 

44-23 

13.469 

2.035 

1.0353 

4.08 

12.818 

13.074 

.0681 

156.89 

44-45 

13.602 

2.040 

1.0404 

4.09 

12.849 

13.138 

.0708 

157-66 

44-66 

13.736 

2.045 

1.0455 

4.10 

12.881 

13.203 

.0734 

158.43 

44-88 

13.871 

2.050 

1.0506 

4.  ii 

12.912 

13.267 

.0760 

159.20 

45.10 

14.007 

2.055 

1.0558 

4.12 

12.943 

13.332 

.0786 

159.98 

45-32 

14.144 

2.060 

1.0609 

4-13 

12.975 

13.396 

.0812 

160.76 

45-54 

14.281 

2.065 

I.  0661 

4.14 

13.006 

I3.46I 

.0838 

161.54 

45.76 

14.420 

2.070 

1.0712 

4-15 

13.038 

13.527 

.0865 

162.32 

45.98 

14.560 

2.075 

1.0764 

4.16 

13.069 

13.592 

.0891 

163.10 

46.21 

14.701 

2.080 

i.  0816 

4.1? 

13.100 

13.657 

.0917 

163.89 

46.43 

14.843 

2.085 

1.0868 

4.18 

13.132 

13.723 

•  0943 

164.67 

46.65 

14.986 

2.090 

i  .  0920 

4.19 

13.163 

13.789 

.0969 

165  .  46 

46.88 

15.130 

2.095 

I.Q973 

4.20 

13.195 

13.854 

.0996 

166.25 

47-10 

15.274 

2.IOO 

I  .  1025 

4.21 

13  .  226 

13.920 

.1022 

167.05 

47-32 

15.421 

2.105 

I  .  1078 

4.22 

13.258 

13.987 

.1048 

167.84 

47-55 

15.568 

2.  IIO 

1.1130 

4.23 

13.289 

14.053 

.1074 

168.64 

47-77 

15.716 

2.  115 

.1.1183 

4.24 

13.320 

I4.I2O 

.1100 

169.43 

48.00 

15.865 

2.I2O 

1.1236 

4-25 

13.352 

14.186 

.1126 

170.24 

48.23 

16.015 

2.125 

I  .  1289 

4.26 

13.383 

14.253 

.1153 

171.04 

48.45 

16.166 

2.130 

I  •  1342 

4.27 

13.415 

14.320 

.1179 

171.84 

48.68 

16.319 

2.135 

I  •  1396 

4.28 

13.446 

14.387 

.1205 

172.65 

48.91 

16.472 

2.I4O 

i  .  1449 

4.29 

13-477 

14-455 

.1231 

173-45 

49-14 

16.626 

2.145 

I  .  1503 

4-30 

13.509 

14-522 

.1257 

174.26 

49-37 

16.782 

2.150 

i  -  1556 

4-31 

13.540 

14.590 

.1284 

I75.o8 

49-60 

16.939 

2.155 

i  .  1610 

4-32 

13.572 

14.657 

.1310 

175.89 

49.83 

17.096 

2.l6o 

1.1664 

4-33 

13.603 

14.725 

.1336 

176.70 

50.06 

17.255 

2.165 

1.1718 

4-34 

13.635 

14-793 

.1362 

177.52 

50.29 

17.415 

2.170 

i  .  1772 

4-35 

13.666 

14.862 

.1388 

178.34 

50.52 

17.576 

2.175 

1.1827 

4.36 

13.697 

14.930 

.1414 

179.16 

50.76 

17.738 

2.  .180 

1.1881 

4-37 

13.729 

14.999 

.1441 

179.98 

50.99 

17.902 

2  .  185 

i  .  1936 

4.38 

13.760 

15.067 

.1467 

180.81 

51.22 

18.066 

2.190 

1.1990 

4-39 

13.792 

15.136 

•  1493 

181.64 

51.46 

18.232 

2.195 

1.2045 

4-40 

13.823 

15.205 

.1519 

182  .  46 

51.69 

18.398 

2.  2OO 

I.2IOO 

4.41 

13.854 

15-275 

.1545 

183.29 

51-93 

18.566 

2.205 

I.  2155 

4-42 

13.886 

15  -  344 

.1572 

184.13 

52.16 

18.735 

2.210 

I  .  2210 

4-43 

13.917 

15.413 

.1598 

184.96 

52.40 

18.905 

2.215 

I  .  2266 

4-44 

13-949 

15.483 

.1624 

185.80 

52.64 

19.077 

2.220 

I  .  2321 

4-45 

13.980 

15-553 

.1650 

186.63 

52.87 

19-249 

2.225 

1.2377 

4.46 

14.012 

15.623 

.1676 

187.47 

53.11 

19.423 

2.230 

1.2432 

4-47 

14.043 

15.693 

.1702 

188.32 

53-35 

19.598 

2.235 

1.2488 

4.48 

14.074 

15.763 

.1729 

189.16 

53-59 

19-773 

2.240 

1.2544 

4-49 

14  .  106 

15.834 

.1755 

190.00 

53-83 

I9.95I 

2.245 

1.2600 

4-So 

14.137 

15.904 

.1781 

190.85 

54-07 

20.129 

2.250 

I  .  2656 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        433 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)      4.  5O  inches 

5.00  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

K*,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

el 

Circum 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 
from  axis 

Radius 

a! 

in 
inches 

section 
sq.  in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

of 
inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

I 

y 

R* 

4-50 

14.137 

15.904 

.1781 

190.85 

54-07 

20.129 

2  .  25O             .  2656 

4-51 

14.169 

15-975 

.1807 

191  .  70 

54-31 

20.309 

2.255 

•  2713 

4-52 

14.200 

16.046 

.1833 

192.55 

54-55 

20.489 

2.260 

.2769 

4-53 

14.231 

16.117 

.1860 

193.40 

54-79 

20.671 

2.265 

.2826 

4-54 

14.263 

16.188 

.1886 

194  .  26 

55-03 

20.854 

2.270 

.2882 

4-55 

14.294 

16.260 

.1912 

195.12 

55-28 

2  .039 

2.275 

•  2939 

4.56 

14.326 

16.331 

.1938 

195.98 

55-52 

2    .224 

2.280 

.2996 

4-57 

14-357 

16.403 

.1964 

196.84 

55.76 

2    .411 

2.285 

•  3053 

4-58 

14-388 

16.475 

.1990 

197  -  70 

56.01 

2  .599 

2.29O 

.3110 

4-59 

14.420 

16.547 

.2017 

198.56 

56.25 

2    .788 

2.295 

.3168 

4.60 

I4-45I 

16.619 

.2043 

199  •  43 

56.50 

2  .979 

2.300 

.3225 

4.61 

14.483 

16.691 

.2069 

200  .  30 

56.74 

22.171 

2.305 

.3283 

4.62 

14.514 

16.764 

.2095 

201  .  17 

56.99 

22.364 

2.310 

•  3340 

4.63 

14.546 

16.837 

.2121 

202.04 

57-24 

22.558 

2.315 

-3398 

4.64 

14-577 

16.909 

.2147 

202  .  91 

57-48 

22.753 

2.320 

.3456 

4.65 

14.608 

16.982 

.2174 

203-79 

57-73 

22.950 

2.325 

.3514 

4.66 

14.640 

17.055 

.2200 

204  .  66 

57.98 

23.148 

2.330 

•  3572 

4-67 

14.671 

17.129 

.2226 

205.54 

58.23 

23-35 

2.335 

.3631 

4.68 

14.703 

17.202 

.2252 

206.43 

58.48 

23-55 

2.340 

.3689 

4.69 

14-734 

17.276 

.2273 

207.31 

58.73 

23-75 

2.345 

.3748 

4.70 

14.765 

17-349 

.2305 

208.19 

58.98 

23-95 

2.350 

.3806 

4-71 

14-797 

17.423 

.2331 

209.08 

59-23 

24.16 

2.355 

.3865 

4-72 

14.828 

17-497 

.2357 

209.97 

59-48 

24.36 

2.360 

.3924 

4-73 

14.860 

17.572 

-2383 

210.86 

59-74 

24-57 

2.365 

.3983 

4-74 

14.891 

17.646 

.2409 

2H.75 

59-99 

24.78 

2.370 

.4042 

4-75 

14.923 

17.721 

•  2435 

212.65 

60.24 

24.99 

2.375 

.4102 

4.76 

14-954 

17-795 

.2462 

213.54 

60.50 

25.20 

2.380 

.4161 

4  77 

14.985 

17.870 

.2488 

214.44 

60.75 

25.41 

2.385 

.4221 

4-78 

15.017 

17-945 

.2514 

215-34 

61.01 

25.63 

2.390 

.4280 

4-79 

15.048 

18.020 

.2540 

216.24 

61.26 

25-84 

2.395 

•  4340 

4.80 

15.080 

18.096 

.2566 

217.15 

61.52 

26.06 

2.400 

.4400 

4.81 

15.111 

18.171 

.2593 

218.05 

6i.77 

26.28 

2.405 

.4460 

4.82 

15.142 

18.247 

.2619 

218.96 

62.03 

26.49 

2.410 

•  4520 

4-83 

15.174 

18.322 

.2645 

219.87 

62.29 

26.72 

2.415 

.4581 

4.84 

15.205 

18.398 

.2671 

220  .  78 

62.55 

26.94 

2.420 

.4641 

4-85 

15.237 

18.475 

.2697 

221  .  69 

62.81 

27.16 

2.425 

•  4702 

4.86 

15.268 

I8.55I 

.2723 

222.61 

63.07 

27-39 

2.430 

.4762 

4.87 

15.300 

18.627 

.2750 

223-53 

63.33 

27.61 

2.435 

-4823 

4.88 

I5.33I 

18.704 

.2776 

224-45 

63.59 

27.84 

2.440 

.4884 

4.89 

15.362 

18.781 

.2802 

225-37 

63.85 

28.07 

2.445 

.4945 

4-90 

15-394 

18.857 

.2828 

226.29 

64.11 

28.30 

2.450 

.5006 

4-91 

15.425 

18.934 

.2854 

227.21 

64.37 

28.53 

2.455 

.5068 

4-92 

15-457 

19.012 

.2881 

228  .  14 

64-63 

28.76 

2.460 

.5129 

4-93 

15.488 

19.089 

.2907 

229.07 

64.90 

29.00 

2.465 

.5191 

4-94 

15.519 

19.167 

.2933 

23O.OO 

65-16 

29.23 

2.470 

.5252 

4-95 

I5.55I 

19  .  244 

.2959 

230.93 

65.42 

29-47 

2.475 

.5314 

4.96 

15.582 

19.322 

.2985 

231.86 

65.69 

29-71 

2.480 

.5376 

4-97 

15.614 

19.400 

.3011 

232.80 

65-95 

29-95 

2.485 

•  5438 

4.98 

15.645 

19.478 

.3038 

233-74 

66.22 

30.19 

2.490 

.5500 

4-99 

15.677 

19.556 

.3064 

234-68 

66.48 

30.43 

2.495           .5563 

S.oo 

15.708 

19.635 

3090 

235.62 

66.75 

30.68 

2.500          .5625 

434        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)      5-00  inches 

5.  5O  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R?,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).    For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

a! 

Circum- 

Area 
cross 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

•2  « 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

oi  gyra- 
tion 

Q'S 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est'fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

I 

y 

& 

S.oo 

15.708 

19.635 

1.3090 

235.62 

66.75 

30.68 

2.500 

1.5625 

5.  oi 

15-739 

19.714 

1.3116 

236.56 

67.02 

30.93 

2.505 

1.5688 

5.02 

I5.77I 

19.792 

.3142 

237.51 

67.29 

3I.I7 

2.510 

1-5750 

5-03 

15.802 

19.871 

.3169 

238.46 

67.55 

31.42 

2.515 

1.5813 

5-04 

15.834 

19.950 

.3195 

239.40 

67.82 

31.67 

2.520 

1.5876 

5-05 

15.865 

20.030 

.3221 

240.36 

68.09 

31-93 

2.525 

1-5939 

S.o6 

15.896 

20.109 

.3247 

241.31 

68.36 

32.18 

2.530 

1.6002 

5-07 

15.928 

20.189 

.3273 

242.26 

68.63 

32.43 

2.535 

1.  6066 

5.o8 

15-959 

20.268 

.3299 

243.22 

68.90 

32.69 

2.540 

1.6129 

S.op 

I5.99I 

20.348 

.3326 

244.18 

69.18 

32.95 

2.545 

1.6193 

S.io 

16.022 

20.428 

•  3352 

245.14 

69.45 

33-21 

2.550 

I  .  6256 

5-  ii 

16.054 

20.508 

•  3378 

246.10 

69.72 

33-47 

2.555 

I  .  6320 

5-12 

16.085 

20.589 

.3404 

247.06 

69.99 

33-73 

2.560 

1.6384 

5-13 

16.116 

20.669 

•  3430 

248.03 

70.27 

34-00 

2.565 

1.6448 

5-14 

16.148 

20.750 

.3456 

249.00 

70.54 

34.26 

2.570 

1.6512 

5-15 

16.179 

20.831 

.3483 

249.97 

70.82 

34-53 

2  575 

1.6577 

5.16 

16.211 

20.912 

.3509 

250.94 

71.09 

34.8o 

2.580 

1.6641 

5.17 

16.242 

20.993 

.3535 

251.91 

71-37 

35-07 

2.585 

I  .  6706 

5.18 

16.273 

21.074 

.3561 

252.89 

71.64 

35-34 

2.590 

I  .  6770 

5-19 

16.305 

21  .  156 

.3587 

253.87 

71-9" 

35.62 

2.595 

1.6835 

5.20 

16.336 

21  .  237 

.3614 

254.85 

72.20 

35.89 

2.600 

1.6900 

5-21 

16.368 

21.319 

.3640 

255.83 

72.48 

36.17 

2.605 

1.6965 

5.22 

16.399 

21.401 

.3666 

256.81 

72.75 

36.45 

2.610 

1.7030 

5.23 

16.431 

21.483 

.3692 

257.80 

73-03 

36.73 

2.615 

1.7096 

5.24 

16.462 

21.565 

-37I8 

258.78 

73.31 

37.01 

2.620 

I.7l6l 

5.25 

16.493 

21  .  648 

.3744 

259-77 

73-59 

37-29 

2.625 

1.7227 

5.26 

16.525 

21.730 

•  3771 

260.76 

73.87 

37.58 

2.630 

1.7292 

5.27 

16.556 

21.813 

•  3797 

261.75 

74-15 

37-86 

2.635 

1-7358 

5.2S 

16.588 

21.896 

.3823 

262.75 

74-44 

38.15 

2.640 

1.7424 

5.29 

16.619 

21.979 

.3849 

263.74 

74.72 

38.44 

2.645 

I  .  7490 

5.30 

16.650 

22.062 

.3875 

264.74 

75.00 

38.73 

2.650 

I  •  7556 

5.31 

ro.682 

22.145 

.3902 

265.74 

75.28 

39-03 

2.655 

1.7623 

5.32 

16.713 

22.229 

.3928 

266.74 

75-57 

39-32 

2.660 

1.7689 

5.33 

16.745 

22.312 

.3954 

267.75 

75.85 

39.62 

2.665 

1.7756 

5-34 

16.776 

22.396 

.3980 

268.75 

76.14 

39-92 

2.670 

I  .  7822 

5-35 

16.808 

22.480 

.4006 

269.76 

76.42 

40.21 

2.675 

1.7889 

5.36 

16.839 

22.564 

.4032 

270.77 

76.71 

40.52 

2.680 

1.7956 

5-37 

16.870 

22.648 

.4059 

271.78 

77.00 

40.82 

2.685 

1.8023 

5-38 

16.902 

22.733 

.4085 

272.79 

77-28 

41.12 

2.690 

1.8090 

5-39 

16.933 

22.817 

.4111 

273.81 

77-57 

41-43 

2.695 

1.8158 

5-40 

16.965 

22.902 

•  4137 

274.83 

77-86 

41-74 

2.700 

1.8225 

5-41 

16.996 

22.987 

.4163 

275.85 

78.15 

42.05 

2.705 

1.8293 

5.42 

17.027 

23.072 

.4190 

276.87 

78.44 

42.36 

2.710 

1.8360 

5.43 

17.059 

23.157 

.4216 

277.89 

78.73 

42.67 

2.715 

1.8428 

5-44 

17.090 

23.243 

.4242 

278.91 

79-02 

42.99 

2.720 

1.8496 

5-45 

17.122 

23.328 

.4268 

279-94 

79-31 

43-31 

2.725 

1.8564 

5.46 

17.153 

23.414 

.4294 

280.97 

79.6o 

43.63 

2.730 

1.8632 

5.47 

17.185 

23.500 

•  4320 

282.00 

79.89 

43-95 

2.735 

1.8701 

5.48 

17.216 

23.586 

•  4347 

283.03 

80.  18 

44-27 

2-740 

1.8769 

5-49 

17.247 

23.672 

•  4373 

284.06 

80.48 

44-59 

2.745 

1.8838 

5-50 

17.279 

23.758 

.4399 

285  .  10 

80.77 

44-92 

2.750 

1.8906 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        435 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)     5.50  inches 

o.OO  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R*,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).    For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

f    •  % 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

M 

Distance 

Radius 

8* 

in 
inches 

section 
sq.  in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

of 

inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

01  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

R* 

5-50 

17.279 

23.758 

.4399 

285.10 

80.77 

44.92 

2.750 

1.8906 

5-51 

17.310 

23.845 

.4425 

286.14 

81.06 

45-25 

2.755 

1.8975 

5-52 

17.342 

23.931 

•  4451 

287.18 

81.36 

45-57 

2.760 

1.9044 

5-53 

17-373 

24.018 

.4478 

288.22 

81.65 

45-91 

2.765 

I.9H3 

5-54 

17.404 

24.105 

.4504 

289.26 

8i.95 

46.24 

2.770 

1.9182 

5-55 

17.436 

24.192 

•  4530 

290.31 

82.24 

46.57 

2.775 

1.9252 

5-56 

17.467 

24.279 

.4556 

291.35 

82.54 

46.91 

2.780 

I.932I 

5-57 

17-499 

24.367 

.4582 

292.40 

82.84 

47-25 

2.785 

I.939I 

5-58 

17.530 

24-454 

.4608 

293-45 

83.14 

47-59 

2.790 

1.9460 

5-59 

17.562 

24-542 

.4635 

294-51 

83.43 

47-93 

2.795 

1-9530 

5.6o 

17-593 

24.630 

.4661 

295.56 

83.73 

48.27 

2.800 

1.9600 

5.6i 

17.624 

24.718 

.4687 

296.62 

84.03 

48.62 

2.805 

1.9670 

5-62 

17.656 

24.806 

.4713 

297.68 

84.33 

48.97 

2.810 

1.9740 

5.63 

17.687 

24.895 

•  4739 

298.74 

84.63 

49-32 

2.815 

1.9811 

5-64 

17.719 

24.983 

.4765 

299.80 

84.93 

49.67 

2.820 

1.9881 

5-65 

17.750 

25.072 

•  4792 

300.86 

85.23 

50.02 

2.825 

1-9952 

5-66 

17.781 

25.161 

.4818 

301.93 

85.54 

50.38 

2.830 

2.OO22 

5.6? 

17-813 

25.250 

.4844 

303.00 

85.84 

50.73 

2.835 

2.0093 

5-68 

17.844 

25-339 

.4870 

304.07 

86.14 

51.09 

2.840 

2.0164 

5.69 

17.876 

25.428 

.4896 

305.14 

86.45 

51.45 

2.845 

2.0235 

5-70 

17.907 

25.518 

.4923 

306.21 

86.75 

51.82 

2.850 

2.0306 

5-71 

17.938 

25.607 

•  4949 

307.29 

87-05 

52.18 

2.855 

2.0378 

5-72 

17.970 

25.697 

•  4975 

308.36 

87.36 

52.55 

2.860 

2.0449 

5-73 

18.001 

25.787 

.5001 

309.44 

87-67 

52.92 

2.865 

2.0521 

5-74 

18.033 

25.877 

.5027 

310.52 

87.97 

53-29 

2.870 

2.0592 

5-75 

18.064 

25.967 

.5053 

311.61 

88.28 

53-66 

2.875 

2.0664 

5-76 

18.096 

26.058 

.5080 

312.69 

88.59 

54-03 

2.880 

2.0736 

5-77 

18.127 

26.148 

.5106 

313.78 

88.89 

54-41 

2.885 

2.0808 

5-78 

18.158 

26.239 

.5132 

314-87 

89.20 

54-79 

2.890 

2.0880 

5-79 

18.190 

26.330 

.5158 

315.96 

89.51 

55.17 

2.895 

2.0953 

5.8o 

18.221 

26.421 

.5184 

317.05 

89.82 

55-55 

2.900 

2.1025 

5.8i 

18.253 

26.512 

.5211 

318.14 

90.13 

55-93 

2.905 

2.1098 

5-82 

18.284 

26.603 

.5237 

319.24 

90.44 

56.32 

2.910 

2.1170 

5-83 

18.315 

26.695 

.5263 

320.34 

90.75 

56.71 

2.915 

2.1243 

5.84 

18.347 

26.786 

.5289 

321.44 

91.06 

57-10 

2.920 

2.1316 

5.85 

18.378 

26.878 

•  5315 

322.54 

91.38 

57-49 

2.925 

2.1389 

5.86 

18.410 

26.970 

•  5341 

323.64 

91.69 

57.88 

2.930 

2.1462 

5-87 

18.441 

27.062 

.5368 

324.75 

92.00 

58.28 

2.935 

2.1536 

5-88 

18.473 

27.155 

•  5394 

325-86 

92.32 

58.68 

2.940 

2.1609 

5-89 

18.504 

27.247 

•  5420 

326.97 

92.63 

59.o8 

2-945 

2.1683 

5-90 

18.535 

27.340 

.5446 

328.08 

92.94 

59.48 

2.950 

2.1756 

5.91 

18.567 

27.432 

•  5472 

329:19 

93.26 

59-89 

2.955 

2.1830 

5-92 

18.598 

27.525 

•  5499 

330.30 

93-58 

60.29 

2.960 

2.1904 

5-93 

18.630 

27.618 

.5525 

331.42 

93.89 

60.70 

2.965 

2.1978 

5-94 

18.661 

27.712 

.5551 

332.54 

94-21 

6i.n 

2.970 

2.2052 

5-95 

18.692 

27.805 

•  5577 

333-66 

94-53 

61.52 

2.975 

2.2127 

5.96 

18.724 

27.899 

.5603 

334-78 

94.84 

61.94 

2.980 

2.2201 

5-97 

18.755 

27.992 

.5629 

335-91 

95.16 

62.35 

2.985 

2.2276 

5-98 

18.787 

28.086 

.5656 

337-03 

95.48 

62.77 

2.990 

2.2350 

5-99 

18.818 

28.180 

.5682 

338.16 

95.8o 

63.19 

2.995 

2.2425 

6.00 

18.850 

28.274 

.5708 

339-29 

96.12 

63.62 

3.000 

2.2500 

436        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars. 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 


6.00  inches 
6.50  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


al 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

11 

in 
inches 

section 
sq.in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

of 
inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

tion 
squared 

D~ 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

& 

6.00 

18.850 

28  .  274 

i.57o8 

339-29 

96.12 

63.62 

3.000 

2.2500 

6.01 

18.881 

28  369 

1.5734 

340.42 

96.44 

64.04 

3.005 

2.2575 

6.02 

18.912 

28.463 

i.576o 

341.56 

96.76 

64.47 

3.010 

2.2650 

6.03 

18.944 

28.558 

1.5787 

342.69 

97-09 

64.90 

3.015 

2  .  2726 

6.04 

18.975 

28.653 

1.5813 

343-83 

97-41 

65-33 

3.020 

2.2801 

6.05 

19.007 

28.748 

I  5839 

344-97 

97-73 

65-76 

3-025 

2.2877 

6.06 

19.038 

28  .  843 

1.5865 

346.11 

98.05 

66.20 

3-030 

2.2952 

6.07 

19.069 

28.938 

1.5891 

347-26 

98.38 

66.64 

3-035 

2.3028 

6.08 

19.101 

29.033 

I-59I7 

348.40 

98.70 

67  08 

3-040 

2.3104 

6.09 

19-132 

29.129 

1-5944 

349-55 

99-03 

67.52 

3-045 

2.3180 

6.10 

19.164 

29.225 

1-5970 

350.70 

99-35 

67-97 

3-050 

2  3256 

6.  ii 

19.195 

29.321 

1.5996 

351-85 

99-68 

68.41 

3-055 

2.3333 

6.12 

19.227 

29.417 

I.  6022 

353-00 

IOO.OO 

68.86 

3.060 

2.3409 

6.13 

19-258 

29.513 

1.6048 

354-15 

100.33 

69-31 

3-065 

2.3486 

6.14 

19.289 

29.609 

1.6074 

355-31 

100-66 

69.77 

3-070 

2.3562 

6.15 

19.321 

29.706 

I.6ioi 

356.47 

100.99 

70.22 

3-075 

2.3639 

6.16 

19.352 

29.802 

1.6127 

357.63 

101.32 

70.68 

3.080 

2  3716 

6.17 

19.384 

29.899 

I.6I53 

358.79 

101  65 

71.14 

3.085 

2.3793 

6.18 

I9-4I5 

29.996 

I.6I79 

359  95 

101  98 

71.60 

3.090 

2.3870 

6.19 

19.446 

30.093 

I  .  6205 

361.12 

102.31 

72.07 

3-095 

2.3948 

6.20 

19.478 

30.191 

I  .  6232 

362.29 

102  64 

72.53 

3.100 

2.4025 

6.21 

19.509 

30.288 

I  .  6258 

363-46 

102  97 

73.00 

3-105 

2.4103 

6.22 

19-541 

30.366 

1.6284 

364-63 

103  30 

73-47 

3.110 

2.4180 

6.23 

19.572 

30.484 

1.6310 

365-80 

103  63 

73.95 

3."5 

2.4258 

6.24 

19-604 

30.582 

1.6336 

366.98 

103  96 

74-42 

3.120 

2.4336 

6.25 

I9-635 

30.680 

I  .  6362 

368.16 

104.30 

74-90 

3-125 

2.4414 

6.26 

19.666 

30.778 

1.6389 

369.33 

104-63 

75-38 

3.130 

2.4492 

6.27 

19-698 

30.876 

1.6415 

370.52 

104-97 

75-86 

3-135 

2  4571 

6.28 

19.729 

30-975 

1.6441 

37L70 

105-30 

76.35 

3.140 

2.4649 

6.29 

19-761 

31-074 

I  .  6467 

372.88 

105-64 

76.84 

3-145 

2.4728 

6.30 

19.792 

31.172 

1.6493 

374-07 

105-97 

77-33 

3-150 

2.4806 

6.31 

19  823 

31.271 

I  .  6520 

375-26 

106.31 

77-82 

3-155 

2.4885 

6.32 

19.855 

31  371 

1.6546 

376.45 

106.65 

78.31 

3.160 

2.4964 

6.33 

19.886 

31-470 

I  6572 

377.64 

106.99 

78.81 

3.165 

2.5043 

6-34 

19.918 

31.570 

I  6598 

378.83 

107.32 

79-31 

3-170 

2.5122 

6.35 

19.949 

31.669 

I  6624 

380.03 

107.66 

79.81 

3-175 

2.5202 

6.36 

19.981 

31.769 

I  6650 

381.23 

108  oo 

80.32 

3.180 

2.5281 

6.37 

20.012 

31-869 

I  6677 

382.43 

108.34 

80.82 

3-185 

2.5361 

6.38 

2O.O43 

31.969 

I  0703 

383-63 

108.68 

81.33 

3.190 

2-5440 

6-39 

20.075 

32.069 

I  6729 

384-83 

109.02 

81.84 

3-195 

2.5520 

6.40 

20.106 

32.170 

I  6755 

386.04 

109-36 

82.35 

3.200 

2.5600 

6.41 

20.138 

32.271 

I  .  6781 

387.25- 

109.71 

82.87 

3-205 

2.5680 

6.42 

20.169 

32.371 

I  .  6808 

388.46 

110.05 

83.39 

3.210 

2.5760 

6.43 

20.200 

32.472 

1.6834 

389-67 

110-39 

83  91 

3-215 

2.5841 

6.44 

20.232 

32.573 

I  .  6860 

390.88 

110.74 

84-43 

3.220 

2.5921 

6.45 

20.263 

32.675 

I  .  6886 

392.09 

111.08 

84.96 

3-225 

2  60O2 

6  46 

20.295 

32.776 

1.6912 

393-31 

ill.  43 

85-49 

3.230 

2.6o82 

6.47 

20.326 

32.877 

1.6938 

394-53 

111.77 

86.02 

3.235 

2.6l63 

6.48 

20.358 

32.979 

1.6965 

395-75 

112.  12 

86.55 

3-240 

2  .  6244 

6-49 

20.389 

33.o8i 

1.6991 

396.97 

112.46 

87.09 

3.245 

26325 

6  50 

20  .  420 

33-I83 

i  .  7017 

398-20 

112-81 

87-62 

3.250 

2-6406 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        437 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 


6. 50  inches 
7.00  inches 
For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R?,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


il 

Circum 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

H 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

ot gyra- 
tion 

Q  o 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.stee 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

rf 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

Ri 

6.50 

20.420 

33.183 

1.7017 

398.20 

112.81 

87.62 

3  250 

2  .  6406 

6.51 

20.452 

33.285 

1.7043 

399-42 

113.16 

88.16 

3-255 

2  6488 

6.52 

20.483 

33.388 

1.7069 

400.65 

H3.50 

88.71 

3.260 

2.6569 

6-53 

20.515 

33-490 

1.7096 

401.88 

113-85 

89.25 

3-265 

2.6651 

6.54 

20.546 

33-593 

I  .  7122 

403.11 

114.20 

89.80 

3.270 

2.6732 

6-55 

20.577 

33.696 

1.7148 

404.35 

114-55 

90.35 

3-275 

2.6814 

6.56 

20.609 

33-799 

I.7I74 

405.58 

114.90 

90.90 

3.280 

2.6896 

6.57 

20.640 

33-902 

1.7200 

406.82 

115.25 

91.46 

3-285 

2.6978 

6.58 

20.672 

34-005 

I  .  7226 

408.06 

115.60 

92.02 

3.290 

2.7060 

6-59 

20.703 

34-io8 

I  7253 

409.30 

"5-95 

92.58 

3-295 

2.7143 

6.60 

20.735 

34-212 

I  .  7279 

410.54 

116.31 

93-14 

3-300 

2.7225 

6.61 

20.766 

34-316 

1.7305 

4H.79 

116.66 

93-71 

3-305 

2.7308 

6.62 

20.797 

34.420 

I  -  7331 

413.04 

117.01 

94-28 

3-310 

2.7390 

6.63 

20.829 

34.524 

1.7357 

414-28 

117-37 

94.85 

3.315 

2-7473 

6-64 

20.860 

34.628 

I  7383 

415.53 

117.72 

95.42 

3-320 

2.7556 

6.65 

20  .  892 

34.732 

1.7410 

416.79 

118.08 

96.00 

3.325 

2.7639 

6.66 

20.923 

34.837 

1.7436 

418.04 

118.43 

96.58 

3-330 

2.7722 

6.67 

20.954 

34.942 

I  .  7462 

419.30 

118.79 

97.16 

3-335 

2.7806 

6.68 

20.986 

35.046 

I  .  7488 

420.56 

119.14 

97-74 

3-340 

2.7889 

6.69 

21.017 

35.151 

I.75M 

421.82 

119.50 

98.33 

3-345 

2.7973 

6.70 

21.049 

35.257 

I  7541 

423.08 

119.86 

98.92 

3-350 

2.8056 

6.71 

21.080 

35.362 

I  7567 

424.34 

120.22 

99-51 

3-355 

2  .  8140 

6.72 

21.  112 

35.467 

I  •  7593 

425.61 

120.57 

IOO  .  IO 

3.36o 

2.8224 

6.73 

21.143 

35.573 

I  .  7619 

426.88 

120.93 

100.70 

3.365 

2.8308 

6-74 

21  .  174 

35.679 

I  •  7645 

428.15 

121.29 

101.30 

3-370 

2.8392 

6.75 

21.206 

35.785 

I  .  7671 

429.42 

121.65 

101.90 

3-375 

2.8477 

•  76 

21.237 

35.891 

I  .  7698 

430.69 

122.01 

102.51 

3.38o 

2.8561 

•77 

21.269 

35.997 

I  .  7724 

431.96 

122.38 

103.12 

3.385 

2.8646 

.78 

21.300 

36.103 

I  -  7750 

433-24 

122.74 

103.73 

3-390 

2.8730 

•79 

21.331 

36.210 

I  .  7776 

434-52 

123.10 

104.34 

3-395 

2.8815 

.80 

21.363 

36.317 

I  .  7802 

435-8o 

123.46 

104.96 

3-400 

2.8900 

.81 

21.394 

36.424 

I  .  7829 

437-08 

123.83 

105.57 

3-405 

2.8985 

.82 

21  .  426 

36.531 

1.7855 

438.37 

124.19 

106  .  20 

3-410 

2.9070 

•  83 

21-457 

36.638 

I  .  7881 

439-66 

124.55 

106.82 

3.415 

2.9156 

.84 

21  .  488 

36.745 

I  -  7907 

440-94 

124.92 

107-45 

3-420 

2.9241 

•85 

21.520 

36.853 

I  7933 

442.23 

125.28 

108.08 

3.425 

2.9327 

.86 

21.551 

36.961 

I  -  7959 

443-53 

125.65 

108.71 

3-430 

2.9412 

•87 

21.583 

37.068 

1.7986 

444-82 

126.02 

109.34 

3-435 

2.9498 

.88 

21   6l4 

37.176 

1.8012 

446-12 

126.38 

109.98 

3-440 

2.9584 

.89 

21  .  646 

37.284 

I  .  8038 

447-41 

126.75 

110.62 

3-445 

2.9670 

.90 

21.677 

37.393 

1.8064 

448.71 

127.12 

111.27 

3-450 

2.9756 

.91 

21  .  708 

37.501 

1.8090 

450.02 

127.49 

111.91 

3-455 

2.9843 

.92 

21.740 

37.610 

1.8117 

451.32 

127.86 

112.56 

3.46o 

2.9929 

•93 

21.771 

37.719 

I  8143 

452.62 

128.23 

113.21 

3.465 

3.0016 

.94 

21.803 

37.828 

I  8169 

453-93 

128.60 

113-87 

3-470 

3.0102 

•  95 

21.834 

37.937 

I  8195 

455-24 

128.97 

114-53 

3-475 

3.0189 

.96 

21.865 

38.046 

I  8221 

456.55 

129.34 

H5.I9 

3.480 

3.0276 

•97 

21.897 

38.155 

1.8247 

457-86 

129.71 

115.85 

3.485 

3  0363 

.98 

21.928 

38.265 

1.8274 

459-18 

130.09 

116.52 

3-490 

3-0450 

•  99 

21.960 

38.375 

1.8300 

460.50 

130.46 

117-19 

3-495 

3  0538 

.00 

21.991 

38.485 

1.8326 

461-81 

130.83 

117-86 

3-500 

3-0625 

438       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 


7.00  Inches 
7. 50  Inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
IP,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


el 

Circum 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Mom  en 

Distance 

Radius 

11 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight 

of. 

to  farth- 

oi gyra 
tion 

Q.2 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  stee 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

R* 

7.00 

21.991 

38.485 

1.8326 

461.81 

130.83 

117.86 

3-500 

3-0625 

7.01 

22.023 

38.595 

1.8352 

463.13 

131.21 

118.53 

3.505 

3.0713 

7.02 

22.054 

38.705 

1.8378 

464.46 

131.58 

119.21 

3-Sio 

3.0800 

7-03 

22.085 

38.815 

1.8404 

465-78 

131.96 

119.89 

3.515 

3.0888 

7.04 

22.117 

38.926 

1.8431 

467.11 

132.33 

120.58 

3-520 

3.0976 

7-05 

22.148 

39.036 

1.8457 

468.44 

132.71 

121.26 

3.525 

3.1064 

7.06 

22.180 

39-147 

1.8483 

469.76 

133.08 

121.95 

3-530 

3.1152 

7  07 

22.211 

39.258 

1.8509 

471.10 

133.46 

122.64 

3-535 

3.1241 

7.08 

22.242 

39.369 

1.8535 

472.43 

133.84 

123-34 

3-540 

3.1329 

7.09 

22.274 

39.48o 

i  .  8562 

473-77 

134.22 

124.04 

3-545 

3.1418 

7.10 

22.305 

39-592 

1.8588 

475.10 

134.60 

124-74 

3.550 

3.1506 

7.  II 

22.337 

39.704 

1.8614 

476.44 

134.98 

125-44 

3-555 

3.1595 

7.12 

22.368 

39.815 

1.8640 

477.78 

135.36 

126.15 

3.56o 

3.1684 

7-13 

22.400 

39.927 

1.8666 

479-13 

135-74 

126.86 

3.565 

3-1773 

7-14 

22.431 

40.039 

1.8692 

480.47 

136.12 

127-57 

3-570 

3.1862 

7-lS 

22.462 

40.152 

1.8719 

481.82 

136.50 

128.29 

3-575 

3.1952 

7.16 

22.494 

40.264 

1.8745 

483.17 

136.88 

129.01 

3.58o 

3-2041 

7-17 

22.525 

40.376 

1.8771 

484-52 

137.26 

129.73 

3.585 

3.2131 

7.18 

22.557 

40.489 

1.8797 

485-87 

137.65 

130.46 

3.590 

3.2220 

7.19 

22.588 

40.602 

1.8823 

487.22 

138.03 

131.19 

3-595 

3.2310 

7.20 

22.619 

40.715 

1.8850 

488.58 

138.41 

131.92 

3.600 

3.2400 

7.21 

22.651 

40.828 

1.8876 

489.94 

138.80 

132.65 

3.605 

3.2490 

7-22 

22.682 

40.942 

1.8902 

491-30 

I39.I8 

133-39 

3.610 

3.2580 

7-23 

22.714 

41.055 

1.8928 

492.66 

139-57 

I34-I3 

3.6iS 

3.2671 

7.24 

22.745 

41.169 

1-8954 

494-02 

139.96 

134.87 

3.620 

3.2761 

7-25 

22.777 

41.282 

1.8980 

495-39 

140.34 

135.62 

3-625 

3.2852 

7-26 

22.808 

41.396 

1.9007 

496.76 

140.73 

136.37 

3.630 

3.2942 

7.27 

22.839 

4I.5H 

1.9033 

498.13 

141.12 

137.12 

3.635 

3-3033 

7.28 

22.871 

41.625 

1.9059 

499-50 

141.51 

137.88 

3.640 

3.3124 

7.29 

22.902 

41-739 

1.9085 

500.87 

141.90 

138.64 

3.645 

3.3215 

7-30 

22.934 

41.854 

1.9111 

502.25 

142.29 

139.40 

3.650 

3.3306 

7  31 

22.965 

41.969 

I.9I38 

503-62 

142.68 

140.17 

3-655 

3.3398 

7-32 

22.996 

42.084 

1.9164 

505-00 

143-07 

140.93 

3.66o 

3.3489 

7.33 

23.028 

42.199 

1.9190 

506.38 

143-46 

141.71 

3.665 

3.3581 

7-34 

23-059 

42.314 

1.9216 

507.77 

143.85 

142.48 

3.670 

3.3672 

7-35 

23.091 

42.429 

1.9242 

509.15 

144.24 

143.26 

3.675 

3.3764 

7-36 

23.122 

42.545 

1.9268 

510.54 

144-63 

144.04 

3-680 

3.3856 

7-37 

23.154 

42.660 

1.9295 

511-92 

145  03 

144.82 

3-685 

3.3948 

7.38 

23.185 

42.776 

1.9321 

513-31 

145-42 

145.61 

3.690 

3.4040 

7.39 

23.216 

42.892 

1-9347 

514.71 

145-82 

146.40 

3.695 

3.4133 

7  40 

23.248 

43.oo8 

1-9373 

516  10 

146  21 

147-20 

3.7oo 

3.4225 

7-41 

23.279 

43-125 

1-9399 

517.50 

146  61 

147-99 

3.705 

3.4318 

7-42 

23.311 

43-241 

1.9426 

518.89 

147  00 

148.79 

3-710 

3.4410 

7-43 

23.342 

43  358 

1.9452 

520.29 

147.40 

149.60 

3.715 

3.4503 

7-44 

23-373 

43-475 

1.9478 

521.70 

147  80 

150.40 

3.720 

3.4596 

7-45 

23.405 

43-592 

1.9504 

523-10 

148.19 

151  .  22 

3.725 

3.4689 

7.46 

23.436 

43.709 

1-9530 

524-50 

148.59 

152.03 

3-730 

3.4782 

7-47 

23.468 

43-826 

1.9556 

525.91 

148.99 

152.85 

3-735 

3.4876 

7-48 

23-499 

43  943 

1.9583 

527-32 

149-39 

153.67 

3-740 

3.4969 

7-49 

23.531 

44.061 

1.9609 

528.73 

149  79 

154.49 

3-745 

3.5063 

7  So 

23.562 

44-179 

1.9635 

530.14 

150  19 

155  32 

3-750 

3.5156 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        439 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)      g'oolSches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


HI 

Q""1  -S 

Circum- 
ference 
in 

Area 
cross 
section 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 
of 

Distance 
from  axis 
to  farth- 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

0 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia, 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

/?» 

7-50 

23.562 

44-179 

1.9635 

530.14 

150.19 

155-32 

3-750 

3.5156 

7-51 

23-593 

44-297 

1.9661 

531.56 

150.59 

156.15 

3-755 

3.5250 

7-52 

23.625 

44.415 

1.9687 

532.97 

150.99 

156.98 

3.760 

3-5344 

7-53 

23.656 

44-533 

I.97I3 

534-39 

151.39 

157.82 

3.765 

3.5438 

7-54 

23.688 

44.651 

1.9740 

535.81 

151-80 

158.66 

3-770 

3-5532 

7-55 

23.719 

44-770 

1.9766 

537.24 

152.20 

159-50 

3-775 

3.5627 

7.56 

23.750 

44-888 

1.9792 

538.66 

152.60 

160.35 

3.78o 

3-5721 

7-57 

23.782 

45-007 

1.9818 

540.09 

153-01 

161  .  20 

3.785 

3.5816 

7.58 

23.813 

45.126 

1.9844 

541-51 

I53-4I 

162.05 

3-790 

3-5910 

7-59 

23.845 

45-245 

1.9871 

542.94 

153-82 

162.91 

3.795 

3.6005 

7.60 

23.876 

45.365 

1.9897 

544.38 

154-22 

163.77 

3.800 

3.6100 

7.61 

23.908 

45.484 

1.9923 

545.81 

154.63 

164.63 

3.805 

3.6195 

7.62 

23  939 

45.604 

1.9949 

547  24 

155-03 

165.50 

3.810 

3.6290 

7-63 

23.970 

45.723 

1-9975 

548.68 

155-44 

166.37 

3.815 

3.6386 

7.64 

24.002 

45.843 

2.0001 

550.12 

155.8s 

167.24 

3.820 

3-6481 

7-65 

24-033 

45.963 

2.OO28 

551.56 

156.26 

168.12 

3.825 

3.6577 

7.66 

24.065 

46.084 

2.0054 

553-00 

156.67 

169.00 

3.830 

3.6672 

767 

24.096 

46.204 

2.0080 

554-45 

I57.o8 

169.88 

3.835 

3.6768 

7.68 

24.127 

46.325 

2.0106 

555-90 

157.49 

170.77 

3.840 

3.6864 

7.69 

24.159 

46.445 

2.0132 

557-34 

157.90 

171.66 

3.845 

3.6960 

7-70 

24.190 

46.566 

2.0159 

558.8o 

158.31 

172.56 

3.850 

3.7056 

7.71 

24.222 

46.687 

2  0185 

560.25 

158.72 

173.46 

3.855 

3.7153 

7-72 

24-253 

46.808 

2  0211 

561.70 

159.13 

174.36 

3.860 

3.7249 

7  73 

24.285 

46.930 

2  0237 

563.16 

159-54 

175.26 

3.86s 

3.7346 

7-74 

24.316 

47-051 

2.0263 

564.62 

159-96 

176.17 

3.870 

3-7442 

7-75 

24-347 

47-173 

2.0289 

566.08 

160.37 

177.08 

3.875 

3-7539 

7-76 

24-379 

47-295 

2.0316 

567.54 

160.78 

178.00 

3.880 

3.7636 

7-77 

24.410 

47.417 

2.0342 

569.00 

161.20 

178.92 

3.885 

3-7733 

7-78 

24.442 

47-539 

2.0368 

570.47 

161.61 

179.84 

3.890 

3.7830 

7-79 

24-473 

47-661 

2.0394 

571-93 

162.03 

180.77 

3-895 

3.7928 

7.80 

24.504 

47.784 

2.0420 

573-40 

162.45 

181  .  70 

3.900 

3.8025 

7.81 

24.536 

47.906 

2.0447 

574.87 

162.86 

182.63 

3.905 

3.8123 

7.82 

24.567 

48.029 

2.0473 

576.35 

163.28 

183.57 

3.9io 

3.8220 

7-83 

24-599 

48.152 

2.0499 

577-82 

163.70 

184.51 

3.915 

3.8318 

7.84 

24.630 

48.275 

2.0525 

579-30 

164.12 

185.45 

3.920 

3.8416 

7.85 

24.662 

48.398 

2.0551 

580.78 

164.53 

186.40 

3.925 

3.8514 

7.86 

24.693 

48.522 

2.0577 

582.26 

164.95 

187.35 

3-930 

3.8612 

7-87 

24.724 

48.645 

2.0604 

583.74 

165.37 

188.31 

3-935 

3.87H 

7.88 

24.756 

48.769 

2.0630 

585-23 

165.79 

189.27 

3-940 

3.8809 

7.89 

24.787 

48.893 

2.0656 

586.71 

166.22 

190.23 

3-945 

3-8908 

7-90 

24.819 

49-017 

2.0682 

588.20 

166.64 

191.20 

3-950 

3.9006 

7-91 

24.850 

49.141 

2.0708 

589-69 

167.06 

192.17 

3-955 

3-9105 

7-92 

24.881 

49.265 

2.0735 

591  .  18 

167.48 

193.14 

3.96o 

3.9204 

7-93 

24.913 

49-390 

2.0761 

592.68 

167.91 

194.12 

3.965 

3-9303 

7-94 

24.944 

49.5U 

2.0787 

594-17 

168.33 

195.10 

3-970 

3-9402 

7-95 

24.976 

49.639 

2.0813 

595.67 

168.75 

196.08 

3-975 

3-9502 

7.96 

25.007 

49.764 

2.0839 

597.17 

169.18 

197.07 

3.98o 

3.96oi 

7-97 

25.038 

49-889 

2.0865 

598.67 

169.60 

198.06 

3.985 

3-9701 

7-98 

25.070 

50.014 

2.0892 

600.17 

170.03 

199-06 

3-990 

3.98oo 

7-99 

25  .  101 

50.140 

2.0918 

601.68 

170.46 

200.06 

3-995 

3-9900 

8.00 

25.133 

50.265 

2.0944 

603.19 

170.88 

201.06 

4.000 

4.0000 

440        Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)      8. 00 inches 

O.5O  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  7  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


a|j 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

.$% 

Q'S 

in 
inches 

section 
sq.  in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

of 
inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

or  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

7?2 

8.00 

25.133 

50.265 

2.0944 

603.19 

170.88 

201.06 

4.000 

4.0000 

8.01 

25.164 

50.391 

2.0970 

604.69 

171.31 

202.07 

4-005 

4.0100 

8.02 

25.196 

50.517 

2.0996 

606.21 

171-74 

203.08 

4.010 

4.0200 

8.03 

25  .  227 

50.643 

2  .  1022 

607.72 

172.17 

204.10 

4.015 

4.0301 

8.04 

25.258 

50.769 

2.1049 

609.23 

172.60 

205.11 

4.020 

4.0401 

8.05 

25.290 

50.896 

2.1075 

610.75 

173.03 

206.14 

4-025 

4.0502 

8.06 

25.321 

51.022 

2.IIOI 

612.27 

173.46 

207.16 

4-030 

4.0602 

8.07 

25  -  353 

5I.I49 

2.II27 

613.79 

173-89 

208.19 

4-035 

4.0703 

8.08 

25.384 

51-276 

2.II53 

615.31 

174-32 

209.23 

4.040 

4.0804 

8.09 

25.415 

51-403 

2.1180 

616.83 

174-75 

210.26 

4.045 

4.0905 

8.10 

25-447 

51.530 

2.1206 

618.36 

I75.I8 

211.31 

4-050 

4.1006 

8.  II 

25.478 

51.657 

2.1232 

619.89 

I75.6i 

212.35 

4-055 

4.1108 

8.12 

25.510 

51.785 

2.1258 

621  .  42 

176.05 

213.40 

4.060 

4.1209 

8.13 

25-541 

51.912 

2.1284 

622.95 

176.48 

214.45 

4-065 

4.1311 

8.14 

25-573 

52.040 

2.1310 

624  .  48 

176.92 

215.51 

4.070 

4.1412 

8.15 

25.604 

52.168 

2.1337 

626.02 

177-35 

216.57 

4.075 

4.1514 

8.16 

25.635 

52.296 

2.1363 

627.55 

177-79 

217.64 

4.080 

4.1616 

8.17 

25-667 

52.424 

2.1389 

629  .  09 

178.22 

218.71 

4-085 

4-1718 

8.18 

25.698 

52.553 

2.1415 

630.63 

178.66 

219.78 

4.090 

4.1820 

8.19 

25.730 

52.681 

2.1441 

632.18 

179.10 

220.85 

4-095 

4.1923 

8.20 

25.761 

52.810 

2.1468 

633.72 

179  53 

221.93 

4.100 

4.2025 

8.21 

25.792 

52.939 

2.1494 

635.27 

179-97 

223.02 

4.105 

4.2128 

8.22 

25.824 

53.o68 

2.1520 

636.82 

180.41 

224.11 

4.110 

4.2230 

8.23 

25.855 

53-197 

2.1546 

638.37 

180.85 

225  .  20 

4-II5 

4-2333 

8.24 

25.887 

53.327 

2  .  1572 

639.92 

181  .  29 

226.30 

4.120 

4.2436 

8.25 

25.918 

53.456 

2.1598 

641  .  47 

181.73 

227.40 

4.125 

4-2539 

8.26 

25-950 

53-586 

2.1625 

643.03 

182.17 

228.50 

4.130 

4  .  2642 

8.27 

25.981 

53.7i6 

2.I65I 

644.59 

182.61 

229.61 

4-135 

4.2746 

8.28 

26.012 

53.846 

2.1677 

646.15 

183.05 

230.72 

4.140 

4  .  2849 

8.29 

26.044 

53.976 

2.1703 

647  71 

183.50 

231.84 

4-145 

4-2953 

8.30 

26.075 

54.io6 

2.1729 

649.27 

183.94 

232.96 

4.150 

4.3056 

8.31 

26.107 

54-237 

2.1756 

650.84 

184.38 

234.09 

4-155 

4.3i6o 

8.32 

26.138 

54.367 

2.1782 

652.41 

184.83 

235.21 

4.160 

4.3264 

8.33 

26.169 

54.498 

2.1808 

653.97 

185.27 

236.35 

4.165 

4.3368 

8.34 

26.201 

54.629 

2.1834 

655.55 

185.72 

237.48 

4.170 

4-3472 

8.35 

26.232 

54.760 

2.l86o 

657.12 

186.16 

238.63 

4-175 

4-3577 

8.36 

26.264 

54.891 

2.1886 

658.69 

186.61 

239.77 

4.180 

4-3681 

8.37 

26.295 

55.023 

2.I9I3 

660.27 

187.05 

240.92 

4.185 

4-3786 

8.38 

26.327 

55-154 

2.1939 

661.85 

187.50 

242.07 

4.190 

4-3890 

8.39 

26.358 

55.286 

2.1965 

663.43 

187.95 

243.23 

4-195 

4-3995 

8.40 

26.389 

55.418 

2.I99I 

665.01 

188.40 

244.39 

4.200 

4.4100 

8.41 

26.421 

55-550 

2.2017 

666.60 

188.85 

245.56 

4.205 

4.4205 

8.42 

26.452 

55.682 

2.2044 

668.18 

189.30 

246.73 

4.210 

4-4310 

8.43 

26.484 

55.814 

2  .  2070 

669.77 

189.75 

247.90 

4.215 

4.4416 

8.44 

26.515 

55-947 

2.2096 

671.36 

190.20 

249.08 

4.220 

4-4521 

8.45 

26.546 

56.079 

2.2122 

672.95 

190.65 

250.26 

4-225 

4.4627 

8.46 

26.578 

56.212 

2.2148 

674.55 

191.10 

251.45 

4.230 

4-4732 

8.47 

26.609 

56.345 

2.2174 

676.14 

I9I-55 

252.64 

4-235 

4-4838 

8.48 

26.641 

56.478 

2.2201 

677.74 

192.00 

253.84 

4.240 

4.4944 

8.49 

26.672 

56.612 

2.2227 

679.34 

192.46 

255.04 

4-245 

4.5050 

8.50 

26.704 

56.745 

2.2253 

680.94 

192.91 

256.24 

4.250 

4.5156 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        441 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)       8.  50  inches 

9.  OO  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R*,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

al 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

11 

in 
inches 

section 
sq.  in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

of 
inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

01  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

R> 

8.50 

26  .  704 

56.745 

2.2253 

680.94 

192.91 

256.24 

4.250 

4.5156 

8.51 

26.735 

56.879 

2.2279 

682.54 

193.36 

257-45 

4.255 

4.5263 

8.52 

26.766 

57-012 

2.2305 

684.15 

193-82 

258.66 

4.260 

4.5369 

8.53 

26.798 

57.146 

2.2331 

685.76 

194.27 

259-88 

4.265 

4.5476 

8.54 

26.829 

57.28o 

2.2358 

687.36 

194-73 

261  .  10 

4.270 

4.5582 

8.55 

26.861 

57.415 

2.2384 

688.97 

195.19 

262.32 

4.275 

4.5689 

8.56 

26  .  892 

57-549 

2.2410 

690.59 

195.64 

263.55 

4.280 

4.5796 

8.57 

26.923 

57.683 

2.2436 

692.20 

196.10 

264.79 

4-285 

4.5903 

8.58 

26.955 

57.8i8 

2  .  2462 

693.82 

196.56 

266.02 

4.290 

4.6010 

8.59 

26.986 

57-953 

2.2489 

695.44 

197.02 

267.27 

4-295 

4.6118 

8.60 

27.018 

58.088 

2.2515 

697-06 

197.48 

268.51 

4-300 

4.6225 

8.61 

27.049 

58.223 

2.2541 

698.68 

197-94 

269.76 

4.305 

4.6333 

8.62 

27.081 

58.359 

2.2567 

700.30 

198.40 

271.02 

4-310 

4.6440 

8.63 

27.112 

58.494 

2.2593 

701.93 

198.86 

272  .  28 

4.315 

4.6548 

8.64 

27-143 

58.630 

2.2619 

703.56 

199.32 

273.54 

4.320 

4.6656 

8.65 

27.175 

58.765 

2.2646 

705.19 

199-78 

274.81 

4.325 

4.6764 

8.66 

27  .  206 

58.901 

2.2672 

706.82 

200.24 

276.08 

4-330 

4.6872 

8.67 

27-238 

59.038 

2.2698 

708.45 

200.70 

277.36 

4-335 

4.6981 

8.68 

27.269 

59-174 

2.2724 

710.09 

201  .  17 

278.64 

4-340 

4.7089 

8.69 

27.300 

59-310 

2.2750 

711.72 

201  .  63 

279-93 

4-345 

4.7198 

8.70 

27-332 

59-447 

2.2777 

713.36 

202.10 

281.22 

4-350 

4.7306 

8.71 

27-363 

59.584 

2.2803 

7i5.oo 

202.56 

282.52 

4-355 

4.7415 

8.72 

27  395 

59-720 

2.2829 

716.65 

203.03 

283.82 

4.360 

4.7524 

8.73 

27.426 

59.857 

2.2855 

718.29 

203.49 

285.12 

4.365 

4.7633 

8.74 

27.458 

59-995 

2.2881 

719.94 

203.96 

286.43 

4-370 

4-7742 

8.75 

27.489 

60.132 

2.2907 

721.58 

204.42 

287.74 

4-375 

4.7852 

8.76 

27-520 

60.270 

2.2934 

723.23 

204  .  89 

289.06 

4.38o 

4.7961 

8-77 

27.552 

60.407 

2.2960 

724.89 

205.36 

290.38 

4.385 

4.8071 

8.78 

27-583 

60.545 

2.2986 

726.54 

205.83 

291  .  71 

4-390 

4.8180 

8.79 

27.615 

60.683 

2.3012 

728  .  20 

206.30 

293-04 

4-395 

4.8290 

8.80 

27  .  646 

60.821 

2.3038 

729.85 

206.77 

294-37 

4.400 

4.8400 

8.81 

27.677 

60.960 

2.3065 

731.51 

207.24 

295.72 

4.405 

4.8510 

8.82 

27.709 

61.098 

2.3091 

733.18 

207.71 

297.06 

4.4io 

4.8620 

8.83 

27-740 

61.237 

2.3II7 

734.84 

208.18 

298.41 

4.415 

4.8731 

8.84 

27  772 

61-375 

2.3143 

736.50 

208.65 

299.76 

4.420 

4.8841 

8.85 

27.803 

61.514 

2.3169 

738.17 

209.12 

301  .  12 

4.425 

4.8952 

8.86 

27.835 

61.653 

2.3195 

739.84 

209.60 

302.49 

4-430 

4.9062 

8.87 

27-866 

61.793 

2.3222 

74L5I 

210.07 

303.85 

4-435 

4  9173 

8.88 

27.897 

61.932 

2.3248 

743-19 

210.54 

305.23 

4-440 

4.9284 

8.89 

27.929 

62.072 

2.3274 

744-86 

211.02 

306.60 

4-445 

4-9395 

8.90 

27.960 

62.211 

2.3300 

746.54 

211.49 

307.99 

4-450 

4.95o6 

8.91 

27.992 

62.351 

2.3326 

748.22 

211.97 

309.37 

4-455 

4.9618 

8.92 

28.023 

62  .  491 

2.3353 

749-90 

212.45 

310.76 

4.460 

4.9729 

8.93 

28.054 

62.631 

2.3379 

751.58 

212.92 

3I2.I6 

4.465 

4.9841 

8.94 

28.086 

62.772 

2.3405 

753.26 

213.40 

313.56 

4.470 

4-9952 

8.95 

28.117 

62.912 

2.3431 

754-95 

213.88 

314.97 

4-475 

5.0064 

8.96 

28  149 

63.053 

2.3457 

756.64 

214.36 

316.37 

4.480 

5.0176 

8.97 

28  180 

63.194 

2.3483 

758.33 

214.83 

317  79 

4.485 

5.0288 

8.98 

28  212 

63.335 

2  35io 

760.02 

215-31 

319-21 

4-490 

5  0400 

8.99 

28.243 

63.476 

2.3536 

761.71 

215-79 

320  63 

4-495 

5.0513 

9.00 

28.274 

63,617 

2.3562 

763.41 

216,27 

322.06 

4-500 

5.0625 

442       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 


9.00  inches 
9.50  inches 


For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
K*,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


p 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

si 

in 
inches 

section 
sq.  in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

of 
inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

01  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

D 

C 

A 

S 

V 

W 

I 

y 

& 

9.00 

28.274 

63.617 

2.3562 

763.41 

216.27 

322.06 

4-500 

5-0625 

9.01 

28.306 

63.759 

2.3588 

765  .  10 

216.75 

323.50 

4.505 

5.0738 

9.02 

28.337 

63.900 

2.3614 

766.80 

217.24 

324.93 

4-510 

5-0850 

9.03 

28.369 

64.042 

2.3640 

768.50 

217.72 

326.38 

4.515 

5-0963 

9.04 

28.400 

64.184 

2.3667 

770.21 

218.20 

327.83 

4.520 

5-1076 

9.05 

28.431 

64.326 

2.3693 

77I.9I 

218.68 

329.28 

4.525 

5-1189 

9.06 

28.463 

64-468 

2.3719 

773-62 

219.17 

330.74 

4-530 

5-1302 

9.07 

28.494 

64.611 

2.3745 

775-33 

219.65 

332.20 

4-535 

5.1416 

9.08 

28.526 

64.753 

2.3771 

777-04 

220.14 

333-67 

4-540 

5.1529 

9.09 

28.557 

64.896 

2.3798 

778.75 

220.62 

335.14 

4-545 

5-1643 

9.10 

28.588 

65.039 

2.3824 

780.47 

221.  II 

336.62 

4-550 

5  .  1756 

9.  II 

28.620 

65.182 

2.3850 

782.18 

221.59 

338.10 

4-555 

5-1870 

9.12 

28.651 

65.325 

2.3876 

783.90 

222.08 

339-59 

4.56o 

5-1984 

9-13 

28.683 

65.468 

2.3902 

785.62 

222.57 

34i.o8 

4.565 

5-2098 

•9.14 

28.714 

65.612 

2.3928 

787.34 

223.05 

342.57 

4-570 

5.2212 

9-15 

28  .  746 

65.755 

2.3955 

789.07 

223.54 

344.o8 

4-575 

5.2327 

9.16 

28.777 

65.899 

2.3981 

790.79 

224.03 

345-58 

4.58o 

5.2441 

9-17 

28.808 

66.043 

2.4007 

792.52 

224.52 

347-09 

4.585 

5.2556 

9.18 

28.840 

66.187 

2.4033 

794-25 

225.OI 

348.61 

4-590 

5.2670 

9-19 

28.871 

66.332 

2.4059 

795.98 

225.50 

350.13 

4-595 

0.2785 

9.20 

28.903 

66.476 

2.4086 

797-71 

225-99 

351-66 

4.600 

5-2900 

9.21 

28.934 

66.621 

2.4112 

799-45 

226.48 

353.19 

4.605 

5.3015 

9.22 

28.965 

66.765 

2.4138 

801.19 

226.98 

4.610 

5.3130 

9-23 

28.997 

66.910 

2.4164 

802.92 

227.47 

356.27 

4.6i5  . 

5.3246 

9-24 

29.028 

67.055 

2.4190 

804.66 

227.96 

357.81 

4.620 

5.3361 

9-25 

29.060 

67  .  201 

2.4216 

806.41 

228.46 

359-37 

4.625 

5-3477 

9.26 

29.091 

67.346 

2.4243 

808.15 

228.95 

360.92 

4.630 

5-3592 

9.27 

29.123 

67.492 

2.4269 

809.90 

229.44 

362.48 

4.635 

5.3708 

9.28 

29.154 

67.637 

2.4295 

811.65 

229.94 

364-05 

4.640 

5-3824 

9.29 

29.185 

67.783 

2.4321 

813.40 

230-44 

365-62 

4  645 

5-3940 

9-30 

29.217 

67.929 

2-4347 

815-15 

230.93 

367.20 

4.650 

5-4056 

9-31 

29.248 

68.075 

2-4374 

816.90 

23L43 

368.78 

4.655 

5-4173 

9-32 

29.280 

68.222 

2.4400 

818.66 

231.93 

370.37 

4.660 

5.4289 

9-33 

29.311 

68.368 

2.4426 

820.42 

232.42 

37L96 

4-665 

5.4406 

9-34 

29.342 

68.515 

2.4452 

822.18 

232.92 

373.56 

4.670 

5-4522 

9-35 

29-374 

68.661 

2.4478 

823.94 

233.42 

375.16 

4.675 

5.4639 

9.36 

29.405 

68.808 

2.4504 

825.70 

233.92 

376.77 

4.680 

5.4756 

9-37 

29-437 

68.956 

2.4531 

827.47 

234.42 

378.38 

4-685 

5-4*73 

9-38 

29.468 

69.103 

2.4557 

829.23 

234-92 

380.00 

4.690 

5-4990 

9-39 

29.500 

69.250 

2.4583 

831.00 

235.42 

381.62 

4.695 

5.5108 

9.40 

29.531 

69.398 

2.4609 

832.77 

235.92 

383.25 

4.700 

5.5225 

9  41 

29.562 

69.546 

2.4635 

834-55 

236.43 

384.88 

4.705 

5-5343 

9-42 

29-594 

69.693 

2  .  4662 

836.32 

236.93 

386.52 

4.710 

5.546o 

9  43 

29.625 

69.841 

2.4688 

838.10 

237-43 

388.17 

4.715 

5.5578 

9-44 

29.657 

69.990 

2.4714 

839.88 

237-94 

389-81 

4.720 

5.5696 

9-45 

29.688 

70.138 

2.4740 

841.66 

238.44 

391-47 

4.725 

5.5814 

9.46 

29.719 

70.287 

2.4766 

843.44 

238.95 

393-13 

4-730 

5-5932 

9-47 

29.751 

70.435 

2.4792 

845.22 

239-45 

394-79 

4-735 

5  6051 

9.48 

29.782 

70.584 

2.4819 

847.01 

239.96 

396.46 

4-740 

5.6169 

9-49 

29.814 

70.733 

2.4845 

848.80 

240.46 

398.14 

4-745 

5.6288 

9-50 

29.845 

70.882 

2.4871 

850.59 

240.97 

399-82 

4-750 

5.6406 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars       443 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 


9. 50  inches 
10.  OO  inches 


For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
R?t  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


si 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

ll 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of. 

to  farth- 

tion 

Q.s 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

R* 

9-50 

29.845 

70-882 

2.4871 

850.59 

240.97 

399.82 

4-750 

5.6406 

9-51 

29.877 

71.031 

2.4897 

852.38 

241.48 

401.51 

4-755 

5-6525 

9-52 

29.908 

71.181 

2.4923 

854.17 

241.99 

403.20 

4.76o 

5.6644 

9-53 

29-939 

7I-33I 

2.4949 

855.97 

242.50 

404.89 

4.765 

5.6763 

9-54 

29.971 

71.480 

2.4976 

857.76 

243.00 

406.60 

4.770 

5.6882 

9-55 

30.002 

71-630 

2.5002 

859.56 

243.51 

408.30 

4-775 

5-7002 

9.56 

30.034 

71.780 

2.5028 

861.36 

244.02 

410.02 

4.78o 

5-7I2I 

9-57 

30.065 

7L93I 

2.5054 

863.17 

244-54 

411.74 

4.785 

5.7241 

9.58 

30.096 

72.081 

2.5080 

864.97 

245.05 

413.46 

4-790 

5.736o 

9-59 

30.  128 

72.232 

2.5107 

866.78 

245.56 

4I5.I9 

4-795 

5.748o 

9.60 

30.159 

72-382 

2.5133 

868.59 

246.07 

416.92 

4.800 

5.7600 

9.61 

30.191 

72.533 

2.5159 

870.40 

246.58 

418.66 

4.805 

5.7720 

9.62 

30.222 

72.684 

2.5185 

872.21 

247.10 

420.41 

4.810 

5.7840 

9.63 

30.254 

72.835 

2.5211 

874.02 

247.61 

422  .  16 

4.815 

5.7961 

?.64 

30.285 

72.987 

2.5237 

875.84 

248.13 

423.91 

4.820 

5.8081 

9.65 

30.316  1  73.138 

2.5264 

877-66 

248.64 

425.68 

4-825 

5.8202 

9.66    30.348 

73.290 

2.5290 

879.48 

249.16 

427.44 

4.830 

5.8322 

9.67    30.379 

73-442 

2.5316 

881.30 

249.67 

429.22 

4.835 

5.8443 

9.68 

30.411 

73-594 

2.5342 

883.12 

250.19 

430.99 

4.840 

5.8564 

9-69    30.442 

73.746 

2.5368 

884.95 

250.71 

432.78 

4.845 

5.8685 

9.70    30-473 

73.898 

2.5395 

886.78 

251.22 

434-57 

4.850 

5.8806 

9.71 

30.505 

74-051 

2.5421 

888.61 

251  •  74 

436.36 

4-855 

5.8928 

9.72 

30.536 

74.203 

2.5447 

890.44 

252.26 

438.16 

4.860 

5.9049 

9-73 

30.568 

74.356 

2.5473 

892.27 

252.78 

439-97 

4-865 

5.9I7I 

9-74 

30.599 

74.509 

2.5499 

894.11 

253-30 

441.78 

4.870 

5.9292 

9-75 

30.631 

74-662 

2.5525 

895.94 

253.82 

443.6o 

4.875 

5.9414 

9.76    30.662 

74.815 

2.5552 

897.78 

254-34 

445-42 

4.880 

5.9536 

9-77!  30.693 

74.969 

2.5578 

899-62 

254-86 

447-25 

4-885 

5.9658 

9.78 

30.725 

75-122 

2.5604 

901.46 

255-39 

449.o8 

4.890 

5.978o 

9-79 

30.756 

75.276 

2.5630 

903.31 

255.91 

450.92 

4.895 

5-9903 

9.80 

30.788 

75.430 

2.5656 

905.16 

256.43 

452.77 

4.900 

6.0025 

9.81 

30.819 

75.584 

2.5683 

907.00 

256.95 

454.62 

4-905 

6.0148 

9.82 

30.850 

75.738 

2.5709 

908.85 

257.48 

456-47 

4.910 

6.0270 

9.83 

30.882 

75.892 

2.5735 

910.71 

258.00 

458.34 

4.915 

6.0393 

9.84 

30.913 

76.047 

2.5761 

912.56 

258.53 

460.20 

4.920 

6.0516 

9-85 

30-945 

76.201 

2.5787 

914.42 

259-05 

462.08 

4.925 

6.0639 

9.86 

30.976 

76.356 

2.5813 

916.27 

259.58 

463.96 

4-930 

6.0762 

9.87 

31.008 

76.511 

2.5840 

918.13 

260.11 

465.84 

4-935 

6.0886 

9.88 

31.039 

76.666 

2.5866 

919.99 

260.63 

467.73 

4-940 

6.1009 

9-89 

31.070 

76.821 

2.5892 

921.86 

261  .  16 

469.63 

4-945 

6.  H33 

9.90 

31  .  102 

76.977 

2.5918 

923.72 

261.69 

471-53 

4-950 

6  .  1256 

9-91 

31  •  133 

77.132 

2.5944 

925.59 

262.22 

473-44 

4-955 

6.1380 

9.92 

31  •  165 

77.288 

2.5970 

927.46 

262.75 

475-35. 

4.960 

6.1504 

9-93 

31.196 

77-444 

2.5997 

929.33 

263.28 

477-27 

4.965 

6.1628 

9-94 

31.227 

77.600 

2.6023 

931.20 

263.81 

479-20 

4.970 

6.1752 

9-95 

31.259 

77.756 

2.6049 

933-08 

264.34 

481  .  13 

4-975 

6.1877 

9.96 

31.290 

77.913 

2.6075 

934-95 

264.87 

483.07 

4-980 

6.2OOI 

9-97 

31.322 

78.069 

2.6101 

936.83 

265.40 

485.01 

4.985 

6.2126 

9.98 

3L353 

78.226 

2.6128 

938.71 

265.94 

486.96 

4-990 

6.2250 

9-99 

3L385 

78.383 

2.6154 

940.59 

266.47 

488.91 

4-995 

6.2375 

10.00 

3I.4I6 

78.540 

2.  6l8o 

942.48 

267.00 

490.87 

5.000 

6.2500 

444       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)     10.00  inches 

10. 5O  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
.R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


dl 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 
from  axis 

Radius 

•sj 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

of gyra- 
tion 

Q'3 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

J& 

IO.OO 

31.416 

78.540 

2.6180 

942.48 

267.00 

490.87 

5.000 

6.2500 

IO.OI 

31-447 

78.697 

2.6206 

944.36 

267.54 

492.84 

5.005 

6.2625 

IO.O2 

31-479 

78.854 

2  .  6232 

946.25 

268.07 

494-Si 

5.010 

6.2750 

10.03 

3i.5io 

79.012 

2.6258 

948.14 

268.61 

496.79 

5.015 

6.2876 

10.04 

31.542 

79.169 

2.6285 

950.03 

269.14 

498.78 

5.020 

6.3001 

10.05 

31.573 

79-327 

2.63H 

951-93 

269.68 

500.77 

5.025 

6.3127 

10.  06 

31.604 

79.485 

2.6337 

953-82 

270.22 

502.76 

5.030 

6.3252 

10.07 

31.636 

79.643 

2.6363 

955-72 

270.76 

504.76 

5-035 

6.3378 

10.08 

31.667 

79.801 

2.6389 

957.62 

271  .  29 

506.8 

5.040 

6.3504 

10.09 

31.699 

79.960 

2.6416 

959-52 

271.83 

508.8 

5-045 

6.3630 

10.10 

31.730 

80.118 

2.6442 

961.42 

272.37 

510.8 

5.050 

6.3756 

IO.II 

31.762 

80.277 

2.6468 

963.33 

272.91 

512.8 

5-055 

6.3883 

10.12 

31-793 

80.436 

2.6494 

965.23 

273-45 

514.9 

5.o6o 

6.4009 

10.13 

31.824 

8o.595 

2.6520 

967.14 

273-99 

516.9 

5.065 

6.4136 

10.14 

31-856 

8o.754 

2.6546 

969.05 

274-53 

518.9 

5.070 

6.420 

IO.I5 

31.887 

80.914 

2.6573 

970.96 

275.07 

521.0 

5-075 

6.4389 

10.16 

31.919 

81  .073 

2.6599 

972.88 

275.62 

523.1 

5.080 

6.4516 

10.17 

31.950 

81.233 

2.6625 

974-79 

276.16 

525.1 

5.085 

6.4643 

10.18 

31.981 

81.393 

2.6651 

976.71 

276.70 

527.2 

5.090 

6.4770 

10.19 

32.013 

81.553 

2.6677 

978.63 

277.25 

529.3 

5.095 

6.4898 

IO.20 

32.044 

8i.7i3 

2.6704 

980.55 

277.79 

531-3 

5.100 

6.5025 

IO.2I 

32.076 

81.873 

2.6730 

982.48 

278.34 

533-4 

5.105 

6.5153 

IO.22 

32.107 

82.034 

2.6756 

984.40 

278.88 

535-5 

5.  no 

6.5280 

10.23 

32.138 

82.194 

2.6782 

986.33 

279-43 

537-6 

5.II5. 

6.5408   | 

IO.24 

32.170 

82.355 

2.6808 

988.26 

279.97 

539-7 

5-120 

6.5536  ! 

10.25 

32.201 

82.516 

2.6834 

990.19 

280.52 

541-8 

5.125 

6.5664  j 

IO.26 

32.233 

82.677 

2.6861 

992.12 

281.07 

544.0 

5.130 

6.5792 

10.27 

32.264 

82.838 

2.6887 

994.06 

281  .  62 

546.1 

5.135 

6.5921 

10,  28 

32.296 

83.000 

2.6913 

996.00 

282.17 

548.2 

5.140 

6.6049 

10.29 

32.327 

83.161 

2.6939 

997-93 

282.71 

550.3 

5-145 

6.6178 

10.30 

32.358 

83-323 

2.6965 

999.87 

283.26 

552.5 

5.150 

6.6306 

10.31 

32.390 

83.485 

2.6992 

1001.82 

283.81 

554-6 

5.155 

6.6435 

10.32 

32.421 

83  647 

2.7018 

1003  .  76 

284.37 

556.8 

5-i6o 

6.6564 

10.33 

32.453 

83.809 

2.7044 

1005  .  71 

284.92 

558.9 

5.165 

6.6693 

10.34 

32.484 

83-971 

2.7070 

1007  .  66 

285.47 

561.1 

5.170 

6.6822 

10.35 

32.515 

84.134 

2.7096 

1009.61 

286.02 

563.3 

5-175 

6.6952 

10.36 

32.547 

84.296 

2.7122 

1011.56 

286.57 

565.5 

5.180 

6.7081 

10.37 

32.578 

84.459 

2.7149 

1013.51 

287.13 

567.7 

5.185 

6.7211 

10.38 

32.610 

84.622 

2.7175 

1015.47 

287.68 

569-8 

5.190 

6.7340 

10.39 

32.641 

84-785 

2.7201 

1017.42 

288.24 

572.0 

5-195 

6.7470 

10.40 

32.673 

84.949 

2.7227 

1019.38 

288.79 

574-3 

5.200 

6.7600 

10.41 

32.704 

85.112 

2.7253 

1021.35 

289.35 

576.5 

5.205 

6.7730 

10.42 

32.735 

85.276 

2.7279 

1023.31 

289.90 

578.7 

5-210 

6.7860 

10.43 

32.767 

85.439 

2.7306 

1025.27 

290.46 

580.9 

5.215 

6.7991 

10.44 

32.798 

85.603 

2.7332 

1027.24 

291.02 

583.1 

5-220 

6.8121 

10.45 

32.830 

85-767 

2.7358 

1029.21 

291.57 

585.4 

5-225 

6.8252 

10.46 

32.861 

85.932 

2.7384 

1031  .  18 

292.13 

587.6 

5.230 

6.8382 

10.47 

32.892 

86.096 

2.7410 

1033.15 

292.69 

589.9 

5-235 

6.8513 

10.48 

32.924 

86.261 

2.7437 

1035.13 

293.25 

592.1 

5.240 

6.8644 

10.49 

32.955 

86.425 

2.7463 

1037.10 

293.81 

594-4 

5-245 

6.8775 

10.50 

32.987 

86.590 

2.7489 

1039.08 

294-37 

596.7 

5.250 

6.8906 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        445 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)     }9'ooJSches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).    For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

3 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

.11 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

of gyra- 
tion 

Q'ja 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

R* 

0.50 

32.987 

86.590 

2.7489 

1039.08 

294.37 

596.7 

5.250 

6.8906 

0.51 

33  018 

86.755 

2.7515 

1041.06 

294-93 

598.9 

5-255 

6.9038 

0.52 

33  050 

86.920 

2.7541 

1043.04 

295-49 

601.2 

5.260 

6.9169 

0.53 

33  081 

87.086 

2.7567 

1045.03 

296.06 

603.5 

5-265 

6.9301 

o.54 

33.H2 

87-251 

2.7594 

1047.01 

296.62 

605.8 

5.270 

6.9432 

0.55 

33.144 

87.417 

2  .  7620 

1049.00 

297.18 

608.  i 

5-275 

6.9564 

0.56 

33-175 

87-583 

2  .  7646 

1050.99 

297-75 

610.4 

5.280 

6.9696 

0.57 

33-207 

87.749 

2.7672 

1052.98 

298.31 

612.7 

5-285 

6.9828 

0.58 

33.238 

87.915 

2.7698 

1054.98 

298.87 

615.1 

5.290 

6.9960 

0.59 

33  269 

88.081 

2.7725 

1056.97 

299-44 

617.4 

5.295 

7.0093 

0.60 

33-301 

88.247 

2.7751 

1058.97 

300.01 

619.7 

5-300 

7  0225 

0.61 

33-332 

88.414 

2.7777 

1060  .  97 

300.57 

622.1 

5.305 

7.0358 

0.62 

33.364 

88.581 

2.7803 

1063.0 

301  .  14 

624.4 

5-310 

7.0490 

0.63 

33-395 

88.748 

2.7829 

1065.0 

301.71 

626.8 

5.315 

7.0623 

0.64 

33.427 

88.915 

2.7855 

1067.0 

302.27 

629.1 

5-320 

7.0756 

0.65 

33.458 

89.082 

2.7882 

1069.0 

302.84 

631.5 

5.325 

7.0889 

0.66 

33.489 

89.249 

2.7908 

1071.0 

303.41 

633.9 

5-330 

7.1022 

0.67 

33.521 

89.417 

2.7934 

1073.0 

303.98 

636.2 

5-335 

7.1156 

0.68 

33-552 

89.584 

2.7960 

1075.0 

304-55 

638.6 

5-340 

7.1289 

0.69 

33.584 

89.752 

2.7986 

1077.0 

305.12 

641.0 

5-345 

7.1423 

0.70 

33  615 

89.920 

2.8013 

1079.0 

305-69 

643.4 

5-350 

7.1556 

0.71 

33.646 

90.088 

2.8039 

1081.1 

306.26 

645.8 

5-355 

7.1690 

0.72 

33  678 

90.257 

2.8065 

1083.1 

306.84 

648.3 

5.36o 

7.1824 

0.73 

33-709 

90.425 

2.8091 

1085.1 

307.41 

650.7 

5.365 

7.1958 

0.74 

33-741 

90.594 

2.8117 

1087.1 

307.98 

653.1 

5-370 

7.2092 

0.75 

33-772 

90.763 

2.8143 

1089.2 

308.56 

655.5 

5-375 

7.2227 

0.76 

33.804 

90.932 

2.8170 

1091.2 

309.13 

658.0 

5.38o 

7.2361 

0.77 

33-835 

91.101 

2.8196 

1093.2 

309.71 

660.4 

5.385 

7.2496 

0.78 

33.866 

91.270 

2.8222 

1095.2 

310.28 

662.9 

5-390 

7.2630 

o.79 

33.898 

91-439 

2.8248 

1097-3 

310.86 

665.4 

5-395 

7.2765 

0.80 

33.929 

91.609 

2.8274 

1099-3 

311-43 

667.8 

5-400 

7.2900 

0.81 

33.961 

91.779 

2.8301 

HOI.  3 

312.01 

670.3 

5.405 

7.3035 

0.82 

33-992 

91.948 

2.8327 

1103.4 

312.59 

672.8 

5-410 

7.3170 

0.83 

34.023 

92.118 

2.8353 

1105.4 

313.17 

675.3 

5.415 

7.3306 

0.84 

34-055 

92.289 

2.8379 

1107.5 

313.74 

677-8 

5-420 

7-3441 

0.85 

34-086 

92.459 

2.8405 

1109.5 

314.32 

680.3 

5.425 

7-3577 

0.86 

34.H8 

92.630 

2.8431 

IIII.  6 

314.90 

682.8 

5-430 

7-3712 

0.87 

34-149 

92.800 

2.8458 

1113.6 

315.48 

685.3 

5-435 

7.3848 

0.88 

34  181 

92.971 

2.8484 

1115.7 

316.06 

687.8 

5-440 

7.3984 

0.89 

34-212 

93.142 

2.8510 

1117.7 

316.65 

690.4 

5-445 

7.4120 

0.90 

34.243 

93.313 

2.8536 

1119.8 

317.23 

692.9 

5-450 

7.4256 

0.91 

34-275 

93.484 

2.8562 

II2I.8 

3I7.8I 

695.5 

5-455 

7-4393 

0.92 

34.306 

93.656 

2.8588 

1123.9 

318.39 

698.0 

5.460 

7.4529 

0.93 

34-338 

93.828 

2.8615 

1125.9 

318.98 

700.6 

5.465 

7.4666 

0.94 

34.369 

93-999 

2.8641 

1128.0 

319.56 

703.1 

5-470 

7.4802 

0-95 

34-400 

94.171 

2.8667 

1130.1 

320.14 

705.7 

5-475 

7-4939 

0.96 

34-432 

94-343 

2.8693 

1132.1 

320.73 

708.3 

5.48o 

7.5076 

10.97 

34.463 

94.516 

2.8719 

1134.2 

321.31 

710.9 

5.485 

7.5213 

10.98 

34-495 

94.688 

2.8746 

1136.3 

321.90 

713-5 

5-490 

7-5350 

10.99 

34.526 

94.860 

2.8772 

1138.3 

322.49 

716.1 

5-495 

7.5488 

11.00 

34-558 

95.033 

2.8798 

1140.4 

323.07 

718.7 

5-500 

7.5625 

446       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)     11-00  }nc£es 

11.5O  Inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R?,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).    For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

P 

Circum- 
ference 
in 

Area 
cross 
section 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 
of 

inot-f  10 

Distance 
from  axis 
to  farth- 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

P  a 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

JK* 

11.00 

34-558 

95-033 

2.8798 

1140.4 

323.07 

718.7 

5-500 

7.5625 

II.  OI 

34.589 

95.206 

2.8824 

1142.5 

323.66 

721.3 

5-505 

7.5763     - 

II  02 

34  620 

95-379 

2.8850 

H44-5 

324.25 

723.9 

5-Sio 

7-5900 

II.O3 

34.652 

95-552 

2.8876 

1146.6 

324.84 

726.6 

5.515 

7-6038 

11.04 

34.683 

95.726 

2.8903 

1148.7 

325.43 

729.2 

5-520 

7.6176 

II.O5 

34-715 

95.899 

2.8929 

1150.8 

326.02 

731-8 

5.525 

7-6314 

II.  06 

34.746 

96.073 

2.8955 

1152.9 

326.61 

734-5 

5-530 

7.6452 

II.O7 

34-777 

96.247 

2.8981 

H55-  o 

327.20 

737-2 

5-535 

7.6591 

II.08 

34.809 

96.421 

2.9007 

II57-0 

327.79 

739-8 

5-540 

7.6729 

II.O9 

34.840 

96.595 

2.9034 

1159.1 

328.38 

742.5 

5-545 

7.6868 

II.  10 

34.872 

96.769 

2.9060 

1161.2 

328.98 

745-2 

5-550 

7.7006 

II.  II 

34.903 

96.943 

2.9086 

1163.3 

329.57 

747-9 

5-555 

7.7145 

II.  12 

34-935 

97.118 

2.9112 

1165.4 

33o.i6 

750.6 

5.56o 

7.7284 

II.  13 

34.966 

97-293 

2.9138 

1167.5 

330.76 

753-3 

5.565 

7.7423 

II.  14 

34  997 

97-468 

2.9164 

1169.6 

331-35 

756.0 

5-570 

7.7562 

II.  15 

35-029 

97.643 

2.9191 

1171.7 

331-95 

758.7 

5  575 

7.7702 

II.  16 

35.o6o 

97.818 

2.9217 

1173.8 

332.54 

761.4 

5.58o 

7.7841 

11.17 

35.092 

97-993 

2.9243 

1  175  --9 

333-14 

764.2 

5.585 

7.7981 

11.18 

35-123 

98.169 

2.9269 

1178.0 

333-73 

766.9 

5-590 

7.8120 

11.  19 

35-154 

98.344 

2.9295 

1180.1 

334-33 

769.6 

5-595 

7.8260 

11.20 

35-186 

98.520 

2.9322 

1182.2 

334-93 

772.4 

5.6oo 

7.8400 

II.  21 

35-217 

98.696 

2.9348 

1184.4 

335-53 

775-2 

5.605 

7.8540 

11.22 

35-249 

98.873 

2.9374 

1186.5 

336.13 

777-9 

5.6io 

7.8680 

11.23 

35.28o 

99-049 

2.9400 

1188.6 

336.73 

780.7 

5.615 

7.8821 

11.24 

35-312 

99-225 

2.9426 

1190.7 

337-33 

783.5 

5.620 

7.8961 

11.25 

35-343 

99-402 

2.9452 

1192.8 

337-93 

786.3 

5.625 

7.9102 

11.26 

35-374 

99-579 

2.9479 

II94-9 

338.53 

789.1 

5-630 

7.9242 

11.27 

35.4o6 

99.756 

2.9505 

II97-I 

339-13 

791.9 

5.635 

7.9383 

11.28 

35-437 

99.933 

2.9531 

1199.2 

339-73 

794-7 

5-640 

7-9524 

11.29 

35.469 

100.  110 

2.9557 

1201  .  3 

340.33 

797-5 

5.645 

7.966s 

11.30 

35-500 

100.287 

2.9583 

1203.4 

340.94 

800.4 

5-650 

7.9806 

11.31 

35-531 

100.465 

2.9610 

1205.6 

341-54 

803.2 

5.655 

7.9948 

11.32 

35.563 

100.643 

2.9636 

1207.7 

342.15 

806.0 

5.66o 

8.0089 

11.33 

35-594 

100.821 

2.9662 

1209.8 

342.75 

808.9 

5-665 

8.0231 

11.34 

35.626 

100.999 

2.9688 

I2I2.0 

343.36 

811.8 

5.670 

8.0372 

11.35 

35.657 

101.177 

2.9714 

I2I4.I 

343.96 

814.6 

5-675 

8.0514 

11.36 

35-688 

101.355 

2.9740 

I2I6.3 

344-57 

817.5 

5.68o 

8.0656 

H.37 

35-720 

101.534 

2.9767 

I2I8.4 

345-17 

820.4 

5.685 

8.0798 

11.38 

35-751 

101  .  713 

2.9793 

1220.6 

345.78 

823.3 

5.690 

8.0940 

11.39 

35.783 

101.891 

2.9819 

1222.7 

346.39 

826.2 

5.695 

8.1083 

11.40 

35.814 

102.070 

2.9845 

1224.8 

347-00 

829.1 

5.700 

8.1225 

11.41 

35.846 

102  .  249 

2.9871 

1227.0 

347-61 

832.0 

5-705 

8.1368 

11.42 

35.877 

102.429 

2.9897 

I229.I 

348.22 

834.9 

5-710 

8.1510 

11-43 

35.908 

102.608 

2.9924 

I23I.3 

348.83 

837-8 

5-715 

8.1653 

11.44 

35-940 

102.788 

2.9950 

1233-5 

349-44 

840.8 

5.720 

8.1796 

11.45 

35-971 

102.968 

2.9976 

1235-6 

350.05 

843.7 

5-725 

8.1939 

11.46 

36.003 

103.148 

3.0002 

1237-8 

350.66 

846.7 

5-730 

8.2082 

11.47 

36.034 

103.328 

3.0028 

1239-9 

351.27 

849.6 

5-735 

8.2226 

11.48 

36.065 

103.508 

3-0055 

I242.I 

351.89 

852.6 

5-740 

8.2369 

11.49 

36.097 

103.688 

3.0081 

1244-3 

352.50 

855-6 

5-745 

8.2513 

H.50 

36.128 

103.869 

3-0107 

1246.4 

353.ii 

858.5 

5-750 

8.2656  j 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        447 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)     1  |-gO  j^hes 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


ii 

Circum- 
erence 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 
°rom  axis 

Radius 
of  gyra- 

11 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

tion 

Q.2 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

/?2 

11.50 

36.128 

103.869 

3.0107 

1246.4 

353-11 

858.5 

5-750 

8.2656 

11.51 

36.160 

104.050 

3.0133 

1248.6 

353-73 

861.5 

5-755 

8.2800 

11.52 

36.191 

104.231 

3-0159 

1250.8 

354-34 

864.5 

5.760 

8.2944 

H.53 

36.223 

104.412 

3.0185 

1252.9 

354.96 

867.5 

5-765 

8.3088 

11-54 

36.254 

104-593 

3.0212 

1255.1 

355-57 

870.6 

5-770 

8.3232 

H.55 

36.285 

104.774 

3.0238 

1257.3 

356.19 

873.6 

5-775 

8.3377 

11.56 

36.317 

104.956 

3.0264 

1259.5 

356.81 

876.6 

5.78o 

8.3521 

H.57 

36.348 

105.137 

3.0290 

1261.6 

357-42 

879-6 

5.785 

8.3666 

11.58 

36.380 

105.319 

3.0316 

1263.8 

358.04 

882.7 

5.790 

8.3810 

H.59 

36.411 

105.501 

3.0343 

1266.0 

358.66 

885.7 

5-795 

8.3955 

ii.  60 

36.442 

105.083 

3.0369 

1268.2 

359-28 

888.8 

5.8oo 

8.4100 

n.  61 

36.474 

105.865 

3-0395 

1270.4 

359-90 

891.9 

5.805 

8.4245 

11.62 

36.505 

106.048 

3.0421 

1272.6 

360.52 

894.9 

5.8io 

8.4390 

11.63 

36.537 

106.231 

3-0447 

1274.8 

36i  .  14 

898.0 

5.815 

8.4536 

11.64 

36.568 

106.413 

3-0473 

1277.0 

361  .  76 

901.1 

5.820 

8.4681 

11.65 

36.600 

106.596 

3.0500 

1279.2 

362.38 

904.2 

5.825 

8.4827 

11.66 

36.631 

106.779 

3.0526 

1281.4 

363-01 

907.3 

5.830 

8.4972 

11.67 

36.662 

106.963 

3.0552 

1283.6 

363.63 

910.4 

5.835 

8.5118 

11.68 

36.694 

107.146 

3.0578 

1285.8 

364.25 

913.6 

5.840 

8.5264 

11.69 

36.725 

107.329 

3.0604 

1288.0 

364.88 

916.7 

5.845 

8.5410 

11.70 

36.757 

107.513 

3.0631 

I2OO.2 

365.50 

919.8 

5.850 

8.5556 

11.71 

36.788 

107.697 

3.0657 

1292.4 

366.13 

923-0 

5.855 

8-5703 

11.72 

36.819 

107.881 

3.0683 

1294.6 

366.75 

926.1 

5.86o 

8.5849 

H.73 

36.851 

108.065 

3.0709 

1296.8 

367.38 

929.3 

5-865 

8.5996 

n.  74 

36.882 

108  .  250 

3-0735 

1299-0 

368.01 

932.5 

5.870 

8.6142 

H.75 

36.914 

108.434 

3.0761 

1301  .  2 

368.63 

935-7 

5.875 

8.6289 

11.76 

36.945 

108.619 

3.0788 

1303.4 

369.26 

938.9 

5.88o 

8.6436 

11.77 

36.977 

108.803 

3.0814 

1305.6 

369.89 

942.1 

5-885 

8.6583 

11.78 

37.oo8 

108.988 

3.0840 

1307.9 

370.52 

945-3 

5.890 

8.6730 

H-79 

37-039 

109.174 

3.0866 

I3IO.I 

37LI5 

948.5 

5.895 

8.6878 

il.8o 

37-071 

109-359 

3.0892 

I3I2.3 

37L78 

951-7 

5-900 

8.7025 

II.8I 

37.102 

109.544 

3.0919 

I3I4.5 

372.41 

954-9 

5.905 

8.7173 

11.82 

37.134 

109.730 

3-0945 

I3I6.8 

373-04 

958.2 

5-910 

8.7320 

11.83 

37.165 

109.916 

3.0971 

I3I9.0 

373.67 

961.4 

5.915 

8.7468 

11.84 

37.196 

IIO.  102 

3-0997 

1321  .  2 

374-30 

964.7 

5.920 

8.7616 

11.85 

37.228 

110.288 

3.1023 

1323.5 

374-93 

967.9 

5.925 

8.7764 

11.86 

37-259 

H0.474 

3-1049 

1325.7 

375.57 

971.2 

5-930 

8.7912 

11.87 

37.291 

110.660 

3.1076 

1327.9 

376.20 

974-5 

5-935 

8.  8061 

11.88 

37-322 

110.847 

3  1  102 

1330.2 

376.83 

977-8 

5  940 

8.8209 

11.89 

37-354 

in.  033 

3.1128 

1332.4 

377-47 

981.1 

5-945 

8.8358 

11.90 

37.385 

III.  220 

3.1154 

1334-6 

378.10 

984.4 

5.950 

8.8506 

11.91 

37.4i6 

III.407 

3.1180 

1336.9 

378.74 

987.7 

5-955 

8.8655 

11.92 

37.448 

HI.  594 

3.1206 

1339   I 

379.38 

991.0 

5.96o 

8.8804 

11-93 

37-479 

111.782 

3-1233 

I34L4 

380.01 

994-3 

5.965 

8.8953 

H.94 

37-511 

111.969 

3-1259 

1343-6 

380.65 

997-7 

5-970 

8.9102 

11.95 

37-542 

112.  157 

3.1285 

1345-9 

381.29 

IOOI.O 

5-975 

8.9252 

11.96 

37-573 

H2.345 

3.I3H 

I348.I 

381.93 

1004.4 

5.98o 

8.9401 

11.97 

37-605 

H2.533 

3-1337 

1350.4 

382.57 

1007.7 

5.985 

8.9551 

11.98 

37.636 

112.721 

3.1364 

1352.6 

383-21 

ion.  i 

5-990 

8.9700 

H-99 

37-668 

112.909 

3.1390 

1354.9 

383.85 

1014.5 

5-995 

8.9850 

12.00 

37.699 

113.097 

3.I4I6 

1357-2 

384.49 

1017.9 

6.000 

9.0000 

448       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 


12. 00  inches 
12. 50  inches 


For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
Rz,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


_•! 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 
from  axis 

Radius 

.2  g 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of. 

to  farth- 

tion 

P'« 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

b 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

R* 

12.00 

37.699 

113.097 

3.1416 

1357-2 

384.49 

1017.9 

6.000 

9.0000 

12.  OI 

37-731 

113.286 

3.1442 

1359-4 

385.13 

021.3 

6.005 

9.0150 

12.02 

37.762 

113-475 

3.1468 

1361.7 

385.77 

024.7 

6.010 

9.0300 

I2.O3 

37-793 

113.664 

3.1494 

1364.0 

386.41 

028.1 

6.015 

9.0451 

12.04 

37.825 

113.853 

3.1521 

1366.2 

387.05 

031.5 

6.020 

9.0601 

12.05 

37.856 

114.042 

3-1547 

1368.5 

387.70 

034.9 

6.025 

9.0752 

12.  06 

37-888 

114.231 

3-1573 

1370.8 

388.34 

038.4 

6.030 

9.0902 

12.07 

37.919 

114.421 

3-1599 

1373-0 

388.98 

1041.8 

6.035 

9-1053  1 

12.  08 

37-950 

114.610 

3.1625 

1375-3 

389.63 

1045.3 

6.040 

9.1204 

12.09 

37.982 

114.800 

3.1652 

1377-6 

390.27 

1048.8 

6.045 

9-1355 

12.10 

38.013 

114.990 

3.1678 

1379-9 

390.92 

1052.2 

6.050 

9-1506 

12.  II 

38.045 

115.180 

3.1704 

1382.2 

391-57 

1055.7 

6.055 

9  1658 

12.12 

38.076 

115.371 

3.1730 

1384.4 

392.21 

1059.2 

6.060 

9.1809 

12.13 

38.108 

115.561 

3.1756 

1386.7 

392.86 

1062.7 

6.065 

9.1961 

12.14 

38.139 

115.752 

3.1782 

1389.0 

393-51 

1066.2 

6.070 

9.2112 

12.15 

38.170 

115.942 

3.1809 

I39L3 

394-16 

1069.7 

6.075 

9.2264 

i  12:16 

38.202 

116.133 

3.1835 

1393  6 

394  81 

1073.3 

6.080 

9.2416 

12.17 

38.233 

116.324 

3.1861 

1395-9 

395.46 

1076.8 

6.085 

9.2568 

12.18 

38.265 

116.516 

3.1887 

1398.2 

396.11 

1080.3 

6.090 

9.2720 

12.19 

38.296 

116.707 

3.1913 

1400.5 

396.76 

1083.9 

6.095 

9.2873 

12.20 

38.327 

116.899 

3.1940 

1402.8 

397-41 

1087.5 

6.100 

9.3025 

12.21 

38.359 

117.090 

3.1966 

1405.1 

398.o6 

1091.0 

6.105 

9.3178 

12.22 

38.390 

117.282 

3.1992 

1407.4 

398.71 

1094.6 

6.110 

9-3330 

12.23 

38.422 

117-474 

3.2018 

1409.7 

399-37 

1098.2 

6.115 

9.3483 

12.24 

38.453 

117.666 

3.2044 

1412.0 

400.02 

1101.8 

6.I2O 

9.3636 

12.25 

38.485 

117.859 

3.2070 

I4I4.3 

400.67 

1105.4 

6.125 

9.3789 

12.26 

38.516 

118.051 

3.2097 

1416.6 

401.33 

1109.0 

6.130 

9-3942 

12.27 

38.547 

118.244 

3.2123 

1418.9 

401.98 

III2.6 

6.135 

9.4096 

12.28 

38.579 

118.437 

3.2149 

1421.2 

402.64 

1116.3 

6.140 

9.4249 

12.29 

38.610 

118.630 

3-2175 

1423-6 

403.29 

1119.9 

6.145 

9.4403 

12.30 

38  642 

118.823 

3.2201 

1425.9 

403.95 

1123.5 

6.150 

9.4556 

12.31 

38.673 

119.016 

3.2228 

1428.2 

404.61 

1127.2 

6.155 

9.4710 

12.32 

38.704 

119.210 

3.2254 

1430.5 

405.27 

1130.9 

6.160 

9.4864 

12.33 

38.736 

119.403 

3.2280 

1432.8 

405.92 

1134.5 

6.165 

9.5018 

12.34 

38.767 

119-597 

3.2306 

1435.2 

406.58 

1138.2 

6.170 

9.5172 

12.35 

38.799 

119.791 

3.2332 

1437-5 

407.24 

1141.9 

6.175 

9.5327 

12.36 

38.830 

119.985 

3-2358 

1439.8 

407.90 

1145.6 

6.180 

9.5481 

12.37 

38.862 

120.179 

3-2385 

1442.2 

408.56 

1149.3 

6.185 

9-5636 

12.38 

38  893 

120.374 

3.2411 

1444  •  5 

409.22 

1153.1 

6.190 

9-5790 

12.39 

38.924 

120.568 

3-2437 

1446.8 

409.88 

1156.8 

6.195 

9  5945 

12.40 

38.956 

120.763 

3.2463 

1449-2 

410.55 

1160.5 

6.200 

9.6100 

12.41 

38.987 

120.958 

3.2489 

I45I-5 

411.21 

1164.3 

6.205 

9  6255 

12.42 

39-019 

121.  153 

3.2515 

1453-8 

411.87 

1168.0 

6.210 

9.6410 

12.43 

39-050 

121.348 

3.2542 

1456.2 

412.53 

1171.8 

6.215 

9  6566 

12-44 

39.o8i 

121.543 

3-2568 

1458.5 

413.20 

1175.6 

6.220 

9.6721 

12.45 

39.H3 

121.739 

3-2594 

1460.9 

413.86 

1179.4 

6.225 

9.6877 

12.46 

39  •  144 

121.934 

3.2620 

1463.2 

414.53 

1183.2 

6.230 

9.7032 

12.47 

39.176 

122.130 

3.2646 

1465.6 

415.19 

1187.0 

6.235 

9.7188 

12.48 

39-207 

122.326 

3.2673 

1467.9 

415.86 

1190.8 

6.240 

9-7344 

12.49 

39.238 

•122.522 

3.2699 

1470.3 

416.53 

1194.6 

6.245 

9.7500 

12.50 

39.270 

122.718 

3.2725 

1472.6 

417.19 

1198.4 

6.250 

9.7656 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars       449 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 


12.50  inches 
13. 00  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
Rt,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


w 

si 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

1.1 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

tion 

Q'S 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

I 

y 

R* 

12.50 

39.270 

122.718 

3.2725 

1472.6 

417.19 

1198.4 

6.250 

9.7656 

12.51 

39-301 

122.915 

3-2751 

1475-0 

417-86 

1202.3 

6.255 

9.7813 

12.52 

39-333 

123.111 

3-2777 

1477-3 

418.53 

1206.  i 

6.260 

9.7969 

12.53 

39.364 

123.308 

3.2803 

1479-7 

419.20 

I2IO.O 

6.265 

9.8126 

12.54 

39.396 

123.505 

3  2830 

1482.1 

419.87 

I2I3.8 

6.270 

9.8282 

12.55 

39.427 

123  .  702 

3.2856 

1484  .  4 

420.54 

I2I7.7 

6.275 

9  8439 

12.56 

39.458 

123  .  899 

3  .  2882 

1486  .  8 

421.21 

I22I.6 

6.280 

9.8596 

12.57 

39-490 

124.097 

3-2908 

1489.2 

421.88 

1225.5 

6.285 

9-8753 

12.58 

39-521 

124.294 

3-2934 

I49I.5 

422.55 

1229.4 

6.290 

9.8910 

12.59 

39-553 

124.492 

3.2961 

1493  9 

423.22 

1233-3 

6.295 

9.9068 

12.60 

39.584 

124.690 

3-2987 

1496.3 

423.90 

1237.2 

6.300 

9.9225 

12.  6l 

39.615 

124.888 

3  3013 

1498.7 

424.57 

I24I.2 

6.305 

9.9383 

12.62 

39.647 

125.086 

3.3039 

1501.0 

425.24 

I245.I 

6.310 

9-9540 

12.63 

39.678 

125.284 

3.3065 

1503.4 

425.92 

I249.I 

6.315 

9.9698 

12.64 

39-710 

125.483 

3.3091 

1505.8 

426.59 

1253-0 

6.320 

9.9856 

12.65 

39-741 

125.681 

3.3H8 

1508.2 

427.27 

1257-0 

6.325 

10.0014 

12.66 

39-773 

125.880 

3.3144 

I5I0.6 

427.94 

I26l.O 

6.330 

10.0172 

12.67 

39.804 

126.079 

3.3170 

I5I2.9 

428.62 

I265.O 

6.335 

0.0331 

12.68 

39-835 

126  .  278 

3.3196 

I5I5.3 

429-30 

1269.0 

6.340 

0.0489 

12.69 

39.867 

126.477 

3-3222 

I5I7.7 

429.97 

1273-0 

6.345 

0.0648 

12.70 

39.898 

126.677 

3.3249 

1520.1 

430.65 

1277.0 

6.350 

0.0806 

12.71 

39-930 

126.876 

3.3275 

1522.5 

431-33 

I28I.O 

6.355 

0.0965 

12.72 

39.961 

127.076 

3-3301 

1524.9 

432.01 

1285.0 

6.360 

0.1124 

12.73 

39-992 

127.276 

3.3327 

1527.3 

432.69 

I289.I 

6.365 

0.1283 

12.74 

40.024 

127.476 

3-3353 

1529.7 

433-37 

I293-I 

6.370 

0.1442 

12.75 

40.055 

127  .  68 

3-3379 

I532.I 

434-05 

1297.2 

6-375 

0.1602 

12.76 

40.087 

127.88 

3.3406 

1534-5 

434-73 

I30I.3 

6.380 

0.1761 

12.77 

40.118 

128.08 

3-3432 

1536.9 

435-41 

1305.4 

6.385 

0.1921 

12.78 

40.150 

128.28 

3-3458 

1539-3 

436.09 

1309.5 

6.390 

0.2080 

12.79 

40.181 

128.48 

3.3484 

I54L7 

436.78 

I3I3.6 

6-395 

0.2240 

12.80 

40.212 

128.68 

3-3510 

1544-2 

437.46 

I3I7.7 

6.400 

0.2400 

12.  8l 

40.244 

128.88 

3-3537 

1546.6 

438.14 

I32I.8 

6.405 

0.2560 

12.82 

40.275 

129.08 

3.3563 

1549-0 

438.83 

1325.9 

6.410 

10.2720 

12.83 

40.307 

129.28 

3.3589 

I55I-4 

439-51 

I330.I 

6.415 

10.2881 

12.84 

40.338 

129.49 

3.3615 

1553-8 

440  .  20 

1334-2 

6.420 

10.3041 

12.85 

40.369 

129.69 

3.3641 

1556.2 

440.88 

1338.4 

6.425 

10.3202 

12.86 

40.401 

129.89 

3.3667 

1558.7 

441-57 

1342.6 

6.430 

10.3362 

12.87 

40.432 

130.09 

3.3694 

1561  .  I 

442.26 

1346.7 

6.435 

10.3523 

12.88 

40.464 

130.29 

3.3720 

1563.5 

442.94 

1350.9 

6.440 

10.3684 

12.89 

40-495 

130.50 

3.3746 

1565.9 

443.63 

I355-I 

6-445 

10.3845 

12.90 

40.527 

130.70 

3-3772 

1568.4 

444  •  32 

1359-3 

6.450 

10.4006 

12.91 

40.558 

130.90 

3.3798 

1570.8 

445-01 

1363.6 

6.455 

10.4168 

12.92 

40.589 

131.10 

3.3824 

1573.2 

445-70 

1367.8 

6.460 

10.4329 

12.93 

40.621 

131.31 

3.3851 

1575-7 

446.39 

1372.0 

6.465 

10.4491 

12.94 

40.652 

131.51 

3.3877 

I578.I 

447.08 

1376.3 

6.470 

10.4652 

12.95 

40.684 

131.71 

3.3903 

1580.6 

447-77 

1380.5 

6.475 

10.4814 

12.96 

40.715 

131.92 

3.3929 

1583.0 

448.46 

1384.8 

6.480 

10.4976 

12.97 

40.746 

132.12 

3-3955 

1585.4 

449.16 

I389.I 

6.485 

10.5138 

12.98 

40.778 

132.32 

3.3982 

1587.9 

449.85 

1393-4 

6.490 

10.5300 

12.99 

40.809 

132.53 

3.4008 

1590.3 

450.54 

1397-7 

6.495 

10.5463 

13-00 

40.841 

132.73 

3.4034 

1592.8 

451  .  24 

I402.O 

6.500 

10.5625 

450       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 


13.00  inches 
13. 50  inches 


For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
R?,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


el 

Circum- 
ference 

Area 
cross 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

11 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

tion 

Q  2 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

R2 

13.00 

40.841 

132.73 

3.4034 

1592.8 

451-24 

1402.0 

6.500 

0.5625 

13.01 

40.872 

132.94 

3.4060 

1595-2 

451-93 

1406.3 

6.505 

0.5788 

13.02 

40.904 

133.14 

3.4086 

1597-7 

452.63 

1410.6 

6.510 

o.595o 

13.03 

40-935 

133-35 

3.4112 

1600.  i 

453-32 

1415.0 

6.515 

0.6113 

13.04 

40.966 

133-55 

3.4139 

1602.6 

454-02 

1419.3 

6.520 

0.6276 

13.05 

40.998 

133.76 

3.4165 

1605.1 

454.71 

1423.7 

6.525 

0.6439 

13.06 

41.029 

133.96 

3.4I9I 

1607.5 

455-41 

1428.0 

6.530 

0.6602 

13.07 

41.061 

134-17 

3.4217 

1610.0 

456.11 

1432.4 

6.535 

0.6766 

13.08 

41.092 

134-37 

3.4243 

1612.5 

456.81 

1436.8 

6.540 

0.6929 

13.09 

41.123 

134.58 

3.4270 

1614.9 

457-51 

1441.2 

6.545 

0.7093 

13.10 

4LI55 

134.78 

3.4296 

1617.4 

458.21 

1445.6 

6.550 

0.7256 

13.11 

41.186 

134.99 

3-4322 

1619.9 

458.91 

1450.0 

6.555 

0.7420 

13   12 

41.218 

I35-I9 

3.4348 

1622.3 

459.6i 

1454-5 

6.560 

0.7584 

13.13 

41.249 

135.40 

3-4374 

1624.8 

460.31 

1458.9 

6.565 

0.7748 

13.14 

41.281 

I35.6i 

3-4400 

1627.3 

461.01 

1463.4 

6.570 

0.7912 

13.15 

41.312 

I35.8I 

3.4427 

1629.8 

46i  .  71 

1467.8 

6.575 

0.8077 

I3.I6 

41-343 

136.02 

3-4453 

1632.2 

462.41 

1472.3 

6.580 

0.8241 

I3-I7 

41.375 

136.23 

3-4479 

1634.7 

463.12 

1476.8 

6.585 

0.8406 

13.18 

41.406 

136.43 

3-4505 

1637.2 

463.82 

1481.3 

6.590 

0.8570 

13.19 

4L438 

136.64 

3-4531 

1639.7 

464  •  52 

1485.8 

6.595 

0.8735 

13-20 

41.469 

136.85 

3-4558 

1642.2 

465.23 

1490.3 

6.600 

0.8900 

13-21 

41.500 

137.06 

3.4584 

1644.7 

465.93 

1494-8 

6.605 

0.9065 

13-22 

4L532 

137.26 

3.4610 

1647.2 

466.64 

1499-3 

6.610 

0.9230 

13.23 

41-563 

137-47 

3.4636 

1649.6 

467.34 

1503.9 

6.615 

0.9396 

13.24 

41-595 

137.68 

3-4662 

1652.1 

468.05 

1508.4 

6.620 

10.9561 

13.25 

41.626 

137-89 

3.4688 

1654.6 

468.76 

1513-0 

6.625 

10.9727 

13.26 

41.658 

138.09 

3.4715 

1657.1 

469.47 

1517-6 

6.630 

10.9892 

13.27 

41.689 

138.30 

3-4741 

1659.6 

470.18 

1522.1 

6.635 

11.0058 

13.28 

41.720 

138.51 

3.4767 

1662.1 

470.88 

1526.7 

6.640 

11.0224 

13.29 

4L752 

138.72 

3-4793 

1664.6 

471-59 

I53I-3 

6.645 

11.0390 

13.30 

41.783 

138.93 

3.4819 

1667.1 

472.30 

1535-9 

6.650 

11.0556 

13.31 

41.815 

I39-I4 

3.4845 

1669.7 

473-01 

1540.6 

6.655 

11.0723 

13-32 

41.846 

139-35 

3.4872 

1672.2 

473-72 

1545.2 

6.660 

11.0889 

13-33 

41.877 

139.56 

3.4898 

1674.7 

474-44 

1549-9 

6.665 

11.1056 

13-34 

41.909 

139-77 

3.4924 

1677.2 

475-15 

1554-5 

6.670 

I  I.  1222 

13-35 

41.940 

139.98 

3-4950 

1679.7 

475-86 

1559-2 

6.675 

11.1389 

13.36 

41.972 

140.19 

3.4976 

1682.2 

476.57 

1563.8 

6.680 

11.1556 

13-37 

42.003 

140.40 

3.5003 

1684.7 

477-29 

1568.5 

6.685 

11.1723 

13.38 

42.035 

140.61 

3.5029 

1687.3 

478.00 

1573-2 

6.690 

II.I890 

13-39 

42.066 

140.82 

3.5055 

1689.8 

478.72 

1578.0 

6.695 

11.2058 

13.40 

42.097 

141-03 

3.5o8i 

1692.3 

479-43 

1582.7 

6.700 

11.2225 

13.41 

42.129 

141.24 

3.5107 

1694.8 

480.15 

1587.4 

6.705 

11.2393 

13.42 

42.160 

141.45 

3.5133 

1697.4 

480.86 

1592.1 

6.710 

I    .2560 

13-43 

42.192 

141.66 

3.5i6o 

1699.9 

481.58 

1596.9 

6.715 

I    .2728 

13-44 

42.223 

141.87 

3-5186 

1702.4 

482.30 

1601.6 

6.720 

I    .2896 

13-45 

42.254 

142.08 

3-5212 

1705.0 

4^j  ~>2 

1606.4 

6.725 

I    .3064 

13.46 

42.286 

142.29 

3.5238 

1707.5 

483.74 

1611.2 

6.730 

I    .3232 

13-47 

42.317 

142.50 

3.5264 

1710.0 

484.45 

1616.0 

6.735 

I    -3401 

13.48 

42.349 

142.72 

3.5291 

1712.6 

485.17 

1620.8 

6.740 

11.3569 

13-49 

42.380 

142.93 

3.5317 

1715.1 

485.89 

1625.6 

6.745 

11.3738 

13-50 

42.412 

143.14 

3-5343 

1717.7 

486.61 

1630.4 

6.750 

11.3906 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        451 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)     J?*58{[|dI2 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).     For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

Fit 

Circum- 

Area 
cross 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 
from  axis 

Radius 

11 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

01 gyra- 
tion 

Q  g 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

R* 

13.50 

42.412 

143.14 

3-5343 

1717.7 

486.61 

1630.4 

6.750 

11.3906 

I3.5I 

42.443 

143-35 

3.5369 

1720.2 

487.34 

1635.3 

6.755 

11.4075 

13.52 

42.474 

143.56 

3-5395 

1722.8 

488.06 

1640.1 

6.760 

11.4244 

13-53 

42.506 

143.78 

3-5421 

1725.3 

488.78 

1645.0 

6.765 

H.44I3 

13-54 

42.537 

143-99 

3.5448 

1727.9 

489-50 

1649.8 

6.770 

11.4582 

13-55 

42.569 

144.20 

3-5474 

1730.4 

490.23 

1654.7 

6.775 

H.4752 

13.56 

42.600 

I44-4I 

3.55oo 

1733-0 

490.95 

1659.6 

6.780 

11.4921 

13-57 

42.631 

144.63 

3.5526 

1735-5 

491.67 

1664.5 

6.785 

11.5091 

13.58 

42.663 

144-84 

3-5552 

1738.1 

492.40 

1669.4 

6.790 

11.5260 

13-59 

42.694 

145.05 

3-5579 

1740.6 

493-12 

1674.4 

6.795 

11.5430 

13.60 

42.726 

145.27 

3.5605 

1743.2 

493.85 

1679.3 

6.800 

11.5600 

13.61 

42.757 

145.48 

3.5631 

1745-8 

494.58 

1684.2 

6.805 

11.5770 

13.62 

42.788 

145.69 

3.5657 

1748.3 

495-30 

1689.2 

6.810 

11.5940 

13.63 

42.820 

I45.9I 

3.5683 

1750.9 

496.03 

1694.2 

6.815 

11.6111 

13.64 

42.851 

146.12 

3.5709 

1753-5 

496.76 

1699.1 

6.820 

11.6281 

13.65 

42.883 

146.34 

3.5736 

1756.0 

497-49 

1704.1 

6.825 

11.6452 

13.66 

42.914 

146.55 

3.5762 

1758.6 

498.22 

1709.1 

6.830 

11.6622 

13.67 

42.946 

146.77 

3.5788 

I76l  .  2 

498.95 

1714.1 

6.835 

11.6793 

13-68 

42-977 

146.98 

3.5814 

1763.8 

499.68 

1719.1 

6.840 

11.6964 

13.69 

43.oo8 

147.20 

3.5840 

1766.4 

500.41 

1724.2 

6.845 

11-7135 

13.70 

43.040 

I47.4I 

3.5867 

1768.9 

501.14 

1729.2 

6.850 

11.7306 

I3.7I 

43-071 

147.63 

3.5893 

I77L5 

5oi  .  87 

1734-3 

6.855 

n.7478 

13.72 

43-103 

147-84 

3.5919 

I774.I 

502.60 

1739-3 

6.860 

11.7649 

13-73 

43-134 

148.06 

3-5945 

1776.7 

503.34 

1744-4 

6.865 

11.7821 

13-74 

43.165 

148.27 

3-5971 

1779-3 

504.07 

1749-5 

6.870 

11.7992 

13-75 

43-197 

148.49 

3-5997 

I78I.9 

504.80 

1754-6 

6.875 

11.8164 

13.76 

43.228 

148.71 

3.6024 

1784.5 

505.54 

1759-7 

6.880 

11.8336 

13-77 

43.260 

148.92 

3.6050 

I787.I 

506.27 

1764  .  8 

6.885 

11.8508 

13.78 

43.291 

149.14 

3.6076 

1789.7 

507.01 

1770.0 

6.890 

11.8680 

13-79 

43.323 

149-35 

3.6102 

1792.3 

507.75 

I775-I 

6.895 

11.8853 

13.80 

43-354 

149-57 

3.6128 

1794-9 

508.48 

1780.3 

6.000 

11.9025 

13.81 

43.385 

149-79 

3.6154 

1797-5 

509.22 

1785.4 

6.905 

11.9198 

13.82 

43.417 

150.01 

3.6181 

ISOO.I 

509.96 

1700.6 

6.910 

11.9370 

13.83 

43.448 

150.22 

3.6207 

1802.7 

510.70 

1795-8 

6.915 

11-9543 

13.84 

43.48o 

150.44 

3.6233 

1805.3 

5H.43 

1801.0 

6.920 

11.9716 

13.85 

43-511 

150.66 

3.6259 

1807.9 

512.17 

1806.2 

6.925 

11.9889 

13.86 

43-542 

150.87 

3.6285 

I8l0.5 

512.91 

1811.4 

6.930 

12.0062 

13.87 

43-574 

151.09 

3.6312 

I8I3.I 

513.65 

1816.7 

6.935 

12.0236 

13.88 

43.605 

151.31 

3.6338 

I8I5.7 

514.39 

1821.9 

6.940 

12.0409 

13.89 

43.637 

151.53 

3.6364 

I8l8.3 

515.14 

1827.2 

6.945 

12.0583 

13.90 

43.668 

151-75 

3.6390 

I82I.O 

515.88 

1832.4 

6.950 

12.0756 

13.91 

43.700 

151.97 

3.6416 

1823.6 

516.62 

1837.7 

6.955 

12.0930 

13.92 

43-731 

152.18 

3.6442 

1826.2 

517.36 

1843.0 

6.960 

12.1104 

13-93 

43.762 

152.40 

3.6469 

1828.8 

5i8.  II 

1848.3 

6.965 

12.1278 

13-94 

43-794 

152.62 

3.6495 

I83I.5 

518.85 

1853.6 

6.970 

12.1452 

13.95 

43.825 

152.84 

3.6521 

I834.I 

519.60 

1858.9 

6.975 

12.1627 

13.96 

43.857 

153-06 

3.6547 

1836.7 

520.34 

1864.3 

6.980 

12.1801 

13-97 

43.888 

153.28 

3.6573 

1839.3 

521.09 

1869.6 

6.985 

12.1976 

13.98 

43.919 

153-50 

3.6600 

1842.0 

521.83 

1875.0 

6.990 

12.2150 

13-99 

43-951 

153-72 

3.6626 

1844.6 

522.58 

1880.4 

6.995 

12.2325 

'14.00 

43.982 

153.94 

3.6652 

1847  3 

523.33 

1885.7 

7.000 

12.2500 

452       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)     iJ'SjiJIIdles 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 

jR2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).    For  Round 

Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

3 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

§1 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

01 gyra- 
tion 

P'3 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

zf 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

R* 

14.00 

43.982 

153-94 

3  6652 

1847-3 

523.33 

1885.7 

7.000 

2.2500 

14.01 

44.014 

154-16 

3-6678 

1849-9 

524.08 

1891.1 

7.005 

2.2675 

14.02 

44-045 

154-38 

3-6704 

1852.5 

524-82 

1896.5 

7.010 

2  .  2850 

14.03 

44-077 

I54.6o 

3.6730 

1855.2 

525.57 

1902.0 

7.015 

2  .  3O26 

14.04 

44-108 

154-82 

3.6757 

1857-8 

526.32 

1907.4 

7.020 

2.3201 

14.05 

44-139 

155-04 

3-6783 

1860.5 

527.07 

1912.8 

7.025 

2.3377 

14.06 

44.171 

155-26 

3.6809 

1863.1 

527.82 

1918.3 

7.030 

2.3552 

14.07 

44.202 

155-48 

3.6835 

1865.8 

528.57 

1923-7 

7.035 

2.3728 

14.08 

44-234 

155-70 

3.6861 

1868.4 

529.33 

1929.2 

7.040 

2.3904 

14.09 

44.265 

155.92 

3-6888 

1871.1 

530.08 

1934-7 

7.045 

2.4080 

14.10 

44.296 

156.15 

3.6914 

1873-7 

530.83 

1940.2 

7.050 

2.4256 

14.11 

44.328 

156.37 

3.6940 

1876.4 

531-58 

1945-7 

7.055 

2.4433 

14.12 

44-359 

156.59 

3.6966 

1879-1 

532.34 

1951-2 

7.060 

2.4609 

14.13 

44-391 

156.81 

3-6992 

1881.7 

533-09 

1956.8 

7.065 

2.4786 

14.14 

44-422 

157.03 

3.7oi8 

1884.4 

533-85 

1962.3 

7.070 

2.4962 

14.15 

44-454 

157.25 

3.7045 

1887.1 

534-6o 

1967.9 

7.075 

2.5139 

14.16 

44.485 

157.48 

3.7071 

1889.7 

535.36 

1973-4 

7.080 

2.5316 

14.17 

44.516 

157-70 

3.7097 

1892.4 

536.11 

1979.0 

7.085 

2.5493 

14.18 

44-548 

157.92 

3.7123 

1895.1 

536.87 

1984.6 

7.090 

2.5670 

14.19 

44-579 

158.14 

3.7149 

1897-7 

537.63 

1990.2 

7.095 

2.5848 

14.20 

44.611 

158.37 

3.7176 

1900.4 

538.39 

1995.8 

7.100 

2.6025 

14.21 

44.642 

158.59 

3-7202 

1903.1 

539  15 

2001.5 

7.105 

2  .  6203 

14.22 

44.673 

158.81 

3-7228 

1905.8 

539  90 

2007.1 

7.110 

2.6380 

14.23 

44.705 

159-04 

3.7254 

1908.5 

540.66 

2OI2  .  8 

7.115 

2.6558 

14.24 

44.736 

159.26 

3.7280 

1911.1 

541.42 

2018.4 

7.120 

2.6736 

14.25 

44.768 

159.48 

3.7306 

1913.8 

542.18 

2O24  .  I 

7.125 

2.6914 

14.26 

44-799 

I59.7I 

3-7333 

1916.5 

542.95 

2029.8 

7.130 

2.7092 

14.27 

44.831 

159-93 

3-7359 

1919.2 

543-71 

2035-5 

7.135 

2.7271 

14.28 

44.862 

160.16 

3.7385 

1921.9 

544-47 

2041.2 

7.140 

2  .  7449 

14.29 

44.893 

160.38 

3  7411 

1924.6 

545-23 

2046  .  9 

7.145 

2.7628 

14.30 

44.925 

160.61 

3-7437 

1927.3 

546.00 

2052.6 

7.150 

2.7806 

14.31 

44-956 

160.83 

3.7463 

1930.0 

546.76 

2058.4 

7.155 

2.7985 

14.32 

44-988 

161.06 

3-7490 

1932.7 

547-52 

2064  .  2 

7.160 

2.8164 

.14.33 

45-019 

161  .  28 

3.7516 

1935-4 

548.29 

2069.9 

7.165 

2.8343 

14.34 

45.050 

161.51 

3-7542 

1938.1 

549.o6 

2075-7 

7.170 

2.8522 

14.35 

45-082 

161.73 

3.7568 

1940.8 

549.82- 

2081.5 

7.175 

2.8702 

14^36 

45-113 

161.96 

3-7594 

1943-5 

550.59 

2087.3 

7.180 

2.8881 

14.37 

45  •  145 

162.18 

3.7621 

1946.2 

551-35 

2093-1 

7.185 

2.9061 

14.38 

45.176 

162.41 

3.7647 

1948.9 

552.12 

2099-0 

7.190 

2.9240 

14.39 

45.208 

162.63 

3.7673 

1951-6 

552.89 

2104.8 

7.195 

2.9420 

14.40 

45-239 

162.86 

3.7699 

1954-3 

553-66 

2IIO.7 

7.200 

2.9600 

14.41 

45-270 

163.09 

3-7725 

1957-0 

554-43 

2II6.5 

7.205 

2.9780 

14.42 

45-302 

163.31 

3-7751 

1959-8 

555-20 

2122.4 

7.210 

2.9960 

14.43 

45-333 

163.54 

3-7778 

1962.5 

555-97 

2128.3 

7-215 

3.0141 

14.44 

45.365 

163.77 

3-7804 

1965.2 

556.74 

2134-2 

7.22-0 

3-0321 

14.45 

45.396 

163.99 

3.7830 

1967.9 

557-51 

2I40.I 

7-225 

3.0502 

14.46 

45-427 

164  .  22 

3.7856 

1970.6 

558.28 

2I46.I 

7-230 

3.0682 

14.47 

45-459 

164.45 

3.7882 

1973.4 

559.o6 

2152.0 

7-235 

3-0863 

14.48 

45-490 

164.67 

3.7909 

1976.1 

559-83 

2158.0 

7.240 

3-1044 

14.49 

45-522 

164.90 

3-7935 

1978  .  8 

560.60 

2163.9 

7-245 

3.1225 

14.50 

45-553 

165.13 

3.7961 

1981.6 

561.38 

2169  9 

7.250 

3-i4o6 



Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        453 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 


14.50  inches 
15.00  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
I&,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


il 

Circum- 
ference 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 
from  axis 

Radius 

la 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 
inertia, 

to  farth- 

tion 

P  a 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

/ 

y 

& 

14.50 

45-553 

165.13 

3.796i 

1981.6 

561.38 

2169.9 

7.250 

13.1406 

14.51 

45.585 

165.36 

3.7987 

1984.3 

562.15 

2175-9 

7.255 

13.1588 

14.52 

45.616 

165-59 

3-8013 

1987.0 

562.93 

2181.9 

7.260 

13.1769 

14-53 

45-647 

165.81 

3.8039 

1989.8 

563-70 

2187.9 

7.265 

I3.I95I 

14-54 

45.679 

166.04 

3.8066 

1992.5 

564.48 

2193-9 

7.270 

13-2132 

14-55 

45.7io 

166.27 

3.8092 

1995.2 

565-25 

22OO.O 

7.275 

13.2314 

14.56 

45-742 

166.50 

3.8118 

1998.0 

566.03 

22O6.0 

7.280 

13-2496 

14-57 

45-773 

166.73 

3-8144 

2000.7 

566.81 

2212.  I 

7.285 

13.2678 

14.58 

45.804 

166.96 

3-8170 

2003,5 

567.59 

2218.2 

7.200 

13.2860 

14-59 

45.836 

167.19 

3.8197 

2006.2 

568.37 

2224.3 

7-295 

13.3043 

14.60 

45.867 

167.42 

3-8223 

2009.0 

569-15 

2230.4 

7.300 

13.3225 

14.61 

45.899 

167.64 

3.8249 

2011.7 

569.93 

2236.5 

7.305 

13.3408 

14.62 

45-930 

167.87 

3.8275 

2014.5 

570.71 

2242  .  6 

7.310 

13.3590 

14.63 

45.962 

168.10 

3.8301 

2017.3 

571-49 

2248  .  8 

7.315 

13.3773 

14.64 

45-993 

168.33 

3.8327 

2020.0 

572.27 

2254.9 

7.320 

13.3956 

14.65 

46.024 

168.56 

3.8354 

2O22  .  8 

573-05 

2261  .  i 

7-325 

13.4139 

14.66 

46.056 

168.79 

3.8380 

2025.5 

573.83 

2267.3 

7.330 

13.4322 

14.67 

46.087 

169.02 

3.8406 

2028.3 

574.62 

2273-5 

7-335 

13.4506 

14.68 

46.119 

169.26 

3.8432 

2031  .  I 

575-40 

2279.7 

7-340 

13.4689 

14.69 

46.150 

169.49 

3.8458 

2033-8 

576.18 

2285.9 

7-345 

13.4873 

14.70 

46.181 

169.72 

3.8485 

2036.6 

576.97 

2292  .  i 

7-350 

13.5056 

14.71 

46.213 

169.95 

3-8511 

2039-4 

577-75 

2298.4 

7-355 

13-5240 

14.72 

46.244 

170.18 

3.8537 

2042  .  I 

578.54 

2304.6 

7.36o 

13-5424 

14-73 

46.276 

170.41 

3-8563 

2044.9 

579-33 

2310.9 

7.365 

13.5608 

14-74 

46.307 

170.64 

3.8589 

2047.7 

580.11 

2317.2 

7-370 

13.5792 

14-75 

46.338 

170.87 

3.8615 

2050.5 

580.90 

2323.5 

7-375 

13-5977 

14.76 

46.370 

171.10 

3.8642 

2053-3 

581.69 

2329.8 

7.38o 

13.6161 

14-77 

46.401 

I7L34 

3.8668 

2056.0 

582.48 

2336.1 

7.385 

13.6346 

14.78 

46.433 

I7L57 

3-8694 

2058.8 

583.27 

2342.4 

7-390 

13.6530 

14-79 

46.464 

171.80 

3.8720 

2061  .  6 

584.06 

2348.8 

7-395 

13.6715 

14.80 

46.496 

172.03 

3.8746 

2064  .  4 

584  .  85 

2355-1 

7.400 

13-6900 

14.81 

46.527 

172.27 

3.8772 

2067  .  2 

585.64 

2361.5 

7.405 

13.7085 

14.82 

46.558 

172.50 

3-8799 

2070.0 

586.43 

2367.9 

7.410 

13.7270 

14.83 

46.590 

172.73 

3.8825 

2072.8 

587.22 

2374-3 

7-415 

13.7456 

14.84 

46.621 

172.96 

3.8851 

2075.6 

588.01 

2380.7 

7-420 

13.7641 

14-85 

46.653 

173.20 

3.8877 

2078  .  4 

588.80 

2387-1 

7-425 

13.7827 

14.86)  46.684 

173-43 

3.8903 

2081  .  2 

589.60 

2393-6 

7-430 

13.8012 

14.87 

46.715 

173-66 

3-8930 

2084.0 

590.39 

2400.0 

7-435 

13.8198 

14.88 

46.747 

173.90 

3.8956 

2086.8 

591  .  19 

2406.5 

7-440 

13-8384 

14.89 

46.778 

174.13 

3.8982 

2089.6 

591.98 

2412.9 

7-445 

13.8570 

14.90 

46.810 

174-37 

3.9oo8 

2092.4 

592.78 

2419.4 

7-450 

13.8756 

14.91 

46.841 

174.60 

3.9034 

2095-2 

593-57 

2425.9 

7-455 

13.8943 

14.92 

46.873 

174.83 

3.9o6o 

2098.O 

594-37 

2432.5 

7.460 

13  9129 

14-93 

46.904 

175.07 

3.9087 

2100.8 

595.16 

2439-0 

7.465 

I3.93I6 

14-94 

46.935 

175.30 

3.9H3 

2103.6 

595.96 

2445-5 

7-470 

13  9502 

14-95 

46.967 

175-54 

3.9139 

2106.5 

596  76 

2452  .  i 

7-475 

13-9689 

14.96 

46.998 

175-77 

3.9165 

2109.3 

597-56 

2458  .  6 

7.48o 

13.9876 

14-97 

47.030 

176.01 

3.9I9I 

2II2.I 

598.36 

2465  .  2 

7.485 

14.0063 

14.98 

47.061 

176.24 

3  92i8 

2II4.9 

599-16 

2471-8 

7-490 

14.0250 

14.99 

47.092 

176.48 

3.9244 

2II7-7 

599.96 

2478.4 

7-495 

14.0438 

15-00 

47.124 

176.71 

3.9270 

2120.6 

600  76 

2485.1 

7.500 

14.0625 

454       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)     J£-?8!nc!?es 

15. 50  inches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
.R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


'1 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

Radius 

JS 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

tion 

Q  S 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  steel 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D_ 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

R* 

15.00 

47-124 

176.71 

3.9270 

2120.6 

600.76 

2485.1 

7.500 

14.0625 

15.01 

47-155 

176.95 

3.9296 

2123-4 

601.56 

2491.7 

7-505 

14.0813 

15.02 

47-187 

177.19 

3.9322 

2126.2 

602.36 

2498.3 

7-510 

14.1000 

15.03 

47-218 

177.42 

3.9348 

2I29.I 

603.16 

2505.0 

7.515 

14,1188 

15.04 

47-250 

177-66 

3-9375 

2I3I.9 

603.97 

2511.7 

7.520 

14-1376 

15.05 

47.281 

177.89 

3-9401 

2134-7 

604.77 

2518.4 

7.525 

14-1564 

15.06 

47-312 

178.13 

3.9427 

2137-6 

605.57 

2525.0 

7-530 

14-1752 

15.07 

47-344 

178.37 

3-9453 

2140.4 

606.38 

2531.8 

7-535 

14.1941 

15.08 

47-375 

178.60 

3-9479 

2143-3 

607.18 

2538.5 

7-540 

14.2129 

15.09 

47.407 

178.84 

3.9506 

2I46.I 

607.99 

2545.2 

7-545 

14.2318 

15.10 

47.438 

179-08 

3-9532 

2148.9 

608.80 

2552.0 

7-550 

14.2506 

15.11 

47.469 

179.32 

3.9558 

2I5I.8 

609.60 

2558.7 

7-555 

14-2695 

15.12 

47-501 

179-55 

3.9584 

2154-6 

610.41 

2565.5 

7.500 

14.2884 

15-13 

47-532 

179-79 

3.9610 

2157-5 

611.22 

2572.3 

7.565 

14-3073 

15.14 

47.564 

180.03 

3.9636 

2160.3 

612.03 

2579-1 

7-570 

14.3262 

I5.I5 

47-595 

180.27 

3.9663 

2163.2 

612.83 

2586.0 

7-575 

14.3452 

15.16 

47.627 

180.50 

3.9689 

2I66.I 

613.64 

2592.8 

7.58o 

14.3641 

15-17 

47.658 

180.74 

3.9715 

2168.9 

6i4.45 

2599-6 

7.585 

14-3831 

15.18 

47-689 

180.98 

3-9741 

2I7I.8 

615.26 

2606.5 

7-590 

14.4020 

15-19 

47.721 

181.22 

3.9767 

2174-6 

616.07 

2613.4 

7-595 

14.4210 

15.20 

47-752 

181.46 

3-9794 

2177-5 

616.89 

2620.3 

7.600 

14.4400 

15.21 

47.784 

181.70 

3.9820 

2180.4 

617.70 

2627.2 

7.605 

14-4590 

15.22 

47.815 

181.94 

3.9846 

2183.2 

618.51 

2634.1 

7.610 

14.4780 

15.23 

47.846 

182.18 

3.9872 

2I86.I 

619.32 

2641.0 

7.615    . 

14-4971 

IS  24 

47.878 

182.41 

3.9898 

2189.0 

620.14 

2648.0 

7.620 

14  5161 

15.25 

47.909 

182.65 

3.9924 

2I9I.8 

620.95 

2654.9 

7-625 

14-5352 

15.26 

47-941 

182.89 

3-9951 

2194-7 

621.77 

2661.9 

7-630 

14-5542 

15.27 

47-972 

183.13 

3-9977 

2197-6 

622.58 

2668.9 

7.635 

14-5733 

15.28 

48.004 

183.37 

4.0003 

2200.5 

623.40 

2675.9 

7.640 

14.5924 

15.29 

48.035 

183.61 

4.0029 

2203.4 

624.21 

2682.9 

7.645 

14.6115 

15.30 

48.066 

183.85 

4.0055 

2206.2 

625.03 

2689.9 

7.650 

14.6306 

I5.3I 

48.098 

184.09 

4.0081 

22O9  .  I 

625.85 

2696.9 

7.655 

14.6498 

15.32 

48.129 

184.33 

4.0108 

2212.0 

626.66 

2704.0 

7.660 

14.6689 

15-33 

48.161 

184.58 

4-0134 

2214.9 

627.48 

2711.1 

7-665 

14.6881 

15-34 

48  .  192 

184.82 

4.0160 

2217.8 

628.30 

2718.1 

7-670 

14.7072 

15-35 

48.223 

185.06 

4.0186 

2220.7 

629.12 

2725.2 

7-675 

14.7264 

15.36 

48.255 

185.30 

4.0212 

2223.6 

629.94 

2732.3 

7.680 

14.7456 

15-37 

48.286 

185.54 

4.0239 

2226.5 

630.76 

2739-5 

7-685 

14.7648 

15.38 

48.318 

185.78 

4.0265 

2229-4 

631.58 

2746.6 

7.690 

14.7840 

15-39 

48.349 

186.02 

4.0291 

2232.3 

632.40 

2753-8 

7.695 

14-8033 

15.40 

48.381 

186.27 

4.0317 

2235-2 

633.23 

2760.9 

7,700 

14.8225 

I5.4I 

48.412 

186.51 

4-0343 

2238.1 

634.05 

2768.1 

7.705 

14.8418 

15.42 

48.443 

186.75 

4.0369 

224I.O 

634.87 

2775-3 

7.710 

14.8610 

15  43 

48.475 

186.09 

4.0396 

2243.9 

635.70 

2782.5 

7.715 

14.8803 

15-44 

48.506 

187.23 

4.0422 

2246.8 

636.52 

2789.7 

7.720 

14.8996 

15-45 

48.538 

187.48 

4.0448 

2249.7 

637.35 

2797.0 

7.725 

14.9189 

15.46 

48.569 

187.72 

4.0474 

2252.6 

638.17 

2804.2 

7-730 

14.9382 

15-47 

48.600 

187.96 

4.0500 

2255-5 

639.00 

2811.5 

7-735 

14.9576 

15.48 

48.632 

188.21 

4.0527 

2258.5 

639.82 

2818.7 

7-740 

14.9769 

15-49 

48.663 

188.45 

4-0553 

2261  .  4 

640.65 

2826.0 

7-745 

14.9963 

15-50 

48.695 

188.69 

4  0579 

2264.3 

641.48 

2833.3 

7  750 

15.0156 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        455 


15. 50  inches 
16. 00  inches 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued) 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
.ft2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


il 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 
from  axis 

Radius 
of  gyra- 

.11 

Q'S 

in 
inches 

section, 
sq.  in. 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 

of 
inertia 

to  farth- 
est fiber 

tion 
squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

7 

y 

R* 

15.50 

48.695 

188.69 

4-0579 

2264.3 

641.48 

2833.3 

7-750 

15.0156 

15.51 

48.726 

188.94 

4.0605 

2267.2 

642.30 

2840.6 

7-755 

15.0350 

15-52 

48.758 

189.18 

4.0631 

2270.2 

643.13 

2848.0 

7.76o 

15.0544 

15-53 

48.789 

189.42 

4-0657 

2273.1 

643.96 

2855.3 

7.765 

15.0738 

15-54 

48.820 

189.67 

4.0684 

2276.0 

644.79 

2862.7 

7.770 

15.0932 

iS-55   48.852 

189.91 

4.0710 

2278.9 

645  •  62 

2870.1 

7-775 

15.1127 

15-56 

48.883 

190.16 

4.0736 

2281.9 

646.45 

2877.5 

7.78o 

15.1321 

iS-57 

48.915 

190.40 

4.0762 

2284.8 

647.28 

2884.9 

7.785 

15.1516 

15.58 

48.946 

190.64 

4.0788 

2287.7 

648.12 

2892.3 

7-790 

15-1710 

15-59 

48.977 

190.89 

4.0815 

2290.7 

648.95 

2899.7 

7-795 

15.1905 

15.60   49.009 

191.13 

4.0841 

2293.6 

649.78 

2907.1 

7.800 

15.2100 

15.61   49.040 

191.38 

4.0867 

2296.6 

650.61 

2914.6 

7.805 

15.2295 

15.62   49-072 

191  .  62 

4.0893 

2299.5 

6SI.4S 

2922.1 

7.810 

15.2490 

15.63   49.103 

191.87 

4.0919 

2302.4 

652.28 

2929.6 

7-815 

15.2686 

15.64   49-135 

192.12 

4-0945 

2305.4 

653.12 

2937-1 

7.820 

15.2881 

15.651  49-166 

192.36 

4.0972 

2308.3 

653.95 

2944.6 

7-825 

15.3077 

15-66 

49.197 

192.61 

4.0998 

2311.3 

654.79 

2952.1 

7.830 

15.3272 

15.67 

49.229 

192.85 

4  .  1024 

2314.2 

655.63 

2959-7 

7.835 

15.3468 

15.68 

49.260 

193.10 

4  •  1050 

2317.2 

656.46 

2967.3 

7-840 

15.3664 

15.69 

49-292 

193-35 

4  .  1076 

2320.2 

657.30 

2974-8 

7.845 

15.3860 

15.70 

49.323 

193-59 

4.1103 

2323.1 

658.14 

2982.4 

7-850 

15.4056 

15.71 

49-354 

193.84 

4.1129 

2326.1 

658.98 

2990.0 

7.855 

15.4253 

15.72 

49-386 

194-09 

4-II55 

2329.0 

659-82 

2997.6 

7.860 

15-4449 

15-73 

49-417 

194-33 

4.1181 

2332.0 

660.66 

3005.3 

7.865 

15.4646 

iS-74 

49.449 

194.58 

4.1207 

2335-0 

661.50 

3012.9 

7-870 

15.4842 

is.75 

49-480 

194-83 

4-1233 

2337-9 

662.34 

3020.6 

7.875 

15.5039 

15-76 

49.512 

195.08 

4.1260 

2340.9 

663.18 

3028.3 

7.880 

15.5236 

15-77 

49-543 

195.32 

4.1286 

2343-9 

664.02 

3036.0 

7-885 

15-5433 

15.78 

49-574 

195-57 

4.I3I2 

2346.8 

664.86 

3043.7 

7.890 

15.5630 

iS-79 

49.606 

195-82 

4.1338 

2349-8 

665.71 

305L4 

7.895 

15.5828 

15.80 

49.637 

196.07 

4.1364 

2352.8 

666.55 

3059.1 

7.900 

15.6025 

15.81 

49.669 

196.32 

4.1390 

2355-8 

667.39 

3066.9 

7.905 

15-6223 

15.82 

49.7oo 

196.56 

4  •  I4I7 

2358.8 

668.24 

3074.6 

7.910 

15.6420 

15.83 

49-731 

196.81 

4-1443 

2361  .  7 

669.08 

3082.4 

7-915 

15.6618 

15.84 

49.763 

197.06 

4.1469 

2364.7 

669.93 

3090.2 

7.920 

15.6816 

15.85 

49-794 

I97.3I 

4-1495 

2367.7 

670.77 

3098.0 

7.925 

15.7014 

15.86 

49  .  826 

197.56 

4.I52I 

2370.7 

671.62 

3105.9 

7-930 

15.7212 

15.87 

49.857 

197.81 

4.1548 

2373-7 

672.47 

3H3.7 

7-935 

I5.74H 

15.88 

49-888 

198.06 

4-1574 

2376.7 

673.32 

3121.6 

7-940 

15.7609 

15.89 

49.920 

198.31 

4.1600 

2379-7 

674.16 

3129.4 

7-945 

15.7808 

15.90 

49  951 

198.56 

4.1626 

2382.7 

675.01 

3137.3 

7-950 

15.8006 

15.91 

49.983 

198.81 

4.1652 

2385.7 

675.86 

3145.2 

7-955 

15.8205 

15.92 

50.014 

199.06 

4-1678 

2388.7 

676.71 

3I53.I 

7.960 

15.8404 

15.93 

50.046 

I99.3I 

4.1705 

2391  •  7 

677.56 

3161.1 

7.965 

15.8603 

15.94 

50.077 

199.56 

4.I73I 

2394-7 

678.41 

3169.0 

7-970 

15.8802 

j    15-95 

50.108 

199.81 

4-1757 

2397.7 

679  .  26 

3177.0 

7-975 

15.9002 

15.96 

50.140 

200.06 

4.1783 

2400.7 

680.12 

3184.9 

7.980 

15.9201 

15-97 

50.171 

200.31 

4.1809 

2403.7 

680.97 

3192.9 

7.985 

15  .  9401 

15.98 

50.203 

200.56 

4.1836 

2406.7 

681.82 

3200.9 

7-990 

15.9600 

15.99 

50.234 

200.81 

4.1862 

2409.7 

682.68 

3209.0 

7-995 

15.9800 

16.00 

50.265 

201.06 

4.1888 

2412.7 

683.53 

3217.0 

8.000 

16.0000 

456       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)         |6  {™* 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
J?2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


1 

jta 

°:§ 

D 

Circum- 
ference 
in 
inches 
C 

Area 
cross 
section 
sq.  in. 
A 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 
of 
inertia 

/ 

Distance 
from  axis 
to  farth- 
est fiber 

y 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 
& 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 
5 

Volume 
cu.  in. 
V 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 
W 

16 

50.265 

201.06 

4.1888 

2412.7 

683-53 

3217.0 

8.000 

16.000 

Vs 

50.658 

204  .  22 

4.2215 

2450.6 

694.25 

3318.7 

8.063 

16.251 

V4 

51.051 

207.39 

4.2542 

2488.7 

705.06 

3422.8 

8.125 

16.504 

% 

51-444 

210.60 

4.2870 

2527.2 

715.95 

3529.4 

8.188 

16.759 

V2 

51.836 

213.82 

4-3197 

2565.9 

726.92 

3638.4 

8.250 

17.016 

% 

52.229 

217.08 

4.3524 

2604.9 

737-97 

3749-9 

8.313 

17.274 

% 

52.622 

220.35 

4-3851 

2644.2 

749-11 

3863.9 

8.375 

17-535 

7/8 

53-014 

223.65 

4.4179 

2683.9 

760.34 

398o.6 

8.438 

17.798 

17 

53.407 

226.98 

4.45o6 

2723-8 

771.64 

4099-8 

8.500 

18.063 

y8 

53.8oo 

230.33 

4.4833 

2764.0 

783-03 

4221.7 

8.563 

18.329 

¥4 

54.192 

233.71 

4.5i6o 

2804.5 

794-50 

4346.4 

8.625 

18.598 

% 

54.585 

237.10 

4-5488 

2845.3 

806.06 

4473-7 

8.688 

18.868 

y2 

54.978 

240.53 

4.5815 

2886.3 

817.70 

4603.  z 

S.75Q 

19.141 

% 

55-371 

243.98 

4.6142 

2927.7 

829.42 

4736.8 

8.813 

19.415 

8/4 

55.763 

247.45 

4.6469 

2969.4 

841.23 

4872.6 

8.875 

19.691 

% 

56.156 

250.95 

4.6797 

3011.4 

853-12 

50H.3 

8.938 

19-970 

iS.'1 

56.549 

254.47 

4.7124 

3053.6 

865.09 

5153.0 

9.000 

20.250 

Vs 

56.941 

258.02 

4-7451 

3096.2 

877-15 

5297.6 

9.063 

20.532 

V4 

57-334 

261.59 

4.7778 

3i39.o 

889.29 

5445-3 

9-125 

20.816 

8/8 

57.727 

265.18 

4.8106 

3182.2 

901.51 

5596.0 

9.188 

21.103  | 

% 

58.119 

268.80 

4.8433 

3225.6 

913.82 

5749-9 

9.250 

21.391 

% 

58.512 

272.45 

4.8760 

3269.4 

926.21 

5906.8 

9.313 

21.681 

3/4 

58.905 

276.12 

4.9087 

3313.4 

938.69 

6067.0 

9-375 

21.973 

% 

59.298 

279.81 

4.9415 

3357-7 

95L24 

6230.4 

9.438 

22.267 

19 

59.690 

283.53 

4-9742 

3402.3 

963.88 

6397.1 

9-500 

22.563 

Vs 

60.083 

287.27 

5.0069 

3447-3 

976.61 

6567.2 

9.563 

22.860 

V4 

60.476 

291  .04 

5.0396 

3492.5 

989.42 

6740.5 

9-625 

23.160 

% 

60.868 

294.83 

5.0724 

3538.0 

1002.31 

6917.3 

9.688 

23.462    | 

% 

61  .  261 

298.65 

5-I05I 

3583.8 

1015.28 

7097.5 

9-750 

23.766 

5/8 

61.654 

302.49 

5.1378 

3629.9 

1028  .  34 

7281.3 

9-813 

24.071 

8/4 

62.046 

306.35 

5-1705 

3676.3 

1041.48 

7468.6 

9.875 

24-379 

7/8 

62.439 

310.24 

5.2033 

3722.9 

1054.71 

7659.5 

9-938 

24.688 

20 

62.832 

314  16 

5-2360 

3769.9 

1068.02 

7854-0 

o.ooo 

25.000 

Vs 

63.225 

318.10 

5-2687 

3817.2 

1081.41 

8052.2 

0.063 

25.313 

V4 

63.617 

322.06 

5-3014 

3864.7 

1094.88 

8254.1 

0.125 

25  629 

8/8 

64.010 

326.05 

5.3342 

3912.6 

1108.44 

8459.8 

0.188 

25.946 

V2 

64.403 

33o.o6 

5.3669 

3960.8 

I  122.  08 

8669.3 

0.250 

26.266 

% 

64.795 

334-10 

5.3996 

4009.2 

H35.8I 

8882.7 

0.313 

26.587 

8/4 

65.188 

338.16 

5.4323 

4058.0 

IT49.62 

9100.0 

0.375 

26.910 

% 

65.581 

342.25 

5.4^51 

4107.0 

1163  51 

9321.3 

0.438 

27.235 

21 

65.973 

346.36 

5.4978 

4156.3 

1177.49 

9546.6 

10.500 

27.563 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        457 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)         laches 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
R*,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity;.     For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

.  Diam. 
°  in  inches 

Circum- 
ference 
in 
inches 
C 

Area 
cross 
section 
sq.  in. 
A 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 
of 
inertia 

I 

Distance 
from  axis 
to  farth- 
est fiber 

y 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 
R* 

Surface 
sq.ft. 

Volume 
cu.  in. 
V 

Weight, 
Ibs.  steel 
W 

21 

i 

% 

65.973 
66.366 
66.759 
67.152 

346.36 
350.50 
354-66 
358.84 

5.4978 
5.5305 
5.5632 
5.596o 

4156.3 
4206.0 
4255.9 
43o6.i 

1177-49 
H9I.55 
1205.69 
1219.92 

9546.6 
9775-9 
10009.3 
10247.0 

10.500 
10.563 
10.625 
10.688 

27.563 
27.892 
28.223 
28.556 

% 

% 
8/4 
7/8 

67.544 
67.937 
68.330 
68.722 

363-05 
367.28 
371-54 
375-83 

5.6287 
5.6614 
5.6941 
5.7269 

4356.6 

4407.4 
4458.5 
4509.9 

1234.23 
1248.62 
1263.10 
1277.66 

10488.7 
10734.8 
10985 
11240 

10.750 
10.813 
10.875 
10.938 

28.891 
29.228 
29.566 
29.907 

22 

Vs 

y± 
% 

69.115 
69.508 
69.900 
70.293 

380.13 
384.46 
388.82 
393-20 

5.7596 
5-792.3 
5.8250 
5.8578 

4561  .  6 
4613.6 
4665.9 
47i8.4 

1292.30 
1307.03 
1321.84 
1336.73 

II  499 
11763 
12031 
12303 

II.OOO 

11.063 
11.125 
11.188 

30.250 
30.595 
30.941 
31.290 

% 

% 

SA 

% 

70.686 
71.079 
71.471 
71.864 

397.61 
402.04 
406.49 
410.97 

5.8905 
5.9232 
5-9559 
5.9887 

4771-3 
4824.5 
4877.9 
4931-7 

1351.71 
1366.77 
1381.91 
1397.14 

12581 
12862 
I3I49 
13440 

11.250 
11.313 
11.375 
11.438 

31.641 
31.993 
32.348 
32.704 

23 

Vs 

y± 

% 

72.257 
72.649 
73.042 
73-435 

415.48 
420.00 
424.56 
429.13 

6.0214 
6.0541 
6.0868 
6.1196 

4985.7 
5040.0 
5094.7 
5149.6 

1412.45 
1427.85 
1443.32 
1458.88 

13737 
14038 
14344 
14655 

11.500 
11.563 
11.625 
11.688 

33.063 
33.423 
33.785 
34-149 

% 

% 

3/4 

% 

73.827 
74.220 
74.613 
75.oo6 

433-74 
438.36 
443-01 
447.69 

6.1523 
6.1850 
6.2177 
6.2505 

5204.8 
5260.4 
53i6.2 
5372.3 

1474-53 
1490.26 
1506.07 
1521.96 

I497I 
15292 
15618 
15949 

11.750 
11.813 
n.875 
n.938 

34.5i6 
34.884 
35.254 
35.626 

24 

i 

% 

75.398 
75-791 
76.184 
76.576 

452.39 
457.ii 
461.86 
466.64 

6.2832 
6.3159 
6.3486 
6.3814 

5428.7 
5485.4 
5542.4 
5599-6 

1537-94 
1554-00 
1570.15 
1586.38 

16286 
16628 
16975 
17328 

I2.OOO 
12.063 
12.125 
12.188 

36.000 
36.376 
36.754 
37.134 

& 

% 

8/4 
% 

76.969 
77.362 
77-754 
78.147 

471-44 
476.26 
481.11 
485.98 

6.4141 
6.4468 
6.4795 
6.5123 

5657.2 
57I5.I 
5773-3 
583L7 

1602.69 
1619.09 
1635.57 
1652.13 

17686 
18050 
18  419 
18794 

12.250 
12.313 

12.375 
12.438 

37.516 
37.899 
38.285 
38.673 

25 

y8 
% 
% 

78.540 
78.933 
79.325 
79.718 

490.87 
495.79 
500.74 
505.71 

6.5450 
6.5777 
6.6104 
6.6432 

5890.5 
5949.5 
6008.9 
6068.5 

1668.77 
1685.50 
1702.32 
1719.21 

19  175 
19561 
19953 
20351 

12.500 
12.563 
12.625 
12.688 

39.063 
39-454 
39.848 
40.243 

y2 

% 

8/4 
!       7/8 

80.  in 
80.503 
80.896 
81  .  289 

5I0.7I 
515.72 
520.77 
525.84 

6.6759 
6.7086 
6.7413 
6.7741 

6128.5 
6188.7 
6249.2 
6310.0 

1736.19 
1753.26 
1770.40 
1787.63 

20755 
21  165 
21  581 
22003 

12.750 
12.813 
12.875 
12.938 

40.641 
41.040 
41.441 
41.845 

!26 

81.681 

530.93 

6.8068 

637L2 

1804.95 

22432: 

13.000 

42.250 

458       Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars 


Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Continued)         2?  inches 

ol  incnes 

For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A ,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only) ,  sum  for 
]&,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity).  For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 


il 

Circum- 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Moment 

Distance 

1 
Radius 

SJ 

in 

section 

Surface 

Volume 

Weight, 

of 

to  farth- 

tion 

.s 

inches 

sq.  in. 

sq.  ft. 

cu.  in. 

Ibs.  stee 

inertia 

est  fiber 

squared 

D 

C 

A 

5 

V 

W 

1 

y 

R2 

26 

81.681 

530-93 

6.8068 

6371.2 

1804.95 

22432 

13.000 

42.250 

% 

82.074 

536-05 

6.8395 

6432.6 

1822.34 

22866 

-  13-063 

42.657 

y* 

82.467 

54I-I9 

6.8722 

6494.3 

1839.82 

23307 

13-125 

43.o66 

82.860 

546.35 

6.9050 

6556.3 

1857.39 

23754 

13.188 

43.478 

Va 

83.252 

551-55 

6.9377 

6618.  6 

1875.04 

24208 

13.250 

43-891 

% 

83.645 

556.76 

6.9704 

6681  .  i 

1892.77 

24668 

13.313 

44.306 

8/4 

84.038 

562.00 

7-0031 

6744.0 

1910.58 

25  134 

13  375 

44.723 

84.430 

567-27 

7-0359 

6807.2 

1928.48 

25607 

13.438 

45.142 

27 

84.823 

572.56 

7.0686 

6870.7 

1946.46 

26087 

13.500 

45.563 

Vs 

85.216 

577.87 

7.1013 

6934.4 

1964.52 

26574 

13.563 

45.985 

85.608 

583-21 

7-1340 

6998.5 

1982  .  67 

27067 

13.625 

46.410 

% 

86.001 

588.57 

7.1668 

7062.8 

2000.90 

27567 

13.688 

46.837 

Va 

86.394 

593.96 

7-1995 

7127.5 

2019.22 

28074 

13.750 

47.266 

% 

86.786 

599-37 

7.2322 

7192.4 

2037.62 

28588 

13-813 

47.696 

% 

87.179 

604.81 

7.2649 

7257.7 

2056  .  10 

29  109 

13-875 

48.129 

% 

87.572 

610.27 

7.2977 

7323.2 

2074  .  66 

29637 

13.938 

48.563 

28 

87.965 

615.75 

7.3304 

7389.0 

2093-31 

30172 

14.000 

49.000 

Vs 

88.357 

621  .  26 

7.3631 

7455-1 

2112.04 

30714 

14.063 

49.438 

88.750 

626.80 

7.3958 

7521.6 

2130.86 

31  264 

14.125 

49.879 

% 

89.143 

632.36 

7.4286 

7588.3 

2149.76 

31  821 

14.188 

50.321 

Va 

89-535 

637.94 

7.4613 

7655.3 

2168  .  74 

32385 

14-250 

50.766 

89.928 

643.55 

7.4940 

7722.6 

2187.81 

32957 

14.313 

51.212 

% 

90.321 

649.18 

7.5267 

7790.2 

2206  .  95 

33537 

14-375 

51.660 

90.713 

654.84 

7-5595 

7858.1 

2226.19 

34  124 

14.438 

52.110 

29 

91  .  106 

660.52 

7-5922 

7926.2 

2245.50 

34719 

14.500 

52.563 

91.499 

666.23 

7.6249 

7994-7 

2264.90 

35321 

14-563 

53-017 

•Vi 

91.892 

671.96 

7.6576 

8063.5 

2284.39 

35931 

14-625 

53-473 

% 

92.284 

677.71 

7.6904 

8132.6 

2303.95 

36550 

14.688 

53-931 

Va 

92.677 

683.49 

7.7231 

8201  .  9 

2323.60 

37  176 

14.750 

54-391 

% 

93-070 

689.30 

7.7558 

8271.6 

2343-34 

378io 

14-813 

54-853 

% 

93.462 

695.13 

7.7885 

834L5 

2363.15 

38452 

14-875 

55.3i6 

% 

93-855 

700.98 

7.8213 

8411.8 

2383.05 

39102 

14.938 

55.782 

30 

94.248 

706.86 

7.8540 

8482.3 

2403.04 

3976i 

15.000 

56.250 

Vs 

94.640 

712.76 

7.8867 

8553-1 

2423.10 

40428 

15.063 

56.720 

95-033 

718.69 

7.9194 

8624.3 

2443-25 

41  103 

15.125 

57.I9I 

8/8 

95.426 

724-64 

7-9522 

8695.7 

2463.49 

41786 

15.188 

57.665 

Va 

95.819 

730.62 

7.9849 

8767.4 

2483.80 

42479 

15.250 

58.141 

% 

96.211 

736.62 

8.0176 

8839.4 

2504.21 

43  179 

15.313 

58.618 

96.604 

742.64 

8.0503 

8911.7 

2524-69 

43888 

15-375 

59-098 

% 

96.997 

748.69 

8.0831 

8984.3 

2545.26 

44606 

15.438 

59-579 

31 

97.389 

754-77 

8.1158 

9057.2 

2565.91 

45333 

15.500 

60.063 

Table  of  the  Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars        459 

Properties  of  Tubes  and  Round  Bars  (Concluded)         31  inches 

36  inches 
For  Tubes  use  differences  for  A,  W,  I  and  V  (for  volume  of  wall  only),  sum  for 
R2,  and  direct  tabular  values  for  C,  S,  y  and  V  (for  capacity)  .     For  Round 
Bars  use  all  tabular  values  direct. 

P 

Circum 

Area 

Per  foot  length 

Momen 
of 
inertia 

I 

Distance 
from  axis 
to  farth- 
est fiber 

y 

Radius 
of  gyra- 
tion 
squared 

•S.g 

b 

31 
% 

H 

8/8 

in 
inches 
C 

section 
sq.  in. 
A 

Surface 
sq.  ft. 
5 

Volume 
cu.  in. 
V 

Weight 
Ibs.  stee 
W 

97.389 
97.782 
98.175 
98.567 

754-77 
760.87 
766.99 
773-14 

8.1158 
8.1485 
8.1812 
8.2140 

9057.2 
9130.4 
9203.9 
9277.7 

2565.91 
2586.64 
2607.46 
2628.36 

45333 
46069 
46813 
47567 

15.500 
15.563 
15.625 
15.688 

60.063 
60.548 
61.035 
61.524 

% 

98.960 
99-353 
99.746 
100.138 

779-31 
785.51 
791  .  73 
797.98 

8.2467 
8.2794 
8.3121 
8.3449 

9351  .  7 

9426.1 
9500.8 
9575-7 

2649.35 
2670.42 
2691.57 
2712.80 

48329 
49  ioi 
49882 
50672 

15.750 
15.813 
15.875 
15.938 

62.016 
62.509 
63.004 
63.501 

32  ^ 
8/8 

100.531 
100.924 
101.316 
ioi  .  709 

804  .  25 
810.54 
816.86 
823.21 

8.3776 
8.4103 
8.4430 
8.4758 

9651.0 
9726.5 
9802.4 
9878.5 

2734.12 
2755.52 
2777.01 
2798.58 

51  472 
52281 
53099 
53927 

16.000 
16.063 
16.125 
16.188 

64.000 
64.501 
65.004 
65.509 

1/2 
% 

102.102 

102  .  494 
102.887 
103.280 

829.58 
835.97 
842.39 
848.83 

8.5085 
8.5412 
8-5739 
8.6067 

9954-9 
10031  .  6 
10108.7 
10186.0 

2820.23 
2841.97 
2863.78 
2885.69 

54765 
55612 
56470 
57337 

16.250 
16.313 
16.375 
16.438 

66.016 
66.524 
67.035 
67.548 

33  '. 

v! 

103.673 
104.065 
104.458 
104.851 

855.30 
861.79 
868.31 
874.85 

8.6394 
8.6721 
8.7048 
8.7376 

10263.6 
10341.5 
10419.7 

10498  .  2 

2907.67 
2929.74 
2951.90 
2974.13 

58214 
59  ioi 
59998 
60905 

16.500 
16.563 
16.625 
16.688 

68.063 
68.579 
69.098 
69.618 

1/2 

% 

7/8 

105.243 
105  .  636 
106.029 
106.421 

881.41 
888.00 
894  .  62 
901.26 

8.7703 
8.8030 
8.8357 
8.8685 

10577.0 
10656.0 
10735-4 
I08I5.I 

2996.45 
3018.86 
3041.34 
3063.91 

61  823 
62751 
63689 
64638 

16.750 
16.813 
16.875 
16.938 

70.141 
70.665 
71.191 
71.720 

34  / 

8 

106.814 
107  .  207 
107  .  600 
107.992 

907.92 
914.61 
921.32 
928.06 

8.9012 
8.9339 
8.9666 
8.9994 

10895.0 
10975-3 
II055-9 
III36.7 

3086.57 
3109.30 
3132.12 
3155.03 

65597 
66567 
67548 
68539 

17.000 
17-063 
17.125 
17.188 

72.250 
72.782 
73.316 
73-853 

% 

7/8 

108.385 
108.778 
109.170 
109.563 

934.82 
941-61 
948.42 
955-25 

9.0321 
9.0648 
9-0975 
9.1303 

II2I7.8 
II299.3 
1I38I.O 
H463.0 

3178.01 
3201.09 
3224.24 
3247.48 

69542 
70555 
7i58o 
72615 

17.250 
I7-3I3 
17-375 
17.438 

74-391 
74-931 
75-473 
76.017 

135 

Vs 

1/4 
8/8 

109.956 
110.348 
110.741 
III.  134 

962.11 
969.00 
975-91 
982.84 

9.1630 
9-1957 
9.2284 
9.2612 

II545-4 
II628.0 
II7I0.9 
II794-I 

3270.80 
3294.20 
3317.69 
3341.26 

73662 

74720 
75789 
76870 

17.500 
17.563 
17.625 
17.688 

76.563 
77-110 
77-660 
78.212 

% 

7/8 

III.527 
111.919 
112.312 
112.705 

989.80 
996.78 
003.79 
010.82 

9-2939 
9.3266 
9-3593 
9-3921 

II877.6 
II96I.4 
12045.5 
I2I29.8 

3364.92 
3388.66 
3412.48 
3436.38 

77962 
79066 
80182 
81309 

17.750 
17.813 
17.875 
17.938 

78.766 
79-321 
79.879 
80.438 

36 

"3.097 

017.88 

9.4248 

I22I4.5 

3460.37 

82448 

18.000 

81.000 

460 


The  Metric  System 


THE  METRIC   SYSTEM 

(Extract  from  tables  of  equivalents  published  by  the  Department  of  Commerce 
and  Labor,  Bureau  of  Standards.) 

The  fundamental  unit  of  the  metric  system  is  the  METER  (the  unit  of 
length). 

From  this  the  units  of  mass  (GRAM)  and  capacity  (LITER)  are  derived. 

All  other  units  are  the  decimal  subdivisions  or  multiples  of  these. 
These  three  units  are  simply  related,  so  that  for  all  practical  purposes 
the  volume  of  one  kilogram  of  water  (one  liter)  is  equal  to  one  cubic 
decimeter. 


Prefixes 

Meaning 

Units 

Milll- 

=one  thousandth  .001 

IOOO 

Centi- 

=one  hundredth    —              .01 

IOO 

METER  for  length 

Deci- 

=one  tenth                               .  i 

10 

unit 

=one                                         i. 

GRAM  for  mass 

Deka- 

10 

=ten                                       10. 

i 

Hecto- 

=one  hundred       —         100. 

i 

LITER  for  capacity 

Kilo- 

,         IOOO 

=  one  thousand      1000. 

i 

The  metric  terms  are  formed  by  combining  the  words  "Meter," 
'Gram"  and  "Liter"  with  the  six  numerical  prefixes. 

Length 

10  milli-meters  (mm)     =  i  centi-meter  (cm). 
10  centi-meters  =  i  deci-meter  (dm). 

10  deci-meters  =  i  METER  (about  40  inches)  (m). 

10  meters  =  i  deka-meter  (dkm). 

10  deka-meters  =  i  hecto-meter  (hm). 

10  hecto-meters  =  i  kilo-meter  (about  %  mile)  (km). 

Mass 

10  milli-grams  (mg)  =  i  centi-gram  (eg). 

10  centi-grams  =  i  deci-gram  (dg). 

10  deci-grams  =  i  GRAM  (about  15  grains)  (g). 

10  grams  =  i  deka-gram  (dkg). 

10  deka-grams  =  i  hecto-gram  (hg). 

10  hecto-grams  =  i  kilo-gram  (about  2  pounds)  (kg). 

Capacity 

10  milli-liters  (ml)  =  i  centi-liter  (cl). 

10  centi-liters  =  i  deci-liter  (dl). 

10  deci-liters  =  i  liter  (about  i  quart)  (1). 

10  liters  =  i  deka-liter  (dkl). 

10  deka-liters  =  i  hecto-liter  (about  a  barrel)  (hi). 

10  hecto-liters  =  i  kilo-liter  (kl). 


Equivalents  461 


The  square  and  cubic  units  are  the  squares  and  cubes  of  the  linear 
units. 

The  ordinary  unit  of  land  area  is  the  Hectare  (about  2^2  acres). 

For  ordinary  mental  comparison  it  is  convenient  to  know  the  approxi- 
mate relations;  e.g.,  i  meter  =  40  inches;  3  decimeters  =  i  foot;  i  deci- 
meter =  4  inches;  i  liter  =  i  liquid  quart;  i  kilogram  =  2^  pounds; 
30  grams  =  i  avoirdupois  ounce;  i  metric  ton  =  i  gross  ton  (see 
tables). 

Equivalents 

All  lengths,  areas  and  cubic  measures  in  the  following  tables  are 
derived  from  the  international  meter,  the  legal  equivalent  being  i 
METER  =  39.37  INCHES  (law  of  July  28,  1866).  In  1893  the  United 
States  Office  of  Standard  Weights  and  Measures  was  authorized  to  derive 
the  yard  from  the  meter,  using  for  the  purpose  the  relation  legalized  in 

1866,  i  YARD  EQUALS  METER.     The  customary  weights  are  like- 

3937 

wise  referred  to  the  kilogram.  (Executive  order  approved  April  5, 
1893.)  This  action  fixed  the  values,  inasmuch  as  the  reference  standards 
are  as  perfect  and  unalterable  as  it  is  possible  for  human  skill  to  make 
them. 

All  capacities  are  based  on  the  practical  equivalent  i  cubic  decimeter 
equals  i  liter.  The  decimeter  is  equal  to  3.937  inches  in  accordance 
with  the  legal  equivalent  of  the  meter  given  above.  The  gallon  referred 
to  in  the  tables  is  the  United  States  gallon  of  231  cubic  inches.  The 
bushel  is  the  United  States  bushel  of  2150.42  cubic  inches.  There 
units  must  not  be  confused  with  the  British  units  of  the  same  name, 
which  differ  from  those  used  in  the  United  States.  The  British  gallon 
is  approximately  20  per  cent  larger,  and  the  British  bushel  3  per  cent 
larger,  than  the  corresponding  units  used  in  this  country. 

The  customary  weights  derived  from  the  international  kilogram  are 
based  on  the  value  i  avoirdupois  pound  =  453.5924277  grams.  This 
value  is  carried  out  farther  than  that  given  in  the  law,  but  is  in  accord 
with  the  latter  as  far  as  it  is  there  given.  The  value  of  the  troy  pound 

is  based  upon  the  relation  just  mentioned,  and  also  the  equivalent  

7000 

avoirdupois  pound  equals  i  troy  pound. 

Length 

Centimeter  =  0.3937  inch. 

Meter  =3.28  feet. 

Meter  =  1.094  yards. 

Kilometer  =  0.621  statute  mile. 

Kilometer  =  0.5396  nautical  mile. 

Inch  =  2.540  centimeters. 

Foot  =  0.305  meter. 

Yard  =  0.914  meter. 

Statute  mile  =  1.61  kilometers. 

Nautical  mile  =  1.853  kilometers. 


462 


Equivalents 


Square  centimeter 
Square  meter 
Square  meter 
Hectare 

Square  kilometer 
Square  inch 
Square  foot 
Square  yard 
Acre 
Square  mile 


Cubic  centimeter 
Cubic  meter 
Cubic  meter 
Cubic  inch 
Cubic  foot 
Cubic  yard 


Milliliter 

Milliliter 

Liter 

Liter 

Liter 

Dekaliter 

Hectoliter 

U.  S.  liquid  ounce 

U.  S.  apothecaries'  dram 

U.  S.  liquid  quart 

U.  S.  dry  quart 

U.  S.  liquid  gallon 

U.  S.  peck 

U.  S.  bushel 


Gram 

Gram 

Gram 

Gram 

Gram 

Kilogram 

Kilogram 

Metric  ton 

Metric  ton 

Grain 

U.  S.  apothecaries'  scruple 

U.  S.  apothecaries'  dram 

Avoirdupois  ounce 

Troy  ounce 

Avoirdupois  pound 

Troy  pound 

Gross  or  long  ton 

Short  or  net  ton 


Area 

=    0.155  square  inch. 
=  10.76  square  feet. 
=    1.196  square  yards. 
=    2.47  acres. 
=    0.386  square  mile. 
=    6.45  square  centimeters. 
=    0.0929  square  meter. 
=    0.836  square  meter. 
=    0.405  hectare. 
=    2.59  square  kilometers. 

Volume 

=    0.0610  cubic  inch. 
=  35-3  cubic  feet. 
=    1.308  cubic  yards. 
=  16.39  cubic  centimeters. 
=    0.0283  cubic  meter. 
=    0.765  cubic  meter. 

Capacity 

=  0.0338  U.  S.  liquid  ounce. 

=  0.2705  U.  S.  apothecaries'  dram. 

=  1.057  U.  S.  liquid  quarts. 

=  0.2642  U.  S.  liquid  gallon. 

=  0.908  U.  S.  dry  quart. 

=  1.135  U.  S.  pecks. 

=  2.838  U.  S.  bushels. 
=  29.57  milliliters. 

=  3.70  milliliters. 

=  0.946  liter. 

=  i.ioi  liters. 

=  3.785  liters. 

=  0.881  dekaliter. 

=  0.3524  hectoliter. 

Weight 

=  15.43  grains. 

=    0.772  U.  S.  apothecaries'  scruple. 
=    0.2572  U.  S.  apothecaries'  dram. 
=    0-0353  avoirdupois  ounce. 
=    0.03215  troy  ounce. 
=    2.205  avoirdupois  pounds. 
=    2.679  troy  pounds. 
=    0.984  gross  or  long  ton. 
=    1. 102  short  or  net  tons. 
=    0.0648  gram. 
=    1.296  grams. 
=    3-89  grams. 
=  28.35  grams. 
=  31.10  grams. 
=    0.4536  kilogram. 
=    0.373  kilogram. 
=    i  .016  metric  tons. 
=    0.907  metric  ton. 


Comparison  of 

Customary  and 

Metric  Units 

463 

Comparison  of  Customary  and  Metric  Units  from  i  to  10 

Lengths 

Inches      meters 

I»'hes     ££1. 

Feet         Meters 

0 
0 

03937=     i 

07874=      2 

0 
0 

3937=  I 
7874=  2 

i 

2 

=0 

=o 

304801 
609601 

0 

n8n 

=     3 

I 

=  2.54001 

3 

=  0 

914402 

0 

15748 

=     4 

I 

1811=  3 

3- 

28083=  I 

0 

19685 

=     5 

I 

5748=  4 

4 

=  1 

219202 

o 

23622 

=     6 

I 

9685=  5 

5 

=  1 

524003 

o 

27559 

=     7 

2 

=  5  08001 

6 

=  1 

828804 

0.31496 

=     8 

2 

3622=  6 

6. 

56167=2 

0 

35433 

=     9 

2 

7559=  7 

7 

=  2 

133604 

I 

=  25.4001 

3 

=  7.62002 

8 

=  2 

438405 

2 

=  50.8001 

3 

1496=  8 

9 

=  2 

743205 

3 

=  76.2002 

3 

5433=  9 

9- 

84250  =  3 

4 

=  101.6002 

4 

=  10  16002 

13- 

12333=4 

5 

=  127.0003 

5 

=  12.70003 

16. 

40417  =  5 

6 

=  152.4003 

6 

=  15  24003 

19. 

68500=6 

7 

=  177.8004 

7 

=  17-78004 

22. 

96583=7 

8 

=  203-2004 

8 

=  20.32004 

26. 

24667=8 

9 

=  228.6005 

9 

=  22.86005 

.9. 

52750=9 

u.  s.     Meters 

U.S. 

Kilo- 

miles 

meters 

I 

=  0 

914402 

0.62137= 

i 

I 

.093611  =  1 

i           = 

i  .  60935 

_  t  '2 

=  1 

828804 

1.24274= 

2 

L  *•_*•  j 

.187222=2 

1.86411  = 

3 

:i;03 

=  2 

743205 

2 

3.21869 

3 

.280833=3 

2.48548  = 

4 

4 

=  3 

657607 

3 

4  82804 

4 

.374444  =  4 

3-10685  = 

5 

5 

=  4 

572009 

3.72822  = 

6 

5 

.468056  =  5 

4 

6.43739 

6 

=  5 

486411 

4  34959  = 

7 

6 

.561667=6 

4.  97096  =* 

8 

7 

=6.400813 

5             = 

8.04674 

i 

7 

.655278=7 

5.59233= 

9 

8 

=  7 

3I52I5 

6 

9  .  65608 

8 

.748889  =  8 

7             = 

11.26543 

9 

=  8 

229616 

8 

12.87478 

f 

.842500=9 

9            = 

14.48412 

464           Comparison  of  Customary  and  Metric  Units 

Comparison  of  Customary  and  Metric  Units  from  i  to  10  (Continued) 

Areas 

Square       S^e 
->-       meter; 

Square    Squf.re 
-h-     meters 

Square    Square 
feet       meters 

0.00155=            I 

0.003IO=         2 

o  00465=       3 
0.00620=       4 

0.1550=  i 

O.3IOO=    2 

0.4650=  3 
0.6200=  4 

i        =0.09290 
2        =0.18581 
3        =0.27871 
4        =0.37161 

o.oo775=       5 
0.00930=      6 
0.01085=       7 
0.01240=       8 
o-oi395=      9 

0.7750=  5 
0.9300=  6 
i          =  6.452 
1.0850=  7 
1.2400=  8 

5        =0.46452 
6        =0.55742 
7        =0.65032 
8        =0.74323 
9        =0.83613 

I            =  645.16 
2            =1290.33 
3            =1935-49 
4            =2580.65 

1.3950=  9 

2             =12.903 

3          =19-355 

4           =25.807 

10  764=1 
21  528  =  2 
32  292=3 
43  055  =  4 

5             =3225.81 
6            =3870.98 
7            =4516.14 
8            =5161.30 
9            =5806.46 

5          =32.258 
6          =38.710 
7          =45.i6i 
8          =51.613 
9           =58.065 

53  8i9=5 
64  583=6 
75  347  =  7 
86  m  =  8 
96  875=9 

Square     Square 
yards      meters 

•as  3E 

Acres     Hectares 

i          =0.8361 
1.1960=1 
2          =1.6723 
2.3920=2 

0.3861=   I 
0.7722=    2 
I              =    2.5900 

1.1583=  3 

i        =0.4047 

2           =0.8094 
2.471  =  1 

3         =1.2141 

3          =2.5084 
3.588o=3 
4           =3-3445 
4-7839  =  4 
5           =4.1807 

1.5444=  4 
1.9305=  5 

2             =    5.1800 

2.3166=  6 
2.7027=  7 

4         =1.6187 
4.942=2 
5         =2.0234 
6        =2.4281 
7        =2.8328 

5  9799=5 
6          =5.0168 
7          =5.8529 
7  1759=6 

3          =  7.7700 
3.0888=  8 
3.4749=  9 
4           =10.3600 

7-413=3 
8        =3-2375 
9        =3.6422 
9-884=4 

8          =6.6890 
8.3719=7 
9          =7-5252 
9-5679=8 
10  7639=9 

5           =12.9500 
6          =15.5400 
7           =18.1300 
8          =20.7200 
9           =23.3100 

12-355=5 
14.826=6 
17.297=7 
19.768=8 
22.239=9 

Comparison  of  Customary  and  Metric  Units          465 


Comparison  of  Customary  and  Metric  Units  from  i  to  10  (Continued) 
Volumes 


Cubic       Cubic 
'«*«      Tetlrs 

Cubic     ^ 
-hes    rSrs 

Cubic       Cubic 
feet       meters 

Cubic      Cubic 
yards      meters 

O.O0006l  =  I 
0-000122  =  2 

0'  000183  =3 
0.000244=4 

0.0610=     i 

O.I22O=      2 

0.1831=     3 
0.2441=     4 

i        =0.02832 
2        =0.05663 
3        =0.08495 
4        =0.11327 

i          =0.7645 
1.3079=1 
2         =1.5291 
2.6159=2 

0.000305=5 
0.000366=6 
0.000427=7 
0.000488=8 
o.ooo549=9 

0.3051=     5 
0.3661=     6 
0.4272=     7 
0.4882=     8 
0.5492=     9 

5        =0.14159 
6        =0.16990 
7        =0.19822 
8        =0.22654 
9        =0.25485 

3         =2.2937 
3-9238=3 
4          =3-0582 
5          =3.8228 
5.2318=4 

I              =  16387-2 
2              =  32774-3 
3              =49  161.5 
4              =  65548.6 

I           =  16.3872 
2           =  32.7743 
3           =  49-1615 
4           =  65-5486 

35-314  =  1 
70.629=2 
105-943=3 
141-258=4 

6          =4.5874 
6.5397=5 
7          =5.3519 
7.8477=6 

5              =  81935-8 
6              =98  323.0 
7              =114710.1 
8              =131097-3 
9              =147484-5 

5           =  81.9358 
6          =  98.3230 
7          =114.7101 
8          =131.0973 
9          =147-4845 

176.572  =  5 
211.887=6 
247-201  =  7 
282.516=8 
317-830=9 

8        ,=6.1165 
9          =6.8810 
9.1556=7 
10.4635=8 
11.7715=9 

466          Comparison  of 

Customary  and  Metric  Units 

Comparison  of  Customary  and  Metric  Units  from  i  to  10  (Continued) 

Capacities 

F'  Sj       Milliliters 

liqmd             (cc.) 
ounces 

drams              ^° 

U.  S.          M'lniters 
apothecaries'         /      % 
scruples 

0.03381=     i 

0.2705=  i 

0.8115=  i 

0.06763=     2 

0.5410=    2 

i          =  1.2322 

0.10144=     3 

0.8115=   3 

1.6231=    2 

0.13526=     4 

I           =   3.6967 

2             =    2.4645 

'     '                                                        1 

0.16907=     5 

1.0820=  4 

2.4346=  3 

0.20288=     6 

1.3525=   5 

3           =  3.6967 

0.23670=     7 

1.6231  =  6 

3.2461=  4 

0.27051=     8 

1.8936=  7 

4           =  4.9290 

0.30432=     9 

2             =    7-3934 

4-0577=  5 

I            =  29.574 

2.1641=  8 

4.8692=  6 

2                =    59-147 

2.4346=  9 

5          =  6.1612 

3            =  88.721 

3          =11.0901 

5.6807=  7 

4            =118.295 

4          =14.7869 

6          =  7-3934 

5            =147-869 

5          =18.4836 

6.4923=  8 

6            =  177  .  442 

6          =22.1803 

7          =  8.6257 

7            =207.016 

7           =25.8770 

7.3038=  9 

8            =236.590 

8          =29.5737 

8          =  9-8579 

9             =266.163 

9           =33.2704 

9           =11.0901 

U.S. 

U.S. 

liquid     Liters 

liquid        Liters 

quarts 

gallons 

I            =0.94636 

0.26417=  i 

1.05668=1 

0.52834=  2 

2                =1.89272 

0.79251=  3 

2.11336=2 

i            =  3.78543 

3            =2.83908 

1.05668=  4 

3.17005=3 

1.32085=  5 

4             =3.78543 

1.58502=  6 

4.22673  =  4 

1.84919=  7 

5            =4-73179 

2               =    7.57087 

5.28341=5 

2.11336=  8 

6            =5.67815 

2.37753=  9 

6.34009=6 

3            =11.35630 

7            =6.62451 

4             =15.14174 

7  39677  =  7 

5             =18.92717 

8            =7.57o88 

6            =22.71261 

8.45345=8 

7            =26.49804 

9            =8.51723 

8            =30.28348 

9.51014=9 

9            =34-06891 

Comparison  of 

Customary  and 

Metric  Units          467 

Comparison  of  Customary  and  Metric  Units  from  i  to  10  (Continued) 

Capacities  (Concluded) 

-      UqUSarr   "ters 

pUecks       Liters 

U.  S.      Deka- 
pecks       liters 

0.908l  =  I 

0 

H33i=   i 

i          =0.8810 

I              =1.1012 

0 

22702=    2 

i.i35i  =  i 

I.8l62  =  2 

0.34053=  3 

2          =1.7620 

2              =2.2025 

0 

45404=   4 

2.2702=2 

2.7242=3 

0 

56755=  5 

3           =2.6429 

3           =3.3037 

o 

68106=  6 

3.4053=3 

3.6323=4 

0 

79457=  7 

4           =3.5239 

4           =4.4049 

0 

90808=  8 

4.5404=4 

4.5404=5 

I 

=  8.80982 

5           =4.4049 

5           =5.5o6i 

I 

02157=  9 

5.6755=5 

5.4485=6 

2 

=  17.61964 

6          =5.2859 

6          =6.6074 

3 

=  26.42946 

6.8106=6 

6.3565  =  7 

4 

=  35.23928 

7          =6.1669 

7          =7.7o86 

5 

=  44.04910 

7-9457  =  7 

7.2646=8 

6 

=  52.85892 

8          =7-0479 

8          =8.8098 

7 

=61.66874 

9          =7-9288 

8.1727=9 

8 

=  70.47856 

9.0808=8 

9           =9.9110 

9 

=  79-28838 

10.2159=9 

U.  S.        Hecto- 
bushels        liters 

KU'A     Hectoliters 
P™P-  hectare 

i            =0.35239 

i          =0.87078 

2                =0.70479 

1.14840=1 

2.83774=1 

2                =1.74156 

3             =1.05718 

2.29680  =  2 

4            =1.40957 

3            =2.61233 

5             =  I  .  76196 

3.44519=3 

5.67548=2 

4             =3.48311 

6            =2.11436 

4-59359  =  4 

7             =2.46675 

5             =4.35389 

8            =2.81914 

5.74199=5 

8.51323=3 

6            =5.22467 

9            =3.17154 

6.89039=6 

11.35097=4 

7            =6.09545 

14.18871=5 

8            =6.96622 

17.02645=6 

8.03879=7 

19.86420=7 

9            =7.83700 

22.70194  =  8 

9.18719=8 

25.53968=9 

io.33558=9 

468          Comparison  of 

Customary  and  Metric  Units 

Comparison  of  Customary  and  Metric  Units  from  i  to  10  (Concluded) 

Masses 

Grains    Grams 

i^       Grams 

£%.      Grams 

i          =0.06480 
2          =0.12960 
3          =0.19440 
4          =0.25920 

0.03527=     i 

0.07O55=      2 

0.10582=     3 
0.14110=     4 

0.03215=     I 

0.06430=      2 

0.09645=     3 
0.12860=     4 

5          =0.32399 
6          =0.38879 
7          =0.45359 
8          =0.51839 
9      -    =0.58319 

0.17637=     5 
0.21164=     6 
0.24692=     7 
0.28219=     8 
o.3i747=     9 

0.16075=     5 
0.19290=     6 
0.22506=     7 
0.25721=     8 
0.28936=     9 

IS  4324=1 
30.8647  =  2 
46.2971=3 
61.7294=4 

I            =  28.3495 
2            =  56.6991 
3            =  85.0486 
4             =H3.398l 

I             =31 
2             =62 
3             =93 
4             =124 

10348 
20696 
31044 
41392 

77-1618=5 
92.5941  =  6 
108.0265  =  7 
123.4589  =  8 
138.8912=9 

5             =141.7476 
6            =170.0972 
7            =198.4467 
8            =226.7962 
9             =255.1457 

5            =155.51740 
6            =186.62088 
7            =217.72437 
8            =248.82785 
9             =279.93133 

Avoirdupois   Kilo- 
pounds       grams 

Troy      Kilo- 
pounds    grams 

i            =0.45359 
2            =0.90718 
2.20462  =  1 
3            =1.36078 

i            =0.37324 

2                =0.74648 
2.67923=1 

3            =1.11973 

4            =i.8i437 
4.40924=2 
5            =2.26796 
6            =2.72155 
6.61387=3 

4            =1.49297 
5            =1.86621 
5.35846=2 
6            =2.23945 
7            =  2  .  61269 

7            =3.17515 
8            =3.62874 
8.81849=4 
9            =4.08233 

8            =2.98593 
8  03769  =  3 
9            =3  359i8 
10.71691=4 

11.02311=5 
13.22773=6 
15.43236=7 
17.63698=8 
19.84160=9 

13.39614=5 
16  07537=6 
18.75460=7 
21.43383  =  8 
24.11306=9 

Lengths  —  Millimeters  to  Decimals  of  an  Inch          469 

Lengths  —  Hundredths  of  an  Inch  to  Millimeters 

(From  i  to  100  hundredths.) 

Hun- 
dredths of 
an  inch 

o 

I 

2 

3 

4 

10 
20 

30 

40 

50 
60 
70 
80 
90 

0 

2.540 
5.080 

7.620 
10.160 

12.700 
15-240 
17.780 
20.320 
22.860 

.254 
2.794 
5-334 
7.874 
10.414 

12.954 
15-494 
18.034 
20.574 
23.114 

.508 
3.048 
5-588 
8.128 

10.668 

13.208 
15.748 
18.288 
20.828 
23.368 

.762 
3.302 
5.842 
8.382 
10.922 

13.462 
16.002 
18.542 
21.082 
23.622 

1.016 
3.556 
6.096 
8.636 
11.176 

13.716 
16.256 
18.796 
21.336 
23.876 

Hun- 
dredths of 
an  inch 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
20 

30 

40 

I 

70 
80 
90 

1.270 
3.8io 
6.350 
8.890 
11.430 

13-970 
16.510 
19.050 
21.590 
24.130 

i  524 
4.064 
6.604 
9.144 
11.684 

14.224 
16.764 
19  304 
21.844 
24.384 

1.778 
4.318 
6.858 
9.398 
11.938 

14.478 
17.018 
19-558 
22.098 
24.638 

2.032 
4.572 
7.  112 
9.652 
12.192 

14.732 
17.272 
19.812 
22.352 
24.892 

2.286 
4.826 
7.366 
9.9o6 
12.446 

14.986 
17-526 
20.066 
22.606 
25.146 

Lengths  —  Millimeters  to  Decimals  of  an  Inch 

(From  i  to  100  units.) 

Milli- 
meters 

0 

i 

2 

3 

4 

10 
20 

3o 
40 

So 
60 
70 
80 
90 

0 

•39370 
.  78740 
1.18110 
i.5748o 

1.96850 
2.36220 
2.75590 
3.i496o 
3  54330 

.03937 
.43307 
.82677 
1.22047 
1.61417 

2.00787 
2.40157 
2.79527 
3-18897 
3.58267 

.07874 
•47244 
.86614 
1.25984 
1.65354 

2.04724 
2.44094 
2.83464 
3.22834 

3  .  62204 

.11811 
.51181 
.90551 
I  29921 
I  .  69291 

2.08661 
2.48031 
2.87401 
3.26771 
3.66141 

.15748 
.55118 
.94488 
1.33858 
1.73228 

2.12598 
2.51968 
2.91338 
3.30708 
3.70078 

Milli- 
meters 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
20 

30 

40 

So 
60 
70 
80 
90 

.19685 
.59055 
.98425 
1-37795 
I.77I65 

2.16535 
2.55905 
2.95275 
3.34645 
3.74015 

.  23622 
.62992 
1.02362 
I.4I732 
1.81102 

2.20472 
2.59842 
2.99212 
3.38582 
3-77952 

.27559 
.66929 
1.06299 
1.45669 
1.85039 

2.24409 
2.63779 
3.03149 
3.42519 
3.81889 

.31496 
.70866 
1.10236 
1.49606 
1.88976 

2.  28346 
2.67716 
3.07086 
3-46456 
3.85826 

•35433 
.74803 
I.I4I73 
1-53543 
I.929I3 

2.32283 
2.71653 
3-H023 
3  50393 
3.89763 

470                    Lengths  —  Inches  and  Millimeters 

Lengths  —  Inches  and  Millimeters.  —  Equivalents  of  Decimal  and 
Common  Fractions  of  an  Inch  in  Millimeters 
(From  %4  to  i  inch.) 

V2's 

V4'S 

8ths 

i6ths 

32nds 

64ths 

Milli- 
meters 

Decimals 
of  an  inch 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

10 

ii 

12 

13 
14 
15 
16 

17 
18 
19 

20 

21 
22 
23 

24 

25 

26 
27 
28 

29 

30 
31 
32 

=  .397 
=  .794 
=  1.191 
=  1.588 

=  1.984 
=  2.381 
=  2.778 
=  3-175 

=  3-572 
=  3.969 
=  4.366 
=  4.763 

=  5-159 
=  5-556 
=  5-953 
=  6.350 

=  6.747 
=  7.144 
=  7-541 
=  7-938 

=  8.334 
=  8.731 
=  9.128 
=  9.525 

=  9-922 
=  10.319 
=  10.716 
=  II.H3 

=  11-509 
=  11.906 
=  12.303 
=  12.700 

015625 
03125 
046875 
.0625 
I 
.078125 
•09375 
•  109375 
.1250 

.  140625 
-  15625 
I7I875 
1875 

.203125 
.21875 
•  234375 
.2500 

265625 
.  28125 
.296875 
.3125 

328125 
34375 
.359375 
3750 

.390625 
.40625 
421875 
-4375 

453125 
.46875 
.484375 
.5 

i 

i 

2 

3 

i 

2 

4 

5 

3 

6 

7 

I 

2 

4 

8 

9 

5 

10 

ii 

3 

6 

12 

13 

7 

14 

IS 

i 

2 

4 

8 

16 

i  inch    =  .02540  meter.                           4  inches  =  .  10160  meter. 
2  inches  ==  .05080  meter.                            5  inches  =  .  12700  meter. 
3  inches  =  .07620  meter.                           6  inches  =  .15240  meter. 

Lengths  —  Inches  and  Millimeters                   471 

Lengths  —  Inches  and  Millimeters.  —  Equivalents  of  Decimal  and 
Common  Fractions  of  an  Inch  in  Millimeters  (Concluded) 
(From  %£  to  i  inch.) 

Inch 

w* 

tt's 

8ths 

i6ths 

32nds 

64ths 

Milli- 
meters 

Decimals 
of  an  inch 

33 
34 
35 
36 

37 
38 
39 

40 

41 
42 
43 
44 

45 
46 
47 
48 

49 
50 
51 
52 

53 

54 
55 
56 

57 
58 
59 
60 

61 
62 
63 
64 

=  13.097 
=  13-494 
=  13.891 
=  14.288 

=  14.684 
=  15.081 
=  15.478 
=  15.875 

=  16.272 
=  16.669 
=  17.066 
=  17.463 

=  17.859 
=  18.256 
=  18.653 
=  19.050 

=  19.447 
=  19.844 
=  20.241 
=  20.638 

=  21.034 
=  21.431 
=  21.828 
=  22.225 

=  22.622 
=  23.019 
=  23.416 
=  23.813 

=  24.209 
=  24.606 
=  25.003 
=  2^.400 

.515625 
.  53125 
.546875 
.5625 

-  578125 
•59375 
.609375 
.625 

.640625 
.65625 
.671875 
.6875 

.703125 
.71875 
.734375 
•  75 

.765625 
.78125 
.796875 
.8125 

.828125 
.84375 
.859375 
.875 

.890625 
.90625 
.921875 
•  9375 

.953125 
.96875 
.984375 

1.  000 

17 

'"is" 

9 

19 

5 

10 

20 

21 

ii 

22 

23 

3 

6 

12 

24 

25 

13 

26 

27 

7 

14 

28 

29 

IS 

30 

31 

i 

2 

4 

8 

16 

32 

7  inches  =  .  17780  meter.                          10  inches  =  .  25400  meter. 
8  inches  =  .  20320  meter.                          1  1  inches  =  .  27940  meter. 
9  inches  =  .22860  meter.                          12  inches  =  .30480  meter. 

472                    Comparison  of  Tons  and  Pounds 

Comparison  of  the  Various  Tons  and  Pounds  in  Use  in  the 

United  States 

(From  i  to  10  units.) 

Long  tons 

Short 
tons 

Metric 
tons 

Kilograms 

Avoirdupois 
pounds 

Troy  pounds 

.00036735 

.00041143 

.00037324 

.37324 

.822857 

i 

.00044643 

.00050000 

.00045359 

.45359 

i 

1.21528 

.00073469 

.00082286 

.00074648 

.74648 

1.64571 

2 

.00089286 

.00100000 

.00090718 

.90718 

2 

2.43056 

.00098421 

.00110231 

.00100000 

2.20462 

2.67923 

.00110204 

.00123429 

.00111973 

•I  1973 

2.46857 

3 

.00133929 

.00150000 

.00136078 

.36078 

3 

3.64583 

.00146939 

.00164571 

.00149297 

.49297 

3.29143 

4 

.00178571 

.00200000 

.00181437 

.81437 

4 

4.86111 

.00183673 

.00205714 

.00186621 

.86621 

4.11429 

5 

.00196841 

.00220462 

.00200000 

2 

4.40924 

5.35846 

.00220408 

.00246857 

.00223945 

2.23945 

4.93714 

6 

.00223214 

.00250000 

.00226796 

2.26796 

5 

6.07639 

.00257143 

.00288000 

.00261269 

2  .  61269 

5.76000 

7 

.00267857 

.00300000 

.00272155 

2.72155 

6 

7.29167 

.00293878 

.00329143 

.00298593 

2.98593 

6.58286 

8 

.00295262 

.00330693 

.00300000 

3 

6.61387 

8.03769 

.00312500 

.00350000 

.00317515 

3.I75I5 

7 

8.50694 

.00330612 

.00370286 

.00335918 

3.35918 

7.40571 

9 

.00357143 

.00400000 

.00362874 

3.62874 

8 

9.72222 

.00393683 

.00440924 

.00400000 

4 

8.81849 

10.71691 

.00401786 

.00450000 

.00408233 

4.08233 

9 

10.93750 

.00492103 

.00551156 

.00500000 

5 

11.0231 

13.39614 

.00590524 

.00661387 

.00600000 

6 

13.2277 

16.07537 

.00688944 

.00771618 

.00700000 

7 

15.4324 

18.75460 

.00787365 

.00881849 

.00800000 

8 

17.6370 

21.43383 

.00885786 

.00992080 

.00900000 

9 

19.8416 

24.11306 

.89287 

i 

.90718 

907.18 

2  OOO.OO 

2430.56 

.98421 

i  .  10231 

I  OOO.OO 

2  204.62 

2679.23 

i 

I.  12000 

.01605 

I  016.05 

2  24O.OO 

2  722.22 

1.78571 

2 

.81437 

I  814.37 

4  ooo.oo 

486l.II 

1.96841 

2.20462 

2000.00 

4  409.24 

5358.46 

2 

2.24000 

.03209 

2032.09 

4480.00 

5444-44 

2.67857 

3 

•72155 

2721.55 

6  ooo.oo 

7  291.67 

2.95262 

3.30693 

3 

3  ooo.oo 

6613.87 

8037.69 

3 

3.36ooo 

3.04814 

3048.14 

6  720.00 

8  166.67 

3.57143 

4 

3.62874 

3628.74 

8  ooo.oo 

9722.22 

3.93683 

4.40924 

4 

4  ooo.oo 

8818.49 

10  716.91 

4 

4.48000 

4.06419 

4064.19 

8960.00 

10888.89 

4.46429 

5 

4.53592 

4535.92 

10  ooo.oo 

12  152.78 

4.92103 

5.5JI56 

5 

5  ooo.oo 

11023.11 

13396.14 

5 

S.TOooo 

5.08024 

5080.24 

ii  200.00 

I36lI.II 

5.35714 

6 

5.443H 

5443.li 

12  OOO.OO 

14  583.33 

5.90524 

6.61387 

6 

6  ooo.oo 

13227.73 

16075.37 

6 

6.72000 

6.09628 

6096.28 

13  440.00 

16333.33 

6.25000 

7 

6.35029 

6350.29 

14000.00 

17013.89 

6.88944 

7.71618 

7 

7  ooo.oo 

15  432.36 

18754-60 

7 

7.84000 

7.11232 

7  112.32 

15  680.00 

19055.56 

7.14286 

8 

7.25748 

7  257.48 

16  ooo.oo 

19  444-44 

7.87365 

8.81849 

8 

8000.00 

17  636.98 

21  433.83 

8 

8.96000 

8.12838 

8  128.38 

17  920.00 

21  777.78 

8.03571 

9 

8.16466 

8164.66 

18  ooo.oo 

21  875.OO 

8.85786 

9.92080 

9 

9  ooo.oo 

19  841.60 

24  113.06 

9 

10.08000 

9.14442 

9  144.42 

20  IOO.OO 

24  500.00 

Table  of  Centigrade  to  Fahrenheit                   473 

Centigrade  to  Fahrenheit 

Temperature  Fahrenheit  =  f  Temperature  Centigrade  +32 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

—273.00 

—460.7 

Zero 

+32.0 

46 

114.8 

470 

878 

930 

1706 

—260.00 

-436.0 

+i 

+33-8 

47 

116.6 

480 

896 

940 

1724 

—250.00 

—418.0 

2 

35.6 

48 

118.4 

490 

914 

950 

1742 

—240.00 

—400.0 

3 

37-4 

49 

120.2 

500 

932 

960 

1760 

—230.00 

—382.0 

4 

39.2 

50 

122.  0 

5io 

950 

970 

1778 

—220.00 

—364.0 

5 

41.0 

60 

140.0 

520 

968 

980 

1796 

—  2IO.OO 

—346.0 

6 

42.8 

70 

158.0 

530 

986 

990 

1814 

—200.00 

-328.0 

7 

44-6 

80 

176.0 

540 

1004 

1000 

1832 

—  IQO.OO 

—310.0 

8 

46.4 

90 

194.0 

550 

1022 

1010 

1850 

—  iSo.OO 

—292.0 

9 

48.2 

100 

212.0 

560 

1040 

IO2O 

1868 

—  170.00 

-274-0 

10 

50.0 

no 

23O.O 

570 

1058 

1030 

1886 

—  l6o.OO 

—256.0 

ii 

51.8 

120 

248.0 

58o 

1076 

1040 

1904 

—  150.00 

—238.0 

12 

53-6 

130 

266.0 

590 

1094 

1050 

1922 

—  I4O.OO 

—  220.0 

13 

55-4 

140 

284.0 

600 

III2 

1060 

1940 

—  130.00 

—  202.0 

14 

57-2 

150 

302.0 

610 

1130 

1070 

1958 

—  120.  OO 

—  184.0 

15 

59-0 

160 

320.0 

620 

1148 

1080 

1976 

—  IIO.OO 

-166.0 

16 

60.8 

170 

338.0 

630 

1166 

1090 

1994 

—  100.  OO 

—  148.0 

17 

62.6 

180 

356.0 

640 

1184 

1  100 

2012 

—   9O.OO 

—  130  o 

18 

64.4 

190 

374-0 

650 

1  202 

IIIO 

2O3O 

—    SO.OO 

—  112.  0 

19 

66.2 

200 

392.0 

660 

1220 

1120 

2048 

—    70.OO 

—   94.0 

20 

68.0 

210 

410.0 

670 

1238 

1130 

2066 

—    60.00 

—    76.0 

21 

69.8 

22O 

428.0 

680 

1256 

1140 

2084 

—    50.00 

-  58.0 

22 

71.6 

230 

446.0 

690 

1274 

1150 

2102 

—    4O.OO 

—  40.0 

23 

73-4 

240 

464.0 

700 

1292 

1160 

2I2O 

—    30.00 

—   22.  0 

24 

75-2 

250 

482.0 

710 

1310 

1170 

2138 

—    20.00 

-     4.0 

25 

77-0 

260 

500.0 

720 

1328 

1180 

2156 

—    I9.OO 

—      2.2 

26 

78.8 

270 

5i8.o 

730 

1346 

1190 

2174 

-    18.00 

-      0.4 

27 

80.6 

280 

536.0 

740 

1364 

I2OO 

2192 

-    17-77 

Zero 

28 

82.4 

290 

554-0 

750 

1382 

I2IO 

2210 

—    17.00 

+    1-4 

29 

84.2 

300 

572.0 

760 

1400 

1220 

2228 

—  16.00 

+      3-2 

30 

86.0 

3io 

590.0 

770 

1418 

1230 

2246 

—  15.00 

+    5.o 

31 

87.8 

320 

608.0 

780 

1436 

1240 

2264 

—  14.00 

+    6.8 

32 

89.6 

330 

626 

790 

1454 

1250 

2282 

—  13.00 

+    8.6 

33 

91.4 

340 

644 

800 

1472 

1260 

2300 

—    12.00 

4-  10.4 

34 

93-2 

350 

662 

810 

1490 

1270 

2318 

—    11.00 

+    12.2 

35 

95-0 

360 

680 

820 

1508 

1280 

2336 

—    10.  OO 

+   14-0 

36 

96.8 

370 

698 

830 

1526 

1290 

2354 

—     9.00 

+  15.8 

37 

98.6 

38o 

716 

840 

1544 

1300 

2372 

-    8  oo 

+  17-6 

38 

100.4 

390 

734 

850 

1562 

1310 

2390 

-     7-00 

+  19-4 

39 

IO2.2 

400 

752 

860 

1580 

1320 

2408 

—     6.00 

+   21.2 

40 

I04.O 

410 

770 

870 

1598 

1330 

2426 

-     5.00 

+  23.0 

41 

105.8 

420 

788 

880 

1616 

1340 

2444 

—     4.00 

+  24.8 

42 

107.6 

430 

806 

890 

1634 

1350 

2462 

-     3.00 

+  26.6 

43 

109.4 

440 

824 

900 

1652 

1360 

2480 

—      2.00 

+  28.4 

44 

III.  2 

450 

842 

910 

1670 

1370 

2498 

—      I.OO 

4-  30.2 

45 

II3.0 

460 

860 

920 

1688 

1380 

2516 

474                  Table  of  Fahrenheit  to  Centigrade 

Centigrade  to  Fahrenheit  (Concluded) 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

1390 

2534 

1550 

2822 

1710 

3110 

1870 

3398 

2030 

3686 

1400 

2552 

1560 

2840 

1720 

3128 

1880 

34i6 

2040 

3704 

1410 

2570 

1570 

2858 

1730 

3146 

1890 

3434 

2050 

3722 

1420 

2588 

1580 

2876 

1740 

3164 

1900 

3452 

2060 

3740 

1430 

2606 

1590 

2894 

1750 

3182 

1910 

3470 

2070 

3758 

1440 

2624 

1600 

2912 

1760 

3200 

1920 

3488 

2080 

3776 

1450 

2642 

1610 

2930 

1770 

3218 

1930 

35o6 

2090 

3794 

1460 

2660 

1620 

2948 

1780 

3236 

1940 

3524 

2IOO 

3812 

1470 

2678 

1630 

2966 

1790 

3254 

1950 

3542 

21  IO 

3830 

1480 

2696 

1640 

2984 

1800 

3272 

1960 

356o 

2120 

3848 

1490 

2714 

1650 

3002 

1810 

3290 

1970 

3578 

2130 

3866 

1500 

2732 

1660 

3020 

1820 

3308 

1980 

3596 

2140 

3884 

1510 

2750 

1670 

3038 

1830 

3326 

1990 

3614 

2150 

3902 

1520 

2768 

1680 

3056 

1840 

3344 

20OO 

3632 

2l6o 

3920 

1530 

2786 

1690 

3074 

1850 

3362 

2010 

3650 

2l8o 

3956 

1540 

2804 

1700 

3092 

1860 

338o 

202O 

3668 

2200 

3992 

Fahrenheit  to  Centigrade 

Temperature  Centigrade  =  |  (Temperature  Fahrenheit  —  32) 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

-5 

-20.55 

ii 

-11.66 

27 

-2.77 

43 

6.  ii 

59 

15.00 

~4 

—20.00 

12 

—  ii.  ii 

28 

—  2.22 

44 

6.66 

60 

15.55 

-3 

-19.44- 

13 

-10.55 

29 

-1.66 

45 

7.22 

61 

16.11 

—  2 

-18.88 

14 

—  10.  OO 

30 

—i.  ii 

46 

7-77 

62 

16.66 

_! 

-18.33 

15 

-  9.44 

31 

-   .55 

47 

8.33 

63 

17.22 

Zero 

-17-77 

16 

-  8.88 

32 

Zero 

48 

8.88 

64 

17.77 

+i 

—  17.22 

17 

-  8.33 

33 

+   -55 

49 

9-44 

65 

18.33 

2 

-16.66 

18 

-  7-77 

34 

I.  II 

50 

IO.OO 

66 

18.88 

3 

—  i6.n 

19 

-    7-22 

35 

1.66 

51 

10.55 

67 

19.44 

4 

-15-55 

20 

-  6.66 

36 

2.22 

52 

II.  II 

68       20.00 

5 

—  15.00 

21 

-  6.  ii 

37  ' 

2.77 

53 

11.66 

69       20.55 

6 

-14.44 

22 

-  5-55 

38 

3-33 

54 

12.22 

7o 

21.  II 

7 

-13.88 

23 

-  5-00 

39 

3-88 

55 

12.77 

71 

21.66 

8 

-13-33 

24 

-  4-44 

40 

4-44 

56 

13-33 

72 

22.22 

9 

-12.77 

25 

-  3.88 

41 

S.oo 

57 

13-88 

73 

22.77 

10 

—  12.22 

26 

-  3-33 

42 

5-55 

58 

14.44 

74        23.33 

Table  of  Fahrenheit  to  Centigrade                   475 

Fahrenheit  to  Centigrade  (Concluded) 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

Fahr. 

Cent. 

75 

23.88 

121 

49-44 

167 

75.00 

213 

100.55 

259 

126.11 

76 

24-44 

122 

50.00 

168 

75-55 

214 

IOI.II 

260 

126.66 

77 

25.00 

123 

50.55 

169 

76.11 

215 

101.66 

261 

127.22 

78 

25-55 

124 

Si-  ii 

170 

76.66 

216 

102.22 

262 

127-77 

79 

26.11 

125 

51.66 

171 

77.22 

217 

102.77 

263 

128.33 

80 

26.66 

126 

52.22 

172 

77-77 

218 

103-33 

264 

128.88 

8l 

27.22 

127 

52.77 

173 

78.33 

219 

103.88 

265 

129.44 

82 

27.77 

128 

53-33 

174 

78.88 

220 

104.44 

266 

130.00 

83 

28.33 

129 

53.88 

175 

79-44 

221 

105.00 

267 

130.55 

84 

28.88 

130 

54-44 

176 

80.00 

222 

105-55 

268 

131-11 

85 

29.44 

131 

55-00 

177 

80.55 

223 

io6.n 

269 

131.66 

86 

30.00 

132 

55-55 

178 

8i.ii 

224 

106.66 

270 

132.22 

87 

30.55 

133 

56.11 

179 

81.66 

225 

107.22 

271 

132.77 

88 

31.11 

134 

56.66 

180 

82.22 

226 

107.77 

272 

133-  33 

89 

31-66 

135 

57-22 

181 

82.77 

227 

108.33 

273 

133-88 

90 

32.22 

136 

57-77 

182 

83.33 

228 

108.88 

274 

134-44 

9i 

32.77 

137 

58.33 

183 

83.88 

229 

109.44 

275 

135-00 

92 

33-33 

138 

58.88 

184 

84.44 

230 

110.00 

276 

135.55 

93 

33-88 

139 

59  44 

185 

85.00 

231 

110.55 

277 

136.  n 

94 

34-44 

140 

60.00 

186 

85-55 

232 

in.  n 

278 

136.66 

95 

35-00 

141 

6o.55 

187 

86.il 

233 

in.  66 

279 

137.22 

96 

35-55 

142 

6i.n 

188 

86.66 

234 

112.22 

280 

137-77 

97 

36.11 

143 

61.66 

189 

87.22 

235 

112.77 

281 

138.33 

98 

36.66 

144 

62.22 

190 

87.77 

236 

113-33 

282 

138-88 

99 

37.22 

145 

62.77 

I9i 

88.33 

237 

113.88 

283 

139-44 

100 

37-77 

146 

63.33 

192 

88.88 

238 

H4-44 

284 

140.00 

101 

38.33 

147 

63.88 

193 

89-44 

239 

115.00 

285 

140.55 

102 

38.88 

148 

64.44 

194 

90.00 

240 

115-55 

286 

141.11 

103 

39-44 

149 

65.00 

195 

90.55 

241 

ii6.ii 

287 

141.66 

104 

40.00 

ISO 

65.55 

196 

91.11 

242 

116.66 

288 

142.22 

105 

40-55 

I5i 

66.11 

197 

91.66 

243 

117.22 

289 

142.77 

106 

41.11 

152 

66.66 

198 

92.22 

244 

H7.77 

290 

143.33 

107 

41.66 

153 

67.22 

199 

92.77 

245 

118.33 

291 

143-88 

108 

42.22 

154 

67.77 

200 

93-33 

246 

118.88 

292 

144-44 

109 

42.77 

155 

68.33 

201 

93-88 

247 

119.44 

293 

145-00 

no 

43-33 

156 

68.88 

202 

94-44 

248 

I2O.OO 

294 

145-55 

III 

43-88 

157 

69.44 

203 

95-00 

249 

120.55 

295 

146.11 

112 

44.44 

158 

70.00 

204 

95-55 

250 

121.  II 

296 

146.66 

113 

45-00 

159 

70.55 

205 

96.11 

251 

121.66 

297 

147-22 

H4 

45.55 

160 

71.11 

206 

96.66 

252 

122.22 

298 

147-77 

H5 

46.11 

161 

71.66 

207 

97.22 

253 

122.77 

299 

148.33 

116 

46.66 

162 

72.22 

208 

97-77 

254 

123-33 

300 

148.88 

117 

47.22 

163 

72.77 

209 

98.33 

255 

123-88 

400 

204.44 

118 

47-77 

164 

73-33 

2IO 

98.88 

256 

124.44 

600 

315.55 

H9 

48.33 

165 

73-88 

211 

99-44 

257 

125.00 

800 

426.66 

1  20 

48.88 

166 

74-44 

212 

100.  OO 

258 

125-55 

1000 

537-77 

476 


Conversion  Chart 


Conversion  Chart  for  Lengths,  Weights  and  Temperatures 


a- -•»»'" 


C4 


a-- 


Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade      477 


GLOSSARY  OF   TERMS   USED   IN   THE    PIPE  AND 
FITTING  TRADE 

ABBREVIATIONS 

A.I.          =  All  iron  (use  limited  to  valves  and  cocks). 
B.D.        =  Brass  disc  (use  limited  to  valves). 
Bd.  =  Beaded  (use  limited  to  malleable  fittings). 

~F          _  (  (i)  Blank  flange. 
~  I  (2)  Blind  flange. 

(  (i)  Ball  joint. 
B  J.          =  <  (2)  Brass  jacket. 
(  (3)  Bump  joint. 

B.  &  L.    =  Ball  and  lever  (use  limited  to  valves). 
B.L.         =  Bill  of  lading. 
B.M.        =  Brass  mounted. 

B.O.C.     =  Back  outlet  central  (use  limited  to  fittings). 
B.O.E.     =  Back  outlet  eccentric  (use  limited  to  fittings). 

B  P          =  I  ^  Brass  plug  (use  limited  to  cocks). 

{  (2)  By-pass  (use  limited  to  valves). 
Br.  =  Brass. 

B.  &  S.    =  Bell  and  spigot. 

B  w         _  i  (J)  Butt  weld  (use  limited  to  pipe). 

~  I  (2)  Brass  washer  (use  limited  to  cocks). 
C.D.        =  Copper  disc  (use  limited  to  valves). 

C.  &  F.    =  Cost  and  freight. 
C.I.          =  Cast  iron. 

C.I.F.      =  Cost,  insurance  and  freight. 
C.J.         =  Converse  joint. 

(  (i)  Carload  lots. 
C.L.         =  <  (2)  Center  line. 

(  (3)  Cut  lengths. 

C.P.         =  Close  pattern  (use  limited  to  return  bends). 
C.S.         =  Countersunk. 
D  S          _  J  (*)  Double  screen  (use  limited  to  well  points-). 

(  (2)  Double  sweep  (use  limited  to  tees). 

D.W.       =  Drive  well  (use  limited  to  drive  well  points  or  supplies). 
E.A.         =  Ends  a-nnealed  (use  limited  to  pipes  and  tubes). 

E.  to  E.  =  End  to  end. 
Ex.  Hvy.  =  Extra  heavy. 

F.A.S.      =  Free  alongside  steamer. 

F.  &  D.   =  Faced  and  drilled. 
F.E.         =  Flanged  ends. 

F.  to  F.  =  Face  to  face. 

F.H.  =  Flat  head  (use  limited  to  cylinders  and  cocks). 

F.O.  =  Faced  only. 

f.o.b.  =  Free  on  board. 

F.O.R.  =  Free  on  rails. 


478      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


F.P. 

F.  &R. 
F.W. 

G.  &D. 
H.D.M. 
H.E. 
I.E. 
I.D. 
I.P. 
J.D. 
KJ. 

L. 
L.C.L. 

L.H. 
L.R. 
L.S. 

L.W. 

Mall. 

M.  &F. 

M.I. 

MJ. 

m.m. 

M.M.A. 

M.P. 

M.S. 

M.S.F.Std, 

N.P. 

N.P.A.O. 

N.P.T. 

N.R.S. 

O.D. 

O.H.S. 

O.P. 

O.S.  &  Y. 

P.C. 

P.E. 

P.E.N.R. 

P.E.R. 

P.F. 

PI. 

P.  &R. 

Q.O. 

R.B. 

R.  &D. 

R.H. 

R.  &L. 


Fire  plug. 

Feed  and  return  (use  limited  to  radiators). 

Full  or  card  weight  pipe. 

Galvanized  and  dipped. 

High  duty  metal  (use  limited  to  valves). 

Hub  end. 

Iron  body  (use  limited  to  valves). 

Inside  diameter. 

Briggs'  Standard  Threads  (poor  usage). 

Jenkins  disc  (use  limited  to  valves). 

Kimberley  joint. 

Elbow. 

Less  carload  lots. 

(1)  Left  hand. 

(2)  Lever  handle  (use  limited  to  cocks). 
=  Long  radius. 

_  \  (i)  Lock  shield  '(use  limited  to  valves  and  cocks). 

~~  |  (2)  Long  sweep  (use  limited  to  fittings). 

=  Lap  weld. 

=  Malleable. 

=  Male  and  female. 

=  Malleable  iron. 

=  Matheson  joint. 

=  Millimeter. 

=  Master  Mechanics  Association. 

_  j  (i)  Medium  pattern  (use  limited  to  return  bends). 

\  (2)  Medium  pressure. 
=  Medium  sweep  (use  limited  to  fittings). 
=  Master  Steam  Fitters'  standard. 
=  Nickel  plated  (use  limited  to  valves). 
=  Nickel  plated  all  over  (use  limited  to  valves). 
=  Nickel  plated  trimmings  (use  limited  to  radiator  valves) . 
=  Nonrising  stem  (use  limited  to  valves). 
=  Outside  diameter. 
=  Open  hearth  steel. 

=  Open  pattern  (use  limited  to  return  bends). 
=  Outside  screw  and  yoke  (use  limited  to  valves). 
=  Pump  column. 
=  Plain  end. 
=  Plain  end  not  reamed. 
=  Plain  end  reamed  (use  limited  to  nipples). 
=  Plain  face. 

=  Plain  (use  limited  to  fittings). 
=  Plugged  and  reamed  =  R.  and  D. 
=  Quick  opening  (use  limited  to  valves) 
=  Rough  body  (use  limited  to  valves). 
=  Reamed  and  drifted  =  P.  &  R. 
=  Right  hand. 
=  Right  and  left. 


Definitions  479 


S.C.  =  Service  clamp. 
S.E.  =  Screwed  ends. 
~  ~  _  j  (i)  Side  outlet  (use  limited  to  fittings). 

~  {  (2)  Single  opening  (use  limited  to  radiators). 
Sq.  H.    =  Square  head. 
S.  &  S.  =  Screw  and  socket  =  T.  &  C. 
c  c         _  J  (*)  Single  screened  (use  limited  to  well  points). 

"~  I  (2)  Single  sweep  (use  limited  to  tees). 
Std.        =  Standard. 
T.  =  Tee. 

T.  &  C.  =  Threads  and  couplings  =  S.  &  S. 

T.  &  G.  =  Tongue  and  groove  —  not  understood  as  male  and  female. 
T.H.      =  Tee  handle  (use  limited  to  cocks). 
T.noC.  =  Threads  no  couplings. 
W.I.       =  Wrought  iron. 

W.W.     =  Wood  wheel  (use  limited  to  valves). 
X.H.      =  Extra  heavy. 
X.S.       =  Extra  strong. 
X.X.H.=  Double  extra  heavy. 
X.X.S.  =  Double  extra  strong. 
Y.          =  Wye. 
Y.T.       =  Yoke  top  (use  limited  to  valves). 


DEFINITIONS 

(Definitions  marked  *  are  taken  from  Hawkins'  Mechanical  Dictionary.) 


Ammonia  Cock  Thread.  —  Ammonia  cock  thread  is  usually  larger  and 
has  more  taper  than  Briggs'  Standard  thread.  It  lacks  uniformity 
and  is  made  to  suit  customers'  requirements. 

Ammonia  Fitting.  —  A  fitting  whose  material  is  especially  homogeneous, 
which  usually  has  its  mouth  countersunk  and  both  the  mouth  and 
thread  tinned. 

Ammonia  Joint.  —  All  joints  should  be  made  of  wrought  iron  or  steel, 
as  ammonia  attacks  and  eats  away  copper  and  its  alloys,  brass  and 
gun-metal.  In  consequence  of  the  penetrating  nature  "of  ammonia, 
all  flanges  should  be  screwed  and  then  soldered  on  the  pipes.  Lead 
washers  should  be  used  for  gaskets  on  all  flange  joints.  Lead  or 
white  metal  packing  must  also  be  used  for  all  valves.* 

Angle  Gate  Valve.  —  A  gate  valve  with  an  elbow  cast  on  one  end  integral 
with  body. 

Angle  Valve.  —  A  stop-valve  whose  outlet  is  at  right  angles  to  its  inlet 
branch,  thus  combining  in  itself  a  valve  and  an  elbow.  It  must  not 
be  confused  with  angle  gate  valve. 

Angus  Smith  Composition.  —  A  protective  coating  for  valves,  fittings, 
and  pipe  used  for  underground  work.  It  is  composed  of  coal  tar, 
tallow,  rosin  and  quicklime  and  must  be  applied  hot. 


480      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Annealed  End  Tube.  —  A  tube  whose  ends  have  been  annealed.  For 
annealing  to  be  effective,  it  is  necessary  to  heat  above  the  critical 
temperature,  and  this  is  higher  as  the  carbon  contents  are  less,  so 
that  with  the  soft  steel  of  which  pipe  and  tubes  are  made,  anneal- 
ing must  be  done  at  a  high  heat,  1750  to  1800  degrees  Fahrenheit, 
which  is  a  bright  orange  in  shop  daylight.  The  piece  may  be 
allowed  to  cool  in  the  air  after  being  thoroughly  heated  to  this 
temperature. 

Armstrong  Joint.  —  Designed  by  Sir  W.  Armstrong.  It  is  a  two  bolt, 
flanged  or  lugged  connection  for  high  pressures.  The  ends  of  the 
pipes  are  peculiarly  formed  to  properly  hold  a  gutta-percha  ring. 
It  was  originally  made  in  cast  iron  pipe.  The  two  bolt  feature  has 
much  to  commend  it.  There  are  various  substitutes  for  this  old, 
high-class  joint;  the  commonest  employ  rubber  in  place  of  gutta- 
percha;  others  employ  more  bolts  in  the  endeavor  to  cheapen. 

Artesian  Joint.  —  See  Cressed  Artesian  Joint. 

Asphalted.  —  Coated  with  asphalt  literally,  but  usually  some  of  the 
special  compositions  such  as  California  Oil  (which  has  an  asphaltic 
base),  coal  tar,  mineral  wax  or  Gilsonite  or  Elaterite  are  added  to 
give  the  right  consistency  to  suit  the  average  temperature  which 
prevails  when  the  coating  is  used. 

Attemper -ator.  —  A  coil  of  pipe,  sometimes  working  on  a  swivel  or  hinge, 
through  which  refrigerated  brine,  or  other  liquor,  is  passed.  Used 
to  cool  vessels  containing  warm  liquids,  such  as  fermenting  vats.* 

B 

Back  Outlet  Central.  —  Meaning  that  such  outlet  is  placed  centrally  or 
at  mid  length.  (Use  limited  to  fittings.) 

Back  Outlet  Eccentric.  —  Meaning  that  back  outlet  of  tee,  elbow,  etc., 
is  not  placed  at  center.  (Use  limited  to  fittings.) 

Back  Outlet  Ell.  —  An  ell  with  an  outlet  in  the  same  plane  as  the  run 
and  on  the  outside  of  the  curve. 

Back  Pressure  Valve.  —  A  valve  that  usually  is  made  like  a  low  pressure 
safety  valve  but  capable  of  being  opened  independently  of  the 
pressure,  thereby  giving  free  exhaust.  They  are  usually  employed 
on  non-condensing  engines  when  it  is  desired  to  use  all  or  part  of 
the  exhaust  steam  for  heating,  etc.  The  back  pressure  maintained 
by  them  is  usually  between  one  and  ten  pounds. 

Balling.  —  Nearly  the  same  as  peening. 

Ball  Joint.  —  A  flexible  joint  made  in  the  shape  of  a  ball  or  sphere. 
Many  forms  of  joint  employ  such  spherical  surfaces. 

Bar.  —  See  Sinker  and  Water  Bar. 

Barrel.  —  See  Working  Barrel. 

Bead.  —  When  applied  to  fittings  means  the  slight  reinforcing  ring  on 
the  end.  A  circular  molding. 

Beaded  Tube.  —  The  ends  of  boiler  tubes,  after  being  expanded,  are 
beaded  or  rounded  with  a  beading  tool,  just  as  rivet  heads  are 
finished  with  a  die  or  snap.  The  process  is  termed  beading.* 


Definitions    '  L     481 


Beading.  —  The  name  given  to  the  slight  flanging  of  the  end  of  a  boiler 
tube  over  a  tube  sheet,  or  of  the  pipe,  over  a  peened  flange. 

Bell.  —  (i)  In  pipe  fitting,  the  recessed  or  enlarged  female  end  of  a 
pipe  into  which  the  male  end  of  the  next  pipe  fits;  also  called  hub. 
(2)  In  plumbing,  the  expanded  female  portion  of  a  wiped  joint.* 

Bell  and  Spigot  Joint.  —  (i)  The  usual  term  for  the  joint  in  cast  iron 
pipe.  Each  piece  is  made  with  an  enlarged  diameter  or  bell  at  one 
end  into  which  the  plain  or  spigot  end  of  another  piece  is  inserted 
when  laying.  The  joint  is  then  made  tight  by  cement,  oakum, 
lead,  rubber,  or  other  suitable  substance  which  is  driven  in  or 
calked  into  the  bell  and  around  the  spigot.  When  a  similar  joint 
is  made  in  wrought  pipe  by  means  of  a  cast  bell  (or  Hub)  it  is  at 
times  called  hub  and  spigot  joint  (poor  usage).  Matheson  Joint  is 
the  name  applied  to  a  similar  joint  in  wrought  pipe  which  has  the 
bell  formed  of  the  pipe. 

(2)  Applied  to  fittings  or  valves,  means  that  one  end  of  the  run  is  a 
"bell,"  and  the  other  end  is  a  "spigot,"  similar  to  those  used  on 
regular  cast  iron  pipe. 

Bell  Mouthed.  —  A  term  used  to  signify  the  open  end  of  a  vessel  or 
pipe  when  it  expands  or  spreads  out  with  an  increasing  diameter, 
thus  resembling  a  bell.  Also  called  trumpet  mouthed.* 

Bend.  —  (i)  A  curved  length  of  pipe  struck  to  a  larger  radius  than  the 
elbow. 

(2)  Pipe  bent  to  45,  90  or  180  degrees  is  often  specified  as  Vs,  Vt  or 
1/2  bends. 

(3)  A  slight  bend  is  often  called  a  spring.     (Poor  usage.) 

See  Close  Return,  Cross  Over,  Double,  Eighth,  Goose  Neck,  Open 

Return,  Pipe,  Return,  and  Y  Bend. 

Bibb.  —  A  cock  or  valve  with  bent  outlet;  strictly  the  bent  outlet. 
Blank  Flange.  —  (i)  A  flange  that  is  not  drilled  but  which  is  otherwise 

complete. 

(2)  At  times  used  to  signify  a  blind  flange  (this  is  poor  usage).     Com- 
pare blind  flange. 

(3)  At  times  used  to  signify  a  pipe  flange  that  is  not  threaded,  but 
which  is  otherwise  complete  (this  is  bad  usage). 

Blanking  Flange.  —  A  blind  flange,  which  see  (poor  usage). 

Bleeder.  —  A  small  cock  or  valve  to  draw  off  water  of  condensation 
from  a  range  of  piping.* 

Blind  Flange.  —  (i)  A  flange  used  to  close  the  end  of  a  pipe.  It  pro- 
duces a  blind  end  which  is  also  called  a  dead  end. 

(2)  It  is  at  times  used  erroneously  to  designate  a  blank  flange. 

(3)  Compare  blanking  flange. 

Block  Joint.  —  A  joint  used  by  plumbers  in  which  an  inserted  joint  is 
combined  with  a  wide  flange;  used  for  wiped  joints  on  heavy  verti- 
cal pipes.* 

Boiler  Flange.  —  See  Saddle  Flange. 

Boiler  Thimble.  —  A  ring  placed  between  a  boiler  tube  and  the  tube  sheet 
or  header.  The  term  is  more  often  used  in  connection  with  loco- 
motive and  marine  than  stationary  boilers.  (Poor  usage.) 


482     Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Boiler  Tube.  —  One  of  the  tubes  by  which  heat  from  the  furnace  is  dif- 
fused through  the  water  in  a  steam  boiler.  The  tubes  may  contain 
water  and  be  surrounded  by  the  furnace  gases  as  in  a  water  tube 
boiler  or  they  may  act  as  flues  and  be  surrounded  by  water  as  in  a 
tubular  boiler.  The  usual  sizes  of  boiler  tubes  are  2  to  4  inches. 

Bonnet,     (i)  A  cover  used  to  guide  and  enclose  the  tail  end  of  a  valve 

spindle. 
(2)  A  cap  over  the  end  of  a  pipe.     (Poor  usage.) 

Bowl.  —  See  Bell. 

Box.  —  See  Service  and  Valve  Box. 

Box  Coil.  —  An  arrangement  of  heating  pipes  made  up  in  the  form  of  a 
rectangular  box. 

Boyle  Union.  —  Essentially  a  tongue  and  groove  flange  connection  in 
which  the  tongue  is  a  separate  piece  placed  between  two  grooved 
flanges.  Usually  the  groove  extends  to  the  threads  so  that  the 
gasket  material  seals  that  point  and  permits  use  of  flanges  that  are 
not  screwed  very  tight. 

Bracket  Coil.  —  A  heating  pipe  usually  one  or  two  pipes  wide,  supported 
by  hooks  or  expansion  plates. 

Bracket  Valve.  —  A  stop-valve  with  a  bracket  cast  upon  its  body,  so 
that  it  may  serve  as  an  anchorage  or  support  for  the  piping  which 
it  controls.* 

Branch.  —  The  outlet  or  inlet  of  a  fitting  not  in  line  with  the  run  but 
which  may  make  any  angle.  See  H  and  Y  Branch. 

Branch  Ell.  —  (i)  Used  to  designate  an  elbow  having  a  back  outlet  in 
line  with  one  of  the  outlets  of  the  run.     It  is  also  at  times  called  a 
heel  outlet  elbow. 
(2)  Incorrectly  used  to  designate  side  outlet  or  back  outlet  elbow. 

Branch  Pipe.  —  A  very  general  term  used  to  signify  a  pipe  either  cast 
or  wrought,  that  is  equipped  with  one  or  more  branches.  Many 
such  pipes  are  used  so  frequently  that  they  have  acquired  common 
names  such  as  tees,  crosses,  side  or  back  outlet  elbows,  manifolds, 
double  branch  elbows,  etc. 

The  term  branch  pipe  is  generally  restricted  to  such  as  do  not  con- 
form to  usual  dimensions. 

Branch  Tee. — Header.  — A  tee  having  many  side  branches.   See  Manifold. 

Brass  Mounted.  —  When  used  to  describe  a  globe,  angle,  or  cross  valve, 
it  usually  means  that  the  valve  has  a  brass  bonnet,  stem,  seat, 
ring  and  disc.  When  used  to  describe  gate  valves,  usually  means 
brass  stem,  seat,  ring  and  wedge  or  disc  ring. 

Brazed.  —  Connected  by  hard  solder  which  usually  is  copper  and  zinc  — 
half  and  half.  Such  solder  requires  a  full  red  heat  and  is  commonly 
used  with  Borax  flux. 

Breeches  Pipe.  —  A  Y-shaped  pipe  used  for  many  purposes,  especially 
in  locomotives,  leading  the  exhaust  from  the  two  cylinders  to  the 
blast  nozzle.* 

Brick  Arch  Tube.  —  One  of  a  series  of  curved  iron  tubes,  used  to  sup- 
port the  fire-box  arch  in  certain  locomotives,  also  providing  in- 
creased heating  surface  and  promoting  circulation.* 


Definitions  483 


Briggs'  Standard.  —  A  list  of  pipe  sizes,  thicknesses,  threads,  etc.,  com- 
piled by  Robert  Briggs  about  1862  and  subsequently  adopted  as  a 

standard. 
Bucket.  —  The  piston  of  a  well  pump.     It  always  contains  a  valve.     It 

is  connected  to  and  operated  by  the  sucker  rods. 
Bull  Head  Tee.  —  A  tee  whose  branch  is  larger  than  the  run. 
Bumped.  —  Convex  when  applied  to  cylinder  heads. 
Bumped  Joint.  —  One  having  the  end  of  one  pipe  so  expanded  that 

the  end  of  another  may  be  driven  in  until  the  rivet  holes  register. 

By  slightly  tapering  both  ends  it  is  practical  to  increase  the  ease  of 

erection  and  lessen  the  calking  required. 
Bushing.  —  A  pipe  fitting  for  the  purpose  of  connecting  a  pipe  with  a 

fitting  of  larger  size,  being  a  hollow  plug  with  internal  and  external 

threads  to  suit  the  different  diameters.*     See  Flush  Bushing. 
Butted  and  Strapped  Joint.  —  A  joint  where  the  ends  of  two  pieces  of 

pipe  are  united  by  a  sleeve  and  riveted  thereto.     The  strap  may  be 

inside  or  outside  and  may  be  single  or  double  riveted. 
Butterfly.  —  (i)  The  name  applied  to  certain  valves  made  after  the 

design  of  a  damper  in  a  stove  pipe. 
(2)  In  pumps  this  term  signifies  a  double  clack  valve  whose  flaps 

work  on  a  diametral  hinge,  like  the  wings  of  a  butterfly. 
Butt-weld.  —  Welded  along  a  seam  that  is  butted  and  not  scarfed  or 

lapped. 
By-Pass.  —  A  small  passage  to  permit  equalizing  the  pressure  on  the 

two  sides  of  a  large  valve  so  that  it  may  be  readily  opened  (or 

closed). 
By-Pass  Valve.  —  A  small  pilot  valve  used  in  connection  with  a  larger 

valve  to  equalize  the  pressure  on  both  sides  of  the  disc  of  the 

larger  valve  before  the  larger  valve  is  opened. 


Caliber.  —  An  expression  which  is  often  used  to  mean  the  inner  diameter 

or  bore. 
Calking.  —  (i)  In  iron  working,  the  calking  consists  of  striking  a  chisel, 

or  calking  tool  with  a  hammer,  making  a  slight  indentation  along 

the  seam.     The  effect  of  this  is  to  force  the  edge  of  one  plate  hard 

against  the  other,  and  thus  fill  up  any  slight  crevice  between  the 

plates  which  the  rivets  failed  to  close.* 
(2)  The  term  is  used  in  connection  with  lead  joints  or  bell  and  spigot 

joints  in  which  case  the  lead  is  calked. 
Calking  Recess.  —  A  counterbore  or  recess  in  the  back  of  the  flange 

into  which  lead  may  be  calked  for  water,  or  copper  for  steam. 
Calking  Tool.  —  Calking  Iron.  —  A  blunt  ended  chisel  used  in  calking. 
Cap.  —  A  fitting  that  goes  over  the  end  of  a  pipe  to  close  it,  producing 

a  dead  end. 
Card  Weight  Pipe.  —  A  term  used  to  designate  Standard  or  Full  .Weight 

Pipe,  which  is  the  Briggs'  Standard  thickness  of  pipe. 


484      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Casing.  —  A  term  applied  to  pipe  when  used  to  case  an  oil  or  gas  well 
It  is  usually  characterized  by  light  weight  and  fine  threads. 

Casing  Dog.  —  In  boring,  a  fishing  instrument  provided  with  serrated 
pieces  or  dogs  sliding  on  a  wedge,  to  grip  severed  casing.* 

Casing  Elevator.  —  A  well-boring  device  consisting  of  two  semi-circular 
clamps  with  a  chain-link  on  either,  which  are  hinged  together 
at  one  end,  and  secured  by  a  latch  at  the  other.  This  affords  a 
quickly  applied  and  released  attachment  for  casing  to  the  lifting 
tackle.* 

Casing  Fitting.  —  A  fitting  threaded  with  a  casing  thread. 

Ca-sing  Head.  —  (i)  A  fitting  used  at  top  of  casing  of  a  well  to  separate 
oil  and  gas,  to  allow  pumping,  and  cleaning  out  well,  etc.  There 
are  many  forms. 

(2)  In  well-boring,  a  heavy  mass  of  iron  screwed  into  the  top  of  a 
string  of  casing  to  take  the  blows  produced  by  driving  the  pipe 
home.* 

Casing  Shoe.  —  In  well-boring,  a  ring  or  ferrule  of  hard  steel  with  a 
sharp  edge,  screwed  or  shrunk  on  to  the  bottom  of  a  string  of  cas- 
ing, to  cut  its  way  through  the  formation  as  the  casing  is  forced 
down.* 

Chain  Tongs.  —  A  pipe-fitter's  tool;  a  lever  with  a  serrated  end  pro- 
vided with  a  chain  to  enlace  the  pipe.  The  chain  is  wrapped 
around  the  pipe  to  hold  the  lever  in  place,  and  the  teeth  on  the 
end  of  the  latter  grip  into  the  pipe,  thus  affording  a  powerful  lever- 
age to  screw  or  unscrew  the  joints.* 

Chamfer.  —  To  cut  at  an  angle  or  bevel. 

Chasing.  —  A  term  that  designates  the  operation  of  cutting  a  thread  in 
a  lathe,  either  with  hand  tools  or  by  power  feed.  A  single  cutting 
point  is  usually  employed,  but  some  mechanics  finish  by  use  of  a 
comb  or  chaser.  Pipe  threads  are  seldom  chased  but  are  usually 
cut  by  taps,  dies,  etc. 

Check. ' —  (i)  To  prevent  flow  except   in   one  direction  —  applied    to 

valves. 

(2)  To  prevent  rotation  except  to  full  open  and  full  closed  —  applied 
to  cocks. 

Check  Valve.  —  An  automatic  non-return  valve;  or  a  valve  which  per- 
mits a  fluid  to  pass  m  one  direction,  but  automatically  closes  when 
the  fluid  attempts  to  pass  in  the  opposite  direction. 

C.IJ?.  —  A  commercial  transportation  term  meaning  Cost,  Insurance 
and  Freight.  It  is  intended  to  cover  the  cost  of  certain  goods  at 
point  of  destination;  an  expression  of  similar  usage  to  F.O.B.  but 
C.I.F.  is  applied  to  ocean  shipments. 

Circular  Flange.  —  A  curved  or  saddle  flange. 

Circular  Weld.  —  Safe  end  weld.  —  A  weld  extending  around  a  girth 
seam.  Such  welds  are  sometimes  butted,  but  frequently  are 
scarfed. 

Clamp.  —  See  Leak,  Pipe,  Pouring,  Service  and  Water  Pipe  Clamp. 

Clean  Out  Fitting.  —  One  that  is  equipped  with  hand  hole  and  cover  so 
that  pipes  may  be  cleaned. 


Definitions  485 


Close  Nipple.  —  One  whose  length  is  about  twice  the  length  of  a  stand- 
ard pipe  thread  and  is  without  any  shoulder. 

Close  Return  Bend.  —  A  short  cast  or  malleable  iron  U-shaped  fitting 
for  uniting  two  parallel  pipes.  It  differs  from  the  open  return  bend 
in  having  the  arms  joined  together. 

Coal  Tar.  —  A  by-product  of  the  destructive  distillation  of  soft  or 
bituminous  coal. 

Coating  for  Pipe.  —  Usually  a  coal  tar  composition  sometimes  called 
asphalt.  There  are  many  on  the  market,  such  as  *'Sarco,"  Mineral 
Rubber  Asphalt,  California  Asphalt,  Trinidad  Asphalt,  Elaterite, 
Gilsonite  and  Dr.  Angus  Smith's  Composition.  A  well  refined  coal 
tar  pitch,  softening  at  60  degrees  Fahrenheit  and  melting  about  no 
degrees  Fahrenheit,  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  durable  coatings 
known,  when  properly  applied.  See  Angus  Smith  Composition, 
Asphalted,  Galvanizing,  Kalameined  and  Smith's  Coating. 

Cock.  —  A  device  for  regulating  or  stopping  the  flow  in  a  pipe,  made  by 
a  taper  plug  that  may  be  rotated  in  a  body  having  ports  corre- 
sponding to  those  in  the  plug.  See  Bibb,  Bleeder,  Corporation, 
Four- way,  Gage,  Pet,  Plug,  and  Telegraph  Cock. 

Coil.  —  A  number  of  turns  of  piping  or  series  of  connected  pipes  in 
rows  or  layers  for  the  purpose  of  radiating  or  absorbing  heat.*  See 
Box,  Bracket  and  Expansion  Coil. 

Cold  Drawn.  —  Drawn  cold.  —  See  "Drawn." 

Collar.  —  (i)  A  term  used  in  place  of  a  coupling  in  such  connections 
as  "Kimberley  Collars."  (Also  used  to  mean  threaded  pipe  coup- 
ling.) 

(2)  The  sleeve  in  the  back  of  certain  styles  of  flanges,  such  as  a 
riveted  flange,  is  called  a  collar. 

(3)  Again,  certain  styles  of  flanges  attached  by  peening  and  beading 
are  known  as  "Collar  Flanges." 

Collar  Flange.  —  One  having  sufficient  collar  on  its  back  to  allow  it  to 
be  securely  attached  to  pipe  by  peening  or  riveting. 

Common  Thread.  —  In  machinery,  an  ordinary  standard  machine 
thread,  as  distinguished  from  a  pipe  thread.* 

Conduit  Pipe.  —  Wrought  pipe  used  as  armor  for  electric  wires. 

Converged  End.  —  A  term  used  to  signify  the  beveling  in  or  converging 
of  the  ends  of  certain  styles  of  cylinders,  as  those  used  for  anhy- 
drous ammonia.  Primarily  intended  to  aid  in  handling  by  prevent- 
ing fingers  from  slipping. 

Converse  Lock  Joint.  —  A  joint  for  wrought  pipe  which  is  made  up 
with  a  cast  iron  hub.  The  joint  is  made  by  placing  rivets  in 
the  ends  of  the  pipe  which,  in  turn,  lock  in  slots  in  the  cast  iron 
hub.  The  lock  is  so  shaped  as  to  have  a  wedging  action  in  drawing 
the  pipe  tight  against  a  ring  in  the  center  of  the  hub,  after  which 
the  pipe  is  leaded  in  place  and  calked. 

Corporation  Cock.  —  (i)  A  term  usually  applied  to  the  cock  attached  to 
a  street  main,  owned  and  operated  by  or  under  the  supervision  of 
a  supply  corporation.  It  is  distinct  from  the  more  accessible  curb 
cock  which  is  placed  in  the  service  line  for  convenience. 


486      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


(2)  Its  essential  peculiarities  are  usually  that  it  has  one  threaded 
end,  a  heavy  body  and  a  plug  large  enough  to  permit  a  drill  to  be 
operated  through  it  —  the  diameter  of  the  drill  being  the  nominal 
size  of  the  cock. 

Corrugated  Joint.  —  A  short  length  corrugated  like  an  accordion  or 
corrugated  fire  box.  It  allows  a  limited  movement  but  requires 
great  force  to  distort,  unless  made  so  thin  that  it  requires  hooping 
for  ordinary  pressures. 

Counterbored.  —  Bored  to  a  diameter  larger  than  the  adjacent  hole. 
See  Recessed. 

Countersink.  —  (i)  A  tool  used  to  chamfer  the  mouth  of  a  hole. 
(2)  The  operation  that  uses  a  countersink  tool. 

Countersunk.  —  (i)  Having  the  shape  given  by  the  use  of  a  countersink. 

(2)  Also  applied  to  certain  type  of  plug  which  has  an  opening  de- 
pressed to  receive  square  wrench. 

(3)  When  applied  to  fittings  means  chamfered  at  an  angle  of  45°  at  the 
tapped  opening. 

Coupling.  —  A  threaded  sleeve  used  to  connect  two  pipes.  Commer- 
cial couplings  are  threaded  inside  to  suit  exterior  thread  of  pipe. 
The  term  coupling  is  occasionally  used  to  mean  any  jointing  device 
and  may  be  applied  to  either  straight  or  reducing  sizes.  See  Pipe, 
Socket,  Steam  and  Union  Coupling. 

Cressed.  —  Reduced  about  Vs  inch  in  diameter  for  a  short  distance  at 
ends.  A  foreign  term  used  on  artesian- well  casing. 

Cressed  Artesian  Joint.  —  A  British  term  used  to  describe  a  joint  that 
requires  unusual  perfection  of  workmanship.  It  may  be  specified 
thus:  —  Ends  of  pipe  cressed  exactly  one-half  length  of  coupling; 
pipe  threaded  straight  and  exactly  true  to  general  axis  thereof; 
end  of  pipe  faced  true  to  same  axis;  vanish  of  thread  (or  lead  of 
dies)  ground  to  exactly  same  taper  as  countersink  of  coupling; 
coupling  tapped  straight  and  countersunk  each  end,  same  as  lead 
of  dies;  coupling  nicely  beveled  at  long  taper  so  that  there  is  no 
shoulder  at  joint;  ends  must  butt  at  same  time  as  vanish  screws 
home. 

Cross.  —  A  pipe  fitting  with  four  branches  arranged  in  pairs,  each  pair 
on  one  axis  and  the  axes  at  right  angles.  When  the  outlets  are 
otherwise  arranged  the  fittings  are  branch  pipes  or  specials. 

Cross-Over.  —  A  small  fitting  like  a  double  offset  or  the  letter  "U" 
with  ends  turned  out.  It  is  only  made  in  small  sizes  and  used  to 
pass  the  flow  of  one  pipe  past  another  when  the  pipes  are  in  the 
same  plane. 

Cross-Over  Bend.  —  A  bent  pipe  used  for  the  same  purpose  as  the  cross- 
over fitting. 

Cross-Over  Tee.  —  A  fitting  made  along  lines  similar  to  the  cross-over, 
but  having  at  one  end  two  openings  in  a  tee  head  whose  plane  is  at 
right  angles  to  the  plane  of  the  cross-over  bend. 

Cross-Tube.  —  In  boiler  making,  a  coned  or  Galloway  water  tube 
placed  transversely  across  a  firebox  or  furnace  flue  to  increase  the 
heating  surface  and  improve  circulation.* 


Definitions  487 


Cross  Valve.  —  (i)  A  valve  fitted  on  a  transverse  pipe  so  as  to  open 
communication  at  will  between  two  parallel  lines  of  piping.  Much 
used  in  connection  with  oil  and  water  pumping  arrangements,  espe- 
cially on  ship  board.* 

(2)  Usually  considered  as  an  angle  valve  with  a  back  outlet  in  the 
same  plane  as  the  other  two  openings. 

Crotch.  —  A  fitting  that  has  the  general  shape  of  the  Roman  letter  "  Y. " 
Caution  should  be  exercised  not  to  confuse  the  crotch  and  wye. 

Crushing  Test.  —  A  term  describing  test  applied  to  tubes  whose  mate- 
rial is  tested  the  same  as  the  "bending  test"  for  plates  and  bars. 
When  applied  to  tubes,  it  is  customary  to  take  a  ring  or  crop  end 
from  the  tube  and  crush,  so  that  the  weld  comes  at  the  points  of 
shortest  radius  of  curvature,  which  is  usually  specified  to  be  equal 
to  three  (3)  times  the  thickness  —  under  which  condition  the  weld 
must  not  open  nor  material  crack. 

Cup  and  Ball  Joint.  —  In  gas  fitting,  a  ball  and  socket  joint  fitted  to 
hanging  gas  chandeliers.  It  allows  the  chandelier  to  turn  freely 
without  escape  of  gas.* 

Cup  Joint.  —  In  plumbing,  a  lead  joint  in  which  one  pipe  is  tapered  to 
fit  into  a  flared  out  cup  on  the  other,  and  the  joint  soldered.* 

Cupping.  —  Means  nearly  the  same  as  flanging  a  head,  but  the  cupping 
process  forms  a  flat  disc  into  a  flanged  head  and  then,  by  repeating 
the  operation  and  giving  draft  (drawing  the  metal),  forms  a  deep 
head;  then  a  cup;  then  a  deep  cup;  then  a  tube  which,  by  repeat- 
ing the  process  a  sufficient  number  of  times,  becomes  a  long,  thin 
pipe. 

Curved  Flange.  —  See  Saddle  Flange. 

Cut  Length.  —  A  term  used  to  signify  that  the  pipe  is  cut  to  length 
ordered. 

Cylinder.  —  A  term  used  to  designate  any  tank,  drum,  retort,  receiver 
or  reservoir,  etc.,  that  is  made  of  pipe  and  closed  at  both  ends, 
except  such  test  hole  as  must  always  be  allowed.  See  Converged 
End,  Dished  Head,  Drum  and  Flat  Head. 


Dead  End  of  a  Pipe.  —  The  closed  end  of  a  pipe  or  system  of  pipes.* 

Die.  — The  name  of  a  tool  used  for  cutting  threads  usually  at  one  pas- 
sage. The  essential  distinctive  feature  of  a  die  is  its  multiple  cut- 
ting edges,  while  a  chasing  or  threading  tool  usually  has  one,  or, 
at  most,  only  a  few  cutting  edges.  Some  dies  are  highly  complex 
and  ingenious  pieces  of  mechanism,  equipped  to  trip  after  cutting  a 
certain  predetermined  number  of  threads.  See  Master  and  Pipe  Die. 

Dip  Pipe.  —  A  valve  in  a  gas  main,  so  arranged  as  to  dip  into  water 
and  tar,  and  thus  form  a  seal.  Called  also  a  seal  pipe.* 

Dished.  —  Concave  when  applied  to  cylinder  heads. 

Dog.  —  See  Casing  Dog,  Dog  Guard,  Pipe  Dog  and  River  Dog. 

Dog  Guard.  —  The  name  used  to  designate  the  sleeve  that  is  frequently 
swaged  and  shrunk  about  an  electric  line  pole,  for  a  short  distance 


488      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


above  and  below  the  ground  line,  in  order  to  prevent  corrosion  of 
the  pole  at  the  ground  line.  It  is  the  ordinary  name  of  the  "Patent 
Protecting  Sleeve"  applied  to  electric  line  poles. 

Double  Bend.  —  A  pipe  or  fitting  shaped  like  the  letter  S  in  outline. 

Double  Branch  Elbow.  —  A  fitting  that,  in  a  manner,  looks  like  a  tee  or 
as  though  two  elbows  had  been  shaved  and  then  placed  together, 
forming  a  shape  something  like  the  letter  Y  or  a  crotch. 

Double  Extra  Strong.  —  The  correct  term  or  name  of  a  certain  class  of 
very  thick  pipe,  which  is  often,  less  correctly,  called  double  extra 
heavy  pipe. 

Double  Sweep  Tee.  —  A  tee  made  with  easy  curves  between  body  and 
branch,  i.e.,  the  center  of  curve  between  run  and  branch  lies  outside 
the  body.  This  is  in  contradistinction  to  the  short  fillet  between 
body  and  branch  of  standard  tees. 

Drainage  Fittings.  —  Those  that  have  their  interior  flush  with  I.D.  of 
pipe,  thereby  securing  an  unobstructed  surface  for  the  passage  of 
solid  matter. 

Drawn.  —  The  term  applied  to  that  style  of  forging  by  which  the 
thickness  is  reduced  and  also,  at  times,  the  diameter  —  by  pushing 
or  pulling  the  material  through  a  die  and  over  a  mandrel  or  plug 
at  the  same  time.  In  some  cases  the  mandrel  is  long  and  moves 
at  nearly  the  same  speed  as  the  tubes,  but  in  other  cases,  the  man- 
drel is  anchored  so  as  to  hold  it  within  the  die.  When  there  is  no 
inside  mandrel,  it  is  not  called  drawn  product.  See  Cold  and  Hot 
Drawn. 

Dresser  Joint.  —  A  peculiar  form  of  Normandy  Joint.  There  are  vari- 
ous styles. 

Drifted.  —  (i)  Having  had  a  drift  or  short  mandrel  passed  through  the 
pipe  in  order  to  be  certain  that  there  are  no  inside  irregularities  or 
that  they  have  thereby  been  removed.  It  is  also,  but  less  correctly, 
called  plugged. 

(2)  Enlarged  by  forcing  through  a  tapered  mandrel.     This  meaning 
of  the  word  is  uncommon  in  the  pipe  trade. 

Drill.  —  See  Pole  and  Shot  Drill. 

Drilled.  —  Used  in  connection  with  flanges  to  indicate  that  the  bolt 
holes  have  been  made  by  a  drill,  i.e.,  not  made  by  cores. 

Drilling  Machine.  —  A  name  often  applied  to  a  tapping  machine  be- 
cause many  machines  drill  and  tap. 

Drive  Head.  —  Protecting  end  attached  to  the  top  of  drive  pipe  and  cas- 
ing, etc.  Also  called  Drive  Caps. 

Drive  Pipe.  —  A  pipe  which  is  driven  or  forced  into  a  bored  hole,  to 
shut  off  water  courses,  or  prevent  caving. 

Drive  Pipe  Joint.  —  A  threaded  joint  in  which  the  pipe  butts  in  the 
center  of  the  coupling. 

Drive  Pipe  Ring.  —  A  device  for  holding  drive  pipe  while  being  pulled 
from  well.  It  means  nearly  the  same  as  elevator  but  the  device 
is  very  different. 

Drive  Shoe.  —  A  protecting  end  attached  to"  the  bottom  of  drive  pipe 
and  casing. 


Definitions  489 


Drop  Elbow.  —  A  small  sized  ell  that  is  frequently  used  where  gas  is  put 
into  a  building.  These  fittings  have  wings  cast  on  each  side.  The 
wings  have  small  countersunk  holes  so  that  they  may  be  fastened 
by  wood  screws  to  ceiling  or  wall  or  framing  timbers. 

Drop  Tee.  —  One  having  the  same  peculiar  wings  as  the  drop  elbow. 

Drum.  —  (i)  Package  used  in  shipping  fittings  and  valves. 

(2)  A  short  cylinder  of  large  diameter  having  flat  heads,  but  often 
used  for  a  cylinder  of  any  style. 

Dry  Joint.  —  One  made  without  gasket  or  packing  or  smear  of  any 
kind,  e.g.,  Ground  Joint. 

Dry  Pipe.  —  A  slotted  or  perforated  steam  collecting  pipe  within  a 
boiler,  insuring  dryness.* 


Eccentric  Fitting.  —  One  having  its  openings  on  center  lines  that  are  not 
concentric,  usually  arranged  so  that  the  interior  walls  of  one  side 
are  in  one  plane.  So  arranged  for  draining  condensation. 

Eckert  Joint.  —  A  special  design  of  a  form  of  Armstrong  Joint. 

Eduction  Pipe.  —  The  exhaust  pipe  from  the  low  pressure  cylinder  to 
the  condenser.* 

Eighth  Bend.  —  (i)  A  bent  pipe  whose  curved  portion  deflects  the  line 

one-eighth  of  a  circle  to  (36o°/8  =  45°). 

(2)  At  times  applied  to  the  cast  fitting  which  is  more  properly  called 
a  45°  elbow. 

Elbow.  —  Ell.  —  A  fitting  that  makes  an  angle  between  adjacent  pipes. 

The  angle  is  always  90  degrees,  unless  other  angle  is  stated. 
See  Back  Outlet,  Branch,  Double  Branch,  Drop,  Heel  Outlet,  Reducing 
Taper,  Return,  Service,  Side  Outlet,  Street,  Three  Way  and  Union 
Ell. 

Elevator.  —  A  device  for  raising  or  lowering  tubing,  casing  or  drive  pipe 
from  or  into  well.  See  Casing  Elevator. 

Ell.  —  See  Elbow. 

End.  —  See  Plain  and  Safe  End. 

Exhaust  Relief  Valve.  —  Nearly  the  same  meaning  as  a  check  valve. 
They  are  used  with  condensing  engines  to  allow  atmospheric  ex- 
haust when  condenser  is  not  working.  They  may  be  loaded  so  as 
to  act  as  back  pressure  valves. 

Expanded  End  Tube.  —  Swelled  end  tube.  —  These  terms  are  used  in- 
terchangeably. See  Swelled. 

Expanded  Joint.  —  A  term  at  times  applied  to  the  joint  used  on  casing 
and  which  is  correctly  called  "Inserted  Joint." 

Expansion  Coil.  —  The  series  or  coils  of  pipe  placed  in  a  refrigerating 
box  or  brine  tank,  in  which  the  ammonia  vaporizes  after  passing 
through  an  expansion  valve.* 

Expansion  Diaphragm.  —  An  expansion  joint  of  very  limited  travel 
which  it  obtains  by  buckling  the  diaphragm.  If  the  diaphragms 
are  corrugated,  it  is  capable  of  greater  motion. 

Expansion  Joint.  —  (i)  A  device  used  in  connecting  up  long  lines  of 
pipe,  etc.,  to  permit  linear  expansion  or  contraction  as  the  tempera- 


490      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


ture  rises  or  falls.  Usually  patterns  consist  of  a  sleeve  secured  to 
one  length  of  pipe,  which  works  within  a  stuffing  box  attached  to 
the  next  length.* 

(2)  There  are  several,  such  as  slip,  swing,  balanced,  diaphragm,  loop, 
swivel,  etc.  All  are  intended  to  accommodate  the  change  in  length 
due  to  changes  in  temperature. 

Expansion  Loop.  —  Either  a  bend  shaped  like  the  letter  "U"  or  a  coil 
like  a  "pig  tail." 

Expansion  Pipes.  —  In  cold  storage,  those  pipes  within  the  refrigeration 
chambers  in  which  the  ammonia  or  other  agent  changes  into  a 
gas  under  release  of  pressure,  drawing  heat  in  the  process  from  its 
surroundings.* 

Expansion  Ring.  —  A  hoop  or  ring  of  U  section  used  to  join  lengths  of 
pipe  together  so  as  to  permit  of  expansion,  as  the  well  known 
Bowling  hoop  for  boiler  furnace  flues.* 

Expansion  Valve.  —  (i)  A  valve  used  to  control  flow  of  ammonia  (or 

other  refrigerant).     Usually  capable  of  fine  adjustment. 
(2)  The  valve  of  a  steam  engine  that  determines  the  point  of  cut-off 
i.e.,  point  at  which  steam  starts  to  work  expansively. 

Extension  Piece.  —  Usually  a  malleable  iron  nipple  with  male  and 
female  thread. 

Extra  Heavy.  —  When  applied  to  pipe  means  pipe  thicker  than  Stand- 
ard Pipe;  when  applied  to  valves  and  fittings  is  to  indicate  goods 
suitable  for  a  working  pressure  of  250  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Extra  Strong.  —  The  correct  term  or  name  of  a  certain  class  of  pipe, 
which  is  heavier  than  standard  pipe  and  not  as  heavy  as  double 
extra  strong  pipe.  Often  less  correctly  called  extra  heavy  pipe. 


F 

Faced  After.  —  A  term  used  on  flanged  work  to  mean  that  flanges  are 
faced  after  they  are  attached  to  pipe  and  that  ends  of  pipe  are 
faced  flush  with  flange,  both  being  at  right  angles  to  general  axis 
of  pipe. 

Faucet.  —  (i)  A  device  to  control  the  flow  of  liquid.  Originally  a  hol- 
low plug  with  a  transverse  hole  in  which  was  placed  the  spigot. 
This  latter  was  later  bored  and  equipped  with  a  handle  now  made 
in  great  variety  of  forms.  Commonly  called  a  tap  and  used  in 
house  plumbing  to  draw  water. 

(2)  Enlarged  end  of  a  pipe  to  receive  the  spigot  end  of  another  pipe, 
i.e.,  a  bell  end. 

Ferro  Steel.  —  A  special  grade  of  steel  that  is  intermediate  in  strength 
between  cast  iron  and  cast  steel. 

Ferrule.  —  A  short  piece  of  steel  or  copper  pipe  placed  between  tubes 
and  tube  sheet  of  boiler.  At  times  they  are  welded  to  tube.  See 
Tube  Ferrule. 

Field  Joint.  —  (i)  For  poles  is  made  by  swaging  the  inserted  end  to  a 
uniform  taper,  about  y&  inch  in  18  inches,  and  then  swaging  the 
exterior  pipe  so  that  its  interior  has  same  taper  and  size,  due  allow- 


Definitions  491 


ance  being  made  for  shrinkage.  It  is  assembled  by  placing  the 
two  sections  accurately  in  line,  but  separated  a  few  inches,  the 
lighter  section  being  on  rollers.  The  bell  end  is  then  heated  by 
wood  fire  to  a  full  red  heat,  and  the  other  end  slid  in  and  the  whole 
allowed  to  cool. 
(2)  The  joint  in  a  pipe  line  which  is  made  in  the  field. 

Field  Tube.  —  An  arrangement  of  two  concentric  tubes,  which  greatly 
improves  the  circulation  and  steaming  capacity  of  a  vertical  boiler; 
the  heated  water  rises  in  the  annulus  between  the  inner  tube  and 
the  exterior  heating  surface,  while  the  cold  water  circulates  down  the 
inner  tube.* 

Fire  Hydrant.  —  A  hydrant  suitable  for  serving  fire  hose  or  engines. 

Fire  Plug.  —  See  Fire  Hydrant. 

Fillings.  —  A  term  used  to  denote  all  those  pieces  that  may  be  attached 
to  pipes  in  order  to  connect  them  or  provide  outlets,  etc.  —  except 
that  couplings  and  valves  are  not  so  designated. 
See  Ammonia,  Back  Outlet  Ell,  Branch  Ell,  Branch  Tee,  Bull  Head 
Tee,  Bushing,  Cap,  Casing,  Clean  Out,  Cross,  Cross  Over,  Cross 
Over  Tee,  Crotch,  Double  Branch  Ell,  Double  Sweep  Tee,  Drainage, 
Drop  Elbow,  Drop  Tee,  Eccentric,  Elbow,  Four- way  Tee,  H  Branch, 
Heel  Outlet  Elbow,  Increaser,  Inverted,  Kewanee,  Lateral,  Long 
Turn,  Manifold,  Pipe,  Plug,  Railing,  Reducer,  Reducing  Taper  El- 
bow, Reducing  Tee,  Return  Bend,  Return  Elbow,  Saddle,  Service 
Ell,  Service  Tee,  Siamese  Connection,  Side  Outlet  Ell,  Side  Outlet 
Tee,  Street  Elbow,  Tee,  Three-way  Elbow,  Union,  Union  Ell,  Union 
Tee,  Wye,  and  Yoke. 

Flange.  —  A  projecting  rim,  edge,  lip  or  rib.  See  Blank,  Blanking,  Blind, 
Boiler,  Circular,  Collar,  Curved,  Internal,  Peened,  Pressed,  Rein- 
forced Pump  Column,  Riveted,  Rolled  Steel,  Saddle  and  Spun 
Flange. 

Flanged.  —  (i)  When  applied  to  a  fitting  it  is  used  to  distinguish  from 
screwed  fittings  which  are  always  furnished,  unless  flanges  or  other 
style  of  joint  is  specified. 
(2)  When  applied  to  pipe  it  means  fitted  with  flanges. 

Flanged  Joint  —  A  joint  in  pipes  made  by  flanges  bolted  together. 

Flanged  Pipe.  —  Pipe  provided  with  flanges  so  that  the  ends  can  be  held 
together  by  means  of  bolts. 

Flange  Union.  —  A  fitting  consisting  of  a  pair  of  flanges  and  bolts  to  con- 
nect them  for  use  on  threaded  pipe.  Compare  union  and  lip  union. 

Flat  Head.  —  (i)  Term  applied  to  heads  of  cylinders  meaning  that  they 

are  neither  convex  nor  concave. 
(2)  Meaning  shape  of  head  when  applied  to  brass  or  iron  cocks. 

Flexible  Joint.  —  Any  joint  between  two  pipes  that  permits  one  of  them 
to  be  deflected  without  disturbing  the  other  pipe. 

Flue.  —  A  British  term  used  in  the  same  sense  as  the  term  "tube"  is 
used  in  America. 

Flue  Boiler.  —  A  boiler  having  smoke  flues  which  pass  through  the  water. 
When  there  are  many  flues  of  small  size  the  term  "tubular  boiler"  is 
more  usual. 


492      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Flue   Cleaner.  —  Tube   cleaner.  —  Frequently   a   wire   brush   or   soot 

scraper.     At  times  called  a  "flue  brush." 
Flush  Bushing.  —  A  fitting  intended  to  reduce  the  opening  of  a  given 

fitting  by  screwing  in  flush  with  the  face  of  the  fitting. 
Flush  Joint.  —  A  threaded  joint  made  by  turning  off  nearly  half  the 

thickness  of  the  pipe  at  one  end  and  boring  in  same  manner  at  the 

other  end,  and  then  threading  with  a  fine  thread. 
Follower.  —  A  half  coupling  or  lock  nut  used  on  a  long  screw.     See  Long 

Screw. 
Four-Way  Cock.  —  A  cock  so  designed  that  the  body  has  four  passages 

and  the  plug  has  two  passages.     It  may  serve  to  control  the  flow 

of  both  a  supply  and  exhaust. 
Four-Way  Tee.  —  A  side  outlet  tee.     (Poor  usage.) 
Free  on  Rails.  —  Signifying  that  all  charges  save  those  of  railway  trans- 
portation are  paid  by  the  vender. 
Full  Way  Valve.  —  (i)  A  sluice  or  gate  valve  for  steam,  etc.,  contrived 

to  give  a  full  bore  opening  of  the  same  area  as  the  pipe.* 
(2)  Used  in  error  at  times  to  signify  a  straight  way  valve. 
Full  Weight  Pipe.  —  A  term  used  to  designate  Standard  or  Card  Weight 

Pipe,  which  is  the  Briggs'  standard  thickness  of  pipe. 


Gage.  —  The  main  gages  used  in  the  pipe  trade  are  threaded  plug  and 
ring  gages. 

Gage  Cock.  —  A  small  cock  in  a  boiler  at  water  line,  to  determine  the 
water  level. 

Gage  Length.  —  (i)  The  distance  gage  goes  on  threaded  end  of  pipe  by 

hand. 
(2)  Used  synonymously  for  cut  lengths. 

Gage  Ring.  —  A  ring  used  for  gaging  the  thread  on  pipe. 

Galvanizing.  —  The  process  by  which  the  surface  of  iron  and  steel  is 
covered  with  a  layer  of  zinc. 

Gasket.  —  A  thin  sheet  of  composition  or  metal  used  in  making  a  joint. 

Gas  Thread.  —  Briggs'  Standard  in  America;  but  in  England,  use  is 
indefinite,  though  it  usually  means  Whitworth  thread  on  4  inches 
and  under. 

Gate  Valve.  —  A  sluice  valve;  one  having  two  inclined  seats  between 
which  the  valve  wedges  down  in  closing,  the  passage  through  the 
valve  being  in  an  uninterrupted  line  from  one  end  to  the  other, 
while  the  valve,  when  opened,  is  drawn  up  into  a  dome  or  recess, 
thus  leaving  a  straight  passage  the  full  diameter  of  the  pipe.* 

Globe  Valve.  —  A  valve  having  a  round,  ball-like  shell;  it  is  much  in  use 
for  regulating  or  controlling  the  flow  of  gases  or  steam. 

Go  Devil.  —  (i)  A  scraper  with  self-adjusting  spring  blades,  inserted  in  a 
pipe  line,  and  carried  forward  by  the  fluid  pressure,  clearing  away 
accumulations  of  paraffin,  etc.,  from  the  walls  of  the  pipe.* 
(2)  In  the  oil  well  country  this  term  is  applied  to  a  device  for  explod- 
ing the  nitroglycerine  used  to  "shoot"  an  oil  well. 


Definitions  493 


Goose  Neck.  —  A  return  or  180  degree  bend  having  one  leg  shorter  than 
the  other. 

Ground  Joint.  —  See  Dry  Joint. 

Grummet  or  Grommet.  —  A  "cow  tail"  (frayed  end  of  a  piece  of  rope  or 
twine)  smeared  with  red  lead  in  oil  and  used  about  the  threads  to 
make  a  tight  joint  in  British  pipe  fitting  practice. 

H 

Half  Turn  Socket.  —  In  oil  well  drilling,  a  fishing  tool  having  jaws  bent 
around  in  an  incomplete  circle,  to  embrace  lost  tools  lying  against 
the  side  of  the  well.* 

Hand  Tight.  —  (i)  Tightened  by  hand  with  such  effort  as  an  average 
man  can  continuously  exert.     It  does  not  refer  to  such  forcing  as 
can  be  done  by  a  man  picked  for  his  strength. 
(2)  The  standard  gages  are  correct  as  to  size  when  put  on  hand  tight. 

Hard  Solder.  —  Brazing  Solder.  It  usually  is  copper  and  zinc  — 
half  and  half  by  weight.  Other  alloys  are  used  for  special  work; 
frequently,  pure  copper  is  used.  The  usual  flux  is  Borax. 

Hazelton  Head.  —  One  formed  by  swaging  the  end  of  a  pipe  nearly  to  a 
point,  and  then  welding  up  the  end,  either  alone  or  after  insertion 
of  rivet  or  button.  The  head,  when  finished,  is  nearly  hemi- 
spherical. 

H  Branch.  —  In  plumbing,  a  pipe  fitting  having  a  branch  parallel  and 
close  to  the  main  line.* 

Head.  —  See  Bumped,  Casing,  Dished,  Drive,  Flat,  Hazelton,  and  Pat- 
terson Head. 

Header.  —  A  large  pipe  into  which  one  set  of  boilers  are  connected  by 
suitable  nozzles  or  tees,  or  similar  large  pipes  from  which  a  number 
of  smaller  ones  lead  to  consuming  points.  Headers  are  often  used 
for  other  purposes,  such  as  heaters  or  in  refrigeration  work.  Headers 
are  essentially  branch  pipes  with  many  outlets,  which  are  usually 
parallel.  Largely  used  for  tubes  of  water  tube  boilers. 

Heel  Outlet  Elbow.  —  See  Branch  Ell. 

Horn  Socket.  —  In  well  boring,  an  implement  to  recover  lost  tools, 
especially  broken  drill  poles,  etc.  It  consists  of  a  conical  socket, 
the  larger  end  downwards,  which  slides  over  the  broken  part,  a 
spring  latch  gripping  it  when  entered.  Frequently  a  flaring  mouth- 
piece is  riveted  to  the  horn  socket,  making  it  a  bell  mouth  socket.* 

Hot  Drawn.  —  A  term  used  to  signify  the  product  of  drawing,  when  the 
operation  is  performed  on  material  that  is  hot  —  usually  red  hot, 
e.g.  —  hot  drawn  seamless  tubes.  The  term  is  sometimes  applied 
to  the  Mannesmann  product  that  has  not  been  drawn. 

Hot  Tube.  —  A  tube  or  pipe  lined  inside  with  porcelain,  to  enable  it  to 
withstand  firing  through  without  excessive  oxidization.* 

Hub.  —  (i)  Usually  means  a  cast  iron  outside  ring  or  collar  used  to 
join  two  pipes. 

(2)  Bell  end  of  cast  iron  pipe,  or  similar  end  in  fitting  or  valve. 

(3)  Collar  of  a  flange. 


494      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Hydrant.  —  An  outlet  placed  at  or  near  a  main,  and  provided  with  a 
valve  to  control  flow,  and  with  an  end  suited  to  attach  hose.  Those 
made  to  serve  fire  hose,  or  engines  in  cold  climates,  usually  have  the 
valve  below  the  frost  line,  and  are  so  arranged,  that  when  the  flow 
is  shut  off,  the  hydrant  will  drain  to  prevent  freezing  up. 

Hydraulic  Main.  —  In  gas  making,  the  large  pipe,  partly  filled  with 
water,  into  which  the  dip  pipes  discharge  the  gases,  etc.,  coming 
from  the  retorts.* 

Hydrostatic  Joint.  —  Used  in  large  water  mains,  in  which  sheet  lead  is 
forced  tightly  into  the  bell  of  a  pipe  by  means  of  the  hydrostatic 
pressure  of  a  liquid,  preferably  tar.* 


Increaser.  —  (i)  In  plumbing,  a  fitting  to  join  the  female  end  of  a  small 

pipe  to  the  male  end  of  a  larger  pipe. 

(2)  This  is  the  name  applied,  at  times,  to  a  special  type  of  reducer, 
whose  large  end  may  be  a  male  end  for  any  type  of  joint  and  whose 
small  end  is  always  female  and  tapped  for  Standard  Pipe.  (Poor 
usage.) 

Indicator.  —  A  device  placed  at  a  valve  or  fire  hydrant  and  so  arranged 
that  it  shows  whether  the  valve  is  open  or  closed. 

Inserted  Joint.  —  The  correct  name  of  the  joint  which  at  times  is  called 
"expanded  joint"  or  "swelled  joint."  The  joints  are  formed  by 
expanding  one  end  of  each  pipe  so  that,  when  threaded  on  their  in- 
terior, they  permit  screwing  in  the  exteriorly  threaded  ends  that 
have  not  been  expanded.  It  is  employed  mostly  on  casing. 

Internal  Feed  Pipe.  —  A  pipe  perforated  at  the  end,  leading  the  feed 
water  from  the  check  valve  opening  through  the  hotter  portions 
of  the  boiler  to  the  coldest,  thus  assisting  circulation,  and  gradu- 
ally introducing  the  feed  water  without  shock.* 

Internal  Flange.  —  A  flange  that  projects  from  the  inner  surface  toward 
the  center.  Used  in  contradistinction  to  external  flange,  which  is 
always  meant  when  the  word  flange  is  used  without  qualification. 

Inverted  Fitting.  —  In  plumbing,  a  fitting  reversed  in  order  of  position 
—  upside  down  —  turned  in  contrary  direction. 


Jars.  —  In  well  boring,  a  connection  between  the  sinker  bars  and  the 
poles  or  cables,  made  in  the  form  of  two  links,  having  a  slide  on  each 
other  of  about  two  feet.  The  jars  permit  the  tools  to  fall  on  the 
downward  stroke,  but  on  the  upward  jar  them,  or  give  them  a  sharp 
pull,  tending  to  loosen  them  from  any  crevices  or  cavings  that  may 
hold  them;  a  drill  jar.* 

Joint.  —  In  the  pipe  trade,  applies  to  the  means  used  to  connect  pipes  to 

each  other  or  to  fittings. 

See  Ammonia,  Armstrong,  Artesian,  Ball,  Bell  and   Spigot,  Block, 
Bumped,  Butted  and  Strapped,  Converse  Lock,  Corrugated,  Cressed 


Definitions  495 


Artesian,  Cup,  Cup  and  Ball,  Dresser,  Drive  Pipe,  Dry,  Eckert, 
Expanded,  Expansion,  Field,  Flanged,  Flexible,  Flush,  Ground, 
Hydrostatic,  Inserted,  Kimberley,  Knock-off,  Lead,  Lead  and  Rub- 
ber, Line  Pipe,  Matheson,  National,  Normandy,  Peened  Flangod, 
Perkins,  Petit's,  Pope,  Pressure,  Riedler,  Rust,  Shrunk,  Siemens, 
Slip,  Socket,  Spigot,  Swing,  Swivel,  Thimble,  Union,  Van  Stone, 
Walker,  Welded  Flange  and  Wiped  Joints. 

Jointer.  —  (i)  A  pipe  trade  term  used  to  express  a  random  length  com- 
posed of  two  pieces  coupled  together.  Custom  of  the  pipe  trade 
is  that  shipments  include  a  small  proportion  of  such  lengths. 
(2)  The  term  jointer  also  is  applied  to  very  small  style  of  flanges 
that  are  suitable  for  connecting  pipes  to  each  other,  but  not  suitable 
for  connecting  to  fittings. 


Kalameined.  —  Coated  in  a  manner  similar  to  galvanizing,  but  using  a 
composition  of  lead,  tin  and  antimony. 

"Kewanee."  —  As  applied  to  fittings  and  valves  this  word  indicates  that 
the  "Kewanee"  Union  principle  is  involved. 

Kewanee  Union.  —  A  patented  pipe  union  having  one  pipe  end  of  brass 
and  the  other  of  malleable  iron,  with  a  ring  or  nut  of  malleable  iron, 
in  which  the  arrangement  and  finish  of  the  several  parts  is  such  as 
to  provide  a  non-corrosive  ball  and  socket  joint  at  the  junction  of 
the  pipe  ends,  and  a  non-corrosive  connection  between  the  ring  and 
brass  pipe  end. 

Kimberley  Joint.  —  Originally  a  joint  of  English  manufacture  exten- 
sively used  in  the  South  African  Mining  District.  It  consists  of  an 
outer  wrought  sleeve  or  ring  belled  out  on  the  ends  to  form  a  suit- 
able lead  recess  for  calking,  the  pipes  butting  in  the  center  of  the 
sleeve. 

Knock  Of  Joint.  —  In  well  drilling,  a  joint  used  in  the  rods  of  deep  well 
pumps.  The  jointed  ends  of  the  rods  are  enlarged  to  a  square 
section  and  scarfed  and  notched  to  fit  against  one  another,  and  are 
confined  by  a  clasp  or  bridle  embracing  them.  The  joint  is  ta- 
pered lengthwise  and  the  hole  in  the  clasp  is  tapered  to  correspond, 
so  that  the  tendency  is  always  for  the  clasp  to  tighten  around  the 
joint.* 

L 

Laid  Length.  —  (i)  The  length  measured  after  pipe  is  placed  in  posi- 
tion. It  is  not  the  same  as  the  "shipped  length,"  which  latter  is 
measured  over  all  as  shipped,  and  it  is  greater  than  the  "  cut  length," 
which  applies  to  length  of  tubular  goods  only.  The  laid  length 
includes  such  items  as  gaskets  or  space  between  ends  of  pipe  in 
coupling  or  the  insertion  of  bell  and  spigot  joint  or  the  central 
ring  of  C.  J.  hub. 

(2)  Laid  length  is  never  considered  unless  order  clearly  refers  to  it. 
To  specify  it  on  an  order  or  a  drawing  always  delays  execution, 
unless  every  essential  detail  is  given. 


496      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Lap-weld.  —  Welded  along  a  scarfed  longitudinal  seam  in  which  one 
part  is  overlapped  by  the  other. 

Laterals.  —  See  Wye. 

Lead.  —  The  advance  made  by  one  turn  of  a  screw.  Often  confused 
with  pitch  of  thread,  but  not  the  same,  unless  in  the  case  of  a  single 
thread.  With  a  double  thread  the  lead  is  twice  as  much  as  the 
pitch. 

Lead  and  Rubber  Joint.  —  (i)  The  ordinary  name  for  any  joint  in  which 

lead  and  rubber  are  employed. 

(2)  The  combination  of  Matheson  Joint  and  Dresser  Clamp  is  not 
usually  called  by  this  name  but  acts  in  the  same  manner. 

Lead  Joint.  —  (i)  Generally  used  to  signify  the  connection  between 
pipes  which  is  made  by  pouring  molten  lead  into  the  annular  space 
between  a  bell  and  spigot  —  and  then  making  the  lead  tight  by 
calking. 

(2)  Rarely  used  to  mean  the  joint  made  by  pressing  the  lead  between 
adjacent  pieces  as  when  lead  gasket  is  used  between  flanges. 

Lead  Joint  Runner.  —  See  Pouring  Clamp. 

Lead  Lined  Pipe.  —  A  wrought  pipe  having  a  continuous  interior  lining 
of  lead.  When  used  on  flanged  pipe  the  lining  is  often  brought  out 
over  the  face  of  the  flanges.  The  lead  lining  is  usually  as  thick  as 
the  same  size  of  lead  pipe.  It  is  useful  for  conducting  certain  cor- 
rosive fluids. 

Lead  Wool.  —  A  material  used  in  place  of  melted  lead  for  making  pipe 
joints.  It  is  lead  fiber,  about  as  coarse  as  fine  excelsior  and  when 
made  in  a  strand  it  can  be  calked  into  the  joints  making  them  very 
solid. 

Leak  Clamp.  —  Packing  Clamp  —  Half  Dresser  Joint.  —  Usually  super- 
posed on  some  other  joint  as  that  made  with  a  coupling. 

Line  Pipe.  —  Special  brand  of  pipe  that  employs  recessed  and  taper 
thread  couplings,  and  usually  greater  length  of  thread  than  Briggs' 
Standard.  The  pipe  is  also  subjected  to  higher  test. 

Line  Pipe  Joint.  —  The  screwed  joint  used  on  line  pipe. 

Lip  Union.  —  (i)  A  special  form  of  union  characterized  by  the  lip  that 
prevents  the  gasket  from  being  squeezed  into  the  pipe  so  as  to  ob- 
struct the  flow. 
(2)  It  is  a  ring  union,  unless  flange  is  specified. 

Lock  Nut.  —  (i)  A  nut  placed  on  a  parallel  threaded  portion  of  pipe  at  a 

joint  in  order  to  stop  leaks  by  means  of  a  grummet,  gasket  or  packing. 

(2)  Also  used  to  make  a  joint  where  the  long  screw  or  lock  nut 

nipple  has  been  run  through  the  tank,  the  lock  nuts  being  used  to 

wedge  up  against  the  tank  on  either  side. 

Long  Length.  —  A  length  of  pipe  greater  than  can  ordinarily  be  made 
from  one  length  of  plate.  The  long  length  is  made  by  uniting  two 
pipes  by  a  circular  or  safe  end  weld.  Long  lengths  —  less  than 
40  feet  —  can  be  produced  in  one  piece,  without  weld,  by  certain 
processes. 

Long  Screw.  —  A  short  length  of  pipe  having  ordinary  thread  on  one  end, 
and  the  other  end  threaded  for  such  distance  as  will  allow  a  lock 


Definitions  497 


nut  and  a  coupling  to  be  screwed  by  hand  without  overhanging  the 
end  of  pipe.  It  is  used  in  making  up  connections  or  joining  lines 
in  place. 

Long  Screw  Follower.  —  A  half  coupling  or  lock  nut  used  on  a  long  screw. 

Long  Turn  Fitting.  —  A  term  variously  employed  to  mean  long  sweep, 
long  radius  or  an  angular  branch,  e.g.,  a  long  turn  branch  may  be 
one  whose  branch  makes  about  45°  with  the  run,  but  end  of  branch 
is  sharply  turned  to  90°  to  run. 

Loop.  —  See  Expansion  Loop. 

M 

Male  and  Female.  —  (i)  Sometimes  called  recessed;  usually  written 
M.  &  F.  It  means  that  one  flange  of  a  pair  is  faced  so  as  to  pro- 
duce a  flat,  depressed  face,  extending  from  inside  of  pipe  nearly 
to  bolt  holes.  The  other  flange  is  faced  so  as  to  have  a  raised 
portion  at  same  place  and  only  slightly  less  diameter.  The  object 
is  to  prevent  the  gasket  from  blowing  out. 
(2)  Also  means  Male  and  Female  thread. 

Malleable  Iron.  —  Cast  iron  made  from  pig  iron  of  the  proper  kind,  so 
treated  as  to  render  it  capable  of  being  bent  or  hammered  to  a 
limited  extent  without  breaking,  that  is,  it  is  malleable.  Its 
strength  is  above  that  of  cast  iron.  The  treatment  is  known  as 
annealing. 

Mandrel  Socket.  —  A  well  tool  for  straightening  out  the  top  of  casing, 
etc.,  within  a  well,  consisting  of  a  lemon-shaped  swage  within  a 
cone  or  bell-mouth,  by  means  of  which  the  casing  is  worked  to  a 
circular  shape.  Also  useful  for  straightening  a  lost  sand  pump,  etc., 
so  that  the  dogs  may  enter.* 

Manifold.  —  (i)  A  fitting  with  numerous  branches  used  to  convey  fluids 

between  a  large  pipe  and  several  smaller  pipes.     See  Branch  Tee. 
(2)  A  header  for  a  coil. 

Mannesmann.  —  A  name  applied  to  the  product  of  tube  making  proc- 
ess, invented  by  Herr  Mannesmann. 

Master  Die.  —  A  die  made  standard  and  used  only  for  reference  pur- 
poses or  for  threading  taps. 

Master  Tap.  —  A  tap  cut  to  standard  dimensions  and  used  only  for 
reference  purposes  or  for  tapping  master  dies. 

Matheson  and  Dresser  Joint.  —  A  combination  joint  in  which  a  Dresser 
leak  clamp  of  special  form  is  used  to  reinforce  a  Matheson  joint. 
Its  special  advantage  is  that  it  allows  repair  without  shutting  off 
the  service  pressure.  Much  used  on  Natural  Gas  lines  on  service 
pressures  up  to  250  pounds  and  at  times  up  to  500  pounds,  and  on 
pipes  1 6  inches  outside  diameter  and  less  —  and  even  on  20  inches 
outside  diameter. 

Matheson  Joint.  —  A  wrought  pipe  joint  made  by  enlarging  the  one  end 
of  the  pipe  to  form  a  suitable  lead  recess,  similar  to  the  bell  end  of 
a  cast  iron  pipe,  and  which  receives  the  male  or  spigot  end  of  the 
next  length.  Practically  the  same  style  of  a  joint  as  used  for  cast 
iron  pipe. 


498      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Measurement  equals  weight.  —  A  commercial  transportation  term  indi- 
cating that  the  specific  weight  is  high  enough  to  secure  the  freight 
tariff  that  is  based  on  weight  under  steamer's  measurement  for 
ocean  transit. 

Medium  Pressure.  —  When  applied  to  valves  and  fittings,  means  good 
for  a  working  pressure  of  125  to  175  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Melting  Furnace.  —  A  small  portable  furnace  (some  designs  are  mounted 
on  wheels)  used  for  melting  lead  for  lead  joint  pipe. 

Mounted.  —  When  applied  to  pipe  fittings,  valves,  etc.,  in  such  expres- 
sions as  brass-mounted,  nickel-mounted,  etc.,  means  having  the 
rubbing  or  wearing  surfaces  composed  of  the  material  named. 

N 

National  Joint.  —  A  bell  and  spigot  joint  whose  bell  is  contracted  at  its 
mouth,  so  as  to  retain  self  tightening  (U  shaped)  ring  of  rubber  or 
other  pliable  material. 

National  Pole  Socket.  —  An  extension  piece  for  repairing  wooden  poles 
that  have  rotted  at  ground  line.  It  is  a  piece  of  pipe  suitably 
shaped  to  hold  the  tapered  lower  end  of  upper  portion  of  such 
pole. 

Needle  Valve.  —  At  times  called  a  needle  point  valve.  A  valve  provided 
with  a  long  tapering  point  in  place  of  the  ordinary  valve  disc.  The 
tapering  point  permits  fine  graduation  of  the  opening. 

Nested.  —  Having  one  piece  placed  within  another  (i.e.,  telescoped) .  A 
thing  that  is  done  with  pipes  and  fittings  at  times,  to  get  a  required 
weight  into  a  given  space.  See  Steamer's  Measurements. 

Nipple.  —  (i)  A  tubular  pipe  fitting  usually  threaded  on  both  ends  and 
under  12  inches  in  length.  Pipe  over  12  inches  long  is  regarded  as 
cut  pipe.  See  Close,  Long  Screw,  Short,  Shoulder,  Space,  Sub  and 
Swaged  Nipple.  v. 

(2)  Boss  or  Pop  —  A  thickened  or  raised  place  outside  or  inside  of 
pipe  made  by  welding  on  a  button  or  pop.  It  is  used  on  a  thin  wall 
when  it  is  desired  to  tap  a  hole.  These  reinforcements  are  usually 
flush  inside  or  outside  as  specified. 

Non-Return  Valve.  —  A  stop  valve  whose  disc  may  move  independently 
of  the  stem  so  that  valve  may  act  as  a  check.  Such  valves  are 
largely  used  between  boilers  and  headers  to  prevent  accidents. 

Normandy  Joint.  —  A  joint  by  which  the  plain  ends  of  two  pipes  are 
connected  by  means  of  a  sleeve  whose  ends  are  made  tight  by 
rings  of  packing,  compressed  between  bolting  rings  and  sleeve. 
There  are  many  similar  joints  or  modifications  such  as  Dayton, 
Dresser,  Hammond,  etc. 

Nozzle.  —  (i)  A  short  piece  of  pipe  with  a  flange  on  one  end  and  a 
saddle  flange  on  the  other  end.  May  be  made  of  cast  iron,  cast 
steel  or  wrought  steel. 

(2)  A  side  outlet  attached  to  a  pipe  by  such  means  as  riveting,  braz- 
ing or  welding. 

Nut.  —  See  Lock  Nut. 


Definitions  499 


Offset  Pipe.  —  (i)  A  pipe  bent  so  as  to  offset  a  line,  i.e.,  move  the  line 
to  a  position  parallel  to,  but  not  in  alignment  with,  balance  of  the 
pipe. 

(2)  A  fitting  to  accomplish  the  same. 

(3)  Erroneously  used  for  crossover. 

(4)  Erroneously  used  for  bend. 

(5)  Erroneously  used  for  branch  pipe. 

Open  Return  Bend.  —  A  short  cast  or  malleable  iron  U-shaped  tube  for 
uniting  two  parallel  pipes.  It  differs  from  a  close  return  bend  in 
having  the  arms  separated  from  each  other. 

Oval  Socket.  —  In  well  boring,  a  fishing  tool  used  to  slip  over  the  ends 
of  broken  and  lost  poles,  to  grip  so  as  to  recover  them.* 


Packer.  —  A  device  used  in  an  oil  or  gas  well  to  stop  flow  in  or  around 
the  casing  or  tubing.  See  Water  Packer. 

Packing.  —  (i)  A  general  term  relating  to  yielding  material  employed 
to  effect  a  tight  joint.  A  common  example  is  the  sheet  rubber  used 
for  gaskets.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  braided  hemp  or 
metallic  rings  used  in  some  joints,  that  allow  considerable  or  in- 
cessant motion.  The  British  grummet  is  another  example. 
(2)  Any  material  used  in  packing  stuffing  boxes  of  valves. 

Patterson  Head.  —  One  that  has  the  pipe  reduced  or  swaged  to  about 
half  its  diameter  and  then  a  flat  head  welded  in. 

Peened  Flange  Joint.  —  A  term  used  to  indicate  that  the  flanges  are 
attached  to  the  pipe  by  peening  —  just  as  welded  flange,  riveted 
flange  or  screwed  flange  are  terms  that  indicate  the  method  of 
attachment  of  flange  to  pipe.  Many  designs  —  or  almost  any 
design  —  can  be  so  attached.  The  flanges  usually  depend  in  part 
upon  beading  of  pipe  at  face,  although  some  designs  require  grooves 
inside  of  collar  flange,  into  which  grooves  the  metal  is  forced  by 
the  peening. 

Peening.  —  The  act  or  process  of  hammering  sheet  metals  with  the 
peen  of  a  hammer,  either  to  straighten  them  or  to  impart  a  desired 
curvature.* 

Penstock.  —  (i)  The  conductor  between  forebay  and  turbine  casing. 
At  times  that  portion  of  a  forebay  that  is  subject  to  hydrostatic 
pressure  —  used  for  any  type  of  water  wheels. 

(2)  A  railroad  term  applied  to  the  pipe  for  supplying  water  to  loco- 
motive tenders. 

Perforated. — That  in  which  holes  have  been  bored  or  pierced.  In 
pipe  it  is  usually  accomplished  by  drilling  holes,  but  the  same 
result  can  be  accomplished  cheaply  by  punching. 

Perkins  Joint.  —  One  made  up  with  threaded  pipe  and  coupling,  both 
threaded  straight  (no  taper).  The  one  end  of  the  pipe  is  left 
square  and  the  other  is  beveled  to  a  knife  edge  at  mid-thickness. 
Has  been  used  in  Baku  oil  region. 


500     Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Pet  Cock.  —  A  small  cock  used  to  drain  a  cylinder,  fitting,  etc.  The 
term  means  nearly  the  same  as  drip  or  drain  cock. 

Petit' 's  Joint.  —  One  constructed  with  a  double  male  and  female  in 
which  a  round  rubber  is  used. 

Pilot.  —  A  small  valve  to  operate  or  relieve  pressure  on  a  larger  valve. 

Pipe.  —  A  long  conducting  passage,  usually  a  line  of  tubes;  any  long 
tube  or  hollow  body;  especially  one  that  is  used  as  a  conductor  of 
water  or  other  fluids,  as  a  drain  pipe,  water  pipe,  etc.* 
See  Branch,  Breeches,  Card  Weight,  Conduit,  Converse  Lock  Joint, 
Dip,  Double  Extra  Strong,  Drive,  Dry,  Eduction,  Expansion,  Extra 
Strong,  Flanged,  Full  Weight,  Internal  Feed,  Kimberley  Joint,  Lead 
Lined,  Line,  Matheson  Joint,  Offset,  Plug,  Reamed  and  Drifted, 
Rifled,  Riser,  Service,  Signal,  Siphon,  Socket,  Soil,  S,  Stand,  Stand- 
ard, Tail,  Tin  Lined  and  Tuyere  Pipe. 

Pipe  Bend.  —  A  bent  pipe  in  contradistinction  to  a  bend,  which  may 
be  a  casting.  See  Bend. 

Pipe  Bending  Machine.  —  An  apparatus  by  which  pipe  of  any  ductile 
metal  may  be  bent  or  coiled  as  desired.  Some  use  rollers  and  internal 
mandrels  or  coils,  but  the  most  usual  type  uses  formers  and  saddles 
and  operates  without  internal  mandrel  or  fitting.  The  necessity 
for  internal  mandrel  or  fitting  is  determined  mostly  by  the  ratio  of 
the  thickness  to  the  diameter.  Where  the  wall  is  relatively  thin 
something  inside  appears  obligatory  to  prevent  buckling,  crumpling 
or  collapsing. 

Pipe  Clamp.  —  A  metallic  strap  or  band,  made  to  fit  around  a  pipe, 
gripping  it  closely,  for  the  purpose  of  stopping  leaks,  etc.,  a  piece 
of  jointing  material  being  usually  compressed  between  the  clamp 
and  the  pipe.* 

Pipe  Coupling.  —  A  sleeve  or  socket  of  cylindrical  form  with  female 
threads,  which  receives  the  ends  of  two  adjacent  pipe  lengths.* 

Pipe  Covering.  —  A  jacket  of  non-conducting  material  placed  around 
steam  (or  other)  pipes  to  prevent  loss  of  heat. 

Pipe  Cutter.  —  An  instrument  for  cutting  off  wrought  pipes.  A  com- 
mon type  is  made  with  a  hook-shaped  frame  on  whose  stem  a  slide 
can  be  moved  by  a  screw.  On  the  slide  or  frame  one  or  more  cut- 
ting discs  are  mounted,  and  forced  into  the  metal  as  the  whole 
appliance  is  rotated  about  the  pipe. 

Pipe  Die.  —  A  tool  for  cutting  external  threads  on  pipes.  Many  types 
are  composite  with  inserted  cutters. 

Pipe  Dog.  —  A  hand  tool  that  is  much  used  to  rotate  a  pipe  whose  end 
is  accessible.  It  is  simply  a  small  short  steel  bar  whose  end  is  bent 
at  right  angles  to  the  handle,  and  then  quickly  returned  leaving  only 
enough  space  between  the  jaws  to  slip  over  the  wall  of  pipe. 

Pipe  Fittings.  —  Connections,  appliances  and  adjuncts,  designed  to  be 
used  in  connection  with  pipes,  such  as  elbows  and  bends  to  alter 
the  direction  of  a  pipe;  tees  and  crosses  to  connect  a  branch  with  a 
main;  plugs  and  caps  to  close  an  end;  bushings,  diminishers  or  re- 
ducing sockets  to  couple  two  pipes  of  different  dimensions,  etc.* 
See  Fittings. 


Definitions  501 


Pipe  Grip.  —  In  steam  and  pipe  fitting,  an  implement  consisting  of  an 
iron  bar.  with  a  curved  end  and  provided  with  a  chain  of  square 
links  to  hook  on  to  the  jaws  of  the  curved  end.*  See  Chain  Tongs. 

Pipe  Hanger.  —  A  suspension  link  or  band  (often  split)  used  to  support  a 
pipe  without  interfering  with  its  expansion  and  contraction. 

Pipe  Line.  —  (i)  A  line  of  pipe  used  for  the  transporting  of  liquids  or 

gases. 

(2)  It  has  an  entirely  different  meaning  from  "Line  Pipe,"  which 
see. 

Pipe  Roller.  —  In  construction  work,  these  are  made  of  different  lengths 
of  wrought  pipes  to  suit  the  work,  and  used  as  rollers  for  moving 
heavy  articles  and  machinery. 

Pipe  Stay.  —  A  pipe  hanger  —  an  unusual  term. 

Pipe  Stock.  —  A  holder  for  dies  by  means  of  which  threads  are  cut  on 
pipes  by  hand.* 

Pipe  Thread.  —  A  thread  employed  in  connection  with  wrought  pipe. 
The  standard  thread  is  the  Briggs',  which  has  an  angle  of  60  degrees 
between  its  sides,  slightly  rounded  at  top  and  bottom,  and  which 
has  a  taper.  See  Briggs'  Standard. 

Pipe  Tongs.  —  A  hand  tool  for  gripping  or  rotating  pipe.  It  is  fre- 
quently made  like  a  large  pair  of  pliers  one  of  whose  noses  is  hook- 
shaped  and  the  other  is  made  shorter  and  sharpened  so  as  to  dig 
into  the  pipe.  Chain  tongs  and  pipe  wrenches  are  used  for  about 
the  same  purpose. 

Pipe  Unions.  —  Erroneously  used,  at  times,  to  signify  pipe  joints. 

Pipe  Vise.  —  A  special  type  of  vise  usually  attached  to  a  work  bench. 
It  is  frequently  made  with  three  serrated  jaws,  one  of  which  moves 
between  the  other  two  and  may  be  forced  against  the  pipe  by 
screw  or  toggle.  At  times  made  with  an  open  or  latching  side  to 
permit  rapid  work. 

Pipe  Wrench.  —  A  wrench  whose  jaws  are  usually  serrated  and  arranged 
to  grip  with  increasing  pressure  as  the  handle  is  pulled.  There  are 
many  forms  such  as  the  Alligator,  Stillson,  Trimo,  etc. 

Piping.  —  In  plumbing,  steam  and  gas  fitting,  the  whole  system  of 
pipes  in  a  factory,  mill  or  house;  the  act  of  laying  a  pipe  system.* 

Pitch.  —  (i)  The  distance  measured  on  a  line  parallel  to  the  axis,  be- 
tween two  adjacent  threads  or  convolutions  of  a  screw. 
(2)  The  distance  between  the  centers  of  holes,  as  of  rivet  holes  in 
boiler  plates.* 

Plain  End.  —  Usually  contracted  to  P.E.  —  Used  to  signify  pipe  cut 
off  and  not  threaded,  i.e.,  ends  left  as  cut. 

Plug. —  (i)  When  used  without  qualification,  it  always  means,  in  the 
pipe  trade,  the  ordinary  plug  or  pipe  plug  that  has  an  exterior 
pipe  thread  and  a  projecting  head  (usually  square),  by  which  it 
is  screwed  into  the  opening  of  a  fitting,  etc. 

(2)  Compare  countersunk  plug. 

(3)  The  movable  part  of  a  tap,  cock  or  faucet.* 

(4)  Colloquially  used  for  hydrant,  penstock,  standpipe,  water  plug, 
etc.     See  Socket,  Tap,  Tube  and  Water  Plug. 


502      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Plug  Cock.  —  Usually  called  a  cock.    All  cocks  are  essentially  plug  cocks. 

Plug  Gage.  —  A  plug  or  internal  gage  for  measuring  inside  dimensions. 

Plug  Pipe.  —  A  short  piece  of  pipe,  screwed  with  a  male  thread  at  one 
end  and  closed  or  welded  at  the  other,  used  as  a  plug  to  close  an- 
other pipe  or  an  opening  in  a  fitting,  when  a  proper  plug  is  not 
obtainable.* 

Plug  Tap.  —  A  tap  with  threaded  portion  straight  or  without  lead, 
used  for  bottoming. 

Pole  Drill.  —  In  well  boring,  a  system  where  a  rigid  connection  is  used 
between  the  drilling  tools  and  the  reciprocating  beam.* 

Pop.  —  (i)  A  spring  loaded  safety  valve. 

(2)  A  boss  or  nipple  cast  on  a  fitting  or  welded  to  a  pipe. 

Pope  Joint.  —  A  joint  very  similar  to  the  Van  Stone.  In  one  form  the 
flange  is  separately  formed  and  welded  to  the  pipe. 

Pouring  Clamp.  —  Lead  Joint  Runner  —  Some  forms  are  made  of  metal, 
others  of  rubber  and  others  of  asbestos.  The  commonest  make- 
shift is  a  piece  of  frayed  rope  smeared  with  clay.  All  styles  serve 
to  guide  the  lead  into  space  provided  for  it  in  lead  joint  pipe. 

Pressed  Flange.  —  Usually  signifies  a  light  style  of  flange,  made  from 
plate  steel  by  press  forging  or  forming.  When  the  flange  is  so 
made  of  heavy  stock,  whose  thickness  is  changed  by  the  forging, 
it  is  better  to  call  the  product  Press  Forged.  Some  flanges  are 
Press  Forged  part  way  and  then  rolled.  See  Rolled  Flanges. 

Pressed  Forged.  —  A  term  used  to  indicate  the  operation  of  forming  by 
steady  pressure  as  distinguished  from  forging  by  hammering  or 
rolling  or  drawing.  The  distinction  between  "Press  Forging"  and 
"Press  Forming"  is  that  the  former  changes  the  thickness  or  sec- 
tion materially,  while  the  latter  only  changes  the  form  and  may 
incidentally  change  the  section  or  thickness. 

Pressure  Joint.  —  A  term  used  by  British  trade  to  signify  that  the 
threads  of  both  pipe  and  coupling  are  tapered.  It  closely  corre- 
sponds to  American  joints  used  on  Line  Pipe,  Casing  or  Tubing,  etc. 

Protector.  —  A  ring  threaded  on  its  inside  and  used  to  protect  threaded 
end  of  pipe  during  transit. 

Pump  Column  Flange.  —  See  Reinforced  Pump  Column  Flange. 


Radiator.  —  That  which  radiates  or  sends  forth  heat,  as  by  a  coil  of 
steam  or  hot  water  heating  pipes. 

Radiator  Valve.  —  An  angle  valve  such  as  is  fitted  to  a  steam  or  hot 
water  heating  radiator. 

Radius  of  Bend.  —  (i)  The  distance  measured  always  from  the  center 
of  curvature  to  the  center  of  the  pipe  or  fitting.  The  relation  be- 
tween length  of  radius  and  size  of  pipe  is  modified  by  the  ratio  of 
the  pipe's  thickness  to  its  diameter;  in  general  the  thinner  the  pipe 
the  longer  the  radius. 

(2)  The  radial  distance  from  the  center  line  of  a  fitting  to  the  center 
of  curvature,  about  which  the  body  of  a  fitting  is  struck  or  swept. 


Definitions  503 


Railing  Fittings.  —  Those  used  on  hand  rails.  There  are  various 
styles.  To  the  trade,  rail  fittings  are  understood  to  be  globe 
shaped  in  the  body,  with  ends  reduced  to  take  thread. 

Raised  Face.  —  A  term  used  to  indicate  that  flanges  are  faced  l/32  inch 
or  so  higher  inside  of  the  bolt  circle. 

Random  Length.  —  The  " catch  length"  or  length  of  good  quality  pipe, 
made  from  any  piece  of  plate  skelp  after  its  ends  have  been 
trimmed.  For  Butt  and  Lap  Weld  pipes  usually  about  20  feet  or 
less. 

Reamed.  —  In  pipe  trade,  means  having  the  burr  from  cutting  off  tool 
removed  from  inside,  at  ends,  by  a  slight  countersinking. 

Reamed  and  Drifted.  —  Usually  contracted  to  R.  &  D.  See  the  separate 
terms. 

Receiver  Filling  Valve.  —  A  valve  of  peculiar  construction  for  the  ad- 
mission of  compressed  gas  to  the  receiver,  so  that  it  can  be  trans- 
mitted to  the  regulator  for  consumption. 

Recessed.  —  (i)  Counterbored  for  a  short  distance  when  applied  to 
couplings. 

(2)  Counterbored  or  provided  at  back  with  a  calking  recess  when 
applied  to  flanges. 

(3)  Erroneously  applied,  at  times,  to  flanges  to  mean  M.  &  F.  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  T.  &  G.  or  P.  F. 

Reducer.  —  (i)  A  fitting  having  a  larger  size  at  one  end  than  at  the 
other.  Some  have  tried  to  establish  the  term  "increaser"  — 
thinking  of  direction  of  flow,  but  this  has  arisen  from  a  misunder- 
standing of  the  trade  custom  of  always  giving  the  largest  size  of 
run  of  a  fitting  first;  hence,  all  fittings  having  more  than  one  size 
are  reducers.  They  are  always  inside  thread,  unless  specified  flanged 
or  for  some  special  joint. 

(2)  Threaded  type  is  made  with  abrupt  reduction. 

(3)  Flanged  pattern  has  taper  body. 

(4)  Flanged  eccentric  pattern  has  taper  body,  but  flanges  at  90  de- 
grees to  one  side  of  body. 

(5)  Misapplied  at  times,  to  a  reducing  coupling. 

Reducing  Taper  Elbow.  —  A  reducing  elbow  whose  curved  body  uni- 
formly decreases  in  diameter  toward  the  small  end. 

Reducing  Tee.  —  Any  tee  having  two  different  sizes  of  openings.  It 
may  reduce  on  the  run  or  branch. 

Reducing  Valve.  —  (i)  A  spring  or  lever  loaded  valve  similar  to  a  safety 
valve,  whereby  a  lower  and  constant  pressure  may  be  maintained 
beyond  the  valve. 

(2)  A  valve  for  reducing  the  pressure  of  air  admitted  to  a  train  signal 
pipe  below  that  maintained  in  the  brake  pipe  and  main  reservoir. 

Reflux  Valve.  —  In  hydraulics,  a  flap  valve  used  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
off  the  pressure  of  a  head  of  water  acting  in  a  backward  direction 
against  a  set  of  pumps.* 

Reinforced  Pump  Column  Flange.  —  A  flange  that  is  secured  to,  or  fas- 
tened to,  pipe  by  rivets  in  addition  to  being  peened  and  beaded. 

Reservoir.  —  An  incorrectly  used  term  to  denote  a  cylinder. 


504      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Return  Bend.  — 180  degree  bend.  —  Usually  a  fitting  having  inside 
threads.  Often  applied  to  a  bent  pipe.  Always  means  the  fitting 
unless  otherwise  specified. 

Return  Bend  with  Back  Outlet.  —  (i)  A  crotch  having  parallel  outlet. 
(2)  A  return  bend  with  a  back  or  outlet  in  line  with  one  of  the  main 
outlets. 

Return  Elbow.  —  A  return  or  U  bend  of  small  radius. 

Ribbed  Tube.  —  In  steam  engineering,  the  ribbed  tube  introduced  with 
a  view  to  improving  the  heating  surface  of  the  tubes  of  feed  water 
heaters.  The  tubes  are  simply  rolled  with  internal  deep  ribs  running 
transversely.  They  are  made  in  iron,  steel,  copper  and  brass.  Also 
called  corrugated  tubes.* 

Riedler  Joint.  —  One  in  which  a  cup  leather  is  used  as  packing  or  gasket. 
Useful  for  high  pressure. 

Rifled  Pipe.  —  A  pipe  used  for  conveying  heavy  oils.  The  pipe  is 
rifled  with  helical  grooves  which  make  a  complete  turn  through 
360  degrees  in  about  10  feet  of  length. 

Ring.  —  See  Drive  Pipe,  Expansion  and  Gage  Ring. 

Ring  Union.  —  The  ordinary  union  used  to  connect  pipes.  The  term 
is  used  in  contradistinction  to  flange  union. 

Riser  Pipe.  —  A  pipe  extending  vertically  and  having  side  branches. 

River  Dog.  —  A  device  to  hold  a  pipe  line  on  a  river  bottom. 

River  Sleeve.  —  A  long  sleeve  used  over  other  joints  to  prevent  injury  to 
joints  laid  on  river  bottom  or  under  water.  An  excellent  form 
requires  sleeves  to  be  about  six  (6)  diameters  long  and  fit  as  neatly 
as  possible  to  the  outside  of  the  central  joint.  It  is  so  made  to 
prevent  bending  or  springing  of  the  pipe,  which  might  injure  or 
loosen  the  joint. 

Riveted  Flange.  —  One  whose  collar  is  attached  to  pipe  by  rivets.  The 
pipe  usually  is  not  brought  flush  with  face  of  flange,  but  stops  about 
iH  inches  to  i%  inches  from  center  of  rivets  where  it  is  calked. 
One  special  design  brings  pipe  flush  with  face  of  flange  and  another 
design  has  end  of  pipe  beaded  into  a  recess. 

Rod.  —  See  Sucker  Rod. 

Rolled  Steel  Flange.  —  One  that  is  forged  from  a  steel  bloom  and  then 
rolled  to  shape  by  a  mill  similar  to  that  used  for  rolling  locomo- 
tive or  wheel  tires.  Some  small  sizes  are  drop  forged,  hammer 
forged,  or  press  forged.  These  processes  are  all  considered  to 
yield  rolled  flanges,  if  the  product  is  the  required  shape.  See 
Pressed  Flange. 

Run.  —  (i)  A  length  of  pipe  that  is  made  of  more  than  one  piece  of  pipe. 
(2)  The  portion  of  any  fitting  having  its  ends  "in  line"  or  nearly  so, 
in  contradistinction  to  the  branch  or  side  opening  as  of  a  tee. 
The  two  main  openings  of  an  Ell  also  indicate  its  run,  and  when 
there  is  a  third  opening  on  an  ell,  the  fitting  is  a  "side  outlet"  or 
"back  outlet"  elbow,  except  that  when  all  three  openings  are  in  one 
plane  and  the  back  outlet  is  in  line  with  one  of  the  run  openings, 
the  fitting  is  a  "heel  outlet  elbow"  or  a  "  single  sweep  tee  "  or  some- 
times (less  correctly)  a  "branch  tee." 


Definitions  505 


Rust  Joint.  —  Employed  to  secure  rigid  connection.  It  generally  can- 
not be  separated  except  by  destroying  some  of  the  pieces.  It  is 
made  by  packing  an  intervening  space  tightly  with  a  stiff  paste 
which  oxidizes  the  iron,  the  whole  rusting  together  and  hardening 
into  a  solid  mass.  One  recipe  is  80  pounds  cast  iron  borings  or 
filings,  i  pound  sal-ammoniac,  2  pounds  flowers  of  sulphur,  mixed  to 
a  paste  with  water. 


Saddle.  —  Strictly  the  saddle  piece,  which,  assembled  with  the  strap,  or 
straps,  makes  a  service  clamp. 

Saddle  Flange.  —  In  pipe  fitting,  a  curved  flange  hollowed  out  to  fit  a 
boiler,  a  pipe,  or  other  cylindrical  vessel.* 

Safe  End.  —  A  short  piece  of  boiler  tube  of  high  quality  that  is,  at  times, 
welded  to  a  body  of  less  quality  or  lighter  gage  or  to  old  boiler 
tubes  whose  ends  have  been  injured. 

Sand  Line.  —  In  well  boring,  a  wire  line  used  to  lower  and  raise  the  bailer 
or  sand  pump,  which  frees  the  bore  hole  from  cuttings.* 

Sand  Pump.  —  A  well  drilling  tool  used  for  bailing  out  the  muck  pro- 
duced by  drilling. 

Scarf  Weld.  —  A  joint  that  is  made  by  overlapping  and  welding  to- 
gether the  scarfed  ends  or  edges  of  metal  sheets. 

Screw.  —  See  Long  and  Temper  Screw. 

Screw  Down  Valve.  —  A  valve  which  is  opened  and  closed  against  a 
seat  by  means  of  a  screw.  A  term  little  used  in  America,  but  usual, 
colloquially,  with  British  workmen.  Familiar  examples  are  the 
needle  and  globe  valves.  The  term  is  not  commonly  applied  to 
slide  or  sluice  valves. 

Screwed.  —  Threaded. 

Seamless.  —  Without  seam,  especially  without  a  welded  seam.  Pipes 
and  tubes  are  made  seamless  by  the  cupping,  Mannesmann  or 
Stiefel  processes. 

Setters  Thread.  —  The  standard  screw  thread  of  the  United  States, 
having  an  angle  of  60  degrees  between  the  threads,  and  one-eighth 
flattened  at  top  and  at  bottom.  It  is  also  known  as  United  States 
Standard  Thread  and  as  the  Franklin  Institute  Standard  Thread. 

Semi  Steel.  —  See  Ferro  Steel. 

Service  Box.  —  Small  Valve  Box  —  Service  Box  is  the  name  usually 
employed  for  those  boxes  used  with  corporation  or  curb  cocks. 

Service  Clamp.  —  A  clamp  applied  to  a  main  at  a  point  of  connection 
for  such  use  as  a  house  service.  It  is  also,  but  less  correctly,  called 
"pipe  saddle." 

Service  Ell.  —  An  elbow  having  an  outside  thread  on  one  end.  Also 
known  as  street  ell. 

Service  Pipe.  —  A  pipe  connecting  mains  with  a  dwelling;  as,  in  gas 
pipes  and  the  like.* 

Service  Tee.  —  A  tee  having  inside  thread  on  one  end  and  on  branch, 
but  outside  thread  on  other  end  of  run.  Also  known  as  street 
tee. 


506      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Sherardizing.  —  A  process  in  which  clean  surface  of  iron  or  steel  is 
coated  with  a  zinc-iron  alloy  to  protect  against  rust. 

Shoe.  —  See  Casing  and  Drive  Shoe. 

Short  Nipple.  —  One  whose  length  is  a  little  greater  than  that  of  two 
threaded  lengths  or  somewhat  longer  than  a  close  nipple.  It 
always  has  some  unthreaded  shoulder  between  the  two  threads. 

Shot  Drill.  —  An  earth  boring  drill  using  shot  as  an  abrasive,  somewhat 
after  the  manner  of  a  diamond  drill.* 

Shoulder  Nipple.  —  A  nipple  of  any  length,  which  has  a  shoulder  of  pipe 
between  two  pipe  threads.  As  generally  used,  however,  it  is  a 
nipple  about  half  way  between  the  length  of  a  close  nipple  and  a 
short  nipple. 

Shrunk  Joint.  —  (i)  A  joint  secured  in  place  by  shrinking  a  larger  pipe 

on  a  smaller  one. 

(2)  A  term  at  times  applied  to  a  form  of  collar  flange  that  is  attached 
by  shrinking  the  flange  on  the  pipe  and  then  expanding  the  pipe 
to  a  trumpet  mouth.  This  expanded  mouth  is  its  distinctive 
feature. 

Siamese  Connection.  —  A  crotch  fitting,  usually  arranged  with  union 
inlets  for  fire  hose. 

Side  Outlet  Ell.  —  An  ell  with  an  outlet  at  right  angles  to  plane  of  run. 

Side  Outlet  Tee.  —  The  same  as  four-way  tee. 

Siemens  Joint.  —  One  for  high  pressure  hydraulic  work  designed  by 
Dr.  Siemens.  It  is  extensively  employed  on  the  steam  chests  of 
locomotives.  Its  essential  feature  is  a  soft  copper  wire  in  a  groove. 

Signal  Pipe.  —  (i)  Pipe  made  to  the  Signal  Association  Standard  as  to 
size,  thread,  coupling,  weight,  etc.,  but  not  equipped  with  plugs 
and  rivets. 

(2)  Special  pipe  used  on  interlocking  switches  and  their  signals  on 
railroads.  It  has  a  peculiar  joint,  that  is  both  threaded  and  con- 
nected by  a  plug  riveted  to  the  pipe. 

Signal  Thread.  —  The  thread  used  on  Signal  Pipe.  Usually  longer 
than  Briggs'  Standard  and  of  less  taper. 

Sinker  Bar.  —  A  heavy  bar  of  round  iron  which  goes  to  make  up  the 
weight  in  a  string  of  well  boring  tools.  The  sinker  connects  the 
drill  bit  with  the  jars,  and  is  sometimes  made  in  two  lengths  on 
account  of  easy  handling;  in  such  a  case,  the  upper  half  is  some- 
times known  as  the  sinker  and  the  lower  part  as  the  auger  stem.* 

Siphon.  —  (i)  A  pipe  bent  in  the  form  of  U  or  D  acting  on  the  principle 
of  the  hydrostatic  balance  so  that  the  pressure  of  water  in  one  leg 
always  tends  to  equalize  that  in  the  other. 

(2)  A  bent  tube  or  pipe  with  limbs  of  unequal  length  for  transferring 
liquids  from  a  barrel  or  other  receptacle.     The  action  of  the  in 
strument  is  due  to  the  difference  in  weight  of  the  liquid  in  the  two 
legs. 

(3)  A  U  shaped  tube  fitted  to  steam  gages,  etc.,  so  that  nothing  but 
water  shall  enter  the  gage. 

(4)  In  railways,  the  curved  pipe  of  gradually  increasing  section  which 
leads  from  a  water  scoop  into  the  tender.* 


Definitions  507 


Siphon  Pipe.  —  A  bent  tube  with  unequal  limbs  by  means  of  which 

liquids  are  drawn  from  a  vessel;  the  shortest  limb  being  placed  in 

the  liquid  to  be  drawn  off;  it  is  set  in  action  by  exhausting  the  air 

from  the  longer.* 
Skelp.  —  A  piece  of  plate  prepared  by  forming  and  bending,  ready  for 

welding  into  a  pipe.     Flat  plates  when  used  for  butt-weld  pipe  are 

called  skelp. 
Sleeve.  —  A  coupling,  collar  or  hub  —  Also  a  special  form  of  Converse 

Joint  Hub  that  omits  the  central  ring  and  permits  the  rivets  to 

pass  clear  through.     See  River  Sleeve. 
Slip  Joint.  —  An  inserted  joint  in  which  the  end  of  one  pipe  is  slipped 

into  the  flared  or  swaged  end  of  an  adjacent  pipe.     The  two  pipes  are 

often  soldered  together. 

Smith's  Coating.  —  Dr.  Angus  —  See  Angus  Smith. 
Socket.  —  (i)  A  recess  or  piece  furnished  with  a  recess,  into  which 

some  other  piece  may  be  inserted  and  securely  held;  as,  a  socket  in 

the  ground  for  the  reception  of  a  post  or  pole.* 

(2)  The  British  term  for  what  is  called  a  coupling  in  America. 

(3)  The  enlarged  and  recessed  end  of  a  cast  iron  pipe  into  which  the 
opposite  end  of  another  pipe  is  inserted.     See  Half  Turn,  Horn, 
Mandrel,  National  Pole,  Oval  and  Wide  Mouth  Sockets. 

Socket  Coupling.  —  British  term  for  what  is  known  in  America  as  a 
coupling. 

Socket  Iron.  —  A  bar  from  which  pipe  couplings  are  made. 

Socket  Joint.  —  The  British  equivalent  of  the  American  term  Coupling 
Joint. 

Socket  Pipe.  —  In  pipe  fitting,  a  cast  iron  pipe  which  is  provided  with  a 
socket  at  one  end  and  a  spigot  at  the  other.  The  sockets  of  wrought 
pipes  are  couplings,  and  are  screwed  over  the  ends  on  the  outside 
diameter.* 

Socket  Plug.  —  In  steam  fitting,  a  plug  for  stopping  the  ends  of  pipes 
or  openings  in  pipe  fittings.  It  differs  from  the  ordinary  plug,  in 
that  it  is  provided  with  a  recess  into  which  a  wrench  fits. 

Soft  Solder.  —  Tin  and  lead  alloy.  The  first  grade  is  half  and  half  by 
weight,  which  melts  at  a  lower  temperature  than  either  lead  or 
tin. 

Soil  Pipe.  —  In  plumbing,  a  pipe  which  conveys  away  the  waste  from 
water  closets,  etc.,  usually  made  of  cast  iron. 

Solder.  —  An  alloy  used  for  connecting  two  pieces  that  are  less  easily 
melted.  See  Hard  and  Soft  Solder. 

Space  Nipple.  —  A  nipple  with  a  shoulder  between  the  two  threads.  It 
may  be  of  any  length  long  enough  to  allow  a  shoulder. 

Special  Product.  —  Not  Standard.  Also  used  to  mean  a  product  that 
is  not  made  to  any  of  the  regular  lists  of  goods. 

Spellerizing.  —  The  method  of  treating  metal,  which  consists  in  sub- 
jecting the  heated  bloom  to  the  action  of  rolls  having  regularly 
shaped  projections  on  their  working  surfaces,  then  subjecting  the 
bloom  to  the  action  of  smooth  faced  rolls,  and  repeating  the  opera- 
tion, whereby  the  surface  of  the  metal  is  worked  to  produce  a  uni- 


508      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


formly  dense  texture,  better  adapted  to  resist  corrosion,  especially 

in  the  form  of  pitting. 

Spigot.  —  (i)  The  end  of  a  pipe,  fitting  or  valve  that  is  inserted  into  the 

bell  end. 

(2)  The  tapered  male  part  of  an  inserted  joint,  as  in  plumbers* 
wiped  joint.* 

(3)  A  cock,  tap  or  faucet  used  to  draw  water,  etc. 

Spigot  Joint.  —  A  pipe  joint  made  by  tapering  down  the  end  of  one 
piece  and  inserting  it  into  a  correspondingly  widened  opening  in 
the  end  of  another  piece.  Also  called  faucet  joint  (unusual). 

Spinning.  —  The  operation  of  changing  the  shape  of  a  rapidly  revolving 
plate  or  tube  by  the  action  of  a  spinning  tool.  In  light  work  the 
tool  is  usually  similar  to  a  burnishing  point,  but  on  heavy  work  a 
wheel  or  revolving  head  is  often  used.  At  times  the  work  is  sta- 
tionary and  the  tool  moves.  The  product  is  called  "Spun  Work." 
—  See  Spun  Flange. 

5  Pipe.  —  In  pipe  fitting,  a  pipe  whose  outline  is  roughly  that  of  the 
letter  S,  used  for  connecting  parallel  lengths  of  straight  piping. 
Also  called  offset  elbow  or  offset  bend.* 

Spot  Faced.  —  A  term  used  to  indicate  that  an  annular  facing  has  been 
made  about  a  bolt  hole,  to  allow  a  nut  or  head  to  seat  evenly. 

Spring.  —  A  pipe  bent  to  a  small  angle.     (Poor  usage.) 

Spud.  —  (i)  Oil  Well  Fishing  Tool.     In  well  boring,  a  tool  shaped  like 

a  spade,  for  freeing  lost  or  broken  tools  by  digging  around  them.* 
(2)  A  bushing  or  coupling,  by  which  the  hole  of  a  sink  or  water  cooler 
drip  is  connected  with  the  drain  or  drain  pipe. 

Spun  Flange.  —  A  flange  formed  from  the  material  of  the  pipe  by 
spinning,  e.g.  —  A  Van  Stone  flange  may  be  made  by  press  forming, 
peening,  or  by  spinning. 

Squib.  —  A  detonator;  in  well  boring,  a  vessel  containing  the  explosive 
and  fitted  with  a  time  fuse  which  is  lowered  down  a  well  to  detonate 
the  nitroglycerin  used  to  torpedo  it.* 

Standard  Pipe.-(i)  The  standard  adopted  by  the  Wrought  Pipe 
makers  in  1886.  The  Briggs'  standard  runs  to  10  inch  size  inclu- 
sive, and  by  extension  the  pipe  sizes  embrace  the  nominal  sizes 
11-12-13-14  and  15  inches.  For  the  n  and  12  inch  sizes  the  out- 
side diameters  are  11.75  and  12.75  inches,  while  for  13-14  and 
15  inches  the  outside  diameters  are  one  inch  larger  than  the  nominal 
diameter.  By  later  agreement  9  inch  size  was  changed  from  Briggs' 
size  to  9.625  inches  outside  diameter.  The  thickness  of  all  sizes 
10  inches  and  under  is  determined  by  Briggs'  rule;  above  10  inches 
it  is  0.375  inch  thick. 
(2)  Standard  is  a  term  frequently  but  unfortunately  used  to  indicate 
a  regular  or  common  product. 

Standard  Pressure.  —  A  term  applied  to  valves  and  fittings  good  for  a 
working  steam  pressure  of  125  pounds  per  square  inch. 

Stand  Pipe.  —  (i)  In  hot  water  heating,  an  upright  pipe  having  its 
top  connected  to  the  expansion  tank  to  afford  room  for  expan- 
sion. 


Definitions  509 


(2)  A  vertical  pipe  arrangement,  often  of  great  size,  at  pumping 

stations  into  which  water  is  pumped.* 
Stay.  —  (i)  In  the  pipe  trade,  stay  tube  or  upset  tube. 

(2)  A  bolt  from  tube  sheet  to  tube  sheet.     This  is  also  called  a  lon- 
gitudinal or  through  stay. 

(3)  In  boilers  there  are  many  different  kinds  of  stays  used,  at  times, 
and  their  special  names  amply  describe  them,  as  crown,  diagonal, 
radial,  girder  gusset  sling,  cross,  bolt,  etc.     See  Tube  Sheet  Stay. 

Stay  Tube.  —  A  boiler  tube,  stouter  than  the  others,  which  is  threaded 
at  each  end  and  screwed  through  both  tube  plates  to  brace  them 
together.  The  ends  are  either  beaded  over,  or  else  secured  with 
lock  nuts.  The  threads  are  usually  plus  and  minus;  that  is,  the 
thread  at  the  front  is  larger  than  the  outside  diameter  of  the  tube, 
while  that  at  back  is  the  same  diameter  as  the  tube.  Upset  tubes 
are  often  used  as  stays.* 

Steam  Coupling.  —  The  word  steam,  when  used  in  such  phrase,  means 
that  the  coupling  is  threaded  to  suit  Standard  Pipe. 

Steamer's  Measurement.  —  The  cubic  space  obtained  from  the  greatest 
width,  length  and  height;  used  in  determining  ocean  freight 
which  is  based  on  56  pounds  =  one  cubic  foot,  or  40  cubic  feet  = 
one  ton  (2240  pounds). 

Stiefel  Process.  —  A  parallel  process  to  Mannesmann  or  a  modification 
thereof  —  The  product  is  seamless  tubes  or  pipe. 

Stove.  —  Stoved  —  Upset. 

Straight  Way. —  (i)  A  term  applied  to  valves  to  signify  that  the  fluid 
passes  through  without  deviation.  Such  valves  offer  the  least  resist- 
ance to  flow,  and  permit  the  passage  of  such  tools  as  "Go  Devils." 
(2)  Full  bore,  straight  flow,  full  way,  full  area  are  terms  that  at  times 
have  been  proposed  to  signify  the  same  thing. 

Street  Elbow.  —  Service  Ell. 

Strum.  —  A  strainer,  or  the  like,  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  solid  matter 
into  a  pump  chamber  or  suction  pipe. 

Sub  Nipple.  —  Substitute  nipple;  that  is,  a  short  piece  of  pipe  having 
different  styles  of  thread  on  its  ends. 

Sucker  Rod.  —  In  bored  or  drilled  wells,  the  jointed  pump  rod,  which 
carries  the  bucket  at  its  lower  end,  and  is  actuated  by  the  walking 
beam  at  its  upper.* 

Swaged.  —  Reduced  in  diameter  by  use  of  blacksmith's  swages  or 
swedges,  hence  the  name.  This  is  a  hammering  process,  but  the 
same  result  may  be  attained  by  press  forging  or  spinning. 

Swaged  Nipple.  —  A  nipple  that  has  one  end  smaller  than  the  other;  a 
reducing  nipple. 

Sweated.  —  A  term  used  synonymously  with  tinned,  that  is,  coated  with 
soft  solder  or  tin.  It  is  usual  in  making  sweated  joints  on  pipe  to 
sweat  both  the  pipe  and  the  fitting  or  socket  separately  before 
sweating  them  assembled. 

Sweep.  —  A  term  used  to  convey  the  idea  that  the  curvature  is  not 
abrupt:  —  i.e.,  that  the  flow  may  take  place  easily  and  without  the 
formation  of  eddies. 


510      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Swelled.  —  Enlarged.  Swelled  end  tubes  usually  have  their  ends  en- 
larged for  a  short  distance.  Also  see  Inserted  Joint. 

Swing  Joint.  —  One  made  like  a  cock,  except  with  only  one  outlet  in  the 
body,  and  another  outlet  from  the  plug  at  right  angle  to  axis  of 
plug. 

Switch  Valve.  —  A  device  for  conducting  exhaust  steam  into  the  smoke- 
stack or  atmosphere.  A  three-way  cock.* 

Swivel.  —  (i)  In  oil  well  drilling,  a  short  piece  of  casing  having  one  end 
belled  over  a  heavy  ring,  then  a  large  hole  through  both  walls,  the 
other  end  being  threaded. 

(2)  Any  device  that  prevents  longitudinal  motion  but  allows  axial 
rotation.     See  Water  Swivel. 

Swivel  Joint.  —  One  that  rotates  about  an  axis  without  decreasing  its 
efficiency  as  a  joint. 

Symbols.  —  See  Abbreviations. 


Tail  Pipe.  —  The  suction  pipe  of  a  pump.  It  communicates  with  the 
pump  stock  through  a  clack  or  check  valve,  and  in  the  case  of  metal 
pumps  is  in  two  parts,  the  upper  one  of  which  has  a  screw  thread 
at  its  lower-end,  by  which  it  is  secured  to  the  lower  part,  the  latter 
being  cut  to  a  suitable  length.* 

Tank.  —  Often  applied  to  a  cylinder  having  closed  ends.     (Poor  usage.) 

Tap.  —  A  tool  used  for  cutting  internal  threads.  Small  sizes  are  usually 
made  solid,  but  larger  sizes  are  often  made  with  inserted  cutters, 
so  that  they  can  be  withdrawn  from  the  work,  without  stopping, 
when  the  desired  threads  are  cut.  See  Master  and  Plug  Tap. 

Tapped.  —  (i)  The  operation  of  making  an  internal  thread  by  means 
of  taps. 

(2)  Often  used  loosely,  to  mean  chased  or  threaded. 

(3)  In  the  pipe  trade  it  means  threaded  regardless  of  the  method  of 
production. 

Tapping  Machine.  —  A  machine  for  cutting  and  tapping  a  small  hole 
in  a  pipe  (as  a  street  main),  that  is  either  empty  or  carrying  pressure. 
Two  classes  of  tapping  machines  are  made,  designated  as  "pres- 
sure" and  "dry"  tapping  machines.  They  are  sometimes  called 
drilling  machines. 

Tee.  —  A  fitting,  either  cast  or  wrought,  that  has  one  side  outlet  at  right 
angles  to  the  run.  A  single  outlet  branch  pipe.  See  Branch, 
Bull  Head,  Cross-over,  Double  Sweep,  Drop,  Four-way,  Reducing, 
Service,  Side  Outlet  and  Union  Tee. 

Telegraph  Cock  or  Faucet.  —  A  self-closing  cock,  the  lever  of  which 
resembles  the  key  of  a  telegraph  instrument.  When  the  water 
enters  the  cocks  horizontally  they  are  called  horizontal  telegraph 
cocks,  when  it  enters  vertically  they  are  called  vertical  telegraph 
cocks. 

Telescoped.  —  (i)  When  one  pipe  is  slid  inside  of  another,  it  is  said  to  be 
telescoped.  When  the  term  telescoped  is  applied  to  pipe,  it  means 


Definitions  511 


that  two  pipes  have  been  separately  made,  and  then  telescoped, 
and  then  welded  together  so  as  to  form  one  pipe.     This  is  usually 
done  so  perfectly  that  it  is  difficult  to  see  the  weld,  except  by  special 
or  destructive  treatment. 
(2)  Nested  (poor  usage). 

Temper  Screw.  —  Part  of  a  drilling  rig  used  to  regulate  the  force  of 
blow  of  the  drill  bit. 

Templet.  —  (i)  A  gage  ring  for  thread. 
(2)  A  drilling  jig  for  holes  in  flanges. 

Thimble.  —  See  Boiler  Thimble. 

Thimble  Joint.  —  A  sleeve  joint  packed  to  allow  longitudinal  expansion. 
A  slip  expansion  joint. 

Threads.  —  See  Ammonia  Cock,  Briggs',  Common,  Gas,  Pipe,  Sellers, 
Signal,  V,  Vanishing,  Whitworth  and  Wine  Bore  Threads. 

Three  Way  Elbow.  —  A  double  branch  elbow  (poor  usage). 

Tin  Lined  Pipe.  —  A  wrought  pipe  lined  with  block  tin.  Tin  lining  of 
lead  pipe  was  introduced  by  Anderson  in  1804. 

Tongs.  —  See  Chain  Tongs,  Pipe  Grip,  Pipe  Tongs  and  Pipe  Wrench. 

Tong  Tight. — An  expression  used  to  indicate  that  coupling,  flange  or  joint 
has  been  tightened  by  tongs,  frequently  in  a  threading  machine. 

Tongue  and  Groove.  —  Usually  applied  to  flange  connections  by  forming 
a  tongue  on  one  flange  and  a  groove  on  the  other  flange.  Usually 
placed  about  midway  between  bolts  and  inside  diameter  of  pipe. 
The  gasket  is  placed  in  the  groove.  The  male  dimensions  should 
be  equal  to  the  depth  of  the  groove.  The  depth  of  the  groove 
should  equal  the  thickness  of  the  gasket  plus  Me  inch. 

Trailing  Water.  —  The  operation  of  drawing  water  a  long  distance 
through  pipes,  by  means  of  suction.  As  long  as  the  total  height 
lifted,  plus  the  friction  in  the  pipe,  does  not  exceed  a  head  of  25  to 
26  feet,  water  can  be  trailed  a  very  great  distance.  The  only 
difficulty  is  possible  leakage  at  the  pipe  joints,  which  impairs  the 
vacuum.* 

Tube.  —  (i)  In  America,  means  a  boiler  tube  whose  outside  diameter 
is  its  nominal  size.  In  England,  tubes  mean  tubular  goods,  whether 
tubes,  pipe  or  casing. 

(2)  In  a  steam  boiler,  the  pipes,  tubes,  or  flues  employed  for  con- 
ducting the  products  of  combustion  from  the  fire  box  to  the  chim- 
ney, taking  heat  from  them  during  their  passage  and  transferring  it 
to  the  water  in  the  boiler.  The  tubes  are  fitted  into  holes  in  the  tube 
sheet  at  each  end  of  the  boiler,  being  expanded  or  beaded  therein, 
or  occasionally  fastened  with  a  copper  or  iron  ferrule.  The  tubes 
of  water  tube  boilers  usually  extend  between  headers,  legs,  or  drums, 
into  which  they  are  secured  as  into  tube  sheets,  but  the  tubes  may 
be  made  with  closed  ends,  and  circulation  secured  by  special  devices. 
In  water  tube  boilers,  the  water  is  inside  the  tubes  and  the  hot 
gases  outside.  See  Annealed  End,  Beaded,  Boiler,  Brick  Arch, 
Cross,  Expanded  End,  Field,  Hot,  Ribbed  and  Stay  Tubes. 

Tube  Cleaner.  —  (i)  A  stiff  wire  brush  or  metallic  scraper  attached  to 
the  end  of  a  rod  and  used  to  remove  soot  or  scale  from  boiler  tubes. 


512      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


(2)  A  steam  jet  may  serve  for  tubes  through  which  the  furnace  gases 
pass. 

(3)  Some  cleaners  for  removing  hard  scale  from  the  interior  of  tubes 
are  highly  ingenious  pieces  of  mechanism. 

Tube  Expander.  —  A  tool  for  expanding  boiler  tubes  within  the  tube 
sheet,  causing  them  to  hold  firmly.  A  center  piece  is  fitted  with 
cylindrical  rollers,  and  inserted  within  the  tube  end.  A  long  taper 
pin  is  placed  between  the  rollers  and  rotated;  as  it  revolves,  it 
turns  the  rollers  around  and  forces  the  material  of  the  tube  into 
a  tiny  ridge  on  each  side  of  the  plate,  thus  gripping  it  and  pre- 
venting leaks.* 

Tube  Ferrule.  —  A  ring  of  hard  wood,  used  for  holding  condenser  tubes 
to  their  plates.  The  ferrule  fits  between  the  outside  of  the  tube 
and  the  hole  in  the  plate,  and  being  swelled  by  the  action  of  the 
water,  renders  the  tubes  water-tight.* 

Tube  Packing.  —  A  bag  of  flaxseed,  or  ring  of  rubber  made  to  occupy 
the  space  between  the  tube  of  an  oil  well  and  the  bored  hole,  to 
prevent  access  of  water  to  the  oil  bearing  stratum.* 

Tube  Plug.  —  A  tube  stopper,  to  be  used  in  case  of  leak  of  a  boiler 
tube.  It  usually  consists  of  a  double  wooden  plug  with  a  smaller 
central  part.  The  plug  is  forced  into  the  tube  until  the  small 
part  is  opposite  the  leak;  the  plug  is  then  in  equilibrium  and  will 
not  blow  out,  while  the  wood  rapidly  expands  and  fills  the  tube. 
This  device  is  rarely  used,  a  special  stopper  being  more  frequently 
applied  in  cases  of  emergency,  or  the  tubes  are  cut  off  altogether, 
when  conditions  permit,  by  means  of  a  disc  on  either  tube  plate, 
held  together  by  a  through  stay.* 

Tube  Sealer.  —  A  tool  for  removing  scale  and  other  incrustation  from 
the  inside  of  steam  boilers.  See  Tube  Cleaner. 

Tube  Scraper.  —  An  instrument  or  appliance  for  removing  soot  and 
ashes  from  the  interior  of  boiler  tubes.* 

Tube  Sheet.  —  One  of  the  sheets  of  a  boiler,  condenser,  etc.,  which  is 
drilled  with  holes  for  the  reception  and  support  of  the  tubes. 
Each  sheet  is  defined  according  to  its  position;  as,  fire  box  tube 
sheet,  middle  condenser  tube  sheet,  etc. 

Tube  Sheet  Cutter.  —  A  trepanning  tool,  having  a  spindle  guided  by  a 
central  hole,  while  a  cranked  tool  cuts  out  a  disc,  corresponding 
to  the  hole  required  for  the  reception  of  a  boiler  tube. 

Tube  Sheet  Stay.  —  A  rod  extending  through  a  boiler  from  tube  sheet  to 
tube  sheet,  and  having  heads  or  nuts  on  the  exterior  of  the  sheets. 
It  ties  the  tube  sheets  together  so  as  to  prevent  disruption  by  steam 
pressure.  Another  form  of  stay  is  riveted  to  the  shell  and  to  the 
tube  sheet.  See  also  Stay,  Stay  Tube  and  Upset. 

Tubing.  —  A  special  grade  of  high  test  pipe  fitted  with  threads  and 
couplings  of  special  design.  Tubing  is  made  to  the  same  outside 
diameters  as  Standard  Pipe.  It  is  similar  to  what  is  known  in 
Europe  as  hydraulic  pressure  pipe. 

Tubing  Catcher.  —  A  device  to  prevent  tubing  from  slipping  back  into 
an  oil  well  when  it  is  being  pulled. 


Definitions  513 


Tuyere.  —  (i)  Tuyere  pipe  is  the  name  applied  to  pipe  of  special  quality. 
It  is  used  in  making  tuyere  coolers,  cinder  monkeys,  etc.  It  is  only 
made  in  small  sizes. 

(2)  The  name  of  the  nozzle  used  where  a  blast  of  air  is  forced  into  a 
furnace  of  fire  such  as  that  used  by  blacksmiths. 


Under  Reamer.  —  An  oil  well  tool  used  for  enlarging  the  hole  below  a 
drive  shoe,  etc. 

Union.  —  (i)  The  usual  trade  term  for  a  device  used  to  connect  pipes. 
It  commonly  consists  of  three  pieces  which  are,  first,  the  thread  end 
fitted  with  exterior  and  interior  threads,  second,  the  bottom  end 
fitted  with  interior  threads  and  a  small  exterior  shoulder  and  third, 
the  ring  which  has  an  inside  flange  at  one  end  while  the  other  end  has 
an  inside  thread  like  that  on  the  exterior  of  the  thread  end.  In  use  a 
gasket  is  placed  between  the  thread  and  bottom  ends  which  are  drawn 
together  by  the  ring.  Unions  are  very  extensively  used  because  they 
permit  connecting  with  little  disturbance  of  the  pipe  positions. 

(2)  The  Kewanee  Union  is  made  with  the  thread  end  of  brass,  and 
the  thread  and  bottom  ends  are  ground  together  so  that  no  gasket 
is  required. 

(3)  The  act  of  joining  or  uniting  two  or  more  things.     The  joint  or 
connection  thereby  made.     Rarely  used  in  this  sense  in  the  pipe 
trade. 

(4)  There  are  many  types  of  unions.     See  Boyle,  Flange,  Kewanee, 
Lip,  Pipe  and  Ring  Union. 

Union  Coupling.  —  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  a  right  and  left  handed 
turn  buckle,  or  sleeve  nut,  whereby  two  parts  might  be  connected 
and  drawn  together  without  turning  anything  but  the  coupling.* 

Union  Ell.  —  An  ell  with  a  male  or  female  union  at  one  end. 

Union  Joint.  —  A  pipe  coupling  usually  threaded  which  permits  dis- 
connection without  disturbing  other  sections.* 

Union  Tee.  —  A  tee  with  male  or  female  union  at  connection  on  one 
end  of  run. 

Upset.  —  The  product  of  any  cold  or  hot  forming  of  material  in  which 
the  metal  is  thickened  by  being  forced  back  into  itself.  It  is  usu- 
ally done  at  a  red  heat  by  hammering  or  press  forging.  Upset  tubes 
are  those  whose  ends  have  their  walls  so  thickened  for  a  short 
distance;  usually  to  such  extent  that  the  threading  leaves  as 
great  a  thickness  of  metal  below  roots  of  threads  as  in  main  body 
of  tubes.  Upset  tubes  are  much  used  as  stay  tubes ;  they  are  some- 
times called  stoved  tubes. 


Valve.  —  A  device  used  for  regulating  or  stopping  flow  in  a  pipe,  etc. 
The  form  that  allows  an  opening  the  full  inside  diameter  of  the 
pipe  is  usually  known  as  a  Gate  Valve  or  Straight  Way  Valve. 
The  same  result  is  obtained  in  some  forms  of  cocks.  The  essential 


514      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


difference  between  a  valve  and  a  cock  is  that  the  closure  of  the 
latter  is  invariably  accomplished  by  rotating  a  taper  plug,  which 
has  ports  or  holes  in  it  that  correspond  to  holes  in  the  body.  See 
Angle,  Angle  Gate,  Back  Pressure,  Bracket,  Butterfly,  By-pass, 
Check,  Cross,  Exhaust  Relief,  Expansion,  Fullway,  Gate,  Globe, 
Needle,  Non-return,  Pop,  Radiator,  Receiver  Filling,  Reducing, 
Reflux,  Screw  Down,  Straight  Way,  Switch,  Wedge  Gate,  and 
Wheel  Valve. 

Valve  Box.  —  A  pipe  placed  over  a  buried  valve  to  allow  access  to  the 
valve  stem  or  wheel  for  opening  or  closing.  The  top  of  the  pipe  is 
usually  closed  by  a  plate  or  cap  to  exclude  dirt,  that  would  interfere 
with  operation.  There  are  many  designs,  the  most  usual  being 
adjustable  within  limited  range,  to  suit  the  depth  planted,  and  are 
called  Extension  Valve  Boxes,  Street  Boxes  or  Service  Boxes. 

Valve  Seat.  —  A  flat  or  conical  fixed  surface  on  which  a  valve  rests,  or 
against  which  it  presses. 

Valve  Stem.  —  A  rod  attached  to  a  valve  by  which  the  latter  is  moved; 
it  is  also  called  a  valve  spindle. 

Vanishing  Thread.  —  A  pipe  so  threaded  that  the  reaming  or  counter- 
sinking of  the  coupling  is  at  the  same  angle  as  the  lead  of  the  dies 
that  thread  the  pipe.  The  pipe  is  so  threaded  that  the  taper 
comes  into  contact  at  same  time  as  the  threads  tighten.  The 
term  "Vanishing"  comes  from  the  peculiar  bore  of  coupling. 

Van  Stone  Joint.  —  A  flanged  joint,  in  which  the  pipe  itself  is  flanged 
out  over  the  face  of  the  bolting  ring. 

V  Thread.  —  (i)  A  screw  thread  formed  by  means  of  a  sharp  pointed 

tool,  as  contrasted  with  a  square  thread. 

(2)  A  standard  thread  for  pipes,  tubing,  etc.,  with  an  angle  of  60 
degrees  between  the  sides.*    See  Briggs'  Standard. 

V  Welding.  —  In  boiler  making,  a  mode  of  welding  the  plates  of  boiler 
flues  in  which  there  is  neither  butt  nor  lap  properly  so  called,  but 
in  which  a  strip  of  square  rod  is  inserted  angle  ways  between  the 
nearly  abutting  edges  of  the  plate,  so  that  it  unites  the  edges  upon 
two  sides  of  the  rod.* 

W 

Walker  Joint.  —  One  form  of  a  flexible  joint  that  is  made  with  spherical 

mating  surfaces,  and  which  permits  a  few  degrees  flexure  in  any 

direction. 
Water  Arch.  —  (i)  In  a  steam  boiler,  a  chamber  of  plates  or  of  pipes 

within  a  furnace,  replacing  the  ordinary  fire  brick  bridge,  or  arch, 

or  the  deflecting  arch  over  the  firedoor  of  externally  fired  boilers. 

The  same  as  water  table. 
(2)  A  locomotive  fire  box  arch,  suspended  by  tubes,  which  adds  to 

the  heating  surface  and  promotes  circulation.* 
Water  Bar.  —  A  tube  serving  as  a  fire  bar  in  a  water  grate.* 
Water  Column.  —  A  special  fitting  connected  to  a  boiler  above  and  below 

the  water  line.    To  it  are  usually  connected  the  water  gage  and 

gage  cocks. 


Definitions  515 


Water  Flush.  —  A  system  of  well  boring,  in  which  percussive  drills  are 
used  in  connection  with  water  forced  down  to  the  bottom  of  the 
hole  through  the  drill  rods.  This  water  jet  makes  the  tools  cut 
better,  and  washes  the  detritus  up  out  of  the  hole.  Its  great 
objections  are,  the  great  probability  of  waterlogging  the  surround- 
ing territory,  and  the  pressure  of  water  forcing  back  bodies  of  oil, 
which  have  only  a  small  force  behind  them,  thus  leading  to  the 
passing  by  of  possibly  valuable  oil-bearing  territory.* 

Water  Gage.  —  A  glass  pipe  connected  to  a  boiler  above  and  below  water 
line  so  as  to  see  the  water  level. 

Water  Grate.  —  When,  as  in  certain  steam  boilers,  to  increase  the 
heating  surface,  hollow  water  tubes  are  used  for  grate  bars,  the 
arrangement  is  termed  a  water  grate.* 

Water  Hammer.  —  The  shock  or  blow  struck  by  water  whose  flow  in  a 
pipe  is  suddenly  arrested,  e.g.,  sudden  closure  of  a  faucet  often 
causes  shocks  that  so  shake  the  pipes  that  a  clanking  noise  is  pro- 
duced. The  term  is  more  used  in  connection  with  steam  piping, 
where  the  condensed  steam  (water)  is  forced  ahead  by  the  steam 
rushing  into  a  cold  empty  pipe  with  such  high  velocity,  that  it 
slams  the  water  against  bends,  elbows,  valves,  etc.,  with  terrific 
force  or  shock.  It  is  peculiarly  violent  when  steam  is  admitted 
suddenly  to  a  cold  vacuous  pipe,  because  there  is  no  air  to  cushion 
the  blow;  but  even  air  will  not  ordinarily  eliminate  its  destructive 
and  dangerous  violence.  The  main  remedies  are  easy  bends  and 
slow  closure  of  the  valve  for  liquids,  and  for  vapors  (steam,  etc.), 
slow  admission  until  all  pipes  are  brought  to  temperature. 

Water  Packer.  —  A  device  intended  to  cut  off  water  from  the  lower 
levels  of  an  oil  well,  or  to  separate  two  distinct  flows  of  oil  from 
different  strata;  more  especially  in  fountaining  wells.  It  consists 
essentially  of  two  tubes  sliding  within  one  another,  the  inner  tube 
being  swathed  with  rubber  rings  or  with  canvas  and  rope  yarn,  for 
some  length  between  its  own  upper  socket  and  the  socket  on  top  of 
the  larger  tube.  The  whole  is  lowered  into  the  well,  on  the  tubing, 
until  the  perforated  anchor  pipe,  connected  with  the  outer  tube, 
rests  on  the  bottom.  The  whole  weight  of  the  string  of  tubing 
then  rests  upon  the  inner  tube  of  the  packer,  compressing  the 
packing  outward  against  the  casing  of  the  well,  so  that  the  upper 
strata  are  cut  off  from  communication  with  the  lower.* 

Water  Pipe  Clamps. — A  term  used  to  indicate  service  clamps  (poor  usage). 

Water  Plug.  —  It  means  stand  pipe  or  penstock,  or  hydrant.  Water  plug 
is  the  more  general  colloquial  term  used  on  railroads. 

Water  Swivel.  —  In  well  boring,  a  combined  universal  joint  and  hose 
coupling,  forming  the  connection  between  the  water  supply  pipe 
and  the  drill  rods,  and  permitting  complete  rotation  of  the  tools.* 

Water  Tube  Boiler.  —  A  steam  boiler  in  which  the  boiler  tubes  contain 
water.  Used  in  contradistinction  to  the  older  type  of  boiler,  in 
which  the  tubes  were  used  as  flues  and  surrounded  by  water. 

Wedge  Gate  Valve.  —  A  gate  valve  having  inclined  seats;  usually  a  wedge 
shaped  disc  is  pressed  down  between  these  inclined  seats. 


516      Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the  Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade 


Weight.  —  A  term  that  by  trade  custom  has  come  to  be  frequently 
attached  to  various  tubular  products.  It  has  grown  out  of  the 
need  in  the  trade  for  several  thicknesses  of  the  same  outside  diam- 
eter and  the  practice  of  determining  the  thickness  by  the  average 
weight  per  foot.  See  Card  and  Full  Weight. 

Weld.  —  See  Butt,  Circular,  Lap,  Safe  End,  Scarf  and  V  Weld. 

Welded  Flange  Joint.  —  A  joint  made  by  flanges  attached  to  pipe  by 
welding;  for  this  it  is  necessary  that  material  of  flange  be  capable 
of  being  welded  (e.g.,  soft  steel  or  wrought  iron).  The  best  known 
style  is  made  by  slipping  the  end  of  pipe  throug.li.  the  flange  ring 
forgings,  and  then  bringing  all  to  a  welding  .heat  -and  hammering 
or  pressing  together.  Another  style  uses  a  collar  on  the  flange; 
the  collar  is  attached  to  flange  by  a  circular  or  safe  end  weld. 

Wheel  Valve.  —  A  stop  or  gate  valve  opened  by  means  of  a  hand. wheel 
and  screw,  as  distinguished  from  those-  patterns  of  gate  valves  hi 
which  the  valves  are  opened  or  closed  quickly  by  means  of  levers, 
or  the  many  types  of  butterfly  and  other  throttle  valves.* 

Whitworth  Thread.  —  The  standard  thread  for  screws,  employed  in 
England  and  her  colonies,  and  on  the  European  Continent.  The 
angle  of  the  thread  is  55  degrees,  one-sixth  being  rounded  off  at 
top  and  bottom.* 

Widemouth  Socket.  —  A  well  borer's  fishing  tool,  in  which  the  socket  is 
fitted  with  a  bellmouth,  nearly  the  full  bore  of  the  casing,  thus 
making  it  easy  to  grip  the  ends  of  broken  poles  or  the  like,  when 
lost  at  the  bottom  of  a  well.* 

Wine  Bore.  —  A  term  used  to  indicate  standard  pipe  thread  (rare  and 
poor  usage). 

Wiped  Joint.  —  A  lead  joint  in  which  the  molten  solder  is  poured  upon 
the  desired  place,  after  scraping  and  fitting  the  parts  together,  and 
the  joint  is  wiped  up  by  hand  with  a  moleskin  or  cloth  pad  while  the 
metal  is  in  a  plastic  condition;  it  makes  a  neat  and  reliable  connec- 
tion in  the  pipe.* 

Working  Barrel.  —  The  body  of  a  pump  used  in  oil  wells. 

Wye.  —  Y.  —  A  fitting  either  cast  or  wrought  that  has  one  side  outlet 
at  any  angle  other  than  90  degrees.  Usually  set  45  degrees,  and 
always  so  set  unless  angle  is  specified.  It  is  usually  indicated  by 
letter  "  Y." 

Y 

Y.—  Wye.  —  Which  see. 

Y  Base.  —  The  same  as  a  crotch  or  back  outlet  return  bend,  except 
that  the  horns  are  parallel. 

Y  Bend.  —  Y.  —  Wye. 

Y  Branch.  —  (i)  A  wye. 

(2)  Sometimes  used  to  designate  a  fitting  whose  shape  is  nearly  like 
that  of  a  single  sweep  tee. 

Yoke.  —  (i)  In  a  rising  stem  valve,  the  portion  of  the  bonnet  that 

supports  the  nut,  hand  wheel,  etc. 

(2)  A  pipe  with  two  branches;    as,  for  hot  and  cold  water,  uniting 
them  to  form  one  stream.* 


INDEX 


Abbreviations   of   Terms   Used 
in    the  Pipe    and    Fitting 

Trade 477~479 

Absolute  Zero 328 

Absorption  of  Gases  by  Liquids .     316 

Accuracy  of  Cut  Length 21 

Acid,  Carbonic,  Cylinders 15 

Carbonic,     Physical    Proper- 
ties of 209 

Cylinders,  Carbonic 15 

in  Boiler  Water 276 

Acre-foot 312 

Acre-inch . 312 

Acres  to  Hectares 462,  464 

Adiabatic  Compression  of  Air, 

Work  of 356 

Compression       of       Natural 

Gas (.324,32$ 

Expansion  and  Compression 

of  Air 35S,3S6 

Advantages  of  Superheating. . . .     338 
Advisable    Radii   for   Wrought 

Pipe  Bends 162 

Upsets    for   Lap-welded    and 

Seamless  Tubes 160-161 

After,  Faced  (Definition) 490 

Air 351-364 

Adiabatic      Expansion      and 

Compression  of 355,  356 

Atmospheric  Pressure 352 

Bound  Pipes,  Obstruction  to 

Flow 284 

Composition  of 352 

Compressed  (see  Compressed 

Air) 360 

Effects  of  Bends  and   Fit- 
tings      364 

Flow  of,  in  Pipes 360 

Flow  of,  Tables 361-364 

Loss  of  Pressure  in  Trans- 
mission      360 

Velocity  of  Efflux,  Tables. .  357 
Compression  and  Expansion..  355 
Corrosion  by,  in  Feed  Water. .  277 

Discharge  from  Pipes 358,  359 

Coefficients  of  through  an 
Orifice 358 


Air,     Effect      of     Bends      and 
Fittings   on  Flow    of  in 

Pipes 364 

Expansion  and  Compression  .     355 

Flow 357-364 

Affected     by     Bends     and 

Fittings 364 

Coefficients  of  Discharge. . .     358 

Compressed 360-364 

Efflux 357-358 

Hawksley's  Rule 359 

Loss  of  Pressure 359-364 

Under  Pressure  from  Ori- 
fices into  the  Atmos- 
phere    357 

Sturtevant  Rule 359 

Weisbach's  Rule 359 

Index 351 

in  Feed  Water 277 

Isothermal    Compression    of, 

Work  of 356 

Isothermal     Expansion     and 

Compression  of 356 

Line  Pipe,  Section  of  Joint. .  .       80 

Test  Pressures 73 

Weights  and  Dimensions. .  .       36 
Loss  of  Pressure  in  Pipes. .  .359-364 

Pipe,  Galvanized 364 

Pressure 273,  352 

Pressure,  Volume  and  Tem- 
perature of 352 

Properties  of 352-356 

Relation  of  Pressure,  Volume 

and  Temperature 352 

Specific  Heat  of 355 

Tables  (Weight  of  Air  at  Vari- 
ous Pressures  and  Tem- 
peratures)   353, 354 

Velocity  in  Pipes 359,  360 

Velocity  of  Efflux  of  Com- 
pressed   357 

Volume 352 

Weight  of 352-354 

Work  of  Adiabatic  Compres- 
sion of 356 

Work  of  Isothermal  Compres- 
sion of 356 


517 


518 


Index 


Allison       Vanishing       Thread 

Tubing 33 

Ends    Upset,    Section 

of  Joint 81 

Ends  Upset,  Test  Pres- 
sure of 75 

Ends   Upset,    Weights 

and    Dimensions    of       33 
Not  Upset,  Section  of 

Joint 81 

Not  Upset,  Test  Pres- 
sure of 75 

Not    Upset,     Weights 

and  Dimensions  of .  .       33 
Allowances    for    Machining    to 

size  Cream  Separator  Bowls     104 

Aluminum,  Weight  of 423 

American    Soc.    Mech.    Engrs. 

Pipe  Thread  Comm 209 

Standard  Flange. .  .  .169, 176 
Steel  Manufacturers'  Gages .  .     369 

American  Wire  Gage 369 

Ammonia,        Absorption        by 

Water 316 

Cock  Thread  (Definition) 479 

Fitting  (Definition) 479 

Joint  (Definition) 479 

Pipe,        Specifications        for 

Special 98 

Analysis     of      Bessemer     Pipe 

Steel '.  .10 

of  Open  Hearth  Pipe  Steel. ...       10 
of     Shelby     Seamless     Steel 

Tubes 16,  18, 19 

Anchor  Poles 109 

Angle  Valves 169,  170,  479 

Angle  Gate  Valve  (Definition) . .     479 
Angular      Section      Specialties, 

Shelby  Seamless  Steel 196 

Angus       Smith       Composition 

(Definition) 479 

Animal   Oils  in   Boiler   Water, 

Effect  of 276 

Annealed  End  Tube  (Definition)     480 

Annealing  and  Welding 10,  20 

Pots,  Heads  for 190 

Anneal  of  Shelby  Seamless  Steel 

Tubes 17-19 

Apothecaries    drams    to    milli- 

liters 462,  466 

scruples  to  milliliters 466 

Applicability  of  Barlow's  For- 
mula      224 

Application  of  Table  to  Round 

Bars 420,  421 

Tubes  and  Pipe 421,  422 


Approximate  Formula  for  Flow 

of  Water  in  Pipes ,  280-281 

Arch  Tube,  Brick  (Definition) .  .     482 

Arch,  Water  (Definition) 514 

Area,  Circular 419-459 

Comparison  of  Customary  and 

Metric  Units 463-472 

Cross  Section  of  Pipes, 

58-65,  419-459 

Square  Pipes 66 

Rectangular  Pipes ....       67 

Shelby  Tubing 200-201 

Factors  for  Tubes 373~37S 

Measures  in  Metric  Equiva- 
lents   462,  464 

Surface  of  Pipe 57 

Armstrong  Joint  (Definition) .  . .     480 
Artesian  Joint,   Cressed    (Defi- 
nition)       486 

Artesian  Joint  (Definition) 480 

Assembling  Bump  Joints 166 

Butted  and  Strapped  Joints .  .     165 

Pole  Joints  in  Field 115 

Association     of    Steel     Mfgr's. 

Gages 369 

Asphalted  (Definition) 480 

Atmosphere,       Flow      of     Air 

into 357.- 358 

Flow  of  Steam  into 341 

Pressure  of 273,  352 

Table  for  Readings  of  Barom- 
eter  ,     352 

Atmospheric  Pressure 352 

Attemperator  (Definition) 480 

Automobile   Specialties,   Shelby 

Seamless  Steel 193 

Avogadro's  Law  of  Gases 314 

Avoirdupois     Weight     Equiva- 
lents  462,  468,  472 

Axles  for  Automobiles 193 

B 

Back   Outlet,    Central    (Defini- 
tion)    480 

Back  Outlet,  Eccentric  (Defini- 
tion)    480 

Back  Outlet  Ell  (Definition) 480 

Back    Pressure    Valve    (Defini- 
tion)    480 

Ball    and    Cup    Joint    (Defini- 
tion)    487 

Balling  (Definition) 480 

Ball  Joint  (Definition) 480 

Banded  Fittings 168 

Bar  (Definition) 480 

Bar,  Sinker  (Definition) 506 


Index 


519 


Bare   Steam   Pipes,    Condensa- 
tion in 348 

Loss  of  Heat  from 348,  349 

Barlow's  Formula, 

214,  218-219,  223-226 

Applicability  of 224 

Barometer  Pressure 352 

Barrels,  Number  of,  in  Cisterns 

and  Tanks 304-305 

Working 187,  188,  516 

Bars,  Round,  Properties  of. .  .419,  459 

Application  of  Table  to 420 

Water  (Definition) 514 

Base  Y  (Definition) 516 

Bead  (Definition) 480 

Beaded  Boiler  Tubes,  Holding 

Power  of 210 

Fittings 168 

Tube  (Definition) 480 

Beading  (Definition) 481 

Beam    and    Column    Sections, 

Properties  of  (Tables) . . .  264-267 
Beams,  Bending  Moment  of.. 252,  253 

Comparative  Stiffness  of 255 

Comparative  Strength  of.  ...     254 

Cdrnpressive  Stress  in 250 

Deflection  of 251 

Elastic  Curve  of 251 

Elastic  Deflection  of 251 

Elasticity 254-255 

Equal  Loading  in  any  Direc- 
tion      256 

Formula  for  Flexure  of 256-263 

Loading  of 256-263 

Mechanical     Properties     of, 

Solid  and  Tubular 250 

Minimum  Weight  of 255 

Modulus  of  Elasticity 255,  257 

Moment  of  Inertia 254 

Neutral  Surface 250 

of  Uniform  Cross  Section,  Me- 
chanical Properties  of 256-263 

Properties  of 250-263 

Properties  of  Sections 264-267 

Properties  of  Solid  and  Tubu- 
lar   250-263 

Reactions  of  Supports 252 

Rectangular  Pipe 67 

Resisting  Moment  of 253 

Section  Modulus  of 254 

Sections     of     for     Minimum 

Weight 255,  256 

Shearing  Stress  in 250 

Solid,  Properties  of 250-256 

Solid,   Tables   of,   Properties 
of 256-263 


Beams,     Solid     and     Tubular, 
Mechanical     Properties 

of 250 

Square  Pipe 66 

Stiffness  of 255 

Strength  of 254,  255 

Stresses  in 250 

Trolley  Poles 197 

Tensile      and      Compressive 

Stresses  in 250 

Tubular,  Properties  of 250,  256 

Tables    of,    Properties    of, 

256,  263 

Vertical  and  Horizontal  Load- 
ing of  256 

Vertical  Shear  of 250 

Bearing,  Shaft 195 

Bedstead  Tubing,  Weights  and 

Dimensions  of 31 

Bell  (Definition) 481 

Bell  and  Spigot  Joint   (Defini- 
tion)    481 

Bell  Mouthed  (Definition) 481 

Bend  (Definition) 481 

Close  Return  (Definition) ....  485 

Cross-over  (Definition) 486 

Double  (Definition) 488 

Eighth  (Definition) 489 

Expansion 163,  168 

Obstruction  to  flow  of  Air  . . .  364 

Gas 324 

Steam 346 

Water 283 

Open  Return  (Definition) ....  499 

Pipe  (Definition) 500 

Radius  of  (Definition) \  502 

Return  (Definition) 504 

Bending  and  Flanging,  Specifi- 
cation for  Pipe  for 95 

Machine,  Pipe  (Definition) . .  .  500 

Moment  Factor 58-65 

Moment  of  Beams 252,  253 

Pipe  for 95 

Properties     of     Rectangular 

Pipe 67 

Square  Pipe 66 

Wrought  Pipe,  Radii  of 162 

Bend,  Y  (Definition) 516 

Bent  Specialties,  Shelby  Seam- 
less Steel  Tubing 195 

Bent  Tubes  and  Pipe 162, 163 

Bent  Tubes,  Seamless  > I9S 

Bernoulli's  Theorem 298 

Bessemer  Pipe  Steel,  Chemical 

and  Physical  Analysis 10 

Bibb  (Definition) 481 


520 


Index 


Bicarbonates  of  Lime,  Magnesia 

and  Iron  in  Boiler  Water. .  .     276 

Birmingham  Wire  Gage 360 

Thickness  of  Pipe 46-49 

Tubes 50-56 

Birnie's  Formula,  Applicability 

of 222-223 

for  Strength  of  Tubes,  In- 
ternal Pressure, 

217,  218,  219, 221, 223 

Bituminous  Coating 107 

Black  Pipe,  Weights  and  Dimen- 
sions of,  Standard  (see 
Standard  Pipe) 

Blank  Flange  (Definition) 481 

Blanking  Flange  (Definition) ...     481 

Blast  Furnace  Fittings 170 

Bleeder  (Definition) 481 

Blind  Flange  (Definition) 481 

Block  Joint 481 

Boiler  Corrosion 275-277 

Boiler  Flange  (Definition) 481 

Boiler  Flue  (Definition) 491 

Boiler  Flue  Joints 164,  165 

Boiler  Flues  (see  Boiler  Tubes). 
Boiler    Incrustation    and    Cor- 
rosion   , 275-277 

Boiler,  Remedy  for  Troublesome 

Substances  in 276 

Boiler  Safe  Ends,  Specifica- 
tions   IOI-IO2 

Boiler  Shells 194 

Boiler  Thimble  (Definition) ....     481 

Boiler  Tube  (Definition) 482 

Boiler  Tubes,  Flanging  Tests. . .       13 

Holding  Power 210 

Locomotive  Lapweld  Speci- 
fications         99 

Test  Pressure 72 

Weights 40 

Locomotive,       Seamless, 
Shelby  Specifications . .  101-102 

Test  Pressure 102 

Weights 38-39 

Merchant  and  Marine  Spe- 
cifications       100 

Test  Pressure 72 

Weights 41 

Slipping  Point  of 210-211 

Standard  Specifications 100 

Test  Pressure 72 

Weights 41 

Tests .  ...  13,  20,  99, 100,  101,  102 

Boiler  Water,  Acid  in 276 

Animal  and  Vegetable  Oils 
in 276 


Boiler    Water,    Bicarbonate    of 
Lime,  Magnesia  and  Iron 

in 276 

Carbonate  of  Soda  in 276 

Chloride   and   Sulphate   of 

Magnesium  in 276 

Dissolved     Carbonic    Acid 

and  Oxygen  in 276 

Grease  in 276 

Organic  Matter  in 276 

Sediment  in 276 

Soluble  Salts  in 276 

Sulphate  of  Lime  in 276 

Boiler,    Water    Tube     (Defini- 
tion)      515 

Boiling  Point  of  Water 272 

Bolt    and    Nut    Heads,    Screw 

Threads,  Proportion  of.  .370-372 

Bolts,  Dimension  of 37i~372 

Strength  of 371,  372 

Bonnet  (Definition) 482 

Bore,  Wine  (Definition) 516 

Boss  on  Cylinder  Heads 189,  190 

Boston  Casing,  Section  of  Joint .       78 

Test  Pressure  of •; :*nb3fro 

Weights  of •SKtfJtG 

Pacific    Coupling,    Section 

of  Joint 78 

Test  Pressure  of 70 

Weights  of 28 

Standard  (see  Boston  Casing). 

Bowl  (Definition) ,.     482 

Bowls,  Cream  Separator.  103,  104,  194 

Box  (Definition) 482 

Box  Coil  (Definition) 482 

Box  Service  (Definition) 505 

Boyle's  Law 314 

Boyle  Union  (Definition) 482 

Bracket  Coil  (Definition) 482 

Bracket  Valve  (Definition) 482 

Branch  (Definition) 482 

Branch  Ell  (Definition) 482 

Branch  Pipe  (Definition) 482 

Branch  Tee  (Definition) 482 

Branch  Y  (Definition) 516 

Brass  Cocks 170 

Brass  Mounted  (Definition) ....     482 

Brass  Pipe  Expansion 347 

Brass  Unions 169 

Brass  Valves 170 

Brass,  Weight 423 

Brazed  (Definition) 482 

Breeches  Pipe  (Definition) 482 

Brick  Arch  Tube  (Definition).. . .     482 

Briggs'  Standard 21,  208 

(Definition) 483 


Index 


521 


Briggs'  Standard  Gages 21 

Pipe  Threads 208-209 

British  Imperial  Gallon  Equiva- 
lents  311-312 

Wire  Gage 369 

Standard  Poles 109,  112 

Thermal  Unit 327 

Brown  and  Sharpe  Gage 369 

Bucket  (Definition) 483 

Buckling 244 

Building  Laws  for  Columns. .  .  244-249 
Bulk  Measure  (see  Masses,  Vol- 
umes and  Capacities)..  .  .460-476 
(see  Metric  Conversion  Tables) 

Bull  Head  Tee  (Definition) 483 

Bump  Joints,  Riveted 165-166 

Bumped  (Definition) 483 

Bumped  Heads,  Strength  of. ...     190 

Joint  (Definition) 483 

Bursting  Strength  Formula,  Bar- 
low   224 

of  Cylinders.  .  .  189-192,  212-226 

Tubes 212-226 

Stress,  Formula 224 

Tests 223-226 

of  Commercial  Tubes  and 

Pipes 223-226 

Table  of 225 

Bushels  per  Acre  to  Hectoliters 

per  Hectare 467 

to  Hectoliters 462,  467 

Bushing  (Definition) 483 

Flush  (Definition) 492 

Butted  and  Strapped  Joints . .  164, 483 

Butterfly  (Definition) 483 

Butt  Sections  of  Poles 118-157 

Butt-weld  (Definition) 483 

Pipe  Sizes 68-69 

Process jmb  g 

BX  Casing,  California,  Dia- 
mond (see  Cal.  Diamond 
BX  Casing). 

Drive  Pipe,  California  Dia- 
mond (see  Cal.  Diam.  BX 
Drive  Pipe). 

By-pass  (Definition) 483 

Valve  (Definition) 483 


Calculating    Table    of    Water 

Horse  Power 299 

Caliber  (Definition) 483 

California  Diamond  BX  Casing, 

Section  of  Joint 82 

Test  Pressure  of 71 


California  Diamond  BX  Casing. 
Weights    and    Dimen- 
sions of 29 

Drive    Pipe,    Section    of 

Joint 82 

Test  Pressures  of. ...       76 
Weights  and  Dimen- 
sions of 31 

California  Miners'  Inch 312 

California  Special  External  Up- 
set    Tubing,     Section     of 

Joint 82 

Test  Pressure  of 76 

Weights    and    Dimen- 
sions of 30 

Calking  (Definition) 483 

Calking  Recess  (Definition) ....     483 

Calking  Tool  (Definition) 483 

Calorific  Unit 327 

Cap  (Definition) 483 

Caps  for  Cylinders 194 

Capacities,  Comparison  of  Cus- 
tomary        and         Metric 

Units 466-467 

of  Cylindrical  Tanks,  Table  of    302 
of  Rectangular  Tanks,  Table 

of 305 

Capacity,       Discharging        of 

Pipe 306-309 

Factors  for  Tubes 423 

Measurements     (see     Metric 

Equivalents) 460-476 

of  Shelby  Tubing,  per  Lineal 

Foot 200-203 

Carbon       Dioxide,       Physical 

Properties  of 209 

Carbonate    of    Soda    in    Boiler 

Water 276 

Carbonic  Acid  and  Oxygen  in 

Boiler  Water 276 

Carbonic  Acid  Cylinders, 

15, 188,  209-210 

Physical  Properties  of. .  .209-210 
Carbon  in  Bessemer  Pipe  Steel...       10 
Open  Hearth  Pipe  Steel. ...       10 
Shelby       Seamless       Steel 

Tubes 16-19 

Card  Weight  Pipe 22,  483 

Casing  (Definition) 484 

Boston  (see  Boston  Casing). 
Pacific  Couplings  (see  Bos- 
ton Casing  Pacific  Coup- 
ling). 

California  Diamond  BX  (see 
California  Djamond  BX 
Casing). 


522 


Index 


Casing  Coupling  (see  Casing  in 
Question) . 

Dog  (Definition) 484 

Elevator  (Definition) 484 

Expanded  Joint 27 

Fitting  (Definition) 484 

Head  (Definition) 484 

Inserted   Joint    (see   Inserted 
Joint  Casing). 

Nipples,  Wrought 174 

Shoes  (Definition) 484 

Size,  Trade  Practice 21 

South  Penn  (see  South  Penn 

Casing). 

Standard,  Boston  (see  Boston 
Casing). 

Swelled  Joint 27 

Cast  Iron  Fittings 168 

Flanges  Standard 176 

Pipe,  Expansion 347 

Weight 423 

Catalogue  Pole  Number.  . . .   118-157 
Catcher,  Tubing  (Definition). . .     512 

Cause  of  Corrosion  of  Pipe 12 

Center  Poles 109 

Centigrade-Fahrenheit   Conver- 
sion Tables 473-476 

Centimeters  to  inches..  .461,  463,  476 
Central    Back    Outlet    (Defini- 
tion).      480 

Centrifugal  Separator  Forgings..     194 

Chain  Tongs  (Definition) 484 

Champfer  (Definition) 484 

Charles'  Law  of  Gases 314 

Chart,  Conversion  for  Lengths, 

Weights  and  Temperatures.    476 

Flow  of  Water 279 

Metric  Conversion 476 

Chasers   10-11 

Lead  of n 

Number  in  Die  for  Different 

Pipe  Sizes n 

Threading 10-11 

Clearance  of 10 

Chasing  (Definition) 484 

Check  (Definition) 484 

Valves 169, 170, 484 

Chemical  Analysis  Pipe  Steel. . .       10 
Shelby       Seamless       Steel 

Tubes 15,16,18,19 

Chezy     Rule     for     Flow     of 

Water 281-282 

Chicago    Building    Ordinances, 

Formula  for  Columns   .  . .       244 
Chip      Space     on     Threading 

Dies lo-n 


Chloride  of  Magnesium  in  Boiler 

Water 276 

Chlorine,  Absorption  by  Water.  316 
Christie's  Tests  on  Columns ....  230 

C.I.F.  (Definition) 484 

Circular  Flange  (Definition) 484 

Circular  Weld  (Definition) 484 

Circumference,  Table  of 419-459 

Circumferential  Stresses,  Inter- 
nal Fluid  Pressure 220-221 

Cisterns,  Barrels  Contained  in. .     304 

Clamp  (Definition) 484 

Leak  (Definition) 496 

Pipe  (Definition) 500 

Pouring  (Definition) 502 

Service  (Definition) 505 

Water  Pipe  (Definition) 515 

Classification    of    Pressures, 

Valves  and  Fittings 167 

Clavarino's  Formula 215 

Applicability 223 

for  Strength  of  Tubes,  In- 
ternal Pressure, 

215-220,  222-224 

Cleaner,  Flue  (Definition) 492 

Cleaner,  Tube  (Definition) 511 

Clean-out  Fitting  (Definition). .  484 
Clearance  of  Threading  Chasers.  10 
Clegg's  Experiment  on  Flow  of 

Gas 317 

Close  Nipple 171,  174,  485 

Return  Bend  (Definition) 485 

Coal  Tar  (Definition) 485 

Coating,  Bituminous 107 

for  Pipe  (Definition) 485 

for  Poles 118 

National 94, 107 

Protective  and  Dip.  91,  94, 106,  107 

Smith's  (Definition) 479,  507 

Specification,  Dip 91 

National 94 

with  Zinc 92 ,  94 

Cock  (Definition) 485 

Cock,  Ammonia,  Thread  (Defi- 
nition)       479 

Corporation  (Definition) ....      485 

Four-way  (Definition) 492 

Gage  (Definition) 492 

or  Faucet,  Telegraph    (Defi- 
nition)       510 

Pet  (Definition) 500 

Plug  (Definition) 502 

Cocks  and  Valves 169,  170,  485 

Coefficient  of  Air  Discharge ....     358 
Expansion  of  Iron  and  Steel, 
"Bureau  of  Standards"..     211 


Index 


523 


Coefficient  Flow  of  Steam  through 

Orifices 341 

Roughness,    Kutter's    For- 
mula  281-282 

Coil,  Box  (Definition) 482 

Bracket  (Definition) 482 

(Definition) 485 

Expansion  (Definition) 489 

Cold-drawn,  Cold  Finished 15 

Cold-drawn  (Definition) 485 

Locomotive   Boiler   Tubes, 

Specifications,  Seamless. .  101 
Safe  Ends,  Specification.  .  .  101 
Steel  Trolley  Poles,  Length  198 

Weight  of 198 

Tubes  for  Cream  Separa- 
tor     Bowls,       Shelby 
Seamless,  Specification     103 
Tubes  for  Diamond  Drill 
Rods,  Shelby  Seamless, 

Specification  for 104 

Tubes  for  Hose  Poles  and 
Hose  Molds,  Shelby 
Seamless,  Specification.  105 

Tubes 15 

Cold  Finished  Shelby  Seamless 

Steel  Tubes xi&& 

Collapse  and  Column  Formulae, 

Comparison  of 230 

Collapsing  Pressures 227-243 

Lilly's  Formula  for 231 

Marine  Law 229 

of  Pipes  and  Tubes 227-243 

Results  of  Research 228 

Stewart's  Formula  for 228 

Tables 232-243 

Tests 227 

Collapse    related    to    Strength 

Column 230 

Research 228 

Under     External      Pressure, 

227-243 

Collar  (Definition) 485 

Collar  Flange  (Definition) 485 

Collars,  Kimberley 44,  83 

Colorado  Miner's  Inch 294-312 

Column  and  Collapse  Formulae.     230 
Column   Flange,    Pump,   Rein- 
forced (Definition) 503 

Column,   Pump,   Flange    (Defi- 
nition)       502 

Column    Sections,    Tables    of, 

Properties  of 264-267 

Column,  Water  (Definition).  ...     514 
Columns,  Chicago  Building  Or- 
dinances, Formula  for 244 


Columns,  New    York    Building 

Code,  Formula  for 244 

of  Pipe 244-249 

Pipe,  Double  Extra  Strong . . .     249 

Safe  Loads  for 249 

Extra   Strong,   Safe  Loads 

for 247-248 

Standard    Pipe,   Safe    Loads 

for 245-246 

Strength  of 244 

Relation  to  Collapse 230 

Commercial  Pipe,   Yield  Point 

Tests  on 222 

Tubes    and    Pipes,    Bursting 

Tests  of 223-226 

Pipes  and  Cylinders  to  Re- 
sist Internal  Fluid  Pres- 
sures, Strength  of  ....  222-226 
and     Pipes,     Strength     of 

Weld  of 226 

Common  Formula  for  Flow  of 

Gas  in  Pipes 321 

Internal  Pressure, 

213-214,  218-219, 224 

Thread  (Definition) 485 

Comparative  Stiffness  of  Beams.     255 

Strength  of  Beams 254 

Comparison    of    Collapse    and 

Column  Formulae 230 

Customary      and      Metric 
Units     from     i     to     10 

Tables 463-469 

Formulae      for      Discharge 

of  Gas 323 

Internal  Fluid  Pressure  For- 
mulae  for   Tubes,    Pipes 

and  Cylinders 218-219 

Tons  and  Pounds 472 

Wrought    Iron    and    Pipe 

Steel  Columns 231 

Competition  Valve 170 

Composition,      Angus       Smith 

(Definition) 479 

Chemical  of  Steel  for  Seam- 
less Pipe 15,  16,  18,  19 

Welded  Pipe 10 

of  Air 352 

of  Pipe   Steel, 

9,  10,  15,  16,  18,  19,  2ii 

of  Water 272 

Compressed    Air,    Flow    of    in 

Pipes 360-364 

Pressure  Losses 360 

Transmission,  Loss  of  Pres- 
sure of 360 

Velocity  of  Efflux  of 357 


524 


Index 


Compressibility  of  Water 275 

Compression,  Adiabatic  of  Natu- 
ral Gas 324-325 

Work  of 356 

and     Expansion,     Adiabatic 

Air 355 

Isothermal  of  Air 356 

Natural  Gas,  Adiabatic.. .  .324-325 

Temperature  of  Gas 325 

Compressive         Stresses         in 

Beams 250 

Columns 244 

Condensation    in    Bare    Steam 

Pipes 348 

Conditions  of  Tests  of  Poles ....     114 

Conduit  Pipe  (Definition) 485 

Cones,  Seamless  Steel 195 

Connection,  Flanged 167, 169 

Screwed 167, 168 

Siamese  (Definition) 506 

Contents  in  Gallons,  Cylinders, 

301,  302 

Rectangular  Tanks 305 

of  Cylindrical  Vessels,  Tanks, 

etc.,  Table  of 302,  304 

Cylinders  and  Pipes,  Table 

of 301 

Pipes      in      Pounds      per 

Foot .-     303 

Contraction  and  Expansion  of 

Pipes 168 

Lateral,  Coefficient 215 

Convenient  Equivalents 312 

Converged  End 189,  190,  485 

Converse  Lock  Joint.  .  .  .108,  167,  485 

Coating 109 

Fittings 93 

Hub   and   Pipe,    Section 

of 84 

Pipe 43,  108 

Specifications  for 93~95 

Test  Pressures  of 74 

Weights    and    Dimen- 
sions of 43 

Reinforcement 109 

Conversion      Chart,     Lengths, 

Weights  and  Temperatures.     476 

Table 311 

Hydraulic 310-312 

Volumes 311 

Copper  Pipe,  Expansion  of .....     347 

Copper  Weight 423 

Corporation  Cock  (Definition)..     485 
Correct  Sizes  of  House  Pipes  for 

Gas,  Table  of 319 

Corrosion i2-i3i  106 


Corrosion   and   Incrustation    in 

Boilers 275-277 

Cause  of 12 

of  Boilers 275-277 

of  Pipes  and  Tubes 12-13 

of  Steel  Pipe 12 

Prevention      of      (see      Dog 

Guards) 113 

Reference  Books  on 12 

Corrugated  Joint  (Definition).. .     486 

Counterbored  (Definition) 486 

Countersink  (Definition) 486 

Countersunk  (Definition) 486 

Coupling  (Definition) 486 

Pipe  (Definition) 500 

Socket  (Definition) 507 

Steam  (Definition) 509 

Union  (Definition) 513 

Couplings  (see  Product  in  Ques- 
tion, also  "Joint") 

Covering,  Pipe  (Definition) 500 

Coverings,  Steam  Pipe 348-350 

Cox's    Formula    for    Discharge 

of  Gas 321 

Loss  of  Head  by  Friction 

in  Pipes 289-290 

Cream  Separator  Bowls,  Speci- 
fications for  Shelby  Seamless 
Cold-drawn  Steel  Tubes 

for 103-104 

Specialties 194 

Cressed  (Definition) : .     486 

Artesian  Joint  (Definition) .  . .     486 

Crippling  of  Poles 1 16 

Cross  (Definition) -  486 

Cross-over  (Definition) 486 

Bend  (Definition) 486 

Pipe  Bend 163 

Tee  (Definition) 486 

Rolls,  Effect 105,  8-9 

Section  of  Pipe 58-65 

Square  Pipe 66 

Rectangular  Pipe 67 

Tube  (Definition) 486 

Valve  (Definition) 487 

Crotch  (Definition) 487 

Crushing  Down  Test. .  13,  95,  100,  102 

Test  (Definition) 487 

Cubic     Centimeters,     Capacity 

of  Pipe 423 

Contents,    Pipes   and    Cylin- 
ders  301-304,  419-459 

Seamless  Tubing 200-203 

Tubes 419-459 

Cubic  Feet  per  Foot  of  Cylin- 
ders, Table 301 


Index                                            525 

Cubic  Feet  per  Foot  of  Pipes  .  .     301 
Second,  Gallons  per  Min- 
ute, Table  ...       ....     300 

Dead  End  of  a  Pipe    (Defini- 
tion)                                          487 

Decimal    Equivalents    of    Feet 
and  Inches                         366—368 

Foot  Equivalents                          311 

Inch  Equivalents  311 

Fractions  368 

Cup  and  Ball  Joint                          487 

Vulgar  Fractions  366-368 
Wire    and    Sheet    Metal 
Gages                                  369 

Cup  Joint  (Definition)  487 

Cupped  Cylinder  Heads  189-190 
Cupping  (Definition)  487 

Fractions  of  Inch.  .  .                     368 

Process                                            1  5 

of  a  Foot  for  Each  %4  of  an 
Inch  366 

Current  Motors,  Water  298 

Curve  Collapsing  Pressure.  ...       231 
Curve  Elastic  of  Beams  251 

an  Inch  for  Each  %4  368 
Definitions  (see  Particular  Defi- 
nition). 
Definitions  of  Terms  Used  in  the 
Pipe  and  Fitting  Trade.  .479-516 
Deflection     and     Set     Limits, 
Tubular  Electric  Line  Poles, 
112-113,  119-157 
Due  to  Load  Shelby  Seamless 
Cold-drawn    Steel    Trolley 
Poles  198 

Curved  Flange  (Definition)  487 
Curves,   Effect  of  on  Flow  of 
Water  in  Pipes  279 
Customary  Sizes  of  Poles  109 

Cut  Length  (Definition)                  487 

Limits  of  Accuracy,  Varia- 
tion    .                                               21 

Cutter,  Pipe  (Definition)  .  .      .  .     500 

Tube  Sheet  (Definition)  512 

Cylinder  (Definition)  487 
Caps  194 

Elastic  of  Beams  251 

Dekaliters  to  Pecks  462,  467 
Delivery,  Compressed  Air.  .  .  .360-364 
Water  from  Pipes.                278-279 

Heads                                    189—192 

Dished,  Thickness  of  191 
Flat,  Thickness  of  192 

Density  of  Air  -352—354 

Shapes  of                           189—190 

Water                                         272 

Strength  of                   ...  190-191 

Densities         of         Elementary 
Gases   .                                     314 

Specialties,    Shelby    Seamless 
Steel.                                   .     194 

Depth  of  Thread,  Briggs'  Stand- 
ard                                     208—209 

Cylinders,  Bursting  Strength.  .  .     189 
Comparison  of  Internal  Fluid 
Pressure,  Formulae  for  .  .  .  218-219 
Contents  of  Table  301 

Development  of  Pipe  Industry.  .         7 
Diameter,     Nominal,     Internal 
and  External  21,  46-56,  58-65 
of    Pipe   Required    for   Flow 
of     Known     Quantity     of 
Water  290 

for  Gasoline  Engines                     *95 

Material  of                    15 

Seamless  Shelby                            188 

Strength  of,   Under  Internal 
Pressure               212—226 

Shelby  Seamless  Tubing.  .  .     199 
Diamond  BX   Casing,   Califor- 
nia (see  California  Diamond 
BX  Casing). 
Diamond  BX  Drive  Pipe,  Cali- 
fornia  (see  California  Dia- 
mond BX  Drive  Pipe). 
Drill  Rods,  Shelby  Seamless 
Cold-drawn    Steel     Tubes, 
Specifications  for   104-105 

Table  of  Capacities  of                   301 

to  Resist  Internal  Fluid  Pres- 
sure  Strength  of                222—226 

Cylindrical    Tanks,    Table    of, 
Capacities  of,  in  Barrels.  .  .  .     304 
Tanks  and  Cisterns,  Table 
of  Contents  of                      302 

Walls,  Strength  of  212-243 

D 
Dalton's  Law  of  Gaseous  Pres- 
sures                                   .     315 

Diaphragm,    Expansion     (Defi- 
nition)                        .          .     489 

Dictionary      of     Pipe      Trade 
Terms        .  .  .                    .477—516 

Die  (Definition)  487 

Darcy's   Formula   for   Flow   of 
Water  in  Pipes                          282 

Master  (Definition)  .                     497 

Pipe  (Definition)                            500 

Steam  in  Pipes               344 

DIPS.  Threadiner  .  .  .                           TO—  TT 

526 


Index 


Difference   in   Weight   of  Pipe 

for  Difference  O.  D 379-380 

Dimensions,  Air  Line  Pipe 36 

Boiler  Flues,  Lap-welded 41 

Boiler     Tubes,     Locomotive, 
Lap-weld,     Open     Hearth 

Steel 40 

Seamless,  Open 

Hearth  Steel 38-39 

Casing,  Boston 26 

Pacific  Coupling 28 

California  Diamond  BX . .  C£_fi  29 

Inserted  Joint 27 

South  Penn 35 

Converse         Lock         Joint 

Pipe 43 

Double    Extra    Strong    Pipe, 

Black  and  Galvanized 25 

Drill  Pipe  Full  Weight 36 

Drive  Pipe 24 

Drive  Pipe  Cal.  Dia.  BX 31 

Dry  Kiln  Pipe 37 

Extra  Strong  Pipe,  Black  and 

Galvanized 25 

Kimberley  Joint  Pipe 44 

Line  Pipe 23 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 42 

Pipe,    Standard    Black    and 

Galvanized 22 

Poles 118-157 

Reamed  and  Drifted  Pipe. ...  35 

Rectangular  Pipe 45 

Rotary  Pipe,  Special 34 

Upset 34 

Screw    Threads,    Nuts    and 

Bolts 37i 

Square  Pipe 45 

Tubing,     Allison     Vanishing 

Thread,  Ends  Upset 33 

Not  Upset 33 

Bedstead 31 

California    Special    Exter- 
nal Upset.. 30 

Flush  Joint 32 

Oil  Well 30 

Tuyere  Pipe 37 

Dip    Coating    (see    also    Coat- 
ing)  91,  106 

Specifications 91.  94 

Pipe  (Definition) 487 

Dipping  Poles 118 

Discharge,  Air,  Coefficients  of. .  358 
Capacity  of  Pipes,  Table  of, 

Relative 306,  309 

Chart,    Quantity,    Diameter, 

Velocity 279 


Discharge,  Coefficient  of,  Air. .  .  358 

Steam 341 

Water 278 

Gas     at     High     Pressure, 

Formula  for 320-321 

Low  Pressure,  Formula  317 

Common  Formula  for. ...  321 

Comparison  of  Formula  323 

Cox's  Formula 321 

Oliphant's  Formula 322 

Pittsburgh  Formula 321 

Rix's  Formula 321 

Towl's  Formula 321 

Un win's  Formula 323 

Pipes  Conveying  Water. .  278-279 

Relative 306-309 

Pumping  Engines 293 

Steam  from  Pipes,  Kent's 

Formula 344 

Water  Through  Pipes 278 

Discharging       Capacity      of 

Pipe 306-309 

Dished  (Definition) 487 

Dished  Cylinder  Heads,  Thick- 
ness of 191 

Heads,  Strength  of 191 

Displacement  per  Lineal  Foot 
of    Shelby    Seamless    Steel 

Tubing 199 

Dissolved    Carbonic   Acid    and 

Oxygen  in  Boiler  Water. ...  276 

Distribution  of  Gas 317-324 

Dog  (Definition) 487 

Dog,  Casing  (Definition) 484 

Guard  (Definition) 487 

Guards    for    Poles,  Tubular 

113-114 

Pipe  (Definition) 500 

River  (Definition) 504 

Double  Bend  (Definition) 488 

Branch  Elbow  (Definition) ...  488 
Extra    Strong    Pipe   (Defini- 
tion)    488 

Bursting  Tests 225-226 

Columns,  Table  of  Safe 

Loads  for 249 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pres- 
sure of 69 

Length  per  Square  Foot 

of  Surface 57 

Process    of    Manufac- 
ture, Lap-weld 8 

Butt-weld 9 

Weights    and    Dimen- 
sions of 25 

Offset  U  Bend 163 


Index 


527 


Double  Riveted  Bump  Joints,  165-166 
Butted       and        Strapped 

Joints 164-165 

Double-sweep      Tee       (Defini- 
tion)    488 

Drainage  Fittings  (Definition) . .  488 
Drams,    Apothecaries,    to   Mil- 

liliters 462,  466 

Drawing     (see    Seamless     Pipe 

Shelby) 14 

Drawn  (Definition) 488 

Cold  (Definition) 485 

Hot  (Definition) 493 

Dresser  (Definition) 488 

Drifted    and    Reamed    (Defini- 
tion)    503 

Pipe    (see    Reamed    and 
Drifted  Pipe). 

Drifted  (Definition) 488 

Drill  (Definition) 488 

Drill    Pipe,    Full    Weight    (see 
Full    Weight    Drill    Pipe) 

Pole  (Definition) 502 

Rods,  Diamond  Shelby  Seam- 
less Steel  Tubes  for,  Speci- 
fication  104-105 

Shot  (Definition) 506 

Drilled  (Definition) 488 

Drilling  Machine  (Definition) ...  488 

Drive  Head  (Definition) 488 

Pipe,  California  Diamond  BX 
(see  California  Diamond 
BX  Drive  Pipe). 

Joint  (Definition) 488 

Ring  (Definition) 488 

Section  of  Joint 77 

Test  Pressure  of 69 

Weights  and  Dimensions  of.  24 

Drive  Shoe  (Definition) 488 

Drop  Elbow  (Definition) 489 

of     Pressure         in       Steam 

Lines 344-346 

Tee  (Definition) 489 

Test 116,  119 

Drum  (Definition) 489 

Dry  Joint  (Definition) 489 

Dry  Kiln  Pipe,  Section  of  Joint.  83 

Test  Pressure  of 76 

Weights  and  Dimensions.  37 

Dry  Pipe  (Definition) 489 

Quarts  to  Liters 462, 467 

Dry  Steam 327 

E 

Eccentric  Back  Outlet  (Defini- 
tion)    480 


Eccentric  Fitting 489 

Eckert  Joint  (Definition) 489 

Eduction  Pipe  (Definition) 489 

Eighth  Bend  (Definition) 489 

Effect   of   Bends   and    Fittings 

on  Flow  of  Air  in  Pipes ....  364 
Gas  in  Pipes..  324 
Steam  in 

Pipes 346 

Curves  and  Valves  on  Flow 

of  Water  in  Pipes 283-284 

Efficiency  of  a  Fall  of  Water. . .     297 

Efflux  of  Air 357-358 

Gas 316 

Steam 341-342 

Velocity  of 357 

Elastic  Curve  of  Beams 251 

Deflection  of  Beams..  .251,  257-263 

Elongation 113 

Limit     of     Bessemer     Pipe 

Steel 10 

Open        Hearth        Pipe 

Steel : 10 

Shelby     Seamless     Steel 

Tubes 16-17 

Elasticity  Modulus 112,  255,  257 

of  Beams 254-255 

Elbow  (Definition) 489 

Back  Outlet 489 

Double  Branch  (Definition) .  .     488 

Drop  (Definition) 489 

Heel  Outlet  (Definition) 493 

Reducing  Taper  (Definition)..     503 

Resistance  to  Flow 324 

Return  (Definition) 504 

Service 489 

Street  (Definition) 509 

Taper  Reducing  (Definition) . .     503 

Three-way  (Definition) 511 

Union 489 

Electric  Line  Poles  (see  Poles)..     109 

Tables,  Tubular 120-157 

Electrolysis 13 

Elementary  Gases,  Densities  of.      314 
Elevator  Casing  (Definition) —     484 

Elevator  (Definition) 489 

Ell  Back  Outlet  (Definition) ...     480 

Ell,  Branch  (Definition) 482 

Ell  (Definition) 489 

Ell,  Service  (Definition) 505 

Ell,  Side  Outlet  (Definition) 506 

Ell,  Union  (Definition) 513 

Elongation  Bessemer  Pipe  Steel.       10 

Elastic 113 

Open  Hearth  Pipe  Steel 10 

Pipe  Caused  by  Heat 346-347 


528 


Index 


Elongation     Shelby      Seamless 

Steel  Tubes i6-ig 

Tubes  by  Heat 211 

End   Annealed,    Tube    (Defini- 
tion)       480 

Converged  (Definition) 485 

Cylinder 189-190 

Dead,  of  a  Pipe  (Definition) . .     487 
Expanded,  Tube  (Definition) .     489 

Plain  (Definition) 501 

Safe  (Definition) 505 

Energy    of  Water    Flowing    in 

a  Tube 298 

Engine  Cylinder  Forgings 195 

Engines,    Pumping,    Discharge 

of .293-294 

Sizes  of  Steam  Pipes  for 347 

Thermal  Waste 338 

Entrance,  Resistance  to  Flow  of 

Steam  Due  to 346 

Entropy,  Tabular  Values, 

329-333,  339-340 

Entry  Head ,  Flow  of  Water 277 

Equation  of  Pipes 306-309 

Equivalent  Heads  of  Water  and 

Mercury,  Table  of  Pressure    310 

Equivalents,  Convenient 312 

Cubic  Feet,  Gallons,  Seconds, 

Minutes,  Hours 300 

Decimal 470-471,  476 

Foot  for  Each  ^  Inch 366-367 

Heat,  Mechanical 328 

Hydraulic 310,  312 

Inch  for  Each  y64 «     368 

Masses,  Metric,  English 468 

Mechanical  of  Heat 328 

Metric 460-476 

Charts... 476 

Pressure  to  Head 274,  310 

Water 310-312 

Evaporation  Factors 333-336 

Exhaust   Relief  Valve    (Defini- 
tion)       489 

Expanded  Upset  Tubes 158-161 

End  Tube  (Definition) 489 

Joint  (Definition) 489 

Joint  Casing 27 

Riveted 165-166 

Expander,  Tube  (Definition) ...     512 
Expanding  of  Boiler  Tubes  into 

Tube  Sheets 210 

Test  Boiler  Tubes 102 

Expansion     and     Compression, 

Adiabatic  of  Air 355 

Isothermal,  of  Air 356 

Contraction  of  Pipes 168 


Expansion     and    Compression, 

Bend 163, 168 

Coefficient 211 

Coil 489 

Diaphragm  (Definition) 489 

Gases 314-320 

Joint 168,489 

Expansion  Loop 163,  168,  490 

of  Air  Adiabatic 355 

Isothermal 356 

Gas,  Mariotte's  Law 314 

Iron     and     Steel     Tubes, 

Thermal 211 

Pipes  by  Heat 346-347 

Steam 346-347 

Tubes  by  Heat  ....  211,  346-347 

Water 272 

Pipes  (Definition) 490 

Ring  (Definition) 490 

Valve  (Definition) 490 

Experimental  Tests  or  Research, 

Bursting 212-226 

Carbonic  Acid 209 

Collapse 227-243 

Elasticity 112-113 

Holding       Power       of 

Boiler  Tubes 210-211 

Strength        of       Pole 

Joints 116 

Exponential  Formula,  William's 

and  Hazen's 283 

Extension  Piece  (Definition).. . .     490 

External  Diameter  of  Pipe 58-65 

External   Pressure    to    Produce 

Collapse 227-243 

Surface  Length  of   Pipe  per 

Square  Foot 38-41,  57,  199 

per  Lineal  Foot 38-41,  199, 

419-459 

External    Upset    Tubes,    Lap- 
welded  and  Seamless 158-161 

Tables  of 160-161 

Tubing,   California  Special 
(see  California  Special  Ex- 
ternal Upset  Tubing). 
External    Volume    per    Lineal 

Foot  of  Pipe 419-459 

External    Volume    per    Lineal 
Foot    of    Shelby    Seamless 

Tubing 190 

Extra  Heavy  (Definition) 4QO 

Extra  Heavy  Fittings 168-169 

Pipe  Flanges,  Threaded..  169, 175 

Pressure 168 

Unions 169 

Valves 170 


Index 


529 


Extra  Long  Nipples  . . .  .171,  172, 174 

Strong  (Definition) 4QQ 

Double  (Definition) 488 

Pipe 25 

Bursting  Tests 225-226 

Columns,  Table  of  Safe 

Loads  for 247-248 

Hydraulic      Test      Pres- 
sures        69 

Length  per  Square  Foot 

of  Surface 57 

Used  in  Poles.  .  .  .in,  118-157 
Weights      and      Dimen- 
sions of    25 


Face,  Raised  (Definition) 503 

Faced  After  (Definition) 490 

Spot  (Definition) 508 

Factors,  Area,  for  Tubes 373~375 

Capacity  for  Tubes 423 

Deflection  of  Poles 119-157 

Evaporation  of 333~336 

Internal  Fluid  Pressure. . .  .220-221 

Safety 268-270 

for  Collapse 228 

Strength,  for  Pipes 58-65 

Weight    for    Different     Ma- 
terials      423 

Steel  Tubing 376-378 

Fahrenheit  Thermometer  to  Cen- 
tigrade   473-476 

Fairbairn's,  Sir  Wm.,  Tests 227 

Fall  of  Water,  Power  and  Effi- 
ciency of 297-299 

Faucet  (Definition) 490 

Faucet     or     Cock,     Telegraph 

(Definition) 510 

Feed    Pipe,    Internal     (Defini- 
tion)      494 

Feed  Water  Impurities 275-277 

Regulator  Floats 194 

Feet,    Decimal    Equivalent    of 

Inches  and 366-367 

Feet  to  Meters 461 ,  463 

Female  and  Male  (Definition) .  .     497 

Fence  Railings 177-182 

Ferro  Steel  (Definition) 490 

Ferrule  (Definition) 490 

Tube  (Definition) 512 

Fiber  Stresses,  Beams, 

250-251,  257-263 

Collapse  of  Tubes 228 

Internal         Fluid         Pres- 
sures  212-226 

Safe  Working 268-270 


Field  Joint  of  Poles 115,  490 

Field  Tube  (Definition) 491 

Fifth     Roots    and    Powers    of 

Numbers 365-366 

Filling  Valve,  Receiver  (Defini- 
tion)    503 

Finished  Cold,  Shelby  Seamless 

Steel  Tubes 15 

Finished  Hot,  Shelby  Seamless 

Steel  Tubes 14 

Fire  Hydrant  (Definition) 491 

Plug  (Definition) 491 

Fitting,  Ammonia  (Definition)..  479 
and  Pipe  Trade,  Glossary  of 

Terms  Used 479 

Clean-out  (Definition) .....  484 

Eccentric  (Definition) 489 

Inverted  (Definition) 494 

Long  Turn  (Definition) 497 

Fittings 167,  491 

Blast  Furnace 170 

Cast  Iron 168 

Converse  Lock  Joint .  93 

Drainage  (Definition) 488 

Effect  of,  on  Flow  of  Air 364 

Gases 324 

Steam 346 

Water 283 

Extra  Heavy  Pipe 175 

Flanged 167 

Malleable 168 

Pipe  (Definition) 500 

Railing  (Definition) 503 

Railing 177-182 

Screwed       (Malleable       and 

Cast) 168 

Their  Obstruction  to  Flow  of 

Air 364 

Gas 324 

Steam 346 

Water 283 

Trade  Terms  (see  Glossary)  477-516 

Valves  and,  General 167-170 

Working  Pressures  of 167-168 

Flag  Poles 115 

Flange  Blank  (Definition) 481 

Blanking  (Definition) 481 

Blind  (Definition) 481 

Boiler  (Definition) 481 

Circular  (Definition) 484 

Collar  (Definition) 485 

Curved  (Definition) 487 

(Definition) 491 

Internal  (Definition) 494 

Joint,  Peened  (Definition).. . .  499 

Welded  (Definition) 516 


530 


Index 


Flange  Pressed  (Definition)  ....  502 
Pump  Column  (Definition).. .  502 
Reinforced,  Pump  Column 

(Definition) 503 

Riveted  (Definition) 504 

Rolled  Steel  (Definition) 504 

Saddle  (Definition) 505 

Spun  (Definition) 508 

Union 169,  491 

Flanged  (Definition) 491 

Connections 167,  169 

Fittings 167,  169 

Joints '. . .  .167,  491 

Pipe 167,  491 

Valves 167 

Flanges,    Extra    Heavy    Pipe, 

Threaded 169, 175 

Pipe  Standard 169, 176 

Flanging  and  Bending,  Specifi- 
cations of  Pipe  for 95 

Flanging  Test 13,  95,  100-102 

Flat    Cylinder    Heads,    Thick- 
ness of 192 

Flat  Head  (Definition) 491 

Flat  Heads,  Strength  of .......     191 

Flattening  Test 13,  95,  100, 102 

Flexible  Joint  (Definition) 491 

Flexure    of    Beams,    Formulae 

for 256-263 

Floats,  Shelby  Seamless  Steel. ..     194 
Flowing     Water,     Horse-power 

of 297-298 

Flowing    Water,    Measurement 

of 291-296 

Flow  in  House  Service  Pipes. .  . .     285 

Mean  Velocity  of 280 

Measurement    by    Maximum 

and  Mean  Velocity 292 

Miner's  Inch 294-296 

Nozzles 293 

Piezometer 291 

PitotTube 291 

Venturi  Meter 292 

Tubes 293 

Obstruction    to,    Caused    by 

Bends  and  Fittings,  Air .  . .  .364 

Steam 346 

Gas 324 

Water 283 

Flow  of  Air 357-364 

Through  Orifices 357-358 

Compressed  Air 360-364 

Gases 316 

Formula    for    Discharge 
at  High  Pressure...  .321-323 
Low  Pressure. ..     317 


Flow  of  Air,  Gill's  Formula  for    317 
Gas   in  Pipes,  High   Pres- 
sure   320-324 

Gas    in  Pipes,  Low    Pres- 
sure  317-320 

Effect  of  Bends  and 

Fittings 324 

Formulas.  . .  .317,  321-323 
Humphrey  Observa- 
tions on 319 

Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes,  Tables 
from  Molesworth's  For- 
mula  317-318 

Steam 34i~347 

in   Low    Pressure    Heat- 
ing Lines 345 

into  the  Atmosphere..  .341-342 
Resistance   Due    to    En- 
trance,     Bends      and 

Valves 346 

Water,  Approx.    Formula.       280 

Darcy's  Formula 282 

Diameter    of    Pipe    Re- 
quired       290 

Effect  of  Bends  on 283 

Curves  on 283 

Friction 286-288 

in  House  Service  Pipes. . .     285 

Pipes 277 

Air  Bound 284 

Chart 279 

Hydraulic         Grade 

Line 284 

Mean  Velocity 280-283 

Quantity  Discharge 

278-279 
Water  Hammer.. .  168,  284 

Kutter's  Formula 281 

Williams     and     Hazen's 

Formula 283 

Flowing    Water,    Measurement 

of 291-296 

Flue  (Definition) 491 

Flue  Boiler  (Definition) 491 

Flue  Cleaner  (Definition) 492 

Joints   164-166 

Flues,  Boiler  (see  Boiler  Tubes). 
Fluid     Pressure     Factors,     In- 
ternal   220-221 

Formulae,     Comparison    of 

Internal 218-219 

Pressures,  Strength  of  Com- 
mercial Tubes,  Pipes  and 
Cylinders  to  Resist  In- 
ternal   212-226 

Flush  Bushing  (Definition) 492 


Index 


531 


Flush  Joint  (Definition) 402 

Tubing,  Section  of  Joint . .          80 
Dimensions   of,   Weights 

of   32 

Hydrostatic    Test    Pres- 
sure of 75 

Flush,  Water  (Definition) 515 

Follower  (Definition) 492 

Long  Screw  (Definition) 497 

Foot,  Cubic  Equivalents.  311, 462, 465 
Foot,  Inches  Reduced  to  Deci- 
mals of 366-367 

Forged,  Pressed  (Definition)..  . .     502 

Forgings,  Various  Kinds 193-196 

Formula,  Approximate 280 

Common,    Flow    of     Gas     in 

Pipes,  High  Pressure. . .  .321-322 
Cox's,     Loss     of     Head     by 

Friction  in  Pipes 289 

Darcy's 282 

for  Flow  of  Water  in  Pipes .  .  .     280 

Kutter's 281 

Oliphant's,    Flow   of   Gas   in 

Pipes,  High  Pressure 322 

(see  the  Given  Problem  or  Author). 

Towl's 321 

Unwin's,    Flow    of    Gas    in 

Pipes,  High  Pressure 323 

Williams  and  Hazen's 283 

Formulae,  Comparison  of  High 

Pressure  Gas 323 

Internal  Fluid  Pressures,  218-219 
Thickness     of     Pipes    and 
Tubes   under    Collapsing 

Pressure 228-231 

Four-way  Cock  (Definition) ....     492 

Tee  (Definition) 492 

Fractions,   Decimal  Equivalent 

of 368 

Franklin  Institute  Threads. .  .370-372 

Free  on  Rails  (Definition) 492 

Friction,  Cox's  Formula  for .  .    .      289 

Head  of  Water 278,  286-290 

Loss  of  Head  by,  in  Pipes .  .  286-  288 

Full  Flow  Joints 165 

-way  Valve  (Definition) 492 

Weight    Drill    Pipe,    Dimen- 
sions and  Weights  of  36 

Coupling     and     Joint, 

Typical  Section  of. . .       80 
Hydrostatic  Test  Pres- 
sure of    76 

Pipe     (see    also    Standard 

Pipe). 22,492 

Furnace  Fittings,  Blast 170 

Melting  (Definition) 498 


Gage. 369,  492 

Briggs'  Standard... 21,  168,  208-209 

Cock  (Definition) 492 

Length  (Definition) 492 

Plug  (Definition) 502 

Ring  (Definition) 492 

Thread,     Valves     and    Fitt- 
ings      168 

Water  (Definition) 515 

Wire    and    Sheet    Metal    in 
Decimals  of  an  Inch. ......     369 

Gallon,  British  Imperial 311 

Equivalents 311-312 

Gallons,       Cubic      Feet      and 

Table 300 

per  Foot  of  Cisterns 302 

per  Foot  of  Cylinders 301 

per  Foot  of  Cylindrical  Ves- 
sels      302 

per  Foot  of  Pipes 301 

per     Foot     of     Rectangular 

Tanks 305 

per  Foot  of  Tanks 302 

per  Lineal  Foot  Displaced  by 

Shelby  Seamless  Tubing.  . .     199 
per  Minute,  Cubic  Feet  per 

Second ......  *°.,. . . .     300 

to  Liters 462-466 

Galvanized  and   Black  Pipe  — 

Standard 22 

Extra       and       Double-extra 
Strong,    Pipe,    Dimensions 

of 25 

Nipples,  Long  Screw,  Wrought 

Pipe 173 

Wrought  Pipe 171-172 

Pipe 22,  92,  94,  107,  364 

Weight 21 

Galvanizing. 92,  94, 107,  492 

Ganguillet's   Formula,  Flow   of 

Water  in  Pipes 281-282 

Gas : 313-325 

Absorption  of ,  by  Liquids 316 

Adiabatic      Compression     of 

Natural 324 

Avogadro's  Law 314 

Charles'  Law 314 

Cocks 170 

Common    Formula    for    Dis- 
charge of 321 

Comparison   of   Formula   for 

Discharge  of 323 

Compression  of 324-325 

Cox's  Formula 321 

Density  of 314 


532 


Index 


Gas,  Effects  of  Bends  and  Fitt- 
ings   324 

Expansion  of,  Mariotte's  Law 

for 314 

Flow   in    Pipes,   High    Pres- 
sure   320-324 

Low  Pressure.  .316,  317-325 
Affected   by   Bends   and 

Fittings 324 

under    Pressure,    Common 

Rule 32 

Cox's  Rule 32 

Oliphant's  Rule 32 

Pittsburgh  Rule 32 

Rix's  Rule 32 

Towl's  Rule 32 

Unwin's  Rule 323 

Formula    for    Discharge     at 

High  Pressure 321 

Low  Pressure 317 

General  Index 313 

Gill's  Formula  for  Flow  of . .  317 

Law  of  Mariotte's 314 

Maximum  Supply  of,  Through 

Pipes. 317 

Mixtures  of  Gas  and  Vapors ..  315 
Molesworth's     Formula     for 

Flow  of 317 

Natural,  Compression  of. .  .324-325 
Oliphant's  Formula  for  Dis- 
charge of 322 

Pipe 167 

Pipes,  Table  of  Sizes  of,  for 

Different  Service 319-320 

Pittsburgh  Formula  for  Dis- 
charge of 321 

Pole's  Formula  for  Flow  of ...  317 

Properties  of 314-316 

Rix's  Formula  for  Discharge .  321 

Saturation  Point  of  Vapors. . .  315 

Sizes  of  House  Pipes 319 

Supply  of  Through  Pipes 317 

Temperatures    Produced    by 

Compression 325 

Thread  (Definition) 492 

Towl's  Formula  for  Discharge  321 
Unwin's    Formula    for     Dis- 
charge    323 

Gaseous  Pressures ,  D  alton  's  La w  315 

Gasket  (Definition) 492 

Gasoline  Engine  Cylinder 195 

Gate  or  Straightway  Valve, 

169,  170,  492 

Gate  Valve,  Angle  (Definition). .  479 

Wedge  (Definition) 515 

General  Notes 21 


Gill's    Formula    for    Flow    of 

Gases 317 

Globe  Valve 169-170,  492 

Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  the 

Pipe  and  Fittings  Trade.. 47 7-51 6 

Go  Devil  (Definition) 492 

Goose  Neck  (Definition) 493 

Grade  Line,  Hydraulic   284 

Grains  to  Grams 462,  468 

Gram 460 

to  Avoirdupois  Ounces, 

462,  468, 476 

to  Grains 462,  468 

Troy  Ounces 462,  468 

Grashof's     Formula     for   Flat- 
heads 191 

Grate,  Water  (Definition) 515 

Grease  in  Boiler  Water,  Effect 

of 276 

Grip  of  Tubes  on  Tube  Sheets ..     210 
Grommet    or    Grummet    (Defi- 
nition)       493 

Groove    and    Tongue    (Defini- 
tion)      511 

Ground  Joint  (Definition) 493 

Guards,  Dog 113,  487 

Gyration,  Radius  of, 

244, 257, 264-267 

Pipe 58-65,419-459 

Shelby  Seamless  Tubing 

206-207 

Tubes      and      Round 
Bars 419-459 

H 

Half  Turn  Socket  (Definition) .  .  493 
Hammer  Jarring  While  Under 

Pressure  Test 69,  76 

Hammer,  Water 168,  284,  515 

Hand  Railings 177-182 

Hand  Tight  (Definition) 493 

Hanger  Pipe  (Definition) 501 

Hard  Solder  (Definition) 493 

H-Branch  (Definition) 493 

Hawksley  Rule  f or  Flow  of  Air .  359 
Hazelton  Head  (Definition) ....  493 
Hazen's  Exponential  Formula. .  283 

Head  (Definition) 493 

Bull,  Tee  (Definition) 483 

Casing  (Definition) 484 

Drive  (Definition) 488 

Flat  (Definition) 491 

Hazelton  (Definition) 493 

Loss  of,  by  Friction 286-290 

Water 277,  286-288,  297-299 

Patterson  (Definition) 499 


Index 


533 


Head  Support,  Cylinder, 

212-213,  222-223 
Heads,   Bolt  and  Nut,   Square 

and  Hexagon 370 

Cylinder 189-192 

Horse-power  of  Water. .....     299 

of  Water  and  Mercury,  Table 
of  Pressure  in  Equivalent. . .     310 

Header  (Definition) 493 

Heat,  Latent  of  Steam 327-333 

Loss  by  Convection 348 

from  Steam  Pipes. . 348 

Mechanical  Equivalent  of 328 

of  Saturated  Steam 327-333 

of  Vaporization 327-333 

Required  to  Evaporate 328 

Specific  of  Air 355 

Ice 274 

Saturated  Steam 328 

Superheated  Steam 337 

Water 275 

Superheated  Steam .  339-340 

Total  of  Saturated  Steam.  .327-333 
Treatment  (see  Seamless  Prod- 
ucts; also  Annealing) 14-20 

Unit,  British  Thermal 327 

Water 327~333 

Heating  Lines,  Flow  of  Steam. .  .     345 

Surface 38-41,  57 

Heavy,  Extra  (Definition) 490 

Hectares  to  Acres 462,  464 

Hectoliters     per     Hectare     to 

Bushels  per  Acre 467 

to  Bushels 462,  467 

Heel     Outlet     Elbow     (Defini- 
tion)      . .     493 

Height  of  Poles. no 

Hexagon  and  Square  Nuts  and 

Heads 370 

High  Pressure,  Flow  of  Gas  in 

Pipes  at 320-324 

Holding      Power      of      Boiler 

Tubes 210 

Hook,  Threading  Dies 10 

Horn  Socket  (Definition) 493 

Horse-power     of     a     Running 

Stream 297 

Flowing  Water 297,  298 

Water    Under    Different 

Heads 299 

Hose  Mold  and  Hose  Pole  Spe- 
cification         105 

Hot  Drawn  (Definition) 493 

Hot    Finished    Seamless    Steel 

Tubes 14 

Tube  (Definition) 493 


House  Pipes,  Table  of  Sizes  of, 
for  Different  Lengths  and 

Number  of  Outlets 319-320 

Service  Pipes,  Flow  in 285 

Horizontal  Loading  of  Beams. .  .     256 

Hub  (Definition) 493 

Typical  Section  of  Converse 

Lock  Joint 84 

Humphrey  Observations  on  Flow 

of  Gases  in  Pipes 319 

JIundredths  of  an  Inch  to  Milli- 
meters       469 

Hydrant  (Definition) 494 

Hydrant,  Fire  (Definition) 491 

Hydraulic  Conversion  Table.  .300,  311 

Equivalents 311,  312 

Fittings 168 

Grade  Line 284 

Joint  (Definition) 494 

Main  (Definition) 494 

Pressure 168 

Radius 281-282 

Unions 169 

Valves 170 

Hydraulics 271-312 

Hydrostatic    Test    Pressure    of 
Pipe  (see  Test  Pressures). 


Ice  and  Snow,  Properties  of 274 

Ice  on  Wire 117-118 

Illuminating  Gas,  Flow  of 317 

Impact  Tests 16-19 

Imperial  Gage 369 

Gallon,  British 311 

Impurities  in  Boiler  Water 276 

Inch,  Miner's ...  294-296, 312 

Inches  and  Millimeters 470 

Decimals  of  a  Foot 366-367 

Decimals  of  Gages  in 369 

Decimals  of,  for  Each  M$4 ....     368 

Increaser  (Definition) 494 

Incrustation,  Boiler 275 

Index,  Air 351 

Gas 313 

Steam 326 

Water 271 

Indicator  (Definition) 494 

Inertia,  Moment  of 254 

for  Pipe 58-65 

Rectangular  Pipe 67 

Shelby  Seamless  Tubing  204-205 

Square  Pipe 66 

Tubes  and  Round  Bars.4to~459 
Ingersoll  Rand  Rule  for  Flow 

of  Compressed  Air 360-364 


Index 


Inserted  Joint  (Definition) . . . . .     494 
Inserted    Joint     Casing,     Test" 

Pressure  of 71 

Section  of  Joint 78 

Weights  and  Dimensions 

of 27 

Inside  Diameter  Pipe,   Weight 

of 21,46-49 

Surface  Length  of  Pipe  per 

Square  Foot 38-41,  57 

Surface     per     Lineal     Foot,         * 
38-41,  206-207,  419-459 
Inspection  and  Tests  of  Shelby 

Seamless  Steel  Tubes 20 

Welded  Pipe 13,98 

(see  also  "Specifications.") 

of  Tubes  for  Steamboats 229 

Internal  Feed  Pipe  (Definition) .     494 

Flange  (Definition) 494 

Fluid  Pressure  Factors.  .  .  .  220-221 
Formulae,       Comparison 

of 218-219 

Strength  of  Tubes,  Pipes 

and  Cylinders 212-226 

Surface 38-41,  206-207,  419-459 

Upset  Tubes,  Lap-welded  and 

Seamless 158-161 

Inverted  Fitting  (Definition) . . .     494 
Iron  and  Steel  Tubes,  Thermal 

Expansion  of 211 

Cast,  Fittings 168-169 

Charcoal  Analysis 211 

Malleable  (Definition) 497 

Pipe 7,  12,  106 

Bursting  Tests   223-226 

Corrosion 12, 13, 106 

Expansion 211,  347 

Strength 223-226 

Socket  (Definition) 507 

Weight 423 

Isothermal  Expansion  and  Com- 
pression of  Air,  Work  of . . .     356 

J 

Jarring     by     Hammer,     While 

Under  Pressure  Test 69,  76 

Jars  (Definition) 494 

Joint  (Definition) 494 

Air  Line  Pipe 80 

Allison      Vanishing      Thread 

Tubing 81 

Ammonia  (Definition) 479 

Armstrong  (Definition) 480 

Artesian  (Definition) 480 

Ball  (Definition) 480 

Ball  and  Cup  (Definition) 487 


Joint  Bell  and  Spigot  (Defini- 
tion)      481 

Block  (Definition) 481 

Boiler   Tube,  Slipping   Point 

of 210-211 

Boston  Casing,  Pacific  Coup- 
ling        78 

Standard 78 

Briggs'   Standard 208 

Bumped 165,483 

Butted  and  Strapped 164,  483 

California      Diamond       BX 

Casing 82 

California  Diamond  BX  Drive 

Pipe 82 

Special  External  Upset 82 

Converse  Lock,  Pipe  (see  also 
Converse  Lock  Joint  Pipe), 

84,  108-109,  167,  485 

Corrugated  (Definition) 486 

Cressed  Artesian  (Definition).     486 

Cup  (Definition) 487 

Cup  and  Ball  (Definition) 487 

Dresser  (Definition) 488 

Drive  Pipe 77,  488 

Dry  (Definition) .  .  \  ^l": '.. . .     489 
Dry  Kiln  Pipe. ;.;.,_,  . .;   ;  .\  .       83 

Eckert  (Definition) 489 

Expanded  (Definition) 489 

Expansion 168,  489 

Field 115,490 

Flanged 167,491 

Flexible  (Definition) 491 

Flush  (Definition) 492 

Tubing 80 

Full  Weight  Drill  Pipe ......       80 

Ground  (Definition) 493 

Hydrostatic  (Definition). . .'.  .     494 

Inserted  (Definition) 494 

Casing ....       78 

Kimberley 83,  495 

Knock  Off  (Definition) 495 

Lead 83,  84,  167,  496 

Lead  and  Rubber  (Definition)     496 

Runner  (Definition) 496 

Leaded,    Valves     and     Fitt- 
ings      167 

Line  Pipe 77,  496 

Matheson,  Pipe, 

42,  84,  107-108,  497 

National  (Definition) 498 

Normandy  (Definition) 498 

Oil  Well  Tubing 81 

Peened  Flange  (Definition).. .     499 

Perkins  (Definition) 499 

Petit's  (Definition) 500 


Index 


535 


Joint  Pipe « 77-84 

Pole in,  115,  116 

Pope  (Definition) 502 

Pressure  (Definition) 502 

Reamed  and  Drifted  Pipe... .       79 

Riedler  (Definition) . 504 

Riveted  Pipe 164-166 

Rotary  Pipe 79 

Rust  (Definition) 505 

Screwed 167 

Shop  for  Poles. .  .  .111-115,  116-119 

Shrunk  (Definition) . . . 506 

Siemen's  (Definition) 506 

Signal  Pipe 97 

Slip  (Definition) 507 

Socket  (Definition) 507 

South  Penn  Casing 83 

Special  Rotary  Pipe 79 

Upset  Rotary  Pipe 79 

Spigot  (Definition) 508 

Standard  Pipe 77 

Boston  Casing 78 

Strength  of  Poles 115 

Swaged in,  115-116 

Swing  (Definition) 510 

Swivel  (Definition) 510 

Thimble  (Definition) 511 

Union  (Definition) 513 

Upset  Rotary  Pipe 79 

Vanishing  Thread,  Allison 81 

Van  Stone  (Definition) 514 

Walker  (Definition) 514 

Welded  Flange  (Definition).  .     516 
Wiped  (Definition) . .     516 

Joints  and  Couplings 77-84 

Slipping     Point     of     Rolled 
Boiler  Tube 210-211 

Jointer  (Definition) 495 

Jointing,  Special  Sizes  of  Poles. .     in 


K 

Kalameined  (Definition) 495 

Kent's  Formula  for  Discharge 

of  Steam  from  Pipes 344 

"Kewanee"  (Definition) 495 

Union  (Definition) 495 

Unions 169 

Kiln  Pipe,  Dry   (see  Dry  Kiln 
Pipe). 

Kilogram 460-462 

Equivalents 472 

to  Avoirdupois  Pounds, 

462, 468,  472 

Troy  Pounds 462,  468,  472 

Kilometers  to  Miles 461,  463 


Kimberley  Joint  (Definition) .  . .  495 

Pipe  Section  of  Joint 83 

Test  Pressures  of . 74 

Weights      and      Dimen- 
sions of 44 

Knock  Off  Joint  (Definition) ....  495 
Kutter's  Formula  for  Flow  of 

Water  in  Pipes 281 


Ladders,  Pipe 183-186 

Laid  Length  (Definition) 495 

Lame's  Formula  for  Strength 
of  Tubes,  Internal  Pres- 
sure  215,  218,  219 

Lap-weld  (Definition) 496 

(Process) 7 

Lap-welded  Boiler  Tubes  (see 
Boiler  Tubes). 

Pipe,  Bursting  Tests 223-226 

Expanded 158-161 

Tubes,  Upset  and  Expanded, 

158-161 

Latent  Heat  of  Steam 327-333 

Lateral  (Definition) 496 

Contraction,  Coefficient 215 

Law,  Avogadro's 314 

Charles' 314 

Chicago          Building          for 

Columns 244-249 

Dalton's 315 

Marine 229-230 

Inspection      for      Cylinder 

Heads 191 

Mariotte's 314 

New    York    Building,    for 

Columns 244-249 

Lead  (Definition) . 496 

Lead  and  Rubber  Joint  (Defini- 
tion)    496 

Joint  (Definition) 496 

(see    Converse,    Kimberley 
and  Matheson  Joint.) 

Runner  (Definition) 496 

Lined  Pipe  (Definition) 496 

of  Threading  Dies 10-11 

Weight 423 

Wool  (Definition) 496 

Leaded  Joints 167 

Leak  Clamp  (Definition) 496 

Length,  British  Standard  Pole . .     109 

Columns 244-249 

Converse  Lock  Joint 93, 109 

Cut  (Definition) 21,  487 

Gage  (Definition) 492 

Laid  (Definition) 495 


536 


Index 


Length,  Long  (Definition) 496 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe. . .  .91,  92,  109 
Measure  (see  Metric  Equiva- 
lents). .  .  .461,  463,  469-471,  476 
Pipe  for  One  Square  Foot  of 

Surface 57 

Poles 109,  no,  120-157 

Shelby      Seamless       Cold- 
drawn       Steel       Trolley 

Poles 198 

Signal  Pipe 96 

Lengths,  Comparison  of  Cus- 
tomary and  Metric  Units. .  463 

Conversion  Chart  for 476 

Inches  and  Millimeters 469-471 

of  Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes .  .  38-40 

of  Pipe,  Variation  in 21 

of  Threads 208 

Random  (Definition) 503 

Weights    and    Temperatures, 

Chart  for  Conversion 208,  476 

Light  Standard  Valves 170 

Lilly's  Formula  for  Collapsing 

Pressures 231 

Lime  in  Feed  Water 275-276 

Limit  of  Accuracy  of  Cut 
Length  Pipes  and  Diam- 
eters  21, 102 

Straight  ness,  Hose  Poles ...     105 

Limits  Deflection  of  Poles 112 

Set  of  Poles 112 

Linde's  Equation 337 

Line,  Hydraulic  Grade 284 

Pipe,  Dimensions  of 23,  496 

Section  of  Joint 77 

Test  Pressures 68 

Air  (see  Air  Line  Pipe). 

Joint  (Definition) 496 

Poles  Tubular  and  Electric.  109-1 5  7 

Sand  (Definition) 505 

Lineal  Feet  per  Square  Foot  of 

Shelby  Seamless  Tubing.  .  .     199 
Linear  Expansion  of  Pipes, 

211,346-347 
Lined  Pipe  Lead  (Definition) . . .     496 

Tin  (Definition) 511 

Lip  of  Threading  Dies 10 

Union 169,  496 

Liquid  Gallons  to  Liters 462,  466 

Ounces  to  Milliliters 462, 466 

Quarts  to  Liters 462,  466 

Liquids,  Absorption  of  Gases.. .     316 

Liquor  Marks 91,  93,  98 

Liter 460-462 

Capacity  of  Pipe 423 

Equivalents 3" 


Liter,  to  Dry  Quarts 462,  467 

to  Liquid  Gallons 462,  466 

Quarts 462,  466 

Pecks 462,467 

Live  Load  on  Poles 117 

Loading  of  Beams 258-263 

in  Any  Direction  Equally.     256 
Vertical    and    Horizontal     256 

Pipe  Columns 244-249 

Poles 119-157 

Safety  Factors  for  Static 268 

Variable 268 

Seamless  Trolley  Poles  Shelby     1 98 

Wind  on  Poles 116-118 

Lock  Joint  Pipe  Converse  (see 
Converse  Lock  Joint  Pipe). 

Nut  (Definition) 496 

Locomotive   Boiler    Tubes   and 
Safe  Ends  (see  Boiler  Tubes). 

Long  Length  (Definition) 496 

Nipples 171,  172, 174 

Screw  (Definition) 496 

Screw  Follower  (Definition) .  .     497 

Nipples 173 

Ton  Equivalents 462,  472 

Turn  Fitting  (Definition) ....     497 
Longitudinal   Stresses,   Internal 

Fluid  Pressure 212-220 

Loop  (Definition) 497 

Expansion 163,  168,  490 

Loss  of  Air  Pressure  in  Pipes.35o~36o 

Head  by  Bends 283 

Friction  in  Pipes. .  . .  286-290 

Cox's  Formula 289 

Table      from      For- 
mula  289-290 

Valves 283 

Heat  from  Engines 338 

Heat  from  Steam  Pipes .  .348-350 
Pressure  due  to  Flow,  Air, 

359-360 

Low  Pressure  Fittings 167, 169 

Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes  at.  .317-319 
Heating    Lines,    Flow    of 

Steam  in 345-346 

Valves 170 

Lubrication  of  Threading  Dies . .       1 1 


M 

Machine,  Drilling  (Definition)..  488 

Pipe  Bending  (Definition) 500 

Tapping  (Definition) 510 

Machining   Allowances,    Cream 

Separator  Bowls 104 

Male  and  Female  (Definition) . . .  497 


Index 


537 


Magnesia  in  Feed  Water 275-276 

Malleable  Iron  (Definition) ....     497 

Fittings 168 

Unions 169 

Mandrel  Socket  (Definition).. . .     497 

Manganese  in  Pipe  Steel 10 

Shelby       Seamless       Steel 

Tubes 16,  18,  19 

Manifold  (Definition) 497 

Mannesmann  (Definition) 497 

Manufacture  of  Ammonia  Pipe  98 
Converse  Lock  Joint  Pipe . .  93 
Double-extra  Strong  Pipe . .  8,9 

M  atheson  Joint  Pipe 91 

Pipe     for     Flanging     and 

Bending 95 

Poles 115 

Seamless  Cylinders,  Shelby  15, 188 
Seamless      Steel       Tubes, 

Shelby. , 14-20 

Trolley  Poles 197-198 

Signal  Pipe 96 

Standard  Welded  Pipe 89 

Tubular  Goods 7-20 

Working  Barrels 187 

Manufacturers'  Gages 369 

Standard  Flanges 169,  175 

Pipe  Thread 209 

Margin  of  Security 268 

Marine  Boiler  Tubes,  Specifica- 
tions  IOO-IOI 

Law  Formula  for  Collapse. ...     229 
Law   Inspection  of   Cylinder 

Heads. 191 

Law's  Limitation  of  Pressure 

on  Tubes 229-230 

Mariotte's  Law  for  Expansion 

of  Gases 314,  320 

Marking  of  Pipe 20 

Mass     Measures     (see     Metric 

Equivalents) 468 

Masses,  Comparison  of  Custom- 
ary and  Metric  Units  of. ...     468 

Master  Die  (Definition) 497 

Master  Steam  Fitters  Standard 

Flanges 169,  176 

Master  Tap  (Definition) 497 

Material,  Ammonia  Pipe 98 

Boiler    Tubes    for    Merchant 

and  Marine  Service 100 

Converse  Lock  Joint  Pipe ....       93 

Cylinder 15 

Lap-welded  Locomotive  Boiler 

Tubes 99 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 91 

Pipe 9,  10,  15-19 


j    Material,  Pipe  for  Flanging  and 

Bending 95 

Poles in 

Properties  of 9 

Seamless  Cylinders 188 

Seamless    Locomotive    Boiler 

Tubes ioi 

Seamless  Trolley  Poles 198 

Steel  Tubes 15 

Signal  Pipe 96 

Standard  Welded  Pipe 89-90 

Tubes   for    Cream    Separator 

Bowls 103 

Tubes     for     Diamond     Drill 

Rods 104 

Tubes    for    Hose    Poles    and 

Molds 105 

Used  in  Manufacture  of  Tubu- 
lar Goods 7-20 

Weight  Factor 423 

Working  Barrels 187 

Matheson    and    Dresser    Joint 

(Definition) 497 

Joint  Pipe 107- 108,  497 

Hydrostatic    Test    Pres- 
sure of 73 

Length 91,  92,  108 

Measurements 92 

Protective  Coatings 91 

Section  of  Joint 84 

Specifications  for 91-92 

Weights      and      Dimen- 
sions of 42 

Maximum      Supply      of      Gas 

Through  Pipes 317 

Mean  Velocity  of  Flow  in  Pipes .  280 
Measurement     Equals     Weight 

(Definition) 498 

Converse          Lock          Joint 

Pipe 95 

of  Discharge  of  Pumping  En- 
gines by  Means  of  Nozzles . .  293 
Flowing    Water    by    Ven- 

turi  Tubes 293 

Piezometer 291 

Pitot  Tube 291 

the  Venturi  Meter ....  292 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 92 

Maximum  and  Mean  Veloc- 
ity of  Flow  in  Pipes 292 

Water  by  Nozzles 293 

Miner's  Inch 296 

Steamer's  (Definition) 509 

Measures,  Metric 460-472 

Mechanical       Equivalent       of 

Heat 328 


538 


Index 


Mechanical  Properties  of  Solid 

and  Tubular  Beams 250-267 

Medium  Pressure  (Definition),  168, 498 

Fittings 168,  170 

Melting  Furnace  (Definition). . .     498 
Point  Influence  by  Pressure . .     274 
Merchant    and    Marine    Boiler 

Tubes  (See  Boiler  Tubes). 
Mercury,  Table  of  Pressure  in 

Equivalent  Heads  of  Water  310 
Metal  Area  of  Pipe. . .  .58-65,  419-459 
Metal,  Sheet  and  Wire  Gages. .  369 

Meter 460-463 

to  Feet 461,  463 

Inches 470-471 

Yards 461-463 

Venturi 292 

Metric  and  Customary  Units  .  462-467 

Areas 464 

Capacities 466-467 

Equivalents 461 

Lengths 463,  476 

Millimeters  to  Decimals  of 

an  Inch 469 

Masses 468 

System 460-476 

Conversion        Chart       for 
Lengths,     Weights     and 

Temperatures 476 

Equivalents  of  Inches.  .  .470-471 

Ton  Equivalents 462,  472 

Units 460 

Volumes 465 

Miles  to  Kilometers 461,  463 

Milliliters      to      Apothecaries 

Drams 462,  466 

Scruples 466 

Liquid  Ounces 462,  466 

Millimeters  to  Inches. . .  .463,  469-471 

Mill  Inspection 13, 14,  20 

Tests    (see    also   Hydrostatic 

Tests  68-76) 13, 14,  20 

Miner's  Inch,  California. ......     312 

Colorado 312 

Flow  Measurement 294-296 

Minimum  Weight  of  Beams. ...     255 

Miscellaneous  Specialties 195 

Mixtures  of  Vapors  and  Gases.  .     315 

Module 295 

Modulus  of  Elasticity. .  .112,  255,  257 

Section 253-267 

Pipe 58-65 

Rectangular  Pipe 67 

Seamless  Tubing  Shelby .  204-205 

Square  Pipe 66 

Tubes  and  Round  Bars.  .419-459 


Molesworth's  Formula,   Tables 
from,  for  Flow  of  Gas  in 

Pipes 317-318 

Moment,  Bending 252 

of  Inertia  for  Shelby  Seam- 
less Tubing 204-205 

of  Beams 254 

Moment  of  Inertia  of  Pipes 58-65 

of  Rectangular  Pipes.  ...       67 

Square  Pipes 66 

Tubes      and      Round 

Bars 419-459 

Resisting 253 

Motors,  Water  Current 298 

Mounted  (Definition) 498 

Brass  (Definition) 482 

Mouthed-bell  (Definition) 481 

Mud  in  Feed-Water 275,  276 

N 

Napierfs  Formula 342 

National  Coating  (Specification), 

94, 107, 108,  109 

Joint  (Definition) 498 

Pole  Socket  (Definition) 498 

Word  Rolled  on  Welded  Pipe .       20 
Natural   Gas,   Adiabatic   Com- 
pression of 324-325 

Nature  of  Stress  in  Tube  Wall .  .     212 

Neck,  Goose 493 

Neck  of  Cylinders 189-190 

Needle  Valve  (Definition) 498 

Nested  (Definition) 498 

Neutral  Surface  Beams 250 

New  York  Rule  for  Columns 244 

Nickel  in  Shelby  Seamless  Steel 

Tubes .ri'hc&k 

Weight 423 

Ninety  Degree  Pipe  Bend 163 

Nipple  (Definition) 498 

Casing 174 

Close  (Definition) 485 

Long  Screw 173 

Short  (Definition) 506 

Shoulder  (Definition) 506 

Space  (Definition) 507 

Swaged  (Definition) 509 

Tank 173 

Nipples,  Wrought  Casing 174 

Pipe 171-172 

Nitric  Acid  in  Boiler  Water 276 

Nominal     Diameter,     Internal 

and  External flj&J  21 

Non-return  Valve  (Definition) . .  498 
Normandy  Joint  (Definition) . . .  498 
Notched  Test 16-19 


Index 


539 


Notes  General,  of  Pipe  Trade. .  21 

Nozzle  (Definition) 498 

Measurement 293 

Number  of  Barrels  in  Cisterns 

and  Tanks 304 

Chasers  Required  in  Thread- 
ing Dies ii 

Threads  per  Inch 208 

Nut  (Definition) 498 

Lock  (Definition) 496 

Unions 169 

Nuts   and    Bolt    Heads,    Screw 

Threads,  Proportions  of 370 

O 

Odd  Sizes  of  Poles in 

Offset  Pipe  (Definition) 499 

Bends. 162,  163 

Oil  for  Threading n 

Oil    Well    Tubing,    Section    of 

Joint.' 81 

Test  Pressure  of 69 

Weights  and  Dimensions 

of 30 

Oils   in   Boiler   Water,   Animal 

and  Vegetable,  Effect  of 276 

Oliphant's    Formula    for    Dis- 
charge of  Gas 322 

Open  Hearth  Pipe  Steel,  Chemi- 
cal and  Physical  Analysis 

of 10,  211 

Open  Return  Bend  (Definition) .     499 
Orifices,  Flow  of  Air  from .  . .  .357-358 

Steam  from 341 

Ounces,  Avoirdupois  to  Grams, 

462,  468,  476 

Liquid  to  Milliliters 462,  466 

per  Square  Inch  in  Equiva- 
lent Heads 310 

Troy  to  Grams 462, 468 

Outflow  of   Steam  into  Atmos- 
phere       342 

Outlet,  Back,  Central 480 

Outlet,  Back,  Eccentric 480 

Outlet  Ell,  Back  (Definition) ...     480 

Outlet,  Heel  Elbow 493 

Side  (Definition) 506 

Tee,  Side  (Definition) 506 

Outside  Diameter 21 

for  Shelby  Seamless  Tubing     199 

Pipe,  Weight  of 50-56 

Surface   per   Lineal   Foot   of 
Shelby  Seamless  Tubing. . .     199 
Length  of  Pipe  per  Square 

Foot. . .38-41,  57, 199,  410-459 
per  Lineal  Foot..  .38-41, 419-459 


Oval  Socket  (Definition) 499 

Oxidation  of  Pipes 277 

Oxygen  Absorption  by  Water ...  316 

Cylinders 188 


Pacific  Couplings,  Boston  Casing 
(see  Boston  Casing,  Pacific 
Couplings). 

Packer  (Definition) 499 

Water  (Definition) 515 

Packing  (Definition) 499 

Tube  (Definition) 512 

Painting  Pipe 107 

Poles 118 

Palliation  for  Troublesome  Sub- 
stances in  Boilers 276 

Patterson  Head  (Definition) 499 

Pecks  to  Dekaliters .462,  467 

Liters... 467 

Peened  Flange  Joint 167,  499 

Peening  (Definition) 499 

Penn  Casing,  South 35 

Penstock  (Definition) 499 

Perfect  Threads 208 

Perforated  (Definition) 499 

Perkins  Joint  (Definition) 499 

Pet  Cock  (Definition) 500 

Petit's  Joint  (Definition) 500 

Phosphorus  in  Pipe  Steel 10 

Shelby       Seamless       Steel 

Tubes 16,  18, 19 

Physical    Properties    of    Boiler 

Tubes 99-102 

Carbonic  Acid 209 

Converse    Lock    Joint 

Pipe 93 

Gases 314-316 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe ....  91 

of  Pipe  Steel 10 

Shelby     Seamless     Steel 

Tubes 16-19 

Tubular  Goods 10 

Signal  Pipe 96 

Standard  Pipe 90 

Piece,  Extension  (Definition). . .  490 

Piercing  Process 14 

Piezometer 291 

Piles,  Butted  and  Strapped 165 

Pillars 244 

Pilot  (Definition) 500 

Pipe  (Definition) 500 

Air    Line,    Hydrostatic    Test 

Pressure 73 

Section  of  Coupling  and 

Joint 80 


540 


Index 


Pipe,    Air    Line,    Weights    and 

Dimension  of 36 

Ammonia,  Specifications  for . .       g8 
and  Fittings  Trade,  Glossary 

of  Terms  Used  in 477-516 

Tubes,  Application  of  Table 

to 421-423 

Tubing,    Steel,    Weight    of 

Tables 370-418 

Welded  Tubes 7-14 

Annealing  of 10 

Area  Factors 373~375 

Area  of 58-65,  419-459 

Arranged  by  Outside  Diam- 
eter  58-65 

Bend  (Definition) 500 

Bends 162-163 

Wrought,  Radii  of 162 

Bending  Machine  (Definition)     500 
Properties  of  Rectangular. .       67 

Square 66 

Black 21,  22 

Branch  (Definition) 482 

Breeches  (Definition) 482 

Bursting  Tests 212-226 

Butt  Welded,  How  Made 9 

California  Diamond  BX  Drive, 

Section  of  Joint . 82 

Test  Pressures  of 76 

Weights    and    Dimensions 

of 31 

Capacity 301,  303,  4i9~459 

Factors 423 

Card  Weight  (Definition)  (see 

also  Standard  Pipe) 483 

Circumference 419-459 

Clamp  (Definition) 500 

Clamps,  Water  (Definition). .     515 
Coating  for, 

91,  94,  106-107,  277,  485 

Collapsing  Pressures  of 227-243 

Columns,       Double       Extra 

Strong,  Safe  Loads  for 249 

Extra   Strong,   Safe  Loads 

for 247-248 

General 244 

Table  of  Safe  Loads  for . .  244-249 

Tests  on 230 

Conduit  (Definition) 485 

Converse  Lock  Joint 108-109 

Section  of 84 

Specifications  for 93~95 

Test  Pressures  of 74 

Weights    and    Dimen- 
sions of 43 

Corrosion. . , 12, 13, 106 


Pipe,  Coupling  (Definition)  (see 

also  Joints) 500 

Coverings,  Steam 348-350,  500 

Cutter  (Definition) 500 

Dead  End  of  (Definition).  .  . .     487 

Die  (Definition) 500 

Dies lo-i  i 

Dip  (Definition) 487 

Discharge  Capacities  of. . .  .306-309 

Dog  (Definition) 500 

Double  Extra  Strong,  Dimen- 
sions and  Weights  of 25 

(see    also     Double     Extra 
Strong  Pipe.) 

Test  Pressures  of 69 

Drifted    and     Reamed     (see 
Reamed  and  Drifted  Pipe.) 
Drill  Dimensions  and  Weights      36 

Section  of  Joint 80 

Test  Pressures  of 76 

Drive  (Definition) 488 

California    Diamond    BX, 
Dimensions  and  Weights      31 

Section  of  Joint 82 

Test  Pressures 76 

Dimensions  and  Weights. ..       24 

Section  of  Joint 77 

Test  Pressures  of 69 

Dry  (Definition) 489 

Kiln,       Dimensions       and 

Weights  of 37 

Section  of  Joint 83 

Test  Pressures  of 76 

Eduction  (Definition) 489 

External  Diameter. .  . .  50-56,  58-65 
Extra     Strong,     Dimensions 

and  Weights  of 25 

Test  Pressures 69 

Fittings  (Definition) 500 

Flanged 167,  491 

Flanges,  Extra  Heavy 169, 175 

Standard ,  169,  176 

Flanging  and  Bending,  Speci- 
fications for 95 

Flow  of  Air 357-364 

Flow  of  Gas  in 317-324 

Steam 341-346 

Water 277-290 

Full  Weight  (Definition)  (see 

also  Standard  Pipe) 492 

Full   Weight  Drill    (see  Full 
Weight  Drill  Pipe). 

Gas 167 

Pipe    for     House     Service 

319-320 
General  Notes 21 


Index 


541 


Pipe,  Grip  (Definition) 501 

Hanger  (Definition) 501 

Hydrostatic  Test  Pressures. . .  68-76 
Industry,  Development  of ...         7 

Inspection  and  Test 13, 14,  20 

Internal     Diameter     Sizes 

(Weight  per  Foot) 46-49 

Internal  Feed  (Definition).. . .     494 
Iron. . . 7,  12, 106,  211, 223-226,  347 

Joint  Drive  (Definition) 488 

Line  (Definition) 496 

Leaded 83,  84, 107-108, 167 

Riveted 164-166 

Section  of 77-84 

Kimberley  Joint,  Dimensions 

and  Weights  of 44 

Section  of  Joint 83 

Test  Pressures  of 74 

Ladders 183-186 

Lap-welded,  How  Made 7 

Lead  Lined  (Definition) 496 

Length   of,   for   One    Square 

Foot  of  Surface 38-41,  57 

Line  (Definition) 501 

Dimensions  and  Weights. . .       23 

Section  of  Joint 77 

Test  Pressures  of 68 

Loss    of    Head    by    Friction 

\     in 286-290 

'Manufacture 7-20 

Marking  of 20 

Matheson  Joint 107-108,  167 

Dimensions  and  Weights       42 

Section  of  Joint 84 

Specifications  for 91 

Test  Pressures  of 73 

Moment  of  Inertia  of, 

58-65,  119,419-459 

Nipples 168,  171-173 

Nominal    Internal     Diameter 

Weights  per  Foot 46-49 

Outside  Diameter  Weights 

per  Foot 50-56 

Offset  (Definition) 499 

Oxidation 277 

Painting 107 

Plug  (Definition) 502 

Plugged  and  Reamed  (see 
also  Reamed  and  Drifted 
Pipe). 

Poles 109-157 

Properties  of 58-65,  419-459 

Materials 9 

Radius  ot  Gyration  of, 

58-65,  410-459 
Railings 177-182 


Pipe,    Reamed     and     Drifted, 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  35 
Reamed  and  Drifted,  Section 

of  Coupling  and  Joint 79 

Test  Pressure  of 73 

Rectangular,  Bending  Proper- 
ties of 67 

Dimensions  and  Weights . .  45 

Ladders 184-185 

Section  of 87,  88 

Rifled  (Definition) 504 

Ring,  Drive  (Definition) 488 

Riser  (Definition) 504 

Roller  (Definition) 501 

Rotary,   Special   (see   Special 
Rotary  Pipe). 

S  (Definition) 508 

Screwed 167 

Section  Modulus 58-65 

Service  (Definition) 505 

Signal  (Definition) 506 

Assembly  of 97 

Specifications  for 96,  97 

Siphon  (Definition) 507 

Size 21,  208-209 

Socket  (Definition) 507 

Soil  (Definition) 507 

Special    Ammonia    Specifica- 
tion   98 

Special     Rotary     Section    of 

Joint 79 

Test  Pressure 76 

Weights'     and      Dimen- 
sions   34 

Upset    Rotary    Section    of 

Joint 79 

Test  Pressure 76 

Weights    and    Dimen- 
sions   34 

Specifications     for     Converse 

Lock  Joint 93 

Flanging  and  Bending ...  95 

Matheson  Joint 91 

Signal. 96 

Special  Ammonia 98 

Standard 89 

Square  Bending  Properties  of.  66 

Dimensions  and  Weights. . .  45 

Ladders 184-186 

Section  of 85-86 

Standard,  Definition  of 508 

Heating  Surface 57 

Section  of  Joint 77 

Specifications  for 89 

Test  Pressure 68 

Weights  and  Dimensions. .  22 


542 


Index 


Pipe,  Stand  (Definition) 508 

Stay  (Definition) 501 

Steam  Engine 347-348 

Steam  (see  Standard  Pipe). 

Steel,  Annealing 10 

Bursting  Tests 212-226 

Chemical      and      Physical 

Analysis 10 

Expansion  of  Steam 347 

Manufacture  of 7-20 

Protective  Coatings  for. ...     106 

Thermal  Expansion  of 211 

Stock  (Definition) 501 

Strength  Factor  of 58-65 

Under    Internal    Pressure, 

212-226 

Surface  of 57 

per  Foot  of  Length 419-459 

Tail  (Definition) 510 

Terms  Used  in  Trade 477-516 

Test  Pressure  of 68-76 

Thickness  of.  .  .22-45,  46-56,  58-65 

Briggs'  Standard 208 

Thread  (Definition) 501 

Depth  of 209 

Threading 10 

Threads 21 

Briggs'  Standard 208-209 

Used    by    National    Tube 

Company 21 

Tin  Lined  (Definition) 511 

Tongs  (Definition) 501 

Trade  Usage 21 

Tuyere,       Dimensions      and 

Weights  of 37 

Test  Pressures  of 76 

Unions  (Definition) 501 

Vise  (Definition) 501 

Volume 419-459 

Weight 21 

Factors 376-378 

Weight  per  Foot, 

21-56,58-65,379-459 

per  Foot  of  Water  in 303 

Welded,  Manufacture  of, 

7-14,  89-90 

Specification  of 89-90 

Wrench  (Definition) 501 

Wrought  Nipples 171-172 

Yield-point  Tests  on  Commer- 
cial      222 

Pipes,  Air  Bound 284 

Approximate  Formula  for  Flow 

of  Water  in . .     280 

Bursting   Tests   of   Commer- 
cial   223-225 


Pipes,    Comparison  of  Internal 
Fluid  Pressure,  Formulae  for, 

218-219 

Condensation  in 348 

Contents  of,  per  Foot  Length. .     301 
Expansion  (Definition), 

211,  346-347,  490 

Flow  in  House  Service 285 

Flow  of  Air  in 357~359 

Compressed  Air  in.  .  .  .360-364 
Gas  in,  at  High  Pressure, 

320-324 
Low  Pressure..  .317-319 

Steam  in 341-346 

Water  in. 277-290 

Chart  for 279 

House  Service. . .  285,  317,  319-320 
Kent's     Formula     for     Dis- 
charge of  Steam  from 344 

Loss  of  Air  Pressure  in 359 

Head  in,  by  Friction. .  .  286-287 
Maximum  and  Mean  Veloc- 
ity in j .  . 292 

Mean  Velocity  of  Flow 280-283 

Quantity  of  Water  Discharged 

Through 278 

Relative  Discharge  Capacity 

of,  Table  of 306-309 

Steam,    Bare,    Condensation 

in 348 

Coverings 348-350 

Expansion  of 346-347 

Loss  of  Heat  from 348 

Sizes  of,  for  Engines 347 

Strength  of,   Under  Internal 

Pressure 212-226 

Weld  of  Commercial 226 

Supply  of  Gas  Through 317 

Table  of  Capacities  of 301 

Thickness   of,    Formulas    for, 
Under  Collapsing  Pressure, 

228-231 

Velocities  in 292 

Water  Hammer  in. ...  168,  284,  515 

Weight  of  -Water  in 303 

Piping  (Definition) 501 

Pitch  (Definition) 501 

of    Threads,    Briggs'    Stand- 
ard       208 

Pitot     Tube,     Flow     Measure- 
ment      291 

Pitting  of  Boiler  Plates 277 

Pittsburgh    Formula    for    Dis- 
charge of  Gas 321 

Plain  End  (Definition) 501 

Plain  Standard  Fittings 168 


Index 


543 


Planting  Poles no 

Plates,  Steel  Tubes  Made  from. .       1 5 

Plug  (Definition) 501 

Cock  (Definition) 502 

Fire  (Definition) 491 

Gage  (Definition) 502 

Pipe  (Definition) 502 

Signal  Pipe 96,  97 

Socket  (Definition) 507 

Tap  (Definition) 502 

Tube  (Definition) 512 

Water  (Definition). . . . 515 

Plugged  and  Reamed  Pipe  (see 
Reamed  and  Drifted  Pipe). 

Plunger  Forgings 195 

Poisson's  Ration 215 

Polar  Moment  of  Inertia.257,  420,  422 

Pole  Drill  (Definition) 502 

Pole's  Formula     for     Flow     of 

Gas 317 

Poles,  Anchor 109 

Assembling in,  115 

Bending  Stresses 117 

British  Standard 109 

Butt  Section 118-157    | 

Center 109 

Coating 118 

Column  Strength . , 117 

Crippling 116 

Customary  Sizes 109 

Deflection  Due  to  Load, 

ii2: 113, 119-157, 198 

Limit 112 

Versus  Weight 113 

Dimensions  of 118-157 

Dog  Guards  for 113-114 

Drop  Test 116,  119 

Elastic  Limit in 

Extra  Strong  Pipe  for, 

in,  118-157 

Flag 115 

Foundations 110 

Height no 

Joint in,  115,  116,  119 

Length 109,  120-157 

of  Trolley  Poles 198 

Loads 117,  110-157, 198 

Manufacture in 

Modulus  of  Elasticity 112 

Odd  Sizes in 

Painting 118 

Planting no 

Seamless  Trolley  Shelby.  . .  197-198 

Section  Length no,  120-157 

Service  Conditions 116-118 

Set  Limits 112, 116, 119 


Poles,  Size 109, 120-157 

Sleeves  for 114 

Snow  Load 1 1 7-118 

Span  Wire 109 

Special  Sizes in 

Specifications 


Standard. . 
Stiffnei 
Strength. . 


.in,  i 

.110, i 

. .  .110,  i 


2,  119 
8-157 
1-113 
if  H3 

of  Joints i  5-116 

of  Material in 

Stresses 117,  197 

Tables 118-157 

Telegraph 110 

Testing 114,  119 

Thickness 118-157 

Trolley 197-198 

Use  of  Standard  Pipe. .  in,  118-157 

Weight 110,113,120-157,198 

Wind  Loads 116-118 

Yield  Point 112 

Pop  (Definition) 502 

Cylinder  Heads 189-190 

Pope  Joint  (Definition) 502 

Posts 244 

Pots,  Annealing 190 

Pounds  and  Tons,  Comparison 

of  Various 473 

Pounds,    Avoirdupois   to   Kilo- 
grams  462,  468,  472 

of  Water,  Equivalents 311 

per  Square  Inch  to  Heads.  .274,  310 

Troy  to  Kilograms. . .  462, 468,  472 

Pouring  Clamp  (Definition) ....     502 

Power  of  a  Running  Stream. ...     297 

Waterfall 297 

Water  Heads 299 

Powers  of  Numbers,  Tables..  365-366 

Pratt  and  Whitney  Gages 21,  209 

Pressed  Flange  (Definition) ....     502 

Forged  (Definition) 502 

Pressure  Air 273,  352 

Collapsing 227-243 

Dalton's  Law 315 

Drop  in  Steam  Lines 342-346 

Equivalents    of    Water    and 

Mercury 310 

External  Fluid 227-243 

Extra  Heavy 168 

Factors,  Internal  Fluid 220-221 

Formulae,  Comparison  of  In- 
ternal Fluid 218-219 

Gas 3i4,3iS 

High,  Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes  .320-325 

Hydraulic 168 

Ice  and  Snow 274 


544 


Index 


Pressure,  Internal 212-226 

Joint  (Definition) 502 

Losses,  Compressed  Air.. .  .359-360 

Low 167 

Flow  of  Gas  in  Pipes ....  317-320 
Steam      in      Heating 

Lines 345 

Marine  Law 220-230 

Medium 168,  498 

of  Air  Related  to  Tempera- 
ture and  Volume 352 

Permissible  on  Tubes  Under 

Marine  Law 229-230 

Standard  (Definition) 167,  508 

Steam 327-333 

Strength  of  Tubes,  Pipes  and 
Cylinders    Under    Internal 

Fluid 212-226 

Test,  Hydrostatic  of  Pipe 68-76 

(See  also  Test  Pressure). 

Volume  Air  Low 357 

Volume,  Temperature  of  Air. .     352 

Water 273-274,  277,  310 

Working 167-168 

Priming,  Remedy  for 276 

Processes  Used  in  Manufacture.  7-20 

Stiefel  (Definition) 509 

Properties  of  Air 352-356 

Beams    and    Column    Sec- 
tions   250-267 

Bending  Rectangular  Pipe .       67 

Bending  Square  Pipe 66 

Carbonic  Acid 209-210 

Gas 314-316 

Ice 274 

Materials  Used  for  Welded 

Pipe 9-10 

Seamless  Pipe  (Shel- 
by)   15-19 

Properties  of  Pipe 58-65,  419-459 

Steel,  Physical 10 

Saturated  Steam 329~333 

Screw  Threads 370 

Shelby  Seamless  Steel  Tub- 
ing  16-19, 199-207 

Snow 274 

Solid  Beams 250-267 

Steam 327-340 

Superheated  Steam 339~34O 

Tubes    and    Round    Bars, 

Table 419-459 

Tubular  Beams 250-267 

Water 272-275 

Physical  of  Carbonic  Acid. .  .     209 
Shelby     Seamless     Steel 
Tubes 16-19 


Protecting  Caps  for  Valves 194 

Protection  of  Threads 90,  98 

Protective  Coatings 106-107 

Protector  (Definition) 502 

Pulling  Tests 10 

Pump   Column  Flange   (Defini- 
tion)       502 

Reinforced  (Definition). .     503 
Pumping     Engines,     Measure- 
ment    of      Discharge     by 

Means  of  Nozzles 293 

Pump,  Sand  (Definition) 505 


Quantity  of  Water  Discharged. .     278 

Quarts,  Dry  to  Liters 462,  467 

Liquid  to  Liters 462,  466 


Radial  Stress  in  Tube  Wall. ..  212-213 
Radiation  from  Steam  Pipes. .  .  .     348 

Radiator  (Definition) 502 

Valve  (Definition) 502 

Radii  of  Pipe  Bends 162 

Radius,  Hydraulic 281-282 

Radius  of  Bend  (Definition) ....     502 
Radius  of  Gyration  of  Columns      244 

Pipe 58-65,  419-459 

Seamless  Tubes  (Shelby), 

206-207,  419-459 

Pipe  Bends 162 

Railing  Fittings  (Definition). ...     503 

Railings  of  Pipe,  Hand 177-182 

Rails,  Free  on  (Definition) 492 

Railway  Poles 109 

Signal  Ass'n.  Spec,  for  Signal 

Pipe 96 

Raised  Face  (Definition) 503 

Rake,  Threading  Dies 10 

Ram  Water 168,  284 

Random  Lengths  (Definition)  .  .     503 
Ratio  for  Columns,  Slenderness .     244 

Poisson's 215 

Reactions  of  Supports  of  Beams.     252 

Reamed  (Definition) 503 

Reamed    and    Drifted    (Defini- 
tion)       503 

Pipe,  Test    Pressure 73 

Section  of  Joint 79 

Weights    and    Dimen- 
sions of 35 

Reamer  Under  (Definition).  ...     513 

Reaming  Ammonia  Pipe 98 

Standard  Pipe 90 


Index 


545 


Receiver  Filling  Valve  (Defini- 
tion)       503 

Recess  Calking  (Definition) ....     483 

Recessed  (Definition) 503 

Rectangular      Pipe.       Bending 

Properties  of 67 

Ladders 184,  185 

Sections  of 87-88 

Weights    and    Dimensions      45 
Tanks,   Table  of,   Capacities     305 
Redrawn        Pipes,        Bursting 

Tests » 225-226 

Reducer  (Definition) 503 

Reducing  Taper   Elbow    (Defi- 
nition)       503 

Tee  (Definition) 503 

Valve  (Definition) 503 

Reference  Books  on  Corrosion .  .       12 

Reflux  Valve  (Definition) 503 

Reinforced        Pump       Column 

Flange  (Definition) 503 

Reinforcing    Clamp,     Converse 

Lock  Joint  Pipe 109 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 108 

Relative  Discharge  Capacity  of 

Pipes,  Table  of 306-309 

Relief  Valve,  Exhaust   (Defini- 
tion)       489 

Remedy  for  Troublesome  Sub- 
stances in  Boilers 276 

Repairing  Poles 114 

Research  Tests  of  Pole  Joints ...     116 

Bursting 212-226 

Carbonic  Acid 209 

Collapse 227-243 

Elasticity 112,  113 

Expansion 211 

Reservoir  (Definition) 503 

Resistance  Due  to  Bends,  En- 
trance and  Valves 169 

Air 364 

Gas 324 

Steam 346 

Water 283-284 

of    Pipe    to    Internal    Pres- 
sure  212-226 

External  Pressure. . .  227-243 

to  Slipping  of  Boiler  Tubes. . .     210 

Resisting  Moment  of  Beams. .  . .     253 

Return  Bend  (Definition) 504 

Close  (Definition) 485 

Open  (Definition) 499 

with  Back  Outlet   (Defini- 
tion)       504 

Elbow  (Definition) 504 

Ribbed  Tube  (Definition) 504 


Riedler  Joint  (Definition) 504 

Rifled  Pipe  (Definition) 504 

Ring  (Definition) 504 

Drive  Pipe  (Definition) 488 

Expansion  (Definition) 490 

Gage  (Definition) 492 

Tests 102 

Union 169,  594 

Riser  Pipe  (Definition) 504 

River  Dog  (Definition) 504 

Sleeve  (Definition) 504 

Riveted  Bump  Joints 165-166 

Butted  and  Strapped  Joints, 

164-165 

Flange  (Definition) 504 

Rivet  Spacing,  Pipe  Joints .  .  .  165-166 

Rivets,  Signal  Pipe 96,  97 

Rix's  Formula  for  Discharge  of 

Gas 321 

Rod  (Definition) 504 

Sucker  (Definition) 509 

Rods,  Diamond  Drill 104-105 

Roebling  Wire  Gage 369 

Rolled     Boiler     Tube      Joints, 

Slipping  Point  of 210-211 

Steel  Flange  (Definition) ....      504 

Roller,  Pipe  (Definition) 501 

Roots,  Fifth,  Table  of 365-366 

Rotary   Pipe    (see   Special   and 

Special  Upset  Rotary  Pipe). 

Round  Bars  and  Tubes,  Table 

of  Properties  of 419-459 

Cylinder  Heads 189-190 

Rubber       and       Lead       Joint 

(Definition) 496 

Run  (Definition) 504 

Rungs,  Ladder 183-186 

Runner,    Lead    Joint     (Defini- 
tion)       496 

Runners,  Pipe 183-186 

Running  Stream,  Horse  Power     297 
Rust  Joint  (Definition) 505 


Saddle  (Definition) 505 

Flange  (Definition) 505 

Safe  End  (Definition) 505 

Ends  (see  Boiler  Tubes). 
Internal  Pressure  for  Tubes, 

220-221 
Loads  for  Extra  Strong  Pipe 

Columns 247-248 

Double  Extra  Strong  Pipe 

Columns 249 

Standard  Pipe  Columns, 

245-246 


546 


Index 


Safety      Factors      for      Static 

Loading 268 

Variable  Loading 268-270 

Railings 177-182 

Working  Fiber  Stress 268-270 

Salt  in  Feed  Water 277 

Sand  Line  (Definition) 505 

Pump  (Definition) 505 

Saturated    Steam     (see    Steam, 
Saturated). 

Saturation  Point  of  Vapors 315 

Scale  in  Boilers 276 

Sealer,  Tube  (Definition) 512 

Scarf  Weld  (Definition) 505 

Scraper,  Tube  (Definition) 512 

Screw  (Definition) 505 

Down  Valve  (Definition) ....     505 

Long  (Definition) 496 

Follower  (Definition) 497 

Temper  (Definition) 511 

Threads,  Dimensions  of 371 

Franklin  Institute 370-372 

Properties  of 370 

Sellers 370-372 

Standard  Pipe 208 

U.  S.  Standard 370-372 

Screwed  (Definition) 505 

Fittings,  Cast  Iron. 168 

Malleable  Iron 168 

Flanges 167 

Joints 167 

Pipe 167 

Scruples,  Apothecaries  to  Milli- 

liters 466 

Seamless  (Definition) 505 

Boiler  Tubes  (see  Boiler  Tubes 

(Shelby). 
Bursting  Tests  (Shelby) . . .  223-225 

Cylinders  (Shelby) 15, 188 

Diamond  Drill  Rods  (Shelby), 

104-105 
Expanded  Tubes  (Shelby).. . .     158 

Hose  Poles 105 

Hot  Finished  Tubes  (Shelby) .       14 
Locomotive  Boiler  Tubes  (see 

Boiler  Tubes),  Shelby. 
Specialties,    Angular    Section 

(Shelby) 196 

Automobile  (Shelby) 193 

Axles  (Shelby) 193 

Bent  (Shelby) 195 

Cream      Separator      Bowl 

(Shelby) 194 

Cylinders  (Shelby) 194 

Miscellaneous  (Shelby) ....     195 
Shelby 192 


Seamless     Specialties,    Tapered 

(Shelby) 196 

Square  Tubing  (Shelby) ...     196 
Trolley  Poles  (Shelby). . .  197-198 
Deflection  Due  to  Load 

(Shelby) 198 

Length  of  (Shelby) 198 

Load  Carried  (Shelby).. .     198 

Weight  of  (Shelby) 198 

Tubes  (Shelby) 14 

Annealing  of  (Shelby). .  17,  19,  20 
Area  of  Wall  (Shelby) . . .  200-201 
Capacity  per  Lineal  Foot 

of  (Shelby) 200-203 

Chemical       Analysis       of 

(Shelby) 16-19 

Cold  Finished  (Shelby) 15 

Diameter  (Shelby) 199 

Diamond  Drill  Rods,  Spe- 
cifications for  (Shelby) .  104-105 
Displacement  (Shelby) ....     199 

Expanded  (Shelby) 158-159 

Expansion  of  (Shelby) 211 

External  Volume  (Shel- 
by)   199. 

for  Cream  Separator  Bowls, 
Specifications  for  (Shelby) , 

103-104 
Hose  Molds,  Specifications 

for  (Shelby) 105-106 

Hot  Finished  (Shelby) 14 

Impact  Tests  of  (Shelby) . .  16 
Inside  Surface  per  Lineal 

Foot  of  (Shelby) 206-207 

Lineal  Feet  per  Square  Foot 
of  Outside  Surface  (Shel- 
by)    199 

Made    from    Steel    Plates 

(Shelby) 15 

Materials  Used  in  the  Manu- 
facture of  (Shelby) 15 

Method     of     Manufacture 

(Shelby) 14 

Mill  Inspection  and  Tests 

of  (Shelby) 20 

Moment     of      Inertia     of 

(Shelby) 204-205 

Nickel  Steel  (Shelby) 19 

Outside        Diameter        of 

(Shelby) 199 

Outside  Surface  per  Lineal 

Foot  of  (Shelby) 199 

Properties  of  (Shelby), 

16-19,  199-207 
Radius     of     Gyration     of 
(Shelby) 206-207 


Index 


547 


Seamless  Tubes,  Section  Modulus 

of  (Shelby) 204-205 

Sectional     Area     of     Wall 
(Shelby), 

200-201,  373-375,  4I9~459 

Square  (Shelby) 196 

Strength  of  (Shelby) 

16-19,  223-225 

Surface  of  (Shelby) 199 

Swaged  (Shelby) 195 

Temper  of  (Shelby) 16-19 

Tensile         Strength         of 

(Shelby)..... 16-19 

Tests  of  (Shelby) 20 

Upset        and        Expanded 

(Shelby) 158-161 

Volume  of  (Shelby) 199 

Universal        Joint        Sleeve 

(Shelby) 195 

Sea  Water 273 

Seat,  Valve  (Definition) 514 

Second,  Foot 312 

Sectional  Area,  Tubes 373~375 

Pipe 58-65,419-459 

Rectangular  Pipe 45,  67 

Seamless  Tubing  (Shelby), 

2OO-2OI 

Sections 264-267 

Square  Pipe 45,  66 

Tubes  and  Round  Bars .  .  419-459 
Section  Length  of  Poles,  .no,  120-157 

Modulus  of  Beams 254 

Pipe 58-65 

Rectangular  Pipe 67 

Shelby  Seamless  Tubing .  204-205 

Square  Pipe 66 

of  Joints  (see  Joint). 
Sections  of  Beams  for  Minimum 

Weight 255-256 

Columns  .Tables  of,  Proper- 
ties of 264-267 

Rectangular  Pipe 87-88 

Square  Pipe 85,  86 

Security,  Margin  of 268 

of  Tubes  in  Tube  Sheet 210 

Sediment  in  Boiler  Water 276 

Seller's  Thread 370-372,  505 

Semi  Steel  (Definition) 505 

Separator  Bowls 103, 194 

Service  Box  (Definition) 505 

Clamp  (Definition) 505 

Conditions,  Poles 116 

Ell  (Definition). . 505 

Pipe,  Flow  of  Gas  in 319,  505 

Flow  of  Water  in  House. ...     285 
Tee  (Definition) 505 


Set  Limits  for  Poles 112, 116, 119 

Sewage  in  Boiler  Water 276 

Shaft  Bearing 195 

Shapes  of  Cylinder  Heads. .  . .  189-190 
Shear  of  Beams,  Vertical, 

250,  251,254,  257-263 
Sheet  Cutter  Tube  (Definition) .      512 
Metal  Gages  in  Decimals  of 

an  Inch 369 

Stay  Tube  (Definition) 512 

Tube  (Definition) 512 

Shelby  Seamless  (see  Seamless 
Tubes,  also  Product  in 
Question). 

Shells  for  Boilers 194 

Sherardizing  (Definition) 506 

Shipment,  Converse  Lock  Joint 

Pipe 94, 109 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 92 

Tubes  for   Cream   Separator 
Bowls 103 


Diamond  Drill  Rods 
Hose  Poles  and  Molds . 


105 
106 


Shoe  (Definition) 506 

Casing  (Definition) 484 

Drive  (Definition) 488 

Shop  Joint  of  Poles 115 

Short  Nipple 4171-172,  174,  506 

Ton  Equivalents 462,  472 

Shot  Drill  (Definition) 506 

Shoulder  Nipple  (Definition) .  .  .     506 

Shrunk  Joint  (Definition) 506 

Siamese  Connection  (Definition)     506 
Sickle  Rule  of  Flow  of  Steam 

342-345 

Side  Outlet  Ell  (Definition) 506 

Tee  (Definition) 506 

Siemen's  Joint  (Definition) 506 

Signal  Pipe  (Definition) 506 

Specifications .<- :  ,g$ 

Thread  (Definition) 506 

Single  Offset  Pipe  Bends 163 

Riveted  Bump  Joints 165-166 

Butted  and  Strapped  Joints, 

164-165 

Sinker  Bar  (Definition) 506" 

Siphon  (Definition) 506 

Pipe  (Definition) 507 

Size,  Casing,  Trade  Practice ....       21 
Sizes  of  House  Pipes  for   Gas    319 
Pipe      Arranged      in      Se- 
quence   58-65 

Briggs'  Standard 208-209 

Required  for  Engines 347 

Pipe,  Trade  Practice 21 

Tubing,  Trade  Practice 21 


548 


Index 


Skelp  (Definition) 507 

Sleeve  (Definition) 507 

Butted  and  Strapped  Joint.  164,  165 

Pole 114 

River  (Definition) 504 

Universal  Joint 195 

Slenderness  Ratio  for  Columns.  244 

Slip  Joint  (Definition) 507 

Slipping  Point  of  Rolled  Boiler 

Tube  Joints 210-211 

Smith's  Coating  (Definition) 507 

Snow    and    Ice    Load    of,    on 

Poles 117-118 

Properties  of 274 

Socket  (Definition) 507 

Coupling  (Definition) 507 

Half  Turn  (Definition) 493 

Horn  (Definition) 493 

Iron  (Definition) 507 

Joint  (Definition) 507 

Mandrel  (Definition) 497 

National  Pole  (Definition) 498 

Oval  (Definition) .  . .- 499 

Pipe  (Definition) 507 

Plug  (Definition) 507 

Widemouth  (Definition) 516 

Wrench  Forgings 196 

Soft  Solder  (Definition) 507 

Soil  Pipe  (Definition) 507 

Solder  (Definition) 507 

Hard  (Definition) 493 

Soft  (Definition) 507 

Solid        Beams,        Mechanical 

Properties 250-267 

South    Penn     Casing,     Section 

of  Joint ;  -\  $-83 

Test  Pressure  of 71 

Weights      and      Dimen- 
sions of 35 

Space    for    Chip   in   Threading 

Dies 10-1 1 

Nipple  (Definition) 507 

Spacing  of  Rivets,  Pipe  Joints  165, 1 66 

Span  Wire  Poles 109 

Special  Ammonia  Pipe,   Speci- 
fications for -. 98 

External  Upset  Tubing,  Cali- 
fornia (see  California  Spe- 
cial External  Upset  Tubing) 

Product  (Definition) 507 

Rotary  Pipe,  Section  of  Joint .  79 

Test  Pressure  of 76 

Weights      and      Dimen- 
sions of 34 

Upset   Rotary   Pipe,   Section 

of  Joint 79 


Special        Rotary    Pipe,     Test 

Pressures  of 76 

Weights    and    Dimen- 
sions of „       34 

Upsets 158 

Specialties  (see  Seamless  Special- 
ties). 

Specific  Heat  of  Air 355 

Ice 274 

Saturated  Steam 328 

Superheated  Steam 337 

Water 275 

Specification       for       Ammonia 

Pipe 98 

Boiler    Tubes    (see   Boiler 

Tubes). 
Converse    Lock     Joint 

Pipe 93-95 

Cream      Separator      Bowl 

Tubing 103 

Diamond   Drill   Rod  Tub- 
ing       104 

Hose  Poles  and  Hose  Molds 

Tubing 105 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 91-92 

Pipe  for  Flanging  and  Bend- 
ing         95 

Poles 119 

Signal  Pipe 96-97 

Standard  Welded  Pipe. .  . . ;.  \    89 

Spellerizing  (Definition) 507 

Spherical  Cylinder  Heads. . . .  189-190 
Spigot  and  Bell  Joint   (Defini- 
tion)       481 

(Definition) 508 

Joint  (Definition) 508 

Spinning  (Definition) 508 

S-pipe  (Definition) 508 

Spot  Faced  (Definition) 508 

Spring  (Definition) 508 

Spud  (Definition) 508 

Spun  Flange  (Definition) 508 

Square  Equivalents,  Metric.  .462,  464 
Foot  of  Surface, 

38-41,57,  199,419-459 
Heads    and    Nuts,    Propor- 
tions of 370 

Pipe,  Bending  Properties  of.. .       66 
Dimensions    and    Weights 

of 45 

Ladders 183-186 

Sections  of 85-86 

Seamless  Forgings  (Shelby).. .     196 

Squib  (Definition) 508 

Stair  Railings 177-182 

Stand  Pipe  (Definition) 508 


Index 


549 


Standard     Boiler     Tubes     (see 

Boiler  Tubes). 

Boston    Casing    (see    Boston 
Casing). 

Briggs' 208,  483 

Casing  (see  Boston  Casing). 

Cylinder  Head 189-190 

Fittings 167 

Flanges  for  Pipe 176 

Franklin    Institute     Threads 

370-372 

Gage,  Briggs' 168,  208 

Pipe  (Definition) . 508 

Bursting  Tests 225-226 

Columns 245-246 

Coupling 22,  77,  90 

Length    per    Square    Foot 

Surface 57 

Manufacture 7-14,  89 

Material. 7-14,  90 

Physical  Properties 10,  90 

Reaming 90 

Section  of  Joint 77 

Specification 89 

Surface  Inspection 89 

Test  Pressure 68-76 

Threading 90,  208-209 

Thread  Protection 90 

Used  for  Poles in,  118-157 

Weights    and    Dimensions 

of 22 

Poles in,  118-157 

British 109 

Pressure 167-508 

Process  and  Materials  Used  in 
the   Manufacture  of  Tubu- 
lar Goods 7-20 

Specifications  (see  also  Speci- 
fications)         89 

Threads,  Briggs' 208 

Unions 169 

Upsets 158 

Valves 170 

Working  Barrels 187-188 

Static  Loading,   Safety   Factor 

for .- 268-270 

Load  on  Poles 117 

Stay  (Definition) 509 

Pipe  (Definition) 501 

Tube 158,509 

Tube  Sheet  (Definition) 512 

Steam 326-350 

Absolute  Zero 328 

Advantages  of  Superheating. .     338 
Boiler  Incrustation  and  Cor- 
rosion       275 


Steam  Boilers,  Troublesome  Sub- 
stances in 276 

British  Thermal  Unit 327 

Cocks 170 

Condensation  in  Pipes 348 

Coupling  (Definition) 509 

Dry,  Definition  of 327 

Entropy. 329-333,  339~34O 

Expansion  of  Pipe 346-347 

Factors  of  Evaporation.  . .  .333-336 

Flow  of,  from  Orifices 341 

in  Low  Pressure  Heating 

Lines 345 

Pipes 342-346 

into  Atmosphere 341 

Heat 327-340 

Kent's  Formula  for  Discharge 

of,  from  Pipes 344 

Latent  Heat  of 327 

Loss  of  Heat  from  Pipes 348 

Mechanical  Equivalent  of. ...     328 

Pipe  Coverings 348-350 

Pressure 327-333 

Properties  of 327-333 

Radiation  from  Pipes 348 

Resistance  Due  to  Entrance, 

Bends  and  Valves 346 

Saturated,  Definition  of 327 

Properties  of,  Table 329-333 

Specific  Heat  of 328 

Total  Heat  of 327 

Volume  of 328 

Sizes  of  Pipes  for  Engines ....     347 
Superheated,  Advantages  of .  .     338 

Definition  of 327 

Properties  of 33Q-34O 

Specific  Heat  of 337 

Volume  of 337 

Temperature     and     Pressure 

of 327,329-333 

Total  Heat  of  Water.  .327,  329-333 

Velocity  in  Pipe 347-348 

of  Flow  into  Atmosphere, 

341-342 

Volume  Saturated 328 

Superheated 337 

Weight 329-333 

Wet,  Definition  of 327 

Steamboat  Inspection  of  Tubes .      229 
Steamer's  Measurement    (Defi- 
nition)       509 

Steel  and  Iron  Tubes,  Thermal 

Expansion  of 211 

Steel,  Bessemer,  Analysis  of ..  .10,  211 

Corrosion 12,  13,  106 

Ferro  (Definition) 490 


550 


Index 


Steel  Flange,  Rolled  (Definition)     504 

Modulus  of  Elasticity 112,  257 

Nickel 19 

Open  Hearth 10,  211 

Pipe  and  Tubing,  Weight  of, 

Tables 370-418 

Plates,  Tubes  Made  from ....       15 

Poles  (see  Poles) 100-157 

Semi  (Definition) 505 

Trolley  Poles 197-198 

Tubes,  Seamless  Materials, 

(Shelby) 15-19 

Tubes,    Weight    Factor    for, 

Table 376-378 

Stem,  Valve  (Definition) 514 

Stewart's  Formula  for  Collapsing 

Pressures 228 

Tests 227-229 

Stiefel  Process  (Definition) 509 

Stiffness  of  Beams 255 

Poles 110-113 

Stock,  Pipe  (Definition) 501 

Storage  of  Carbonic  Acid 209-210 

Stove  (Definition) 509 

Stoved  End  Tubes  (see  Upset) . .     158 

Straightness,  Limit 105 

Straight  Way  (Definition) 509 

Straightway  Valves 160-170 

Strap  Joints,  Riveted 164-165 

Strapped     and     Butted     Joint 

(Definition) 483 

Stream,  Power  of  Running 297 

Street  Elbow  (Definition) 509 

Street  Poles 100-157 

Strength,  Beams 254-255 

Bolts 371-372 

Bumped  Heads 190 

Columns 244 

Commercial    Tubes    Internal 

Pressure 212-226 

Cylinder 212-226 

Heads 189-192 

Dished  Heads 191 

Factors  for  Pipe 58-65 

of  Pipe  Steel 10 

to  Resist  External  Fluid 

Pressure 227-243 

Under  Internal  Pressure, 

212-226 

Tubes,    Internal    Pressure, 
Barlow's  Formula, 

214,  218,  219,223-226 
Birnie's  Formula, 

217-219,  221,  223,  224 
Claverino's  Formula, 

215-220,  222-224 


Strength    of    Tubes,    Common 
Formula  .....  213-214,  218-219,  224 

Lame's  Formula.  .215,  218,  219 
Tests  of  .......  68-76,  223,  225 

Pole  ........  no,  in,  115,  120-157 

Joints  .................  115,  n6 

Rectangular  Pipe  ...........       67 

Rolled  Tube  Joints  ........  210,  211 

Seamless  Steel   Tubes   (Shel- 
by) ....................  16-19 

Trolley  Poles  (Shelby)  .  .  .  197-198 
Square  Pipe  ...............       66 

Steel  ......................     223 

Weld  .....................     226 

Under  Thrust  or  Compression 
Columns      (see      Collapse 
also)  ....................     244 

Stresses,    Beams,    Tensile    and 

Compressive  ...........  257-263 

Bending  ...................     117 

Stresses,  Collapsing  .........  227-243 

Column  ...................     244 

Combined  .................     117 

Internal  Fluid  Pressure  .  .  .  .212-226 

Poles  (Shelby)  ............  117,  197 

Safe  Working,  in  Materials.  268-2  70 
Shearing,  in  Beams  .........     250 

Tensile,  in  Beams  ...........     250 

Trolley  Pole  .  .  .............     197 

Tube  Wall,  Nature  of  .......     212 

Wind  .....................     117 

Strong,     Double-extra     (Defini- 
tion)    (see    also,    Double- 
extra  Strong)  ............     488 

Extra    (Definition)    (see   also 
Extra  Strong)  ............     490 

Strum  (Definition)  ............     509 

Struts  .......................     244 

Stubb's  Gage  ................     369 

Sturtevant    Rule    for   Flow    of 


r  .....................     359 

Sub-nipple  (Definition)  ........     509 

Sucker  Rod  (Definition)  .......     509 

Sulphates  in  Boiler  Water  ____  275-276 

Sulphur  in  Pipe  Steel  ..........       10 

Seamless  Tubes  (Shelby), 

16,  18,  19 
Superheated  Steam  (see  Steam 

Superheated). 
Supervising  Inspectors....  101,  229-230 

Supply       of       Gas       Through 

Pipes  ...................     317 

Supports,  Beam  ........  252,  257-263 

Reactions  of  ...............     252 

Surface  Area  of  Pipe  ..........  58-65 

Heating  ...................       57 


Index 


551 


Surface  Area  Inside,  of  Shelby 

Tubing 206-207 

Length  of  Pipe  for  One  Square 
Foot  of 57 

of  Cylinders,  Table  of 419-459 

Surface     Outside,     per     Lineal 

Foot  of 199 

Square    Foot    per    Foot    of 

Length 38-41,  419-459 

Swaged  (Definition) 509 

Joints  for  Poles in,  115,  116 

Nipple  (Definition) 509 

Tube  Forgings.  . 195 

Sweated  (Definition) 509 

Sweep  (Definition) 509 

Tee,  Double  (Definition) 488 

Swelled  (Definition) 510 

Joint  Casing 27 

Swing  Joint  (Definition) 510 

Switch  Valve  (Definition) 510 

Swivel  (Definition) 510 

Joint  (Definition) 510 

Water  (Definition) 515 

System,  Metric,  The 460-476 

Symbols    (see   Abbreviations  in 

Glossary) 477~479 


Table  (see  Article  in  Question). 
Adiabatic  Compression  or  Ex- 
pansion of  Air 355 

of  Natural  Gas 325 

Air  Line  Pipe 36 

Allison      Vanishing      Thread 

Tubing 33 

Area  Factors  for  Tubes.  .  .  .373-375 
Barrels  Contained  in  Tanks...      304 

Bedstead  Tubing 31 

Bending   Properties   of   Rec- 
tangular Pipe 67 

Square  Pipe 66 

Boiler  Incrustation  and  Cor- 
rosion       276 

Boston  Casing,  Pacific  Coup- 
ling        28 

Bursting  Tests  of  Commercial 

Tubes  and  Pipes 225 

California        Diamond        BX 

Casing 29 

Drive  Pipe 31 

Special      External      Upset 

Tubing 30 

Centigrade  to  Fahrenheit .  .  473-474 
Coefficients      of      Air      Dis- 
charge      358 

Collapsing  Pressures 232-243 


Table  Columns 244-249 

Comparison  Metric  Units.  .460-476 
Various  Tons  and  Pounds. .     472 

Converse  Lock  Joint  Pipe 43 

Conversion 311 

Cylinder  Dished  Heads 191 

Decimals  of  a  Foot 366-367 

an  Inch 368 

Dimensions  of  Screw  Threads, 

371-372 

Discharge  of  Air 358 

Dog  Guards 114 

Double-extra  Strong  Pipe 25 

Drive  Pipe 24 

Dry  Kiln  Pipe 37 

Expansion  of  Steam  Pipes. . . .     347 
External  Collapsing  Pressures, 

232-243 
Steam    Pressure  —  Marine 

Law. 229-230 

Extra  Strong  Pipe 25 

Heavy  Pipe  Flanges 175 

Factors  of  Evaporation . . .  .333-336 
Fahrenheit  to  Centigrade...  474-475 

Fifth  Roots 365-366 

Flat  Cylinder  Heads  (Thick- 
ness)       192 

Flow  of  Compressed  Air — 361-364 

Gas  in  Pipes .317-319 

Steam  in  Atmosphere 342 

Low  Pressure  Heat- 
ing Lines 345 

Pipes 342-345 

Water    in     House     Ser- 
vice Pipes 285 

Flush  Joint  Tubing 32 

Full  Weight  Drill  Pipe 36 

Horse-power  of  Water  Heads.     299 
Hydrostatic  Test  Pressure  of 
Pipe       (see      Test      Pres- 
sure)   68-76 

Inserted  Joint  Casing 27 

Internal  Fluid  Pressure 220-221 

Kimberley  Joint  Pipe 44 

Lap-welded  Locomotive  Boiler 

Tubes 40 

Length  of  Pipe  for  One  Square 

Foot  of  Surface 57 

Inches  and  Millimeters.  .469-471 

Line  Pipe 23 

Locomotive    Seamless    Boiler 

Tubes 38-39 

Long    Screw    Wrought    Pipe 

Nipples.. 173 

Loss  of  Air  Pressure  in  Pipes, 

359-360 


552 


Index 


Table,  Loss  of  Head  by  Friction 

286-288 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 42 

Miner's  Inch  Measurements. .     296 

Oil  Well  Tubing 30 

Pressure  of  Atmosphere 352 

Properties  of  Beams 256-263 

Column  Sections 264-267 

Pipe 58-65 

Tubes  and  Round  Bars, 

419-459 

Rectangular  Pipe 45 

Saturated  Steam 329-333 

South  Penn  Casing 35 

Special  Rotary  Pipe 34 

Upset  Rotary  Pipe. 34 

Specific  Heat  of  Superheated 

Steam 337 

Water 275 

Square  Pipe 45 

Standard  Boston  Casing 26 

Lap-welded    Boiler    Tubes 

and  Flues 40-41 

Pipe 22 

Flanges 176 

Steam  Pipe  Coverings 349 

Strength  of  Welds 226 

Superheated  Steam 339-34° 

Trolley  Poles  (Shelby  Seam- 
less)      198 

Tubular  Electric  Line  Pole.  119-157 

Tuyere  Pipe 37 

Upsets 160-161 

Velocity  of  Air   Under  Low 

Pressures 357 

Water  Power 299 

Pressure 274 

Weight  and  Volume  of  Water    272 
Factors  for  Steel  Tubing. 3 7 7-378 

of  Air 353-354 

Pipe 46-56,  379-4i8 

Wire  and  Sheet  Metal  Gages. .     369 

Working  Barrels 188 

Wrought  Casing  Nipples 174 

Pipe  Nipples 171-173 

Tank  Nipples 173 

Tail  Pipe  (Definition) 510 

Tank  (Definition) 510 

Capacity 302,  304,  305 

Nipple 173 

Tap  (Definition) 510 

Master  (Definition) 497 

Plug  (Definition) 502 

Taper  Elbow,  Reducing  (Defi- 
nition)       503 

Pipe  Thread 208 


Tapered    Specialties,    Seamless 

Steel  (Shelby) 196 

Tapped  (Definition) 510 

Tapping  Machine  (Definition). .     510 

Tar,  Coal  (Definition) 485 

Tee  (Definition) 510 

Branch  (Definition) 482 

Bull  Head  (Definition) 483 

Cross  Over  (Definition) 486 

Double  Sweep  (Definition) ...     488 

Drop  (Definition) 489 

Four  Way  (Definition) 492 

Reducing  (Definition) .......     503 

Service  (Definition) 505 

Side  Outlet  (Definition) 506 

Union  (Definition) 513 

Telegraph     Cock     or     Faucet 

(Definition) 510 

Poles.  Tubular 109-157 

Telescoped  (Definition) 510 

Temper  Screw  (Definition) 511 

Seamless   Steel  Tubes   (Shel- 
by)   16-19 

Temperature,    Air    Weight    at 

Various 353~354 

and  Pressure  of  Steam 327 

Centigrade  to  Fahrenheit, 

473-474,  476 

Compression  of  Gas 325 

Fahrenheit  to  Centigrade, 

474-475,  476 

Pressure  Volume  of  Air . .     352 

Steam 327,  32O-333,  339~34O 

Weights,     Lengths,     Conver- 
sion Chart 476 

Templet  (Definition) 511 

Tensile  Strength,  Pipe  Steel  - . .  10,  223 
Seamless  Steel  Tubes  (Shel- 
by)   16-19 

Stress  Beams 250 

Terms  Used  in  Pipe  and  Fittings 

Trade 477-516 

Test  Pressures 13,  14,  20,  68-76 

Air  Line  Pipe 73 

Allison    Vanishing    Thread 

Tubing 75 

Ammonia  Pipe 98 

Boiler     Tubes     (see     also, 
Boiler  Tubes). 72,  100,  101,  102 

Boston  Casing 70 

Pacific  Coupling 70 

California     Diamond     BX 

Casing 71 

Drive  Pipe 76 

Special    External    Upset 
Tubing 76 


Index 


553 


Test  Pressures,  Card  Weight  Pipe 

68,  90 
Converse  Lock  Joint  Pipe 

74,  93 
Double-extra  Strong  Pipe .  .       69 

Drill  Pipe 76 

Drive  Pipe 69 

Dry  Kiln  Pipe 76 

Extra  Strong  Pipe 69 

Flues  (see  Boiler  Tubes). 

Flush  Joint  Tubing 75 

Full  Weight  Drill  Pipe 76 

Full  Weight  Pipe 68,  90 

Hydrostatic  of  Pipe 68-76 

Inserted  Joint  Casing 71 

Kimberley  Joint  Pipe 74 

Line  Pipe 68 

Locomotive    Boiler    Tubes 
(see  Boiler  Tubes) .  72,  100,  102 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 73,  91 

Oil  Well  Tubing 69 

Pacific  Casing 70 

Reamed  and  Drifted  Pipe . .       73 
Seamless  Boiler  Tubes  (see 
Boiler  Tubes). 

Signal  Pipe 96 

South  Penn  Casing 71 

Special  Rotary  Pipe 76 

Upset  Rotary  Pipe 76 

Standard  Boston  Casing .  .  .       70 

Standard  Pipe 68 

Tuyere  Pipe 76 

Tests,  Ammonia  Pipe 98 

Boiler  Tube  (see  Boiler  Tube). 

Bursting 212-226 

Conditions  for  Pole 114 

Collapsing 227-243 

Columns 230-231 

Crushing  (Definition) 487 

Drop 116,  119 

Expanding 102 

Experimental  Bursting.  .  .  .223-226 

Collapse 227-243 

Flanging 100,  101-102 

and  Bending  Pipe 95 

Flattening 100,  102 

Holding     Power     of     Boiler 

Tubes 210 

Impact 16 

Lap-welded  Locomotive  Boiler 

Tubes 100 

Mill 13-14,  20 

Pipe 13-14,  20 

Pole 114, 116, 119 

Pulling 10 

Ring 102 


Tests,  Seamless  Tubes  (Shelby) 

20,  102 

Signal  Pipe go 

Spellerized  Locomotive  Boiler 

Tubes 99-100 

Standard  Welded  Pipe 90 

Tubes  Under    Internal   Pres- 
sure  222,  223, 225 

Weld,  Strength  of 226 

Theorem      Bernouilli,      Water 

Power.... 298 

Thermal  Expansion  of  Iron  and 

Steel 211 

Pipe 346-347 

Unit,  British 327 

Waste  of  Engines 338 

Thermo-Dynamics 327-350 

Thermometer  Measures 473-476 

Thickness   of    Cylinder   Heads, 

Dished i9I 

Flat 192 

Pipe 22-56,58-65 

Briggs'  Standard 208 

for  Weight  per  Foot. .  .370-418 

Poles 118-157 

Tubes 38-41 

Thimble  (Definition) 511 

Boiler  (Definition) 481 

Joint  (Definition) 511 

Threads  (Definition) 511 

Thread,  Ammonia  Cock  (Defi- 
nition)       479 

Pipe 98 

Briggs'  Standard 168,  208-209 

Common  (Definition) 485 

Depth 208-209 

-Franklin  Institute 370-372 

Gage  Standard 21,  208 

Valves  and  Fittings 168 

Gas  (Definition) 492 

Length 208 

Pipe  (Definition) 501 

Pipe,  Briggs'  Standard 208-209 

Protectors 90 

Screw 370-372 

Seller's  (Definition) . .  .370-372,  505 

Thread,  Signal  (Definition) 506 

Pipe 96 

Standard  Welded  Pipe 90 

Taper 208 

U.  S.  Standard 370-372 

V  (Definition) 514 

Vanishing  (Definition) 514 

Whitworth  (Definition) 516 

Working  Barrel 187 

Threaded  Connections 167-168 


554 


Index 


Threaded    Flanges     for    Extra 

Heavy  Pipe 167,  i6g,  175 

Standard  Pipe.. .  .167, 169, 176 

Joints 167 

Threading 10 

Dies,  Chasers 1 1 

Chip  Space  on n 

Clearance  of 10 

Lead  on u 

Lip ,,:-'• '--lie* ' 

Lubrication  of n 

Pipe lo-i  i 

Specifications 90,  96,  98 

Three  Way  Elbow  (Definition) .     511 

Tight  Hand  (Definition) 493 

Tong  (Definition) 511 

Tin  Weight 423 

Lined  Pipe  (Definition) 511 

Ton  Equivalents 462,  472 

Tong  (Definition) 511 

Chain  (Definition) 484 

Pipe  (Definition) 501 

Tight  (Definition) 511 

Tongue    and    Groove    (Defini- 
tion)      511 

Tool,  Calking  (Definition) 483 

Total  Heat  of  Saturated  Steam, 

327,  320-333 

Superheated  Steam 339-340 

Water 327,  329~333 

Towl's  Formula  for  Discharge 

of  Gas 321 

Trade  Mark 20 

Practice,  Casing  Size 21 

Pipe  Size 21 

Tubing  Size 21 

Term  Dictionary 477-516 

Trailing,  Water  (Definition). ...     511 

Transmission  Line  Poles no 

of  Compressed  Air 360-364 

Trautwine's  Formula  for  Flow 

of  Water  in  Pipes 280 

Trenton  Iron  Company's  Wire 

Gage 369 

Trolley  Poles  (see  Poles). 
Troublesome      Substances      in 

Boiler 276 

Troy  Ounces  to  Grams 462,  468 

Pound  Equivalents 472 

to  Kilograms 462,  468,  472 

Tube  (Definition) 5" 

Annealed  End  (Definition) . . .     480 
Area  Factors  for,  Tables.  .  -373-375 

Areas 419-459 

Beaded  (Definition) 480 

Bent 162, 195 


Tube,  Boiler  (Definition) 482 

(see  Boiler  Tubes). 

Brick  Arch  (Definition) 482 

Bursting  Tests  of 223-226 

Capacity  Factors  for 423 

Chemical  Analysis.  .  .10,  16-19,  211 

Circumference 419-459 

Cleaner  (Definition) 511 

Cold  Finished 15 

Collapsing  Pressures  of  ...  .227-243 
Cream  Separator  Bowl, 

103-104,  194 

Cross  (Definition) / 

Diamond  Drill  Rods 104-105 

Expanded 158-159 

End  (Definition) 489 

Holding  Power  of 210 

Expander  (Definition) 512 

Expansion  of 211 

Ferrule  (Definition) 512 

Field  (Definition) 491 

General  Notes 21 

Holding  Power 210 

Hose  Molds  and  Poles 105-106 

Hot  (Definition) 493 

Finished 14 

Internal  Fluid  Pressure  for.  2 12-2 2 6 
Iron  and  Steel,  Thermal  Ex- 
pansion Of 211 

Joints,  Slipping  Point  of  Rolled 

Boiler 210 

Lap-welded  and  Seamless,  Up- 
set and  Expanded 158-161 

Manufacture  of 7 

Locomotive  Boiler  (see  Boiler 

Tubes). 

Merchant    and    Marine    Ser- 
vice (see  Boiler  Tubes). 

Mill  Inspection  and  Tests 13,  20 

Moment  of  Inertia 410-459 

Packing  (Definition) 512 

Plug  (Definition) 512 

Properties  of,  Table 419-459 

Physical  Properties  of.  . . .  10, 16-19 

Pitot 291-292 

Radius  of  Gyration 419-459 

Ribbed  (Definition) 504 

.  Sealer  (Definition) 512 

^Scraper  (Definition) 512 

Seamless  (Shelby)  (see  Seam- 
less Tubes). 

Sheet  (Definition) 512 

Sheet  Cutter  (Definition) 512 

Holding    Power    to    Hold 

Boiler  Tubes 210 

Stay  (Definition) 512 


Index 


555 


Tube,  Size,  Trade  Practice 21 

Specifications    (see    Specifica- 
tions). 

Standard    Boiler    (see    Boiler 
Tubes). 

Stay 158,  509 

Steamboat,  Inspection  of 229 

Steel,  Impact  Test  of  Seam- 
less        16 

Surface  per  Foot  Length . . .  410-459 

Temper,  Seamless 16-19 

Test,  Pressure  (see  Test  Pres- 
sure). 

(see  Tests) 13,  20 

Thermal   Expansion   of   Iron 

and  Steel 211 

Thickness  of 38-41 

Upset 158-161 

Venturi 292-293 

Volume 419-459 

Wall,  Nature  of  Stress  in 212 

Weight  Factors  for  Steel.  .  .376-378 

Weight  of 46-56,  379-459 

Welded,  Manufacture  of 7-14 

Tubing  (Definition) 512 

Allison     Vanishing     Thread, 

Section  of  Joint 81 

Test  Pressure 75 

Weights    and    Dimensions 

of 33 

Bedstead  Weights  and  Dimen- 
sions of 31 

California    Special    External 
Upset,  Dimensions  of  and 

Weights 30 

Section  of  Joint 82 

Test  Pressures  of ...       76 

Capacity  of 200-203 

Catcher  (Definition) 512 

Cream  Separator  Bowl 103 

Diamond  Drill  Rods 104 

Displacement 199 

Flush  Joint,  Dimensions  and 

Weights  of 32 

Section  of 80 

Test  Pressure  of 75 

General  Notes 21 

Hose  Poles  and  Hose  Molds .  .     105 

Inside  Surface 206-207 

Lineal  Feet  per  Square  Foot..     199 

Moment  of  Inertia 204-205 

Oil    Well,    Dimensions    and 

Weight  of 30 

Section  of  Joint 81 

Test  Pressures  of 69 

Outside  Diameter 199 


Tubing,  Outside  Surface 199 

Properties  of 199 

Radius  of  Gyration  of 206-207 

Tubing,  Seamless  (Shelby)  (see 
Seamless  Tubes) 

Section  Modulus 204-205 

Sectional  Area  of  Wall 200-201 

Steel,  Weight  Factors  for..  .376-378 
Test  Pressure  (see  Test  Pres- 
sure). 

Upset,  California  Special  Ex- 
ternal (Which  see). 

Weight  of 379-459 

Tubular  Beams,   Properties  of, 

250-267 
Electric  Line  Poles  (see  Poles). 

Goods,  Manufacture  of 7 

Goods,  Weights  of, 

379-418,  419-459 

Swaged  Forgings 195 

Turn,  Half,  Socket  (Definition) .     493 
Long,  Fitting  (Definition). .  .  .     497 

Tuyere  (Definition) 513 

Cocks 170 

Pipe,  Test  Pressures  of 76 

Weights    and    Dimensions 

of 37 

Unions 170 

U 

U-bend 163 

Ultimate  Strength  of  Poles in 

Tensile  Strength, 

10,  16-19,  90,  91,  93,  98,  223 

Under  Reamer  (Definition) 513 

Uniform   Cross  Section;  Beams 

of 256 

Union 169,  513 

Boyle  (Definition) 482 

Brass 169 

Coupling  (Definition) 513 

Ell  (Definition) 513 

Flange 169,  491 

Joint  (Definition) 513 

"Kewanee"  (Definition) 495 

Lip  (Definition) 496 

Malleable 169 

Nut 169 

Pipe  (Definition) 501 

Ring  (Definition) 504 

Tee  (Definition) 513 

Tuyere 170 

Universal 170 

Unit  Heat,  British  Thermal 327 

Metric,  Equivalents  of 460-472 

Weight,  Comparisons  of 472 


556                                            Index 

United  States  Wire  Gage                369 

Valves  and   Fittings,   Receiver 
Filling  (Definition)  503 

Gallon  Equivalents, 
300,  311,  312,  462,  466 
Standard  Thread  370-372 
Universal  Joint  Sleeves   195 

Reducing  (Definition)  503 
Reflux  (Definition)  503 
Resistance  to  Flow  (see  Val- 
ves Effect). 
Screw  Down  (Definition)  ....     505 
Seat  (Definition)  514 

Unions           170 

Unwin's  Formula,  Flow  of  Gas 
in  Pipes          323 

Upset  (Definition)                      .     513 

Stem  (Definition)  514 

Rotary   Pipe,    Special,   Joint 
Section  of                            .       79 

Straightway         169-170 

Switch  (Definition)  510 

Test  Pressure   76 

Wedge  Gate  (Definition)  515 
Wheel  (Definition)  516 
Vanishing  Thread  (Definition)  .  .     514 
Tubing   Allison    (see     Alli- 
son    Vanishing     Thread 
Tubing). 
Van  Stone  Joint  (Definition)  ...     514 
Vapor  and  Gases,  Mixtures  of.  .  .     315 
Saturation  Point  315 

Weights    and   Dimen- 
sions                         34 

Upset  Table  of                       .158-161 

Upset  Tubes  for  Diamond  Drill 
Rods        104 

Upset  Tubing,  Allison  Vanish- 
ing   Thread,     Section     of 
joint                            81 

Test  Pressure  75 
Weights     and     Di- 
mensions         33 
California  Special  External, 
Section  of  Joint  82 

Vaporization  Heat  of   327 

Variable  Loading,  Safety  Fac- 
tor for                     268-270 

Variation  Permissible  in  Lengths, 
21,  91,  99,  102,  103,  105,  106 
Diameter, 
89,  91,  96,  99,  102,  103,  105,  106 
Threading  90,  98 
Thickness  99,  100,  102 
Weight   (see  footnote  of 
Product   in    Question) 
of  Signal  Pipe                       96 

Test  Pressure  76 
Weights     and     Di- 
mensions               .       30 

Upsetting                           158 

Uses  for  Upsets                               158 

V 

Valves  and  Fittings  167-170,  513 
Angle  (Definition)                     479 

Vegetable  Oils  in  Boiler  Water, 
Effect  of              276 

Angle                                 160-170 

Velocity      Air      Flowing     into 
Atmosphere  3S7-358 

Angle  Gate  (Definition)  .  .  .     479 
Back  Pressure  (Definition)  .  .  .     480 
Box  (Definition)  514 

in  Pipes                               359~  360 

Flow   of  Steam  into  Atmos- 
phere.          341—342 

Bracket  (Definition)                     482 

By-pass  (Definition)  483 
Check                             169-170,  484 

in  Pipes                       347—  34^ 

Water  in  Pipes   277-290 

Cross  (Definition)    .  .  .  .-  487 

Wind            .         H7 

Effect  of,  on  Flow  of  Air  364 
Gas  324 

Venturi  Meter                                  292 

Tube  Measurements  293 
Vertical  and  Horizontal  Load- 
ing of  Beams  256 
Shear  of  Beams                            250 

Steam  346 

Water  in  Pipes.  .  283-284 
Exhaust  Relief  (Definition)  ...     489 
Expansion  (Definition)  490 
Flanged  167 

Vessels,  Contents  of, 
301,  302,  304,  305 
Volume,  Air  352 

Full-way  (Definition)  492 
Gate  (Definition)  160-170,  492 
Globe  169-170,  492 
Needle  (Definition)  498 

Comparison  of  Units  465 
Conversion  Table  311 
Cylinders  Table  of               419-450 

Non-return  (Definition)  498 

Gas  314 

Protecting  Caps   194 

Metric  Equivalents  462,  465 
Pressure,  Temperature  of  Air.     352 

Radiator  (Definition)  502 

Index 


557 


Volume,  Saturated  Steam 328 

Seamless  Tubing  (Shelby), 

199,  419-459 

Superheated  Steam.  .  .337,  339-340 
Tubes  and  Round  Bars.  . .  .419-459 

Water 272 

Volumetric  Measures  (see  Met- 
ric Equivalents  also) 460-472 

V-thread  (Definition) 514 

Vulgar    Fractions    and     Their 

Decimal  Equivalents. . .  .366-368 
V-welding  (Definition) 514 


W 

Walker  Joint  (Definition) 514 

Wall,  Area  Pipe 58-65,  419-459 

Seamless  Tubing  (Shelby), 

2OO-2OI 

Tubes  and  Round  Bars.  .419-459 

Nature  of  Stress  in  Tube 212 

Washburn     and     Moen     Wire 

Gage 369 

Water 271-312 

Absorption  of  Gases 316 

Air  in 277 

Arch  (Definition) 514 

Bar  (Definition) 514 

Boiling  Point 272 

Capacity  of  Pipe 301,  303,  423 

Chart  for  Flow  of  in  Wrought 

Pipe 279 

Column  (Definition) 514 

Composition  of 272 

Compressibility  of 275 

Contents  of  Cylinders. 301,  302,  304 

Contents  of  Pipes 303 

Rectangular  Tanks 305 

Density  Maximum 272 

Discharge 278-279,  285 

Discharge  Capacities  of  Pipe 

306-309 

Energy  of 298 

Equivalents 310-312 

Expansion  of 272 

Fall,  Efficiency  of 297 

Power  of 297 

Feed  for  Boilers 275-277 

Flow  Affected  by  Curves  and 

Valves 283 

Flow  Diameter  Required ....     290 

in  Pipes 277-290 

Flow  in  House  Service  Pipes. .     285 

Lost  Head  in  Pipes 286-290 

Measurement 291-296 

Flush  (Definition) 515 


Water  Friction  in  Pipes 286-  290 

Gage  (Definition) 515 

General  Index 271 

Grate  (Definition) 515 

Hammer 168,  284,  515 

Head  of 273-274,  277,  297-299 

Heat  of 327-333 

Horse-power  of  Heads 297-299 

Hydraulic  Conversion  Table. .     311 

Equivalents 310 

Ice  and  Snow 274 

Impurities 275-277 

Incrustation  and  Corrosion. .  .     275 

Lime  in 275-276 

Measurement  of,  by  Nozzles. .     293 

Flowing 291-296 

Packer  (Definition) 515 

Pipe 167 

Clamps  (Definition) 515 

Plug  (Definition) 515 

Power 297-299 

Bernoulli's  Theorem 298 

Current  Motors   298 

Energy  of  Water  Flowing 

in  a  Tube 297 

Horse-power  of   a   Running 

Stream 297 

Calculating  Table 299 

Table 300-312 

Table     of     Gallons     and 

Cubic  Feet 300 

Pressure  Equivalents  of 310 

of  Due  to  Weight 273 

per  Square  Inch,  Equiva- 
lents of 273 

on  Vertical  Surface 273 

Properties 272 

Quantity  of  Discharged 278 

Ram 168,284 

Relative  Discharge  of  Pipes, 

306-309 

Specific  Heat  of 275 

Swivel  (Definition) 515 

Table. of  Contents 271 

Weight  and  Volume 272 

Total  Heat  of 327~333 

Trailing  (Definition) 511 

Tube  Boiler  (Definition) 515 

Units  of  Pressure  and  Head. . .     273 

Velocity  of  Flow,  Darcy 282 

Kutter 281 

Mean 280 

Trautwine 280 

Williams  and  Hazen. . .     283 
Volume  of,  at  Different  Tem- 
peratures       272 


558 


Index 


Water,  Weight  of,  at  Different 

Temperatures 272 

per  Foot  of  Pipe 301 ,  303 

Wheel 297 

Waterfall,  Power  of 297 

Watertown  Arsenal  Tests, 

223, 230-231 
Wedge  Gate  Valve  (Definition).     515 

Weight  (Definition) 516 

Air 352-354 

Line  Pipe 36 

Allison      Vanishing     Thread 

Tubing 33 

Aluminum 423 

Bars,  Round 419-459 

Bedstead  Tubing 31 

Black  Pipe 22 

Boiler     Tubes     (see     Boiler 
Tubes). 

Boston  Casing : . . . .       26 

Pacific  Couplings 28 

Brass 423 

California       Diamond      BX 

Casing . 3$    39 

Drive  Pipe 31 

Special      External      Upset 

Tubing 30 

Card,  Pipe 22,483 

Casing,  Boston 26 

Pacific  Coupling 28 

California  Diamond  BX ...       29 

Inserted  Joint .1*^*^7 

South  Penn 35 

Cast  Iron 423 

Converse  Lock  Joint  Pipe. ...       43 

Conversion  Chart  for 476 

Copper 423 

Difference   for   Difference   in 

Outside  Diameter 379-380 

Double  Extra   Strong,   Pipe, 

Black 25 

Drill,  Full  Weight  Pipe 36 

Drive  Pipe 24 

California  Diamond  BX .       31 

Dry  Kiln  Pipe 37 

Equals    Measurement    (Defi- 
nition)      498 

Extra  Strong  Pipe,  Black 25 

Factors    for    Different    Ma- 
terials       423 

Steel  Tubes 376-378 

Flues,     Boiler      (see     Boiler 
Tubes). 

Flush  Joint  Tubing 32 

Full  Weight  Drill  Pipe 36 

Galvanized  Pipe 21 


Weight,  Gas 315 

Ice 274 

Inserted  Joint  Casing 27 

Inside  Diameter,  Pipe 46-49 

Iron 21,423 

Kimberley  Joint  Pipe 44 

Lead 423 

Lead    Converse    Lock    Joint 

Pipe ^ifcti 

Kimberley  Joint  Pipe 44 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe .•/-?    42 

Lengths    and    Temperatures, 

Conversion  Chart 476 

Line  Pipe 23 

Matheson  Joint  Pipe 42 

Metric  Equivalents, 

462,  468,  472, 476 

Nickel 423 

Outside  Diameter  Pipe 50-56 

Oil  Well  Tubing 30 

Pacific  Casing 28 

Pipe 22-56,  58-65,  370-450 

Poles no,  113,  120-157 

Reamed  and  Drifted 35 

Rectangular  Pipe 45 

Rotary  Pipe,  Special 34 

Upset 34 

Round  Steel  Bars 419-459 

Saturated  Steam 329-333 

Seamless  Tubes  (Shelby)  (see 
Seamless  Tubes). 

Trolley  Poles 197-198 

Sections 264-266 

Snow 274 

South  Penn  Casing 35 

Special  Rotary  Pipe 34 

Upset  Rotary  Pipe 34 

Square  Pipe 45 

Standard  Boston  Casing 26 

Standard  Pipe,  Table  of 22 

Steel 21,  423 

Pipe  and  Tubing,  Tables. 3 70~450 

Tin 423 

Tubes 419-459 

by  Outside  Diameter 50-56 

Tubing,     Allison     Vanishing 

Thread 33 

Bedstead 31 

California  Special  External 

Upset 30 

Flush  Joint -iror&a 

Oil  Well .ni    30 

Tubular  Goods,  Tables, 

22-56,  58-65,  370-450 

i.  Tuyere  Pipe 37 

Various  Materials 423 


Index 


559 


Weight,  Water 272 

in  Pipes,  Table  of 301,  303 

Wrought  Iron 423 

Working  Barrels 188 

Weisbach      Rule      for      Water 

Flow 289 

Air  Flow 359 

Weld  (Definition) 516 

Butt 9,483 

Circular  (Definition) 484 

Lap 7,8,496 

Scarf  (Definition) 505 

Strength  of,  in  Pipes 226 

Welded  Cylinder  Heads 190 

Flange  Joint  (Definition) ....     516 

Flanges 167 

Pipe  Bursting  Tests 223-226 

Manufacturing 7-14 

Marking , 20 

Standard  Specifications. . .  .89-90 

Welding  and  Annealing 10 

of  Pipe  Steel 10 

V  (Definition) 514 

Wet  Steam 327 

Wheel  Valve  (Definition) 516 

Whitworth  Thread  (Definition) .  516 
Widemouth  Socket  (Definition) .  516 
William  s  and  Hazen's  Formula.  283 

Wind  Loads,  Poles 116-117 

Velocity 117 

Wine  Bore  (Definition) 516 

Wiped  Joint  (Definition) 516 

Wire  and  Sheet  Metal  Gages 369 

Wool  Lead  (Definition) 496 

Work  of  Adiabatic  Compression 

of  Air 356 

Isothermal  Compression  of 
Air 356 


Working  Barrel  (Definition) 516 

Working  Barrels,  Dimensions  . .     188 

Weights  of 188 

Fiber  Stresses,  Safe 268 

Pressure,  Classification  of. ...     167 

Valves  and  Fittings 167 

Stresses  in  Beams 250 

Wrench  Pipe  (Definition) 501 

Wrenches,  Socket 196 

Wrought  Casing  Nipples 174 

Iron  Corrosion 12,  13,  106 

Weight 21,  423 

Iron  Pipe 7,  12,  106 

Bursting  Tests 223-226 

Corrosion 12, 13,  106 

Expansion 211,  347 

Strength 223-226 

Pipe  Bends 162-163 

Radii  of. 162 

Long  Screw  Nipples 173 

Nipples 168, 171-172 

Tank  Nipples 173 

Wye,  Y  (Definition) 516 


Y  (Definition) 516 

Yards  to  Meters 461,  463 

Y  Base  (Definition) 516 

Y  Bend  (Definition) 516 

Y  Branch  (Definition) 516 

Yield  Point 112,  222 

Yoke  (Definition) 516 


Zero,  Absolute 328 

Zinc  Coating 92-94, 107 


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